CCENT /CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide Second Ed ition Wendell adorn, ((IE No. 1624 Cisco Press 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis. IN 46290 USA
CCENT /CCNA ICND1 OcpV1WV1anbHOe PYKOBOACTBO no nOArOTOBKe K cepTV1cpV1KaWV10HHbIM 3K3aMeHaM BTopoe 1I13AaHII1e Y3Hgenn QgOM t!i MOCKsa. CaHKr-nerep6ypr. Kl.o1es 2010 r-
EEK 32.973.26-018.2.75 0-44 YJ],K 681.3.07 Jt13.n:aTeJIbCKHH: 1l0M "BuJIbHMc" 3aB. pe.aaKLlHeH C. H. Tpuzy6 nepeBOlI C aHrJlltHCKOrO A. B. MbicHuKa, B. A. m6ea nOLI pellaKUlteH A. B. MbicHuKa no 06wltM BonpOC3M 06pawai1Tecb B l13laTeJlbcKlti1 lI0M "BltJlbHMC" no a.npecy: info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com O.n:OM, Y3HAeJIJI. 0-44 O<l>uUUaJlbHOe PYKOBOllCTBO no nOllroToBKe K cepTu<l>uKauHoHHblM 3K3aMeHaM CCENTjCCNA ICNDl, 2-e H3.n:.: nep. C aHrJI. - M.: 000 "11.,lJ,. BHJlbHMc", 2010.- 672 c. : ItJI. - napaJI. THT. aHrJI. ISBN 978-5-8459-1439-2 (pyc.) BBK 32.973.26-018.2.75 Bce HII3BaHlI1I nporpaMMHbIX npoD.yJ<TOB IIBllIlIOTCII 3aperllCTpllpoBaHHblMH ToprOBblMII MapKaMH COOTBeTCTBY 10llIIIX IjmpM. H HKBKBII 'IaCTb HaCTolllllero 113l1BHIIII HII B KBKIIX ueJUlx He MOJKeT 6b!Tb BocnpoH3BeD.eHa B KBKoii 6b! TO HII 6b1J1o cjJopMe II KaKIIMH 6b! TO HH 6b1J10 CpeD.CTBaMlI, 6YD.b TO 3J1eKTpOHHb!e IIJIH MeXaHH'IeCKlle, BKJlIO'I1III cjJoTOKonHpoBaHlle II 3anllCb Ha Mar- HHTHb!1! HOCHTeJlb, eCJlH Ha :lTO HeT nHCbMeHHoro pa3perneHIIIIII:maTeJlbCTBa Cisco Press. Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Cisco Press, Copyright @ 2008 Cisco Sy.;rems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any fonn or by any means, electronic or me- chanical, including photocopying, recording or by any infonnation storage retrieval system, without pennission from the Publisher. Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I Enterprises Interna- tional, Copyright @ 2010 KHllrB nOD.roToBileHa npll yqacTlI1I PerHOHaJlbHOH ceTeBoH aKaLleMlI1I Cisco, http://www.academy.ciscopress.ru. linaroD.apHM 3a nOMOlllb B nOD.rOTOBKe KHllrll AHJ(pell KopoJleBa II ApTeMa K03J10Ba . Hay'tHo-nonYJlJlpHoe U30aHUe Y3H..l1.eJIJI O.nOM Ocl>HlUI3JIbHOe PYKOBO.n;CTBO no no.n;roToBKe K cepTHcI>HKalUloHHbIM 3K3aMeHaM CCENT/CCNA ICND 1 2-e H3.n:aHHe JIHTepal)'pHbli1 pe.aaKTOp E. n. flepecmlOK BepCTK3 M. A. YiJll.II06 XYlIO}l(eCTBeHHble pe.aaKTopbI B. r. fla6AlOmUH, T. A. Tapa6p06a KoppeKTopbI J/. A. FopdueHKO, O. B. MuwymuHa nOD.nllCaHO B ne'lB'fb 21.01.2010. <I>opMaT 7Ox100/lb rapHIIl)'pa Times. ne'laTb 04>ceTHIIII. YCJI. ne'l. JI. 54,18. Y'I.-II:m.R. 51,8. .n:on. THpaJK 1000 3K3. 3aX113 N.! 21058. Orne'laTBHO no TeXHOJlOfllll CtP B OAO "ne'laTHb!1! .!IBOP" HM. A M. ropbKOro 197110, CaHKT-nerep6ypr, lJKaJlOBCKHii np., 15. 000 "H..n:. BllJlbIlMC", 127055, r. MOCKBa, YR. neCHIIII, D.. 43, cl"p. I IC'DJrtoJ 0'1" "-1lAa....I""1.Q_ ') 'nwe" @ H3llBTeJlbCKIII! .nOM" BllJlbIIMC" 2010
OrnaBneHMe qaCTh I. OCHOBbl CeTeH 43 fJlaBa I. 6a30Bble KOHllenQlfH KOMnLlOTepHblX ceTeit 45 fJlaBa 2. CeTeBbie MO.lI.eJJH TCP lIP H OSI 57 fJlaBa 3. OCHOBIol JlOKaJILHLIX ceTeit 83 fJlaBa 4. OCHOBbi WAN-ceTeit 115 fJlaBa 5. OCHOBLI IP-a.n.pecaQlfH H Maprnpym3aQlfH 141 fJlaBa 6. OCHOBLI npoTOKOJIa TCP /lP: nepe.n:a'la .lI.aHHblX, npHJIO)KeHIUI H OOecne'leHHe 6e30nacHoCTH CeTH 177 qaCTh II. KOMMyraQHJI B JlOK3JIbHbIX ceTHX 213 fJlaB8 7. 6a30Bble KOHllenQlfH Ethemet-KoMMyraQlfH 215 fJlaBa 8. Pa60n C KOMMyTaTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco 245 fJlaBa 9. KOH.HrypHpoBaHHe Ethemet-KOMMyraTOPOB 279 fJlaB8 10. DOHcK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeit B Ethemet-KOMMyTaTOpaX 315 fJlaBa II. 6ecnpoBO.lI.Hble JlOKaJILHble CeTH 347 aCTb III. IP-MapwpyrH3anuH 379 fJlaBa 12. IP-a.n.pecaIUlJl H C03.lI.aHHe nonceTeit 381 fJlaBa 13. Pa60Ta C MaprnpyrH3aTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco 441 fJlaBa 14. KOHQenQlfH H KOHclJHrypHpoBaHHe npoTOKOJlOB Maprnpyma3QHH 477
6 OrnasneHMe qaCTb IV. Pacnpe.neJleHHble CeTH rJIaB8 16. 6830BbIe KOHuenQHH WAN-CeTeH rJl8Ba 17. KOHclJHrypHpoBaHHe WAN-COe.lIHHeHHH qacTb V. IIo.nroToBKa K 3K3aMeHY rJl8Ba 18. llO.nrOTOBKa K Cep'l'HclJHKaQHOHHoMY 3K3aMeHY qacTb VI. IIpHJlo>KeHHJI llpHJI01KeHHe A. OTBeTbI H8 KOHTpOJlbHbIe BonpOCbl llpHJI01KeHHe 6. T86J1Hua ,lI,JIJI.lIBOH'IHo-.neCJlTH1JHblX npe06pa30B8HHH llpHJI01KeHHe B. 06HOBJIeHHe 3K3aMeHa ICND1: BepCHJlI.O CnHcoK TepMHHoB llpe.aMeTHblH )'Ka38TeJlb 553 555 583 607 609 619 621 635 639 643 664
COAep>KaHMe 06 aBTope 17 TeXHHlJeCKHe pel.{eH3eHTbI 18 nOCBflIlleHHfI 19 finarouapHocTH 19 YcnOBHbIe 0603Ha'leHHfI ceTeBbIX YCTpoikTB 20 COrJIaIIIeHHfI no CHHTaKCHCY KOMan.n: 21 npeUHCnOBHe 22 BBe.n:eHHe 23 C1>opMaT 3K3aMeHa CCNA 25 KaK npOHcxo.n:HT 3K3aMeH CCNA 26 TeMbI 3K3aMeHa ICNDI 26 TeMbI 3K3aMeHa ICND2 29 TeMbI 3K3aMeHa CCNA 31 TeMbI KypCOB ICNDI H ICND2 32 o KHHre 32 UeJIH H MeTOlIbI 32 Oco6eHHocTH KHHTH 33 CrpYKTYpa KHHrH 34 KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb 3Ty KHHry)J)UI no.n:roTOBKJ1 K 3K3aMeHY ICNDI (640-822) If CePTHCpHKaUHH CCENT 37 KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb 3Ty KHHry )J)UI no.n:roTOBKJ1 K 3K3aMeHY CCNA 640-802 38 .lJ,onOJIHHTeJIbHM HHcPopMaUHfi 40 qacTb I. OCHOBbl ceTeH 43 rJlaBa t. 6830BbIe KOHuenQHH KOMnblOTepHbIX CeTeH 45 lITo TaKoe COBpeMeHHbIe ceTH 45 Ce-rb C1>JIHHTCTOYHOB - nepBa5I KOMnblOTepHafi ceTb? 48 rJl8B8 2. CeTeBbie MOueJiH TCP lIP H OSI 57 KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH BbI y)Ke TeMbI maBbI 58 CTpYKTypa npOTOKOJIOB CTeKa TCP lIP 62 YpOBeHb npJUIO)!(eHHH TCP liP 63 TpaHcnopTHbIH ypOBeHb TCP/IP 65
8 COAep)l(aHMe I1HTepHeT-ypOBeHb TCP/IP 67 YpoBeHb .lI.ocl)'na K ceTH TCP II P 69 TepMHHOJIOrHfI HHKanCYJIfll.{HH .n:aHHbIX 71 3TaJIOHHa5I MO.lI.eJIb OSI 72 CpaBHeHHe MO.lI.eJIeH OSI H TCP/IP 73 C1>YHKUHH ypoBHeH Mo.n:eJIH OSI 74 3a'leM Hy)KHa ypOBHeBa5I CTpYKl)'pa Mo.n:eJIH OSI, ee npeHMYIlleCTBa 77 TepMHHOJIOrHfI HHKanCYJIfll.{HH Mo.n:emt OSI 78 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJIIOIJeBble TeMbI 80 3anOJIHHTe Ta6mtl.{bl H cnHCKH no naMfiTH 80 KJIIOIJeBbIe TepMHHbI maBbI 80 3TaJIOHHafi Mo.n:eJIb OSI 80 rJl8B8 3. OCHOBbi JlOKaJIbHbIX cITeii 83 KOHTpOJIbHble BonpOCbl: 3HaeTe JIH Bbl y)Ke TeMbl maBbl 83 0630p COBpeMeHHblX JIOKaJIbHbIX Ethernet-ceTeH 87 KpaTKafi HCTOpHfI TexnOJIOrHH Ethernet 90 nepBbIe Ethernet CTaH.L1apTbI: 1OBASE2 H 1OBASE5 90 nOBTOpHTeJIH 92 nOCTpOeHHe ceTH IOBASE- T Ha KOHl.{eHTpaTopax 93 BHTafi napa B Ethernet-ceTfix 94 Ka6eJIb UTP H pa31>eMbI RJ-45 94 nepe.n:aIJa .n:aHHbIX no BHTOH nape 96 CxeMa pa3BO.lI.KH KOHTaKTOB Ka6eJIfi UTP,l{JIfI CTaH.L1apTOB 1OBASE- T H 100BASE- TX 97 Ka6eJIH CTaH.L1apTa 1000BASE- T 100 I1cnOJIb30BaHHe KOMMYTaTopOB BMeCTO KOHl.{eHTpaTopOB,l{JIfI nOBbIIlleHHfI npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTH ceTH 100 YBeJIHIJeHHe npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTH ceTH C nOMOIllblO KOMMYTaTOpOB 103 YBeJIHIJeHHe B.lI.Boe npOH3BO.lI.HTeJIbHOCTH npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH .lI.YnJIeKCHOro pe)J(HMa 105 Pe31OMe: nepBblH ypOBeHb TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet 105 Cpe.lI.cTBa KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI Ethernet 106 A,apeCal.{Hfi B TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet 106 C1>peHMHpoBaHHe Ethernet 108 Pacn03HaBaHHe .n:aHHbIX BHYI"PH Ethernet-cPpeHMa 109 06Hapy)KeHHe OIllH60K 110 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJllO'leBbIe TeMbI 112 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bi H CIlHCKH no naMfiTH 112 KJIIOIJeBbIe TepMHHbI maBbl 112 rJl8B8 4. OCHOBbi W AN-ceTeii 115 KOHl pOJIbHble BonpocbI: 3HaeTe JIH BbI Y)J(e TeMbl maBbI 115 YpOBeHb 1 MO.lI.eJIH OSI B .n:BYXTO'leIJHbIX KaHaJIaX paCnpelleJIeHHOH ceTH 118 WAN-coe.lI.HHeHHe c TOIJKH 3peHHSI nOTpe6HTeJIfi 121 CTaH.L1ap-rbI Ka6eJIbHbIX WAN-coe.n:HHeHHH 123
COAep*aHMe 9 TaKToBafi 'laCTOTa. CHHxpOHH3aI.{HfI, OKOHe'lHOe 060py.n:oBaHHe JIHHHH nepe.n:a'l .n:aHHbIX H TepMHHaJlbHOe 060py.n:oBaHHe 125 C0311aHHe WAN-coellHHeHHfI BJIa60paTopHH 126 CKOpOCTb KaHaJla, npe.n:OCTaBJIfieMafi TeJIeKoMMYHHKal.{HoHHoH KOMnaHHeH 127 YpoBeHb 2 Mo.n:eJIH OSI B .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX KaHaJlaX paCnpelleJIeHHOH cern 129 npOTOKOJI HDLC 129 npOTOKOJI PPP 130 Pe310Me no TexnOJIOrHflM pacnpe.n:eJIeHHblX cereH 131 TeXHOJIOrHfI Frame Relay H CJIy)K6bI C KOMMYTal.{HeH naKeTOB 132 npeHMYllleCTBa KOMMYTal.{HH naKeTOB C TO'lKH 3peHHfI MacuJTa6HpOBaHHfI 133 OCHOBbl TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay 134 nOBTopHTe Bce KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI 139 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH 139 KnlOlJeBble TepMHHbI maBbl 139 fJlaBa 5. OCHOBbi IP-a,apecauuH H Maprnpym3aQHH 141 KOHlpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbl: 3HaeTe JIH BbI y)Ke reMbI maBbl 141 0630p Q>YHKI.{HH ce-reBoro ypOBHfI 145 MapIIIPYTH3al.{Hfi (nepeHanpaBJIeHHe) 146 B3aHMo.n:eHCTBHe ceTeBoro H KaHaJlbHOrO YPoBHeH 148 IP-naKeTbI H IP-3aroJIoBoK 149 MpeCal.{Hfi ceTeBoro (lpeTbero) ypOBHfI 150 npOTOKOJIbI MapIIIpYTH3aUHH 151 IP-anpecaUHfi 152 Onpe.n:eJIeHHfI IP-anpecaUHH 152 KaK rpynnHpylOTcfI IP-a,rJ,peca 153 KnaccbI ceTeH 154 I P - MaprnpYTH3al.{Hfi 161 MaprnpYTH3al.{Hfi B Y3Jlax 161 PerneHHfI 0 nepeHanpaBJIeHHH, npHHHMaeMbIe MaprnpYTH3aTopOM, H Ta6JIHua IP-MapIIIPYTH3aUHH 161 nPOTOKOJIbIIP-MaprnpYTH3aI.{HH 165 YTHJlHTbI ceTeBoro ypOBHfI 167 npOTOKOJI npe06pa30BaHHfI a,rJ,peCOB H CHCTeMa .n:OMeHHbIX HMeH 167 DNS-npe06pa30BaHHe HMeH 168 ARP-npouecc 169 Ha3Ha'leHHe a,rJ,peCOB H npOTOKOJI DHCP 170 npOTOKOJI ICMP 3xo-3anpocoB H KOMaHlla ping 172 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJllO'leBble TeMbl 173 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI It cnHCKH no naMfiTH 173 KnlO'leBbIe TepMHHbl maBbI 173 fJlaBa 6. OCHOBbi npOTOKOJIa TCP /lP: nepe.LI.a'la .LI.aHHbIX, npHJI01KeHHH H o6eCne'leHHe 6e30nacHocTH ceTH 177 KOHlpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH BbI y)Ke TeMbI maBbI 177 npOTOKOJIbI 4-ro ypOBHH CTeKa TCPjIP: TCP H UDP 180
10 COAep*aHMe npOTOKOJI ynpaBJIeHHfI nepe.n:a'leH 181 ITpOTOKOJI nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHX lleHTarpaMM 192 TCP/IP-npHJIO)!(eHHfI 193 Ka'leCTBO 06cJIy)KHBaHltfi B TCP/IP-npIUIO)!(eHHflX 193 "BceMHpHafi naYTHHa", npOTOKOJIbI HTTP H SSL 196 Ee30naCHOCTb ceTH 200 0630p HCTO'IHHKOB H THnOB yrp03 ceTH 201 EpaH,l{MaY3pbl H a,rJ,anTHBHbIe cpe.n:cTBa 6e30naCHOCTH Cisco (ASA) 205 TH-X 207 06Hapy)KeHHe BTOp)KeHltH B CeTb H HX npe.n:oTBpaIlleHHe 207 BHpl)'aJIbHbIe 'IaCTHbIe ceTH 208 IToBTopHTe Bce KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI 210 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH 210 KnlO'leBbIe TepMHHbI rJIaBbI 210 qacTb II. KOMMyralJ,UH B JIOKaJIbHblX ceTSIX 213 fJlaBa 7. Ba30Bble KOHnenQHH Ethernet-KOMMYTaQHH 215 KOHlpOJIbHbIe BOnpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH BbI y)Ke TeMbI rJIaBbI 215 Ea30BbIe KOHuenUHH KOMMYTal.{HH 218 Pa3BHTHe CeTeBbIX YClpOHCTB: KOHueH1paTOpbI, MOCTbI H KOMMYTaTopbl 218 ITpHHuHnbI KOMMYTaUHH <t>peHMoB 221 npeHMYIlleCTBa H HellOCTaTKH MexaHH3MOB KOMMYTaUHH B ceTfiX LAN 229 OCHOBbI .n:H3aHHa JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH 230 IllHpoKoBeIllaTeJIbHbIe .n:OMeH H .n:OMeH KOJIJlH3HH 231 CeTH VLAN 235 TepMHHOJIOrHfI .n:H3aHHa TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX CeTeH LAN 236 Ethernet -cpe.n:a H ,lIJIHHa Ka6eJIeH 239 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJlIO'IeBbIe TeMbI 242 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMHTH 242 KrrlO'leBbIe TepMHHbl maBbI 242 fJlaBa 8. Pa60Ta c KOMM)'T8TopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco 245 KOHlpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH Bbl y)Ke TeMbl maBbI 245 .D.ocryn K KOMaH,l{HOH ClpOKe KOMMYTaTOpa Catalyst 2960 249 KOMMYTaTopbI Cisco Catalyst H Mo.n:eJIb 2960 249 CBeToBbIe HH,l{HKaTOpbI KOMMYTaTopa 251 nOJIyqeHHe .n:ocryna K HHTep<t>eHcy KOMaH,l{HOH ClpOKH CHCTeMbI IOS 253 ITOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHH H npHBlUIerHpoBaHHbIH pe)!(HMbI 259 I1HTepaKTHBHafi no.n:CKa3Ka 260 KOMaH,l{bI debug H show 262 KOH<lmrypHpoBaHHe onepauHoHHoH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS 263 KOH(lmrypaUHoHHbIe no.n:pe:>KHMbI H KOHTeKCTbI 264 f.n:e xpaHflTCfI KOH(lmrypauHoHHbIe <t>afuIbI? 266 KonHpoBaHHe H y.n:aJIeHHe KOH<t>HrypaUHoHHbIX <t>afuIoB 269 .D.HaJIOr Ha'laJIbHoro KOH(lmrypHpoBaHHfI 271
COAep*aHMe 11 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJllOlJeBble TeMbi 274 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI H cnHCKH no naMHTH 274 KJIIOIJeBbIe TepMHHbI maBbI 274 CnHcoK KOMaH.n: 274 rJl8B8 9. KOHHrypHpoBaHHe Ethernet-KoMMyr8TopoB 279 KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbl: 3HaeTe JIH Bbl y)Ke TeMbI rJIaBbi 279 KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHe 06IllHX JJ.JI5I KOMMYTaTopOB H MaplllpYTH3aTopOB <t>YHKUHH 282 Ee30nacHbIH .n:ocl)'n K KOMaH.L1HoH CTpOKe KOMMYTaTopa 282 HacTpOHKH KOHCOJIbHOrO coe.n:HHeHHfI H vtY-JlHHHH 292 HacTpOHKa KOMMYTaTopOB H ynpaBJleHHe HMH 295 KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHe IP-a,apeca KOMMYTaTOpa 296 KOH(I>HrypHpoBaHHe HHTep<t>eHcoB KOMMYTaTOpa 299 T eXHOJIOrHfI 6e30naCHOCTH nopTOB 30 I KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHe ceTeH VLAN 304 nOBbIllIeHHe ypOBHfI 6e30nacHocTH HeHCnOJIb3yeMbIx HHTep<t>eHcoB 307 IToBTopHTe Bce KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI 309 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH 309 KJIIO'leBbIe TepMHHbl rJIaBbI 309 CnHCOK KOMaH.L1 310 rJl8Ba 10. DOHCK H ycrpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B Ethernet-KOMMyraTopax 315 KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH BbI y)Ke TeMbI rJIaBbI 315 npHHUHnbI npOBepKH CeTeH., a TalOKe nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH 319 BonpocbI C 3MYJIflI.{HeH ceTH 319 CHMJIeTbI 320 BonpocbI C MHoroBapHaHTHbIM OTBeTOM 321 KaK OTBeTHTb Ha CJlO)KHbIe BonpOCbI 3K3aMeH3 322 113oJIHpOBaHHe np06JIeM 3 ypOBHfI, a TalOKe YPoBHeH 1 H 2 323 COBeTbi no nOHCKY H YCTpaHeHHIO HeHcnpaBHocTeH 324 nOCTpOeHHe TOnOJIOrHH ceTH C nOMolllblO npOTOKOJIa 06Hapy)KeHHfI YCTpOHCTB KOMnaHHH Cisco 325 AHaJIH3 COCTOflHHfI HHTep<t>eHca Ha I H 2 ypOBIUIX 330 KO.n:bI COCTOflHHH HHTep<t>eH.COB H npH'-IHHbI HX Hepa60Tocnoc06HoCTH 330 np06JIeMbI npH HeCOBna,aeHHH .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH H CKOpOCTH HHTep<t>eHcoB 332 ITp06JIeMbI ypOBHfI I B pa60TalOIllHx HHTep<t>eHcax 336 AHaJlH3 MapIIIpYTa KOMMYTaUHH <t>peHMoB Ha OCHOBe Ta6JIHI.{ MAC-a,apecoB 338 AHaJIH3 MapllIPYTa <t>peHMoB 341 Pe)I(HM 6e30nacHocTH nOPTa H <t>HJIbTpauHfi <t>peHMoB 342 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJllOlJeBbIe TeMbi 343 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI H cnHCKH no naMSITH 343 KJIIOIJeBbIe TepMHHbI rnaBbI 343 CnHcoK KOMaH.L1 343 rJl8Ba II. l)ecnpOBOAHbIe JlOKaJlbHble ceTH 347 KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH BbI y)Ke TeMbI maBbi 347
12 COA8pJKaHM8 KOHuenUHH 6eCnpOBOAHbiX CeTeH CpaBHemfe C TeXHOJloruflMI1 Ethernet-ceTeH CTaHAapTbl ceTeH WLAN Pe)KHMbI pa60Tbi CeTI1 CTaHAapTa 802.] I EecnpoBo.n:HafI nepe.na'la AaHHblX (YPoBeHb I) .D,ocryn K cpeAe B 6ecnpoBoAHOH CeTl1 (YPoBeHb 2) BHeApeHl1e ceTeH WLAN 3Tanbl BHeApeHI1f1 6ecnpoBoAHOH ceTH Ee30nacHocTb 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTI1 np06J1eMbl 6e30nacHocTI1 CeTeH WLAN Pa3BI1Tl1e CTaHAapTOB 6e30nacHocTI1 WLAN-ceTeH nOBTOpl1Te Bce KJllO'leBble TeMb: 3anOJlHI1Te Ta6J1I1Ubll1 Cnl1CKI1 no naMflTI1 KJIIO'leBbIe TepMI1Hbl rnaBbI 350 350 352 353 355 362 363 364 369 369 37] 377 377 377 1.faCTb III. IP-MapmpyrH3aUHJI 379 rJlaB3 12. IP-a,u.pecaI.HJI H C03A3HHe nOACeTeH 381 KOHTpOJIbHble BonpOCbl: 3HaeTe JII1 Bbl e TeMbl rnaBbI 38] MaTepl1aJIbl ,l{JIfi no.n:rOTOBKI1 K BonpocaM no paC'lery nOAceTeH 385 nJIaH nOArOTOBKI1 K BonpocaM no paC'lery nOACeTeH 386 Pa60Ta C KaJIbKYJIfiTOpOM nOAceTeH 387 I P-a,n,pecaUI1f1 11 MapllIpYTH3aUI1f1 388 I P-a,n,pecaUHfi 388 1.J.acTHble 11 3aperuCTpl1pOBaHHbie a,n,peca 390 IP-a,n,pecaUHJI BepCHI1 6 39] OCHOBbI nOAceTeH 392 MapllIPYT113aUI1f1 394 MaTeMaTI1'leCKl1e paC'leTbl npl1 C03.n:aHI1H nOAceTeH 395 KOHBepTl1pOBaHHe IP-a,n,pecoB H MaCOK H3AeCflTI1'lHOH BABOH'IHyJO CI1CTeMY 11 06paTHo 396 OnepaUI1f1 JIoru'leCKoro "11" 397 npeqmKCHafI, I1JII1 CIDR-33nl1cb MaCKH 399 npaKTI1'1eCKHe COBeTbl 402 AHaJIH3 11 Bbl60p CeTeBOH MaCKH 403 AHaJII13 MaCKI1 nOAcern B cyrneCTBYlOweH cern 403 Bbl60p MaCKI1 ,l{JIfi onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO AI13aHHa ceTH 409 npaKTI1'1eCKHe COBeTbI 4]4 AHaJIH3 cyweCTBYIOWHX nOAceTeH 415 OnpeAeJIeHHe a,n,peca nOAcern: ABOl1'lHblH MeTOA 415 OnpeAeJleHl1e a,n,peca nOAceTI1: OnTI1MI13aUI1f1 ABOl1'lHOrO MeTO.na 417 OnpeAeJleHl1e llII1pOKOBeIllaTeJlbHoro a,n,peca nOAceTI1: ABOH'lHblH MeTOA 418 PaC'IeT Al1ana30Ha a,n,peCOB,l{JIfi no.n:ceTH 421 PaC'leT a.n:peca nOAceTI1, llIHpOKOBewaTeJlbHOrO a.n:peca H Al1ana30Ha: AeCflTl1'lHblH MeTOA 422 npaKTH'leCKl1e COBeTbl 428
COA8p*aHM8 13 )J,H3aHH: Bbl60p no.n:CeTeH ,l{JIfi KJIaCCOBOH CeTl1 429 Pac 'leT no.n:ceTeH, ,l{JIfi KOTOpblX BbIlleneHo MeHbllIe 8 611TOB 429 Pac 'leT no.n:CeTeH, ,l{JIfi KOTOpblX BbIAeneHO 8 611TOB 432 npaKTl1'leCKHe COBeTbI 433 PaC'leT no.n:ceTeH, ,l{JIfi KOTOpbIX BbIlleneHO 60JIbllIe 8 611TOB 433 )J,onOnHI1TenbHbIe npaKTl1'leCKl1e peKOMeHAaUl111 436 nOBTOpl1Te Bce KJIlO'leBble TeMbI 437 3anOnHI1Te Ta6nl1Ubll1 Cnl1CKI1 no naMflTI1 438 KnlO'leBbIe TepMI1Hbl rnaBbI 438 npO'll1TaHTe nepBoe 3a.n:aHl1e B npHnO)l(eHl111 E 438 BonpocbI no no.n:CeTfiM 11 MeTo.n:bI paC'leTa 439 fJlaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MaprupyrH3aTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco 441 KOHTpOnbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe nl1 Bbl Y)I(e TeMbl rnaBbI 441 YCTaHoBKa MapllIpYT"3aTOpOB Cisco 444 YCTaHoBKa MapllIpYTU3aTopa B CeTI1 npe.n:npl1f1TI1f1 444 YCTaHOBKa MapllIpYT"3aTOpa .n:oc-ryna K CeTI1 448 SOHO-ycrpoHcTBa, Onl1CblBaeMble B 3TOH KHl1re 450 J.1HTep<»eHc KOMaH.n:HoH CTpOKI1 MapllIpYT"3aTOpa 451 CpaBHeHue I1HTep<»eHca KOMaH.n:HoH CTpOKI1 MapIIIpYTH3aTopa 11 KOMMYTaTopa 451 J.1HTep<»eHcbI MapllIpYT"3aTOpa 452 )J,onOnHI1TenWbIH nopT MapllIpYT"3aTOpa 458 )J,l1aJIor Ha'laJIbHOM HaCTpOHKI1 459 06HORlIeHI1e onepaUI10HHOH CI1CTeMbI Cisco IOS H npouecc Ha'laJIbHOH 3arpY3KI1 YCTpOHCTBa 461 06HORlIeHHe onepaUI10HHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS BO flash-naMflTI1 462 npoue.n:ypa 3arpY3KH onepaUl10HHOH CI1CTeMbl Cisco IOS 465 nOBTOpl1Te Bce KJI1O'leBbIe TeMbI 473 3anOJlHI1Te Ta6JII1UbI 11 CnHCKI1 no naMflTI1 473 KJIlO'leBble TepMI1HbI maBbI 473 3a.n:aHI1f1 npHJIO)l(eHUfi E 474 Cnl1COK KOMaH.n: 474 fJlaBa 14. KOH..em{HH H KOH4»HrypHpoBaHHe npOTOKOJIOB MaprupyrHa3IU1H 477 KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe nl1 Bbl e TeMbl rnaBbl 477 nO.n:KJIIO'leHHble 11 CTaTI1'leCKl1e MapllIpYTbI 481 MapllIPYThI K HanpfiMYIO no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIM CeTfiM 481 CTaTl1'leCKHe MapllIpYTbl 484 PaCllIl1peHHblH Bapl1aHT KOMaHAbI ping 487 CTaHAapTHbIe MapllIpYTbI 489 0630P npOTOKonOB MapllIpYTI13aUHI1 491 OCHoBHble KOHuenUI1U npOTOKona RIP-2 491 CpaBHeHl1e pa3HbIX npOTOKonOB IP-MapllIpYTH3aUI1I1 493 KJIaccoBble U 6eCKJlaCCOBbIe npOTOKonbI MapllIpYT"3aUII 497 Pe310Me no npOTOKonaM MapllIpYTH3aUHI1 BHYTPeHHero llI1I103a 498 KOH<»HrypHpoBaHHe H npOBepKa pa60Tbi npOTOKOJla RIP-2 499
14 COAep>KaHM8 KOH<Jmrypl1pOBamfe npOTOKOJIa RIP-2 npOBepKa npOTOKOJIa RIP-2 nOBTOpl1Te BCe KJI1O'leBbIe TeMbI 3anOJIHI1Te Ta6JII11.{bI U cnHCKH no naMflTI1 KnlO'leBbIe TepMI1HbI maBbI Cnl1COK KOMaH.n: 499 502 510 510 510 511 rJlaBa 15. nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH IP-MapwpyrH3al.HH 515 KOHTpOJIbHble BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JII1 BbI Y)Ke TeMbI maBbI 515 COBeTbl no YCTpaHeHl110 HeucnpaBHocTeH 11 He06xo.n:I1MbIH I1HCTpYMeHTapl1H 519 IP-a.n:peCal.{l1f1 519 CeTeBbie HaCTpOHKI1 OKOHe'lHOfO Y3JIa 522 nOI1CK 11 YCTpaHeHl1e Hel1CnpaBHocTeH B cJI6ax MapwpYT"3al.{UU Y3JIa 525 nOI1CK npaBI1JIbHOfO MapwpYTa B MapwpYT"3aTOpe 527 KOMaHAbI llJIfi nOI1CKa Hel1CnpaBHOCTeH 529 CUeHapl1H nOI1CKa H YCTpaHeHHfI OWl160K B MapwpYT"3al.{HU 535 Cwryaul1f1 A: 3a.n:a'll1 11 BonpOCbI 535 OrBeTbl K 3a.lI.a'laM cHTYauHH A 538 CI1TYal.{l1f1 E: aHaJII13 MapwpYTa naKeTOB 11 <!>peHMoB 539 CI1TYal.{Ufi E: OTBeTbl 540 CUTYal.{l1f1 B: aHaJII13 MapwpYTOB 547 CHTYaUHfi B: OTBeTbI 547 nOBTOpHTe BCe KJI1O'leBbIe TeMbI 549 3anOJIHI1Te Ta6JII11.{bI 11 cnHCKH no naMflTI1 549 Cnl1COK KOMaHA 549 1.facTb IV. Pacnpe.aeJIeHHble ceTH 553 rJlaBa 16. Ea30BbIe KOH..enI.HH WAN-ceTeH 555 KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JII1 Bbl e TeMbl maBbI 555 WAN-TeXHOJIOrHI1 558 CTpYKTYPa TeJIe<!>oHHoH CeTI1 558 AHaJIoroBble Mo.n:eMbI 561 UH<!>poBafi a60HeHTCKafi JIHHHfI 563 Ka6eJIbHOe nOAKJllO'leHUe K ceTU I1HTepHeT 567 CpaBHeHl1e TeXHOJIOfHH YAaJIeHHoro .n:ocl)'TIa 569 TexHoJIofHfl A TM 570 CpaBHeHl1e TeXHOJIOfl1U KOMMYTal.{HI1 naKeTOB U KaHaJIOB 572 TexHoJIorl1f1 Ethernet B Ka'leCTBe WAN-cepAbI 572 IP-cJI6blllJlfl.n:ocl)'TIa K CeTI1 I1HTepHeT 573 npl1CBOeHUe a.n:peCOB C nOMOWblO MapIIIpYT"3aTOpa AOCl)'TIa K CeTI1 HHTepHeT 574 MapWPYTI13aUHfi B YCTpOHCTBe .n:ocTYna K CeTl1 HHTepHeT 575 TexHoJIorl1u NAT 11 PAT 577 nOBTOpHTe Bce KJI1O'leBbIe TeMbl 581 3anOJIHI1Te Ta6JIHI.{bll1 Cnl1CKH no naMfiTH 581
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26 BBeAeHMe CJIe.n:YeT nOMHHTb, 'lTO TaKHe 3a.n:aHUfi - 3TO 3a.n:aHHfI,,l{JIfi KOTOphlX KOMnaHHH Cisco (no KpaHHeH Mepe Ha cero.n:HflIllHUH .n:eHb) BhIAeJIfieT Hau60JIbIIIee KOJIU'leCTOO 6aJIJ10B. Bonpocbl-CHMJIeTbl - OllHH U3 Hau60Jlee CJlO)KHbIX. B CUMJIeTax TalOKe HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI 3MYJlHTOpbl ceTU, HO B HUX He HO BBO.n:UTb HJIH U3MeHflTb KOH<)mrypauulO, a BMecTO 3TOro 3aLlaHUe co.n:ep)l(HT o.n:HH UJIU HeCKOJIhKO MHoroBapHaHTHbIX OTBeTOB. B TaKUX oonpo- cax HY)KHO UCnOJlb30BaTh 3MYJlHTOp ,l{JIH npOBepKH TeKYIllero COCTOflHUfi ceTH, UHTepnpeTa- UHU UH<»opMaI.{HU, BbIBO.n:UMOH KOMaH.l{aMU rpynnhl show, KOTopbIe 3K3aMeHyeMblH CMO- )l(eT BCnOMHUTb, 'no6bl OTBeTHTh Ha Bonpoc. ECJIH Bonpocbl C 3MYJIHI.{HeH CeTU Tpe6YIOT aT cnel.{UaJIUCTa yMeHHfI IlHarHOCTupOBaTh HeucnpaBHOCTU Ha OCHOBe KOH<»urypauuu, CUMJIe- TbI Tpe6yJOT yMeHUfi npOaHaJIU3UpOBaTh H caMY ceTh, U np06JIeMbi B CeTH, CBfl3aTb KOMaH,l{bl rpynnbl show co 3HaHHeM CeTeOOH TeopHH U KOH<»urypauHoHHhle KOMaH,l{bl. KaK npoCXOAT 3K3aMeH CCNA Kama fI eIl{e yoIHJICfI B IllKOJle, nocJle Taro, KaK yoIUTeJlb 061>HBJlfIJI a TOM, 'ITa CKOpO y Hac 6YlleT Tecr HJIH KOHTpOJlbHafl, KTO-HH6Yllb Bcema cnpaIllUBaJ1: "A 'ITa 3TO 6y.n:eT 3a TeCT?" )].mt<e B KOJIJIeJJ)Ke cry.n:eHThI Bcema XOTfiT HMeTb 60JlbIIIe HH<popMaI.{HU a TOM, 'ITa HMeHHO 6y.n:eT Ha 3K3aMeHe. I1H<popMal.{Ufi B TaKOM CJIyoIae .n:06hlBaeTCfI C BnOJIHe npaKTWleCKOH I.{e- JIblO - 3HaTh, 'ITa H}')KHO yoIHTh 60JIbIlle, 'lTO MeHhIlle, H 'ITa MO)l(HO COBceM He yoIUTb. KOMnaHHfI Cisco ny6JIUKYeT cnJtCOK TeM 3K3aMeHa ,l{JIfi Taro, 'lT06bl cnel.{UaJ1UCThl 3Ha- JIU, KaI<He UMeHHO 3HaHUfi H yMeHHfI nOTpe6yJOTCfI ,l{JIH c.n:a'lU pa3HhiX CePTU<pUKaI.{UOHHbIX TeCTOB. CnUCOK co.n:ep)J(HT Cnel.{u<pH'leCKHe TeopeTH'leCKHe TeMhI, TaKHe KaK I P-aLlpeCaUUfI, npOTOKOJl RIP U ceTU VLAN. KpoMe Taro, B onucaHUfiX 3K3aMeHOB TalOKe }'KaJaHO, KaKue 3HaHUfi He06xo.n:UMbl 1IJUIllaHHoro TecTa. HanpUMep. OllHO 3aLlaHue MO)l(eT Ha'lUHaTbCfI co CJlOBa "OnuIIIuTe..." lIJIH co CJIOB "OnUIIIHTe, CKOH<purypupyHTe U YCTpaHuTe HeucnpaBHO- CTU...". 113 nOCTaHOBKH 3aLIa'lu B llPyrux 3aLlaHHflx MO)KHO 'leTKO nOHHTb, 'ITa He06xo.n:HMO nOJIHOe nOHHMaHue TeMbI. ny6JIUKYfI TeMbl H He06xOllUMhIH ypOBeHb HaBhlKOB 1J,J1H HUX, KOMnaHUfi Cisco nOMOraeT cnel.{HaJIUCTaM roTOBUTbCH K 3K3aMeHY. HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa cnHCKH TeM 1J,J1H 3K3aMeHOB BeCbMa nOJIe3HbI, He 3a6hIBaHTe, 'lTO KOMnaHUfi Cisco npu ny6JIUKal.{UH CnHCKa }'Ka3hlBaeT, 'ITa 3TOT cnUCOK flBJlfleTCfI peKO- MeHC)060HHblM Ha60pOM TeM ,l{JIfi u3yqeHHfI. KOMnaHufi Cisco cTpeMuTCfI B 3K3aMeHauu- OHHhIX oonpocax He BbIXO.n:HTb 3a paMKH TaKHX TeM, U CneI.{UaJ1HCThl, 3aHUMalOWHeCfI pa3pa60TKOH TeCTOB, nOCTOflHHO aHaJIH3UpyIOT BonpOCbI, 06HOBJIflIOT UX, 'lT06hI OHU CO- OTBeTCTBOBaJIH 3af1BJ1eHHOMY cnHCKY. TeMbl3K3aMeHa ICND1 B Ta6JI. 1.1 nepe'lUCJIeHhI TeMbl 3K3aMeHa ICNDI. CnHcoK TeM 3K3aMeHa ICND2 npe.n:CTaBJIeH B Ta6JI. 1.2. HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa YKa3aHHhIe 3K3aMeHal.{HOHHbIe TeMbI He npOHyMepOBaHbI Ha Be6-caHTe Cisco. com, KOMnaHHfI Cisco Press npoHYMepOBaJIa HX ,l{JIfi y.n:06cTBa. B Ta6J1Hl.{e TalOKe YKa3aHbi cooTBeTcTBYIOWHe 'laCTU KHUrH, B KOTOpblX co.n:ep)KUTCfI uH<popMauufI, OTHOCflwaHCfI K 3K3aMeHY. nOCKOJIhKY 3K3aMeHaUUOHHbie TeMbI co BpeMeHeM MOryT U3MeHHTbCfI, CTOHT JlHIIIHUH pa3 npOBepHTb cnUCOK 3K3aMeHa- UHOHHblX TeM Ha Be6-caHTe Cisco. com (http://www.cisco.com/go/ccna). ECJlH KOMnaHUfi Cisco .n:06aBHJIa KaKUe-JIu60 HOBbIe TeMbl B 3K3aMeH, 06paTUTeCb K npUJIO)l(e- HUIO B "06HOBJIeHHe 3K3aMeHa ICND I: BepCHH 1.0", B HeM paCCKa3aHO, KaK Ha caHTe http://www . ciscopress. com MO)KHO nOJlyoIHTh IlonOJlHHTeJIbHYIO uH<t>opMauulO no 06HOBJleHHoMY 3K3aMeHY.
------ BBeAeHMe 27 BHMMAHMEI B Ta6JUtue BbUIeJleHbI TeMbI, KOTOpble OTHOCSlTCSI K 3K3aMeHY CCNA It OnltCaHbI HIt)j(e. Ta6J1HUa 1.1. TeMbl3K3aMeHa ICNDl N!! B KaKOU '1aCTH KHHm TeMa 3K3aMeHa HaxO)J.ltTCJI I I 2 I 3 I, II, III 4 5 6 7 I-IV 8 I-IV 9 I, III. IV 10 I-IV II II, III 12 II 13 II 14 II 15 II 16 II 17 II 18 II 19 II - npHHUHn pa60Tbl ce-reu nepella'lH llaHHblX Ha3Ha'IeHHe H !f>YHKUItH pa3JIH'IHbIX ceTeBbIX YCTpoiiCTB Bbl60p KOMnOHeHTOB ceTH llJIlI OnpelleJleHHblX Ja.lIa'I I1cnoJlb3oBaHHe MOlleJleii OSI H TCP/IP It CBII3aHHbiX C HHMH npOTOKOJlOB llJIlI 06"bIlCHeHHII npHHUHnOB nepella'IH nOTOKOB JJ.aHHbIX B ceTH OnHcaHHe HaH60Jlee pacnpOC'l'paHeHHblX ceTeBblX YTHJHT, B TOM 'IHCJle Be6- npHJOJICeHHH OnHcaHHe npellHa3Ha'IeHHII H OCHOBHblX npHHUHnOB npOTOKOJlOB B MOlleJlIIX OSI H TCP OnHcaHHe BJlHIIHHII npHJO>KeHHii (HanpHMep, llJIlI nepeJJ.a'IH r0J10ca H BHlIeo no IP-ceTIIM - Voice Over IP and Video Over IP) Ha ceTb I1HTepnpeTaUHlIllHarpaMM ceTH MexaHH3M OnpelleJleHIDI MapwpYTa Me>KJJ.)' JJ.BYMII Y3J!aMH B ceTH OnHcaHHe KOMnOHeHT, KOTopble He06xOllHMblllJlII nOC'TpOeHHII ceTH H HHTepHeT-nOJJ.KJIIO'IeHIDI l111eHTH!f>HKaUHII H YC'l'paHeHHe 06WHX ceTeBblX np06J1eM Ha ypOBHIIX I, 2. 3 H 7 c HCnOJlb30BaHHeM nOllXOJJ.a Ha OCHOBe MHoroYPoBHeBoii MOlleJlH OnpeJJ.eJleHHe H onHcaHHe OTJlH'IHii Me>KJJ.)' LAN- H WAN-TeXHOJlOrHIIMH H HX !f>YHKUHIIMH BHenpeHHe MaJIblX KOMM)'THpyeMbix ce-reA Bbl60p npaBHJbHblX Ka6eJleii, nopToB H pa:n.eMOB llJIlI nOllKJIIO'IeHIDI KOMMYTaTOpOB K JJ.PYrH M ceTeBblM YCTpoiicTl!aM H Y3JlaM 06"bIlCHeHHe TeXHOJlOrHH H MeTOJJ.a lloC1)'Tla H KOH'l'pOJlII cpellbl B CTaHllapTax Ethernet 06"bIlCHeHHe npHHUHna CerMeHTaUHH ceTH H 6a30BbiX KOHuenUHH ynpaBJIeHHII 'l'pa!f>HKoM 06"bIlCHeHHe npHHUHna pa60Tbi KOMMyraTOpOB KOMnaHHH Cisco H 6aJOBbiX KOHuenUHii KOMMyraUHH C0311aHHe, coxpaHeHHe H npOBepKa Ha'IaJIbHOfl KOH!f>HrypaUHH KOMMYTaTopa, B TOM 'IHCJ1e H HacTpoiiKa cpellcTB YJJ.aJIeHHOrO 1l0cT)'na K YC'l'pOiiCTBY npOBepKa COCTOIIHHII ceTH H pa60Tocnoco6HOCTH KOMMyraTopa C nOMOWbIO 6a30BbIX ceTeBblX yrHJHT (ping, trace route, Telnet. SSH. ARP, ipconfig), a TIllOKe KOMaHll rpynn show It debug BHeJJ.peHHe H npOBepKa 6a30Boii 6e30nacHocTH B KOMMyrHpyeMbix CeTlIX (peJICHM 6e30nacHocTH nopToB, BblKJIIO'IeHHe HeHCnOJlb3yeMblx nopToB H Tn.) l111eHTH!f>HKaUHII, onHcaHHe H paJpeweHHe OCHOBHbIX np06J1eM co cpelloii nepeJJ.a'IH llaHHblX B KOMMyrHpyeMblx ceTIIX, np06J1eM c KOH!f>H1)'paUHdl, aBTOCOrJlaCOBaHHeM peJICHMa pa60TbI nopTOB H annapaTHblX OTKa30B
28 BBeAeHMe flpOOOAJlCeHUe ma6A. J. J N!! B KaKOU '1aCTH KHHm TeMa 3K3aMeHa HaxOroITCJI 20 I, III 21 I, III 22 III 23 IV 24 I, III 25 III,IV 26 III, IV 27 III 28 III 29 111 30 I, III 31 III 32 I, III 33 III 34 III 35 III 36 III 37 III 38 III 39 III 40 III 41 111 BHepeHHe cxeMbl IP-a,apecaQHH H IP-CJIyJK6 B He60JlbUlHX CeTJIX 4IHJlH3JlOB npenpHJlTHJI OnHcaHHe pOllH H npe.l1Ha3Ha'leHI1!! aapecamm B ceTH C03.11aHHe H BHe.l1peHHe cxeMbl aapecaUHH B ceTH npHCBOeHlte H npOBepKa npaBltJlbHOCTH IP-aapecoB Y3JlaM, cepBepaM H CeTeBblM YCTpoiicTBaM B JlOKaJlbHOii ceTH OnHcaHHe 6a30BbIX npHMeHeHHii H npl1HUHna pa60Tbi clI}')K6bl NA T B He60llbWHX ceTSlX, nOJ1.KJIIO'laeMbIX K O.l1HOMY npoBafuIepy OnltCaHHe npHHUHna pa60Tbi clIYJK6b1 DNS OnHcaHHe HCnOllb30BaHI1!!, npeHMYll.eCTB H oco6eHHOCTeii 'laCTHbIX H OTKpblTblX 3apemCTpHpOBaHHbIX IP-aupecoB 3anycK H KOH4mrypHpoBaHHe clI}')K6bI NAT B CeTH C O.l1HHM npoBafuIepoM YClIyr I1HTepHeT, KOH4mrypHpoBaHHe nOllKJIIO'leHI1!! C nOMOUlblO no SDM H npOBepKa nocpellCTBOM HHTep<peiica KOMaHJJ.Hoi1 CTpOKH H KOMaHJJ.bl ping KOH4>HrypHpoBaHHe, npOBepKa, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B clI}')K6ax DHCP H DNS MapUlpyrH3aTopa KaK C nOMoUlblO no SDM, TaK H nocpellCTBOM HHTep<peiica KOMaHlIHoii CTpOKH BHe.l1peHHe CTaTH'leCKoi1 aapecaUHH H clI}')K6 J1.I1HaMH'leCKoi1 aapeCaUHI1.11J1!! Y3JIOB B JlOKaJlbHOii cern I1l1eHTHI}>HKaUH!! H YCTpaHeHHe np06l1eM B IP-aapecaUHI1 BHe,llpeHHe He6oJlbUlOH MapUlpyrH3HpyeMou ceTH OnHcaHHe 6a30Bbix KOHuenUHii MapwpyrH3aUHI1, B TOM 'lHClIe npouecca nOHCKa MapwpyroB H MexaHH3MoB nepeCblJI10I naKeTOB OnHcaHHe npouecca pa60TbI MapwpyrH3aropOB KOMnaHHH Cisco, B TOM 'lHClIe npouecca 3arpY3KH YCTpoiicma, npOueJ1.ypbI POST H annapaTHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB MapwpyrH3aTopa BbI60p npaBHJlbHbIX Ka6elleii, nOpTOB H pa3'beMOB.IIJI!! nOlJ,KJlIO'leHI1!! Mapwpyrl13aTOpOB K lIpymM ceTeBbIM YCTpoi1cTBaM H Y3JIaM KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe, npOBepKa pa6oTocnoc06HoCTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHOCTeii.IIJI!! npOTOKOlla RI Pv 2 llocryn K HHTep<Peiicy KOMaHJJ.HOii CTpOKH H era HCnOllb30BaHHe lJ.)UI HaCTpoiiKI1 6a30BbiX napaMeTpOB YCTpoiicTBa nOllKJIIO'leHHe, KOH<pHrypHpoBaHl1e H npOBepKa pa60Tocnoco6HocTI1 I1HTepl}>eiicoB npoBepKa KOH<pHrypaUHH YCTpOiiCTBa H HaJJl1'lH!! CB!!311 B ceTH C nOMOlliblO yrltJlHT ping, traceroute, Telnet, SSH H lip. KOHI}>HrypHpoBaHHe H npOBepKa CTaTH'leCKJfX H CTaHJJ.aPTHblx MapIIIpyroB YnpaBJIeHHe KOHI}>HrypaUHoHHbIMH l}>altJlaMH onepauHoHHoii CHCTeMbI IOS: coxpaHeHHe, peliaKTHpOBaHl1e, 06HOBJIeHHe 11 BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe YnpaBJIeHHe onepaUHoHHoii CHCTeMoii Cisco IOS <I>113H'leCKaSI 6e30naCHOCTb YCTpoHcTBa H BHelipeHl1e napolleii npOBepKa COCTO!!HH!! CeTH H pa6oTocnoc06HoCTH MapwpynnaTopa nocpellCTBOM CTaHJJ.apTHbIX yrn.nHT ping, traceroute, Telnet, SSH. ARP. ipconfig, a TaKJKe C nOMOllblO KOMaHli rpynn show H debug
- BBeAeHMe 29 OKOH'taHue ma6J/. /.1 N2 B KaKoH '1aCTH KHHm TeMa 3K3aMeHa HaxOmlTCJI OCHOBbi TeXHOJlOmH H 6a30Bbie KOHHrypaUHH 6eCnpOBO,lUlblX J10KaJlbHb1X ceTeH (WLAN) 46 II OnHcaHHe CTaH,lJ,apTOB 6ecnpoBon.HbIX KOMMYHHKaUliH, B TOM '1HCJle HHCTH-ryraIEEE, Wi-Fi-aJIbHHca, COI030B ITUjFCC HaeHTH4>HKaUHII H onHcaHHe H33Ha'leHHII YCTPOHCTB He60JlbIllOH 6ecnpoBon.- HOH ceTH, a TaIOKe HlIeHTH4>HKaTOpa SSID H TaKItX nOHIITHH, KaK BSS HESS HaeHTH4>HKaUHII OCHOBHbIX KOH4>HrypaUHoHHbIX napaMeTpoB 6ecnpOBon.HoA ceTH H opraHH3aUHII coen.ItHeHIDI YCTPOHCTB C onpe.lleJleHHOH TO'lKOH .llocT)'na CpaBHeHHe H onHcaHHe Cpe.llCTB 6e30nacHocTH B 6eCnpOBO.llHbIX ceTIIX H B03MOJKHOCTeH TeXHOJlOrHH 6e30nacHocTH WPA, B TOM '1HCJle T3IOKe CTaH,lJ,apTOB WEP, WPA-Ij2 H OTKpbITbIX ceTeH Hn.eHTH4>HKauHII OCHOBHbIX np06J1eM B 6eCnpOBO.llHbIX ceTIIX HaeHTHHKaUHJI 6pemeH B 6e30naCHOCTH ceTeH H OnHCaHHe 06DlHX MeTO.aOB HX HCKJIIO'IeHHJI 06'bllcHeHHe COBpeMeHHbIX np06J1eM 6e30naCHOCTH, a T3IOKe nO'leMY CJle.llyeT BBO.llliTb 06myIO nOJIltTliK}' 6e30nacHocTIi B ceTllX OnHcaHHe 06mHx MeTO.llOB ItCKJlIO'IeHHII 6pellieH B 6e30naCHOCTH CHCTeM H ceTeBbIX YCTPOHCTB. npI1JlO>KeHHH H onepaUHoHHbIX CHCTeM OnHcaHHe 4>YHKUHH OCHOBHbIX Cpe.llCTB H npl1JlOJKeHItH 6e30nacHocTH OnHcaHHe peKOMeH,lJ,OBaHHbIX nOD.Xon.OB K nOCTPoeHHIO CHCTeM 6e30naCHocrn H .lleHCTBHH no YKperureHHIO 3amliTbI ceTeBbIX YCTPOHCTB H ceTeH 42 II 43 II 44 II 45 II 47 48 49 I 50 I, II, III 51 IV 52 IV BHe.apeHHC H npoBepKa pa6oTocnoco6HocTH WAN-KaHaJlOB OnHcaHHe pa3JIH'IHbIX MeTO.llOB nOllKJIIO'IeHHII K WAN-ceTIIM KOH4>HrypHpoBaHHe H npoBepKa pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH CTaH,lJ,aPTHoro nOCJle.n;OBaTeJ1bHoro WAN-KaHaJla TeMbl 3K3aMeHa ICND2 B Ta6JI. £.2 nepe'c::HCJIeHbI TeMbI 3K3aMeHa ICND2 (KO.n: 640-816) H }'Ka3aHO, B KaKHX 'iaCTflx BToporo TOMa KHHru onHcaHbI COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe TeMbI. Ta6J1HIta 1.2. TeMbl 3K3aMeHa ICND! N2 B KaKOH '1aCTH KHHm HaxO,l(HTCJI TeMa 3K3aMeHa 103 KOHIITYPHpOBaHHe, npoBepKa pa6oTocnoc06HocTH, a TaIOKe nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH B KOMMyraTopax C MamCTpaJIbHblMH COe,l(HHeHHJlMH H CeTlIMH VLAN OnHcaHHe paCIlIHpeHHbIX TeXH0J10rHfI KOMMYrHPyeMbIx ceTefl H KOMMyraTopoB, BTOM '1HCJle VfP, RSTP, VLAN, PVSTPIt 802.lq OnHcaHHe TOro. KaK CeT! VLAN C03J1aIOT nOI"WIeCKH He3aB!CliMbIe nOJ1cern H 3a'leM HY>KHa MaplllpyrH3aU!1I Me)KJlY HHM! KOH4>!rypHpoBaHHe. npOBepKa pa6OTocnoc06HoCTII, nOHCK H YCTPaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeR B CeTIIX VLAN 101 102 ---
30 BBeAeHMe flpooo,/J#ceHue ma6J/. 1.2 N!! B KaKoH '1aCTH TeMa 3K3aMeHa KHHrH HaxOll.HTCJI 104 105 II 106 107 108 109 110 II III II 112 v 113 v 114 II, III 115 III 116 III 117 III 118 II, III 119 II, III 120 II, Ill. IV 121 II KOH4mrYPHpOBaHHe, npOBepKa pa6OTocnoco6HocTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B Ma.-HCTpaJIbHbIX coellHHeHHHX (trunking) KOMMyraTopoB KOMnaHHH Cisco KOH4mrypHpoBaHHe, npOBepKa pa60TOcnoco6HocTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B MapillpyrH3auHH Me)Kl1Y ceTHMH VlAN KOH4mrypHpoBaHHe, npOBepKa pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B npoToKone VfP KOH4mrYPHpoBaHHe, npoBepKa pa6OTocnoc06HoCTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHl1e HeHcnpaBHocTeii B npoTOKone RSTP I1HTepnpeTaUHH BbIBOlla KOMaH.lJ. '-Pynn show 11 debug C lleJ1blO npOBepKI1 COCTOHHHH H pa60Tocnoc06HOCTI1 ce-m Ha 060pYlloBaHHH Cisco BHellpeHHe 6aJOBblX cpellcTB 6e30nacHocTH KOMMyraTopoB (6e30nacHblii pe>KHM nopTa. HeHCn0J1b3yeMble nopTbI, llocryn K Ma.-HcTpaJIbHblM coellHHeHHHM H T.n.) BHen.peHHe cxeMbIIP-a,apecaUHH B ceTH H IP-cJlY>K6.lt.J1J1 CeTeH CpeJUleH BeJlH'lHHbl H KpynHblX HJlHaJlOB npe.ll.llpHJlTHJI PaC'leT H npHMeHeHHe VLSM -CXeMbl I P-aapecauHH B ceTH OnpelleneHl1e nOllXoIDIweH 6ecKJlaccoBoii aupecHoii cxeMbilLIlH ceTH no MeTollY VLSM H CYMMHpoBaHHe MapwpyroBlLIlH 06eCne'leHHH OnTI1MaJlbHoi1 MapwpyrH3aUHH B nOKaJlbHblX H pacnpelleJ1eHHblX ceTHX OnHcaHHe TeXHOnOrH'IeCKHX Tpe6oBaHI1ii K BHellpeHHIO CTaH.lJ.aPTa IPv6: npoToKonbl, llBOiiHaH aupecauHH, J10rH'IeCKHe TOHHeJ111 H IIp. OnHcaHHe I P-aapec cTaH.lJ.aPTa I Pv6 l1.n.eHTHcPHKauIDI H YCTpaHeHHe HaH60nee pacnpocTpaHeHHblx npo6J1eM B IP- aupecauHH H KOHcPHrypaUHH OKOHe'lHbIX Y3JI0B KOHHrypHpomIHHe, a TalOKe nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B npOTOKOJIaX MapmpyrH3aUHH YCTPOHCTB KOMnaHHH Cisco OnHCaHl1e H cpaBHeHHe pa3JIH'lHbIX MeTOllOB MapwpyrH3aUI111 H npOTOKonOB MapwpyrHJaUHI1 KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHe, npoBepKa pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B npOTOKone Maplllpyrl1JaUHH OSPF KOHcPHrypl1pOBaHHe, npOBepKa pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH, nOHCK 11 YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B npOTOKone MapillpyrH3aUI1H EIGRP npoBepKa KOHcPHrypaUHH H CBH3H B ceTH C nOMOWblO yrl1nHT ping, traceroute, Telnet H SSH nOHCK H YCTpaHeHl1e Hel1CnpaBHocTeii B Maplllpyrl13aUHI1 npoBepKa COCTOHHI1H H pa60Tocnoco6HoCTH nporpaMMHom 11 annapaTHoro o6eCne'leHHH MapillpyrH3aTopoB C nOMOWblO KOMaH.lJ. show 11 debug BHellpeHl1e 6a30Bblx cpellcTB 6e30nacHocTH B MapwpyrH3aTopax
BBeAeHMe 31 flpoiJoAJtCeHue ma6A. 1.2 N2 B KaKoii ..aCTH TeMa 3K3aMeHa KHHrH HaxO,lJ.HTCH 122 II 123 II 124 II 125 II 126 II 127 V 128 V 129 V 130 IV 131 IV 132 IV 133 IV KOH4)HrypHpOBaHHe. npoBepKa pa6O'rocnoco6HocTH, nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B cJI)1K6e NAT H cnHCKax ACL B CeTl'i cpe,lJ.Hero pa3Mepa H KpynHblX HJlHaJIax npe.lUIpHHTHii OnHcaHHe H Ha3Ha'leHHe CnltCKOB KOHTPonSillOCT)'na (ACL) KOH4>HrypHpoBaHHe H npHMeHeHHe cnHCKOB KOHTPOnSillOCTYI1a comaCHO TPe60BaHHSlM 4>HJlbTPaUHH TPa4>HKa B ceTH KOH4>mYPHpOBaHHe H npHMeHeHHe cnHCKOB KOHTponSillOCTYI1a lLJISi orpaHH'leHHSI Telnet- H SSH-llOCT)'na K MapillpyrH3aTOpy npOBepKa cnHCKOB ACL B ceTH nOHCK H YCTPaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHOCTeii B cnHCKax ACL OnHcaHHe 6a30BbIX npHHUHnOB pa60TbI CnyJK6bI NAT KOH4>HIJ'PHpOBaHHe CnyJK6bI TPaHCJUIUHH ceTeBbIX aapeCOB (NA T) lllliI Ja.llaHHOii ceTH 'lepe3 HHTep4>eiic KOMaHllHoii CTPOKH nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHOCTeii B cnyJK6e NA T BHen.peHHe H npOBepKa pa60Tocnoco6HOCTH WAN-COe.aHHeHHii KOH4>HrypHpOB8HHe H npOBepKa pa60Tocnoco6HOCTH coellHHeHHii Frame-Relay B MapillpyrH3aTOpax Cisco nOHCK H YCTPaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTefl B WAN-coeJlHHeHHSIx OnHcaHHe VPN-TeXHOnornii: HX B8)1(HOCTb, npeHM}'lllecTBa, ponb, BJlHSIHHe Ha CTPYKTYPY ceTH, OCHOBHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI KOH4>HrypHpoBaHHe H npoBepKa PPP-coellHHeHHSI Me)l(JlY MaplllpynnaTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco TeMbl3K3aMeHa CCNA B npe.n:bmYIlleH BepCUU 3K3aMeH CCNA co.n:ep)KaJI MHorae U3 Taro, 'lTO 6bIJIO B 3K3a- MeHe ICND (KOA 640-81 I), a TalOKe HeKOTopbIe TeMbI H3 3K3aMeHa INTRO (KO.n: 640-821) HOBbIH 3K3aMeH CCNA (KO.n: 640-802) co.n:ep)KHT Bce TeMbI H3 060HX 3K3aMeHOB: ICNDI (640-822) U ICND2 (640-816). O.nHOH U3 npU'lHH TaKara 60JIee C6aJIaHCHpOBaHHora ox- BaTa TeM B 3K3aMeHax CTaJIO TO, 'ITa HeKOTopbIe TeMbI, paCCMaTpUBaeMbIe BO BTOpOM 3K- 3aMeHe, nepeIllJ1H B nepBbIH. B COBpeMeHHOH BepCHH 3K3aMeHa CCNA (640-802) OXBa'leHbI Bce TeMbI H3 3K3aMe- HOB ICNDI U ICND2; cnHCOK TeM MO)KHO Y3HaTb Ha Be6-caHTe KOMnaHuH, http: / / WWw.cisco. com . a TalOKe y6e.n:uTbCfI B TOM, 'ITa OH COBna.n:aeT C YKa3aHHbIM B Ta6JI. £.1 H 1.2, TOJIbKO OTCYTCTBYIOT TeMbI, BbmeJIeHHble LlBeTOM. CJIe.n:yeT nOMHUTb, 'lTO 3TH TeMbI npHcyrCTBY!OT B 3K3aMeHe CCNA C KO.n:OM 640-802, HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa HX HeT B cnu- CKe. BbIlleJIeHHbIe TeMbI He BKJIlO'leHbI B cnHCOK TeM 3K3aMeHa CCNA nOTOM)', 'ITa o.nHa H3 "feM 3K3aMeHa I CN D2 BKJIlO'laeT HX B ce6f1.
32 BBeAeHMe TeMbl KYPCOB ICND1 M ICND2 nOJIyqHTb npe.n:CTaBJIeHUe a TeMax 3K3aMeHOB MO)f(HO TalOKe B KpaTKOM co.n:ep)KaHUIt COOTBeTCTByJOIl{HX yqe6Hbix KypCOB. KOMnaHuH Cisco npe,lI,JIaraeT .n:Ba aBTopu3upoBaH- HbIX KYpca, CBfl3aHHbIX C cepTu<puKal.{UeH CCNA: 061>e.n:uHeHHe YCTPOHCTB KOMnaHUU Cisco I (Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices I - ICNDI) U 061>eAUHeHUe YCTPOHCTB KOMnaHHU Cisco 2 (Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices 2 - ICND2). ABTOpH3UPO- BaHHble napTHepbI KOMnaHUH Cisco no 06yqalOwuM nporpaMMaM (Certified Learning Solutions Providers - CLSP) U cepTu<puuupoBaHHble napTHepbI no 06yqeHuIO KOMna- HHH Cisco (Certified Learning Partners - CLP) npOBOMT 3aHflTHfi no ::ITUM KypcaM. Ta- Kue aBTopH3upOBaHHbie KOMnaHUH MOryT TalOKe C03.n:aBaTb CBOU aBTopCKHe M aTe pHaJIbl no KYPcaM H B HeKOTopbIX CJIyqaflx BbIXO.n:HTb 3a paMKH CTaHllapTHoro cepTU<pHKaI.{UOH- HOro 3K3aMeHa CCNA. o KHre KaK ynOMUHaJIOCb BblIIIe, KOMnaHHfI Cisco pa3.n:eJIUJIa co.n:ep)KUMOe 3K3aMeHa CCNA Ha .n:Be 'laCTU: B nepByJO 'laCTb 6bIJIH BbIHeceHbI TeMbl, KOTopble nOHan06HTcfI UH)KeHepaM, pa60TalOIl{UM C He60JIbIIIUMU ceTfiMU (lCNDI), a BO BTOpyJO - C ceTHMU cpe.n:Hero pa3- Mepa (lCND2). AHaJIOrH'lHO, U311aTeJIbCTBO Cisco Press BbmYCTUJIO llBe KHUrH B cepuu PyKo8oocm8o no cepmurjJuKau,uoHHbtM 3K3llMeHlUt: o.n:Ha KHHra Ha ,l{JIfi c.n:a'lU cepTu<pu- KaUUOHHbIX 3K3aMeHOB CCENT H CCNA (lCNDI), a BTOpH - ,l{JIfi 3K3aMeHa CCNA (lCND2). 06e KHUrH OXBaTblBalOT Bce TeMbl YKa3aHHbIX 3K3aMeHOB, 06bl4HO .n:illKe He- MHOro 60JIee no.n:p06HO, 'leM Tpe6YeTCH .ll1UI c.n:a'lU CepTu<puKauuoHHblX 3K3aMeHOB, H Ta- KUM 06pa30M roTOBflT 'lUTaTeJIfi K 60JIee CJIO)f(HbIM BonpocaM H 3K3aMeHaM. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onucaHbI pa3JIU'lHble oc06eHHocTu 06eHx KHur, n03ToMY eCJIH 'lUTa- TeJIb nOCJIe npO'lTeHUH nepBoro TOMa nJIaHupyeT npo.n:OJDKUTb U3Y4eHHe BTOpOH 'laCTH MaTepUaJIa, OH MO)f(eT He 'lUTaTb "BBe.n:eHue" nOBTopHO, B 3TOM HeT CMbICJIa. ECJIH'lHTa- TeJIb nJIaHHpyeT UCnOJIb30BaTb KHuru J]JIfi no.n:roToBKu K c.n:a4e UMeHHO 3K3aMeHa CCNA 640-802, a He K c.n:a'le .n:BYX TeCTOB, eMY CJIe.n:yeT npO'lHTaTb nJIaH no.n:roToBKU K 3K3aMeHY, KOTOpblH npUBe.n:eH B KOHl.{e 3TOro pa3.n:eJIa. UenM M MeTOAbl CaMafi BillKHafi U BnOJIHe O'leBH.aHafi l.{eJIb ::ITOH KHuru - nOMO'lb 4HTaTeJIIO nOJIyqHTb 3HaHHfI U c.n:aTb 3K3aMeHbI ICNDI H CCNA. J13Ha'laJIbHO ueJIb KHHrH 6bIJIa HeCKOJIbKO .n:pyrOH, n03TOMY Ha3BaHue KHuru HeMHoro BBO.n:UT B 3a6JI}')K.lIeHHe. TeM He MeHee MeTO- .n:bI U3J10)f(eHHfI MaTepHaJIa, UCnOJIb3yeMbIe B .n:aHHOH KHHre, HeCOMHeHHO, cywecTBeHHO nOMOryT B c.n:a'le 3K3aMeHOB, a TalOKe nOMOryT 'lHTaTeJIIO CTaTb BbICOKOKBaJIH<pHI.{UPO- BaHHblM CneUHaJIUCTOM B 06JIaCTH UH<popMaI.{UOHHbIX TeXHOJIOrUH H ceTeH. B ::ITOH KHure ucnOJIb3yeTcfI HeCKOJIbKO KJIlO'leBbIX MeTO.n:OB, 'lT06bl nOM04b 4HTaTeJIlO 06HapUTb Te TeMbI, KOTopbIe CJIe.n:yeT .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHO nepe'lHTaTb H H3yqHTb, 'lT06bI 3anOMHUTb KOHuenryaJIbHble MOMeHTbI U 1l0nOJIHHTeJIbHbIe .n:eTaJlu U pa306paTbCfI B CO- OTBeTCTByJOWHX TeXHOJIOrHflX 1l0CKOHaJIbHO. 3ana'la 3TOH KHuru COCTOHT He B TOM, 'lT06bl nOMO'lb 'lUTaTeJIIO c.n:aTb 3K3aMeH 3a C'leT 3y6pe)l(l(u H xopOIIIeH naMflTH, a B TOM, 'lT06b I 06ecne4HTb H3yqeHue H nOHUMaHue KJIIO'leBblX TeXHOJIOrHH COBpeMeHHbIX TeJIeKoMMY- HHKaI.{UH. CepTu<pUKaT CCNA flBJIfieTCH OCHOBOH MHO)KeCTBa npo<peCCHOHaJIbHbIX cep- TU<pHKaI.{HH KOMnaHHH Cisco, n03TOMY KHHra opHeHTHpOBaHa, npe)f(,lJ,e Bcero, Ha'leTKOC
BseAeHMe 33 nOHHMaHHe HaHnOnYJmpHeHIIIHX CTaHJJ.apTHbIX TeXHOJlOrHH H npOTOKOJIOB. KHHra no- MO)l(eT ycneIIIHO C.n:aTb cepTHcpHKal.{HOHHbIH 3K3aMeH CCNA. B TOM 'lHCJIe: . nOMO)l(eT nOHflTb, KaKHe TeMbI 3K3aMeHa CJIe.n:yeT H3yqHTb .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHO; . Co.n:ep)l(HT HHcpopMal.{HIO H no.n:p06HbIe 061>flCHeHHfI, KOTopbIe nOMOryT 3anOJIHHTb np06eJIbI B 3HaHHflX; . CO.ll.ep)j(HT ynpIDKHeHHfI, KOTopbIe nOMOryT 3anOMHHTb MaTepHaJI H .n:e.uyKTHBHbIM MeTo.n:OM HaHTH npaBHJlbHbIe OTBeTbI Ha 3K3aMeHal.{HOHHbIe BonpoCbI; . co.n:ep)l(HT npaKTH'leCKHe npHMepbI H 3a.n:aHHfI no paCCMaTpHBaeMbIM TeMaM. a TalOKe .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHOe TeCTOBoe nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe llJm no.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeHY. Oco6eHHOCTlii KHlilrlil lh06bI nOMO'lb 'lHTaTeJIIO paCrIJIaHHpOBaTb CBOe BpeMfi B npOl.{eCce H3yqeHHfI .n:aHHOH KHHm B caMbIX Ba)l(HbIX maBaX KHHrH eCTb onpe.ll.eJIeHHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI, YKa3aHHbIe HIDKe, KOTopbIe nOMOryT ynOpfl.ll.O'lHTb npol.{eCC H3yqeHHfI MaTepHaJIa. . KOHTpOJIbHble BonpOCbI: 3HaeTe JIH Bbi YJKe TeMbi maBbi. KIDK.lI.afl maBa Ha'lHHaeTCfI C KOHlpOJIbHbIX BonpoCOB, KOTopbIe nOMOryT onpe.n:eJIHTb, CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH 'lHTa- TeJIIO HY)l(HO nOTpaTHTb Ha H3yqeHHe .n:aHHOH rJIaBbI. . BBeJIeHHe. 3TO BCTYllHTeJIbHafi 'laCTb Ka)l{,l{OH maBbI: B HeH YKa3aHO, KaKHe npoTo- KOJIbI, KOHl.{enl.{HH H KOHcpHrypal.{HH 6y.n:YT paCCMalpHBaTbCfI B TeKYIlleH maBe. . nO.lU'OTOBKa K 3K3aMeuy. 3TOT pa3.n:eJI KIDK.lI.OH rJIaBbI OnHCbIBaeT HeKOTopbIH CTaH- .n:apTHblH rIJIaH .lI,JIfi no.n:rOTOBKH K cepTHcpHKal.{HOHHbIM 3K3aMeHaM. B KIDK.lI.OH rJIa- Be eCTb TaKOH pa3.n:eJI H CnpaBO'lHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, CBfl3aHHbIe C TeMOH rJIaBbI. .D.o- nOJIHHTeJIbHbIe MaTepHaJIbI BKJIlO'lalOT B ce6f1 pa3.n:eJIbI. nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe HIDKe. · CnHCOK KJIIO'IeBbiX TeM. COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{afi nHicrorpaMMa pa3MeIl{eHa Pfl.ll.OM C caMbIMH Ba)I(HbIMH MOMeHTaMH Ka)l{,l{OH maBbI. a B KOHl.{e maBbI npHBe.ll.eHa Ta6JIHI.{a KJIlO'leBbIX TeM. HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa npaKTH'leCKH m060H MaTepHaJI Ka)I{,l{OH maBbI MO)KeT npHCYTCTBOBaTb B 3K3aMeHe, KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI H}')KHO 3HaTb oc06eHHO XOpoIIIO. · 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHIbI H cnHCKH no naMJlTH. lh06bI nOMO'lb 'lHTaTeJIIO YBepeHHo 3anOMHHTb HeKOTOPYlO HHcpopMal.{HIO H cpaKTbI, HaH60JIee Ba)I(HbIe cnHCKH H Ta6JIHI.{bI BbIHeceHbI B OT.n:eJIbHOe npHJIO)l(eHHe Ha KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe. B 3TOM npHJIO)l(eHHH YKa3aHa TOJIbKO 'laCTb HHcpopMal.{HH, OCTaJIbHbIe 3anHCH 'lHTa- TeJIb .n:OJI)I(eH 3anOJIHHTb caMOCTOflTeJlbHO. Ha KOMnaKT-.lI.HCKe TalOKe eCTb BTopoe npHJIO)l(eHHe, B KOTOpOM Ta6JIHI.{bI H cnHCKH 3anOJIHeHbI nOJIHOCTblO, 'lT06bl 'lHTaTeJIb Mar npoBepHTb npaBHJIbHOCTb OTBeTOB. · KJIIO'IeBbie onpeJIeJIeHIDI mUbI. 06bI'IHO B 3K3aMeHax He nona,n:alOTCH BonpOCbI. B KOTOpbIX Hy)KH0 npoCTO .n:aTb onpe.n:eJIeHHe KaKoro-JIH60 TepMHHa, B 3K3a- MeHe CCNA lpe6yeTcfI 3HaHHe TepMHHOJIOfllH KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTeH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe nepe'lHCJIeHbI OCHOBHbIe TepMHHbI maBbI, .lI,JIfi KOTOpbIX H}')KHO .n:aTb pa3BepHYTbIe onHcaHHfI H cpaBHHTb HX CO cnHCKOM TepMHHOB, KOTOpbIH npH- Be.ll.eH B KOHl.{e KHHrH.
34 BseAeHMe . Ta6JIHQbI KOMaH.lI. B HeKOTOpbIX rJIaBaX KHHni onHcaHO MHO)KeCTBO KOHc1mry- paUHOHHbIX KOMaH,l{ HHTep<t>eHca KOMaH,l{HOH CTPOIill. B TaKHX Ta6JIHI.{aX ne- pe'lHCJIeHbl H onHcaHbI KOMaH,l{bl fJIaBbI, KOTopble MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb KaK )])IfI 3anOMHHaHHfI KOMaH,l{, TaK H )])IfI no.n:roToBKH K cepTH<t>HKaUHOHHbIM 3K- 3aMeHaM, r.n:e caMbIe BIDKHbIe KOMaH.n:bI H)')KHO nOMHHTb Ha naMfiTb. . TpeHHpOBO'lHbIe TeCTbI Ha KOMnaKT-,l{HCKe. Ha npHJIaraeMOM KOMnaKT-.n:lfCKe eCTb nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe )J.JUI caMOTeCrnpOBaHIDI aT KOMnaHHH Boson (ht tp : I I www.boson.com). C nOMOIllblO TaKoro no MO)KHO 3anycTHTb CneUHaJIbHbIH 3K- 3aMeH, KOTOpbIH O'leHb noxo)l( Ha HacToflIllHH, KaK no KYPCY ICNDI. TaK H CCNA. nO)])IfI 3K3aMeHOB ICND2 H CCNA eCTb Ha KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe KO BTOPOMY TOMY KHHrH. . TIpe3eHTalUl H no pac'IeTY no.n:ceTeH. Ha KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe TaIOKe eCTb Cnel.{HaJIbHbIe BHAeopoJIHKH, nOMoralOIllHe nOHflTb IP-a.n:pecaUlflO H MeTo.n:bI paC'leTa no.n:ceTeH, B 'laCTHOCTH, KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb MeTo.n:bl paC'leTa, onHcaHHbIe B 3TOH KHHre. . Ynpa>KIIeHHJI no pac'IeTY no.n:ceTeH. B nplfJIO)l(eHHH Ha KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe eCTb 60JIb- rnOM Ha60p ynpIDKHeHHH no pacqeTY no.n:ceTeH, KOTopbIe crpynnHpOBaHbI B Cl.{eHa- pHH (T.e. onpe.n:eJIeHHble cHTYaUHH). Ha .n:HCKe eCTb perneHlffl)])IfI TaKHX ynpIDKHe- HHM H o6'bflcHeHHfI, KOTopble nOMOryT JIyqrne pa306paTbcfI B npHHI.{Hnax H MeTo.n:ax paC'leTa no.n:ceTeM, 'lT06bl YMeTb nO.ll.C'lHTbIBaTb npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT 6bICTPO. . TIpaKTH'IeCKHe Cl(eHapHH Ha KOMnaKT-,l{HCKe. B npHJIO)l(eHHH Ha KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe TaIOKe eCTb HeCKOJIbKO cueHapHeB C06bITHH B KOMnbIOrepHoM ceTH, KOTopbIe npHroMTcfI )])IfI .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHOM npaKrnKH. B Cl.{eHapHflX onHcaHbI HeKOTopbIe ceTH H TPe60BaHHfI K HHM, COrJIaCHO KOTOpbIM H}')KHO pa3pa6OTaTb .n:H3aHH cereM, BbinOJIHHTb KOH<t>HrypaUHoHHbIe HacTPoMKH H npOBepHTb pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb. CueHaplfH H}')KHbI )])IfI nOJIyqeHHfI npaKTH'leCKHX HaBbIKOB If nOMOryT .lI.IDKe B TOM cJIy'Iae, eCJIH Y'lHTaTeJIfi HeT .n:ocTYlla K JIa60paTopHOMy 060Py.n:OBaHHIO. . .lI:onOJIHHTeJIbHble MaTepH3JIbi Ha Be6-caHTe. Ha Be6-caHTe http://www . ciscopress. com/title/1587201828 eCTb .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe MaTepHaJIbI U 06HOBJIeHIDI TeM, KOTopbIe nOHBlfJIHCb B 3K3aMeHe C MOMeHTa BbIxo.n:a KHHrH. qH- TaTeJIb MO)l(eT nepHO.ll.H'leCKH 3axO.n:HTb no YK:a3aHHOMY a.n:pecy H npOCMaTPHBaTb 06HOBJIeHIDI, KOTopbIe npe.n:OCTaBJIfieT aBTOp KHHrH, a TaIOKe .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHble Ma- TepHaJIbI)])IfI no.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeHY. CTPYKTYpa KHlilrlil KHHra COCTOHT H3 18 rJIaB. B KIDK.lI.OH H3 rJIaB paccMOTpeH onpe.n:eJIeHHblH Ha60p reM 3K3aMeHa ICNDl. B nOCJIe.n:HeM rJIaBe npe.ll.CTaBJIeHO KpaTKoe pe310Me no MaTepmlJIaM KHHrH H COBeTbI no c.n:a'le cepTH<t>HKaUHOHHoro 3K3aMeHa. KHHra COCTOHT H3 ceMH qaC- TeH, crpYKTYpa KOTOpbIX onHcaHa HH)I(e. . qacTb I "OCHOBbi CeTeH". . rJIaBa 1 "l>a30Bble KOHl(enlUlH KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTeH" <t>aKTHqeCKH flBJIfleTCSI npOCTbIM BBe.n:eHHeM B ceTeBbIe TeXHOJIOrHH )])IfI Tex, KTO HHKor.n:a C HHMH He CTaJIKHBaJICfI. BseAeHMe 35 . rmula 2 "CeTeBbie MO.ll.eJIH TCP/IP H 081" co.n:ep)l(HT onHcaHHe .n:BYX CTaH- .lI.apTHbIX ceTeBblX Mo.n:eJIeH: Mo.n:eJIH TCP/IP H Mo.n:eJIH as!. . rmtBa 3 "OCHOBbI JIOKaJIbHbIX CeTeH" nOCBflIl{eHa KOHuenl.{HfiM H TepMHHOJIO- rHH Half60JIee nonYJIflpHOM TeXHOJIOrHH <t>lf3H'leCKoro If KaHaJIbHoro ypoBHeH JIOKaJIbHblX ceTeH - Ethernet. · rJIaBa 4 "OCHOBbi WAN-CeTeH" nocBflIlleHa KOHuenl.{HfiM H TepMHHOJIOfHH HaH60JIee pacnpocTPaHeHHbIx TeXHOJIOrHM KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI pacnpe.n:eJIeH- HbIX ceTeH (WAN), a IfMeHHO npOTOKOJIaM HLC, PPP H TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay. · rmtBa 5 "OCHOBbI IP-3,lJ,peCaIUlH H MapmpyrH3al(HH" nOCBflIlleHa OCHOBHOMY npOKOJIY ceTeBoro ypOBHfI MO.ll.eJIH TCP lIP - HHTepHeT-npoToKOJIY (IP). B HeH onHcaHbI OCHOBbI IP-TeXHOJIOrHM. B 'laCTHOCTH, IP-a.n:pecaUHfi If Map- rnPYTH3aUHfi. · rmtBa 6 "OCHOBbi npOTOKOJIa TCP lIP: nepe.n:a'la .n:aHHbIX, npHJI01KeHHJI H 06eCne'leHHe 6e30nacHoCTH CeTH" COllep)l(HT nO.ll.p06Hoe onHcaHHe .n:BYX oc- HOBHblX npOTOKOJIOB TPaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJIH TCP lIP - npOTOKOJIa TCP H npoTOKOJIa nepeCbmKH lleMTarpaMM, UDP. . qacTb II "KOMMyraI(HJI B JIOKaJIbHbIX CeTJlX". · rmtBa 7 "l>a30Bble KOHl(enlUlH Ethernet-KOMMyraIUlH" co.n:ep)J(HT ymy6JIeHHOe H pacIllHpeHHoe onHcaHHe TeXHOJIOrHM JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH, npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHbIX B maBe 3, B 'laCTHOCTH, HaH60JIee no.n:p06HO paCCMaTPHBaIOTCfI Ethernet-cern. · rJIaBa 8 "Pa6OTa C KOMMyraTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco" CO.ll.ep)J(HT onHcaHHe Me- TO.n:OB no.n:KJI'leHHfI. nOBepKH H KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHfI KOMMYTaTopOB Catalyst KOMnaHHH CISCO. · rJIaBa 9 "KOHlI>HrypHpOlIaHHe Ethernet-KOMMyraTopoB" nOCBHIlleHa onHcaHHIO MHO)l(eCTBa "' YHKI.J. H''i KOMMYT . '!' .. aTopOB. HaCTPOHKaM CKOpocTH H .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH nopTOB, TeXHOJIOrHHM pe)KHMa 6e30nacHocTH nOp1'a, MeTo.n:aM 06eCne'leHHfI 6e30nacHocTH HHTeP<t>eMca KOMaH,l{HOM CTPOKH H HaCTPoMKaM IP-a.n:peca KOMMYTaTopa. · rJIaBa to "II OHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH B Ethernet-KOMMyraTopax" :ocBflIl{eHa MeTo.n:aM npOBepKH pa60Tbi KOMMYTHPyJOIllHX YCTPOHCTB. npe- MyIlleCTBeHHO C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{ rpynnbI show. · fJIaBa II "I> eCnpOBO,l{Hble JIOKaJIbHble CeTH" co.n:ep)J(HT onHcaHHe 6a30BbIx KOHuenl.{lfH 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTeM, a TaIOKe 061>flCHeHlfe HaH60JIee 06Il{HX np06JIeM 6e30nacHocTH TaKHX ceTeM. · qacTb III "IP-MapmpyrH3aIUlJl". · rJIaBa 12 "IP -3,lJ,pecaIUlJl H C03.n:aHHe nO.ll.CeTeH" co.n:ep)J(HT ymy6JIeHHOe H pac- rnHpeHHoe onHcaHHe npHHI.{HnOB H MeTo.n:OB paC'leTa no.n:ceTeH onHcaHHblX B rJIaBe 5 B HeM 6 ' . no.n:po HeHIIIHM 06pa30M onlfcaHbl MaTeMaTH'leCKHe paC'leTbI H aJIropHTMbI nOHCKa npaBHJIbHOrO OTBeTa Ha BonpOCbI no nOllceTfiM. · rJIaBa 13 "P 6 a OTa C MapmpyrH3aTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco" O'leHb nOXO)Ka Ha maBY 8, HO TOJIbKO nOCBflIl{eHa MaprnpYTlf3aTopaM, a He KOMMYTaropaM.
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46 YaCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM 06bI4HO nO.n:KJII04eH K CeTH nOCpe.n:CTBOM KaKoro-nH60 Ka6enfl. 06a BapHaHTa no.n:KJIIO- 'leHHfI K cent npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHbl Ha pUC. 1.1. B BepXHeH 4aCTH pHC. 1.1 nOKa3aH CTaHAaprnbIH MeTO.n: BbICOKOCKOpocTHOro Ka6e.rrbHoro no.n:KJl104eHHfI K ceTU HHTepHeT. K nepcOHaJlbHOMY KOMnblOTepy nonb30mrreJI no.n:coeAHHeH Ka6enbHbIH Mo.n:eM nocpe.n:CTBOM CTaHAaprnoro Ethemet-Ka6ellil. B CBOIO 04epe.n:b Mo.n:eM no.n:- KJII04eH K p()3eTKe Ka6enbHoro TeneBu.n:eHH (CATV - Community Antenna Television) C no- MOWblO KOaKCHaJlbHOrO Ka6enfl, T04HO TaKOH >Ke Ka6eJIb Hcnonb3yeTc llJIfi no.n:KJIIO'leHH TeneBH30pa. nOCKOnbKY TaKoe Ka6enbHOe no.n:KJl104eHHe K ceTH HHTepHeT pa60TaeT noCTO- flHHO, nOnb30BaTenlO .n:OCTaT04HO BKJIlO'lHTb CBOH KOMnblOTep H OH cpa3y MO>KeT Ha'laTb OT- npaBJIflTb 3neKl'pOHnylO nolff}', HCKaTb HH<t>opMauHIO Ha Be6-caifrax, ocyIUeCTBJUITb Tene- <t>oHHble 3BOHKH 4epe3 ceTb H Hcnonb30BaTb nlO6bIe .n:pyrHe ceTeBbIe npHJIO>KeHHfI. A6conIOTHo aHaJIOrH4HO, COTPy.n:HHK KOMnaHUH HJIH C1)'.n:eHT YHHBepcHTeTa npe.n:- CTaBJIfieT ce6e BceMHpHYIO ceTb KaK no.n:KJIlO4eHHe 4epe3 HaCTeHHYIO po3eTKY (pHC. 1.1). 06bl'lHO B TaKOM no.n:KJIIO'leHHH Hcnonb3yeTcfI HeKoTopa nOKaJIbHafi ceTb (LAN - Local Area Network), KOTOpylO 3a4aC1)'10 Ha3bIBalOT npOCTO - Ethemet-ceTb. BMeCTO Ka6eJlb- Horo Mo.n:eMa, nepCOHaJlbHbIH KOMnblOTep npOCTO no.n:KJIlO4eH K Ethernet-pa31>eMY - Ha- CTeHHOH p03eTKe (ceTeBoH pa3'beM O'leHb nOXO>K Ha pacnpocTpaHeHHbIH HbIH4e CTaH- .n:apTHbIH 'leTbIpeXKOHTaKTHbIH Tene<t>oHHbIH pa31>eM, HO OH 60nbwe no paJMepy H OTnH- 4aeTC no 'lHCJIY KOHTaKToB). T04HO TaK >Ke KaK H B Ka6eJlbHOH TeXHonorHH no.n:KJII04e- HHfI K ceTH HHTepHeT, Ethernet-coe.n:HHeHHe He 'Tpe6yeT KaKHx-nH60 .n:ononHHTeJlbHbIX .n:eHCTBHH aT nonb30BaTeJlfl npH no.n:KJlIO'leHHH K ceTU, HHO npocTO no.n:KJIIO'lHTb Ka- 6enb K TeneKOMMYHHKaI.{UOHHOH po3eTKe (KaK, HanpUMep, Ka6enb nHTaHHfI KOMnblOTepa K HaCTeHHOH 3JIeKl'pH'leCKOH po3eTKe) H MO)KHO Ha'lHHaTb pa60TaTb. C T04KH 3peHHfI 06bI'lHOro nOnb30BaTeJlfl, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH, aT TOro r.n:e 3T0 npoHCXO- .n:HT - .n:OMa, Ha pa60Te, B YHHBepcUTeTe HJIH WKone - Bce, 'ITa npoHcxo.n:HT "no 1)' CTOpo- HY" TeJIeKOMMYHHKaUHOHHOH po3eTKH, OTHOCHTCfI K paJpsm.y MarHH. TO'lHO TaK >Ke, 60nb- illHHCTBO JIIOJ],eH He npe.n:CTaBJIflIOT ce6e, KaK pa60TaeT MaWHHa, Ha KOTOpOH OHH e3.IDIT, HJIH KaK pa60TaeT TeneBH30p H .n:pyrafl 6bITOBafi TeXHHKa. MHorHe H3 Tex, KTO HCnOJIb3YIOT B no- Bce.n:HeBHoH )KH3HH KOMnblOTepHbIe cern, He 3HaIOT, KaK OHH pa6OTalOT. 11 He XOTfiT 3HaTb! TeM He MeHee, pa3 BbI B3f1J1HCb 3a 3ry KHHI)' H peIIIHJIH Ha'laTb C nepBOH rnaBbI, y Bac eCTb MOTUBaUHSI H >KenaHHe nOJIy<IUTb 3HaHHfI, KOTopbIe 6y.n:YT HaMHoro IIIUpe. 4eM y 06bI4- Horo nOnb30BaTellii. nocJle npO'ITeHHfI 3TOH KHHrH Y 'lUTaTen 6yAYT .n:OCTaTO'lHO 06IIIHP- HbIe 3HaHHfI ceTeBbIX TeXHOJIOrHH, 4T06bI nOHHMaTb, 'ITa npOHCXOllHT B KOMnblOTepHOH ce- TH ,lI,JIfI 060HX BapHaHTOB no.n:KJllO'leHHfI, KOTopbIe npoHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaHbI Ha pHC. 1.1. B cep-rH<t>HKaUHOHHblX 3K3aMeHax Ha 3BaHHe CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associ- ate - cep-rH<t>HuHpoBaHHbIH CneUHaJIHCT KOMnaHHH Cisco), B 'laCTHOCTH B 3K3aMeHe ICNDI (Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices - Coe.n:HHeHHe ceTeBbIX YC'TpOHCTB KOMnaHHH Cisco, KO.n: 640-822), OCHOBHOH ynop .n:eJIaeTCfI Ha .n:Be OCHOBHbIe c<t>epbI npH- MeHeHHfI ceTeBbIX TeXHOJIOrHH, npOTOKOJIOB H YCTpoHCTB. nepBafi rpynna TeXHonorl1l1 CBfl3aHa C nOCTpoeHHeM TeJleKOMMYHHKaI.{UOHHbIX ceTeH npe.n:npHflTHfi (enterprise net working). CeTb npe.n:npHTHSI 06b1'lHO C03.n:aeTC H ynpaBJISIeTCfI O.n:HOH opraHH3auHell (npe.n:npufiTHeM, KOpnOpal.{HeH) C TeM, 4T06bl COTpYllHHKH MornH nerKO B3aHMo.n:eHcTBO- BaTb, 06waTbcfI H 06MeHHBaTbC HH<t>opMaI.{UeH B nlO60H MOMeHT BpeMeHH. HanpHMep, Ha pHC. 1.2 nOKaJaH nOnb30BaTeJIb (TaKoH >Ke, KaK H Ha pHC. 1.1), KOTOpbIH pa60TaeT c KopnopaTHBHbIM Be6-cepBepoM 4epe3 ceTb KOMnaHHU (noKa3aHHYIO Ha pHCYHKe B BH.!Ie CTaH.n:apTHoro 0603Ha4eHH CeTeBOH cpellbl - 06naKa). nonb30BaTenb 'lepe3 CooH KoM-
rl1aBa 1. 6a30Bbie KOHI-'enl-'MM KOMnblOTepHblx ceTeiil 47 nblOTep MO>KeT B3aHMo.n:eHcTBoBaTb C KopnopaTHBHblM Be6-cepBepoM ,l{JIfi Taro, 'n06bI JIaTb 'lTO-TO nOJIe3HOe,l{Jlfl KOMnaHHH, HanpUMep, OH MO>KeT 06IllaTbCfI C KJlHeHTOM no CDe TeJIe!l>oH)', napaJIJleJIbHO ne'laTafi HOBbIll 3aKa30T nOJIb30BaTeJlfl B HHTepaKTHBHOH CHCTe- Me 06pa6OTKH 3aKa30B, KOTOpafl pa60TaeT Ha TaKOM cepBepe. Be6-cepBep O<l>l1CHblH nK C Ethernet-KapTOH Ethernet-Ka6enb Puc. 1.2. npuMep Kopnopamu6Hoii cemu BHIi1MAHIi1EI H3 cxeM3X KOMnblOTepHbIX CeTel1 06JI3KOM 0603H3'131OT '13CTb CeTIt, lleTaJIlt KOTOpOI1 He B3)I(HbL B p3CCMOTpeHHOM Bblwe npltMepe H3 pitC. 1.2 He 3KueHTitpyeTcJI BHltM3Hlte H3 TOM, K3K ItMeHHO nOCTpoeH3 ItJIIt p360T3eT KopnOpaTItBH3f1 CeTb. BTOPafl, He MeHee B1DKHafi c!l>epa npHMeHeHIDI KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTeH, KOTOpafl pac- CMaTpUBaeTCfI B 3K3aMeHe ICNDI - nOCTpoeHHe KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTeH .nmr MaJIbIX H 1l0MaWHHX O!l>HCOB (SOHO - small officelhome office). B 3TOH c!l>epe HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI Te )ICe caMbIe KOHl.{enl.lHH, npoTOKOJIbI H YCTpoHcTBa, KOTopble npUMeHfllOTCfI B Kopnopa- TItBHbIX ceTflx, a TalOKe HeKOTopbIe .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe TeXHOJIOrHH, KOTopbIe He xapaKTep- HbI lI.JUI ceTeH npe.n:npHflTHH. B SOHO-ceTfiX nOJIb30BaTeJIb no.n:KJlIO'IaeT KOMnblOTep K ce- TH HHTepHeT nocpe.n:CTBOM pa3Ho06pa3HblX TeJIeKOMMYHHKal.lHOHHbIX KaHaJIOB, HanpH- Mep, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. ].]. nOCKOJIbKY 60JIbllIHHCTBO KopnopaTHBHbIX ceTeH TaIOKe HMeeT no.n:KJIIO'leHHe K ceTH HHTepHeT. SOHO-nOJIb30BaTeJlb MO>KeT Haxo.n:HTbCflllOMa, B He6oJIbIIIOM o!l>uce, B !l>HJlHaJIe H T.n. H P a60TaTb C CepBepaMU H CJI}'>K6aMH KopnopaTHB- Ho H ceTU TO'lHO TaK >Ke, KaK C JII06bIMH .n:PYrHMH y3JIaMU ceTH HHTepHeT (pHC. ] .3). <1>aK1lt'leCKH CeIb HHTepHeT npe.n:CTaBJIfieI C060H o6"be.n:uHeHue KopnopaTHBHbIX cereH, P<i3JIH'IHbIX peCYPCOB H COTeH MHJIJIUOHOB ceTeBblX YC'fPOHCTB H KOMnbIOTepoB, KOTopbIe OllnO'leHbI K HeH 'lepe3 npoBai1:.aepoB ycJIyf HHTepHer (lSP - Internet service providers). C lIHCTBHTeJlbHOCTU caM TepMHH "CeIb HHTepHer" flBJIfleTCfI COKpaIlleHHeM aT aHfJIHH- O I(OH <ppa3bI "INTERconnected NETworks", KOTO p afl ne p eBo.n:HTCfI KaK 06beiJuHeHHble cemu. pOBa KaGe HliepbI ycJIyf ceTH HHTepHeT npellOeTaBJIflIOT 1l0C-ryn K BCeMHpHoH eeTH noepe.n:CTBOM (D. bHoro TeJleBH3uoHHoro no.n:KJIIO'IeHIDI, l.lH!l>POBOH TeJIe!l>oHHoH TeXHOJIOrHH DSL lie:1 Sbseriber Line - I.{H!l>POBOH a60HeHTCKHH KaHaJI) HJlH noepe.n:CTBOM 06bI'lHOH Te- HliH HOH JIHHHH C no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIM K HeH Mo.n:eMOM. npaKTH'IeCKH KaJlCLl.Oe npe.n:npHflTue 30B 1(0tnaHufi TaJOKe no.n:KJIIO'IeHbl KaK MHHHMYM K O.n:HOMY npoBai1.n:epy (ISP) e UCnOJIb- aHl1eM KaHaJIa paenpe.n:eJleHHoi1 eeTH (Wide Area Network - WAN). B HTore npoBai1:.ae-
48 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM pbI BO BCeM MHpe TaK HJII1 I1Ha'le nO.n:KJlIOLleHbI .n:pyr K .n:pyry. TaKl1e o6De,l{HHeHHble CeTH, OT HaHMeHbllIeM .n:OMaIlIHeH ceTH, COCTOflIlleM H3 O.n:HOro HJII1 .D.BYX KOMnbIOTepOB, M06HJIbHbl)( TeJ1e<t>OHOB 11 nOPTaTHBHblX YCTPOHCTB, .D.O ceTeM KpynHbIx npe.n:npl1f1THMI1 KOMnaHHH C Tbl- CfI'laMH KOMnbIOTepoB <t>OpMHPYIOT mo6arlbHYIO ceTb I1HTepHeT. Ocj>..,CHblj;; nK C Ethernet- l<apToj;; Be6-cepBep AOMawHIo1j;; nK C Ethernet- l<apTOj;; Ethernet- Ka6el1b TB- Ka6el1b nK Puc. 1.3. noiJK/lIO'IeHUe SOHO-nO/lb308ame.nR K cemu I1HmepHem U Kopnopamu6Hou cemu EOJlbllIl1HCTBO CTaH,D.apTOB KopnOpaTI1BHbIX ceTeM 6bIJIO pa3pa60TaHo Ha nponDKeHuH nOCJ1e.n:HeM LleTBepTu XX-ro CTOJ1eTHfi. CKopee Bcero, BbI Ha'laJIl1 I1HTepecoBaTbcfI ceTe- BbIMI1 TeXH0J10rl1f1MU }')Ke nOCJ1e Toro, KaK 60J1bIlIHHCTBO OCHOBHbIX comaIIIeHHMI1 npa- BHJI .lI.J1f1 ceTeM nepe.n:a'll1 .n:aHHbIX 6bIJIO npHHflTo. TeM He MeHee, eCJ1H B npOl.{eCce 03Ha- KOMJIeHUfi C TeXH0J10rl1f1MI1 nonbITaTbCfI nOCTaBHTb ce6f1 Ha MeCTO aBTopoB CTaH,D.aPToB It 06.n:yMaTb, 'lTO 6bI BbI c.n:eJ1aJIl1 Ha HX MeCTe 11 B KaKOM HanpaBJIeHl111 BbI 6bI .D.BHraJII1Cb npH pa3pa60TKe CTaH,D.apTOB, MHorHe BeIllI1 cTaHYT 3HaLlI1TeJ1bHO npowe 11 nOHflTHeM. B CJle- .n:yJOweM pa311eJ1e npe.D.CTaBJIeH npocTeMllIl1H 11 OTLlaCTH mynbIM npl1Mep aJIbTepHaTI1BHOrO nO.lIXo.n:a K onHcaHHIO ceTeM, npe.D.CTaBJ1f1IOIllI1M C060M HeKoTopbIM BapHaHT Bo06proKae- Mora CTaH,D.apTa .D.OI1CTOpl1'leCKUX ceTeH. TeM He MeHee, 3TOT npoCTOH npUMep nOMO)l(eT pa306paTbCfI B TepMI1HOJIOrnl1 H 6a30BbIX KOHl.{enl.{l1f1X KopnOpaTI1BHbIX ceTeM, a TalOKe HeKOTopbIX oc06eHHOCTfiX .D.113aMHa KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTeH 11 nOHflTb, nO'leMY HeKoropble TeXH0J10rl1l1 pa60TalOT I1MeHHO TaK, a He I1HaLle. CeTb <l>nMHTCTOYHOB - nepBafi KOMnblOTepHafi CeTb? <I>J1HHCTOYHbI - 3TO MyJ1bTl1llJ111Ka1.{110HHaH ceMeHKa, KOTopaH, comaCHO Cl.{eHapl1 lO , )l(HBeT B .n:OHCTOpH'leCKHe BpeMeHa. nOCKOJ1bKY B .D.aJIbHeHWeM npe.n:nOJ1araeTCfI 60ne e no.n:p06HO 06cy.n:UTb npol.leCC pa3pa60TKH Bo06pa)l(aeMbIX Ha'laJIbHbIX CTaH.n:apTOB KoM- nblOTepHbIX ceTeM B IlIYTJ1HBOM MaHepe, <I>J1HHTCTOYHbI BbImHllfiT KaK pa3 nO.lIXO,l{flIllI1 M o6DeKTOM .lI.J1f1 3KcnepHMeHTOB. <I>pe.n: (Fred) flBJIfleTCfI npe3H.D.eHTOM KOMnaHHU FredsCo, B KOTOpOM pa60TalOT: ero )l(eHa BHJIMa (Wilma), npHflTeJ1b EapHI1 (Barney) H ero )l(eHa EeTTH (Betty). Y HHX ecTb TeJ1e<t>oHbI H nepCOHaJIbHbIe KOMnblOTepbl, HO HeT ceTH, nOCKOJ1bKY H.n:efl 061>e.n:I1HI1Tb YCTPOMcTBa B ceTb ewe HHKOMY He npHWJIa B roJ10BY. <I>pe.n: 3aMe'laeT, LITO ero pa60THI1K'" nOCTOflHHO 0TPbIBaIOTCfI aT pa60TbI 11 paCXIDlmBalOT no O<t>HCY, LlT06bI 06MeHflTbCfI }:II1C- KaMH C I1H<t>opMauueM, H eMY TaKOM nOllXOll Ka)l(eTC5I O'leHb He3<t><t>eKTUBHbIM. <I>peJl.
rl1aBa 1. 6a30Bbie KOHI-'enl-'MM KOMnblOTepHblx ceTeiil 49 60JlbWOH BblAyMIUHK, cpa3Y >Ke npeJICTaBJIfieT ce6e MUP, B KOTOpOM Bce JIIO.n:U MOryT co- eJIHHHTb CBOH KOMnbIOTepbI KaKHM-JIH60 06pa30M H 06MeHHBaTbCfI .n:aHHbIMH, He BCTaBafi a CBoero pa60'lero MeCTa. HTaK, Bo06pIDKaeMafi nepBafi B HCTOpHH 'leJlOBe'leCTBa ceTb C , nO'lTH nOflBHJlaCb. Oe6JIJI3 (Pebbles), .n:O'lb <I>pe.n:a, TOJIbKO 'lTO 3aKOH'lHJIa YHUBepCHTeT POKBHJIJIfi (RockviIle University) H c06upaeTcfI npucoe.n:UHHTbCfI K ceMeHHoMY 6H3Hecy. <I>pe.n: JIaeT eH nepBOe npaKTH'leCKOe 3a.n:aHHe H Ha3Ha'laeT ee nepBbIM CeTeBbiM HH>KeHepoM B MHpe. OH rOBOpHT eH: "ne66JI3, MHe H}')KHO, 'lT06bI BCe pa60THHKH MOrJIH 06MeHHBaTbcfI cl>aH- JlaMU, He BCTaBafi co CBOHX pa60'lHX MeCT. XO'lY, 'lT06bI Carpy.n:HUKH MOrJIU npOCTO Ha- 6paTb UMfi cl>aHJIa U HMfI 'leJlOBeKa H on! <I>aHJI nOflBJIfleTCfI Ha KOMnblOTepe .n:pyroro 'leJIO- BeKa. KpoMe TOro, Hallm COTPYllHHKH nOCTOflHHO nepexOMT H3 OTlleJla B oTJIeJI. n03TOMY HY)I(HO c.n:eJIaTb TaK, 'lT06bI Ka)K,l{bIH pa60THHK Mor 6paTb C C060H CBOH KOMnbIOTep, BKJlIO'laTb ero B HaCTeHHYJO p03eTKY, U onflTb :>Ke, HMeTb B03MO)KHOCTb TO'lHO TaK >Ke, KaK H paHbIIIe OTnpaBHTb HJlH nOJIyquTb cl>aHJI Ha HOBOM pa60'leM MeCTe. XO'lY, 'lT06bI 3Ta ceTb 6bIJIa nOXO:>Ka Ha ceTb 3JIeKrponHTaHHfI, KOTOpYJO pa3pa6OTaJI .lI.1UI Hac rOJI Ha3a.n: TBOH JIpyr EaMM-EaMM (Bamm-Bamm), T.e. 'lT06bI OKOJIO Ka)K,l{Oro pa60'lero MeCTa 6bIJIa HaCTeHHafI po3eTKa, H KaK TOJIbKO COTpy.n:HHK no.n:KJlIO'laeTCfI K HeH, OH - B ceTH!" Oe66JI3 peIIIaeT CHa'laJIa 3aHflTbCfI HayqHbIMH Hccne.n:OBaHHflMU. ECJIH OHa CMO:>KeT 3a- CTaBUTb .n:Ba KOMnblOTepa 06MeHHBaTbCfI cl>aifJlaMH B JIa60paTopHbiX ycnOBHflX, nOTOM aHa CMO>KeT .n:OCTH'lb TaKara :>Ke pe3YJIbTaTa .lI.llfi JII060ro KOJIU'leCTBa KOMnbIOTepOB. OHa nu- IIIeT KOll nporpaMMbI 06MeHa cl>aifJlaMu, KOTOPYIO Ha3bIBaeT COKpaIl{eHHO FrP, HJIH npo- rpaMMOH.II.IIfI 06MeHa .n:aHHbIMH <I>peJIa (Fred's Transfer Program)', B 'leCTb cBoero OTI.{a. nporpaMMa, KpoMe Bcero npO'lero, HCnOJIb3yeT Cnel.lHaJIH3UpOBaHHbIH HHTeP<t:>eHc- HbIH MOllYJIb, KOTOpbIH De66JI3 pa3pa60TaJIa H c06paJIa B JIa60paTopHH. TaKoH MO.n:YJIb, Ha3bIBaeMbIH llJIaTOH ceTeBoro HHTeP<t:>eHca, nOJIKJllO'laeTCfI K .n:pyroMY MO.n:YJIIO Ka6eJIeM C llBYMfI npoBO.n:aMU: O.n:HH ucnOJIb3yeTcfI .lI.llfi nepella'lH llaHHbIX, BTOpoH - .lI.llfi npHeMa. ne66m YCTaHaBJIHBaeT no OJIHOMY MO.n:YJIIO B Ka)K,l{bIH H3.n:BYX KOMnblOTepOB B JIa60paTo- pltU It coe.n:HHfleT HX JIByxnpoBo.n:HbIM Ka6eJIeM. DporpaMMa FTP Ha Ka)K,l{OM H3 KOMnblO- TepOB nepe.n:aeT 6HTbI .n:aHHbIX, H3 KOTOpbIX COCTOfiT cl>aifJlbI, nocpe.n:CTBOM TaKHX ceTeBbIX KapT. Kor.n:a De66JI3 BBO.n:HT KOMaHJIY, HanpHMep, ftp OTnpaBHT& HMH aH.na, nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe nepeCbIJIaeT cl>aifJI C YKa3aHHbIM HMeHeM KOMnb;;repy Ha llpyroM KOHl.le Ka6eJIfi. CxeMa onHcaHHOH BbIIIIe JIa60paTopHOH ceTH npOHJIJIIOC"TpupOBa- Ha Ha PI1C. 1.4. npI1Me'laHl1e: T01lCTblMI11WIHI1RMI1 ycnoBHo nOKa3aH Ka6enb, nYHKTl1poM - npoBop,a BHyrpl1 Ka6enR. CeTeBble KapTbI BCTpoeHbI B nK Pue. J.4.116a KOMnblOmepa o6MeHU6alOmeJl rfJailAllMU 6 Aa6opamopHoii eemu --- , Tr a ":;'/:;,, CA06 e uenOJlb306aHUeM emaHtJapmHfJlX a66pe6uamyp: FTP paclUurfJp06b16aemCJI KaK File Ie,!. pelt. otocol (npomOKOJl nepeiJa'tu rfJailAo6), a 6 iJaHHoM C//y'tae Fred's Transfer Program. - nplt-
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58 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl ceTelil npOTOKonbl TCPjIP, n03TOMY He y.n:HBHTeJIbHO, 'ITa OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe B 3K3aMeHe y.n:enfleTCfI HMeHHO 3TOH Mo.n:enu. B 3K3aMeHe ICNDl, H 'lYTb 60J1bIIIe B 3K3aMeHe ICND2, KpOMe 3TOro BCTpe'lalOTCJI BonpOCbI no BTOPOtt pacnpocTpaHeHHoH 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJ1H - OSI (Open System Inter- connection -MOlleJIb B3aHMo.n:eHcTBHSI OTKpbITbIX cHcTeM). C HCTOpU'IeCKOH TO'lKH 3pe- HHfI 3TaJIOHHafi Mo.n:eJ1b OSI npe.n:CTaBJ1f1eT C060H nepBYIO nonbITKY C03.n:aTb ceTeByJO MO- .n:eJ1b, KOTopafl He 3aBUCltT aT KOHKpeTHoro npOH3Bo.n:HTCJIfi U MO)l(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa npaKTH'leCKH ,l{JIfI JII060ro KOMnblOTepa HJIH ceTeBoro YCTpOHCTBa. nOCKOJ1bKY TaKaH MO- .n:eJ1b 6bIJIa nepBOH H .n:OBOJ1bHO Bce061>eMJIIOll{eH, MHO)l(eCTBO TepMHHOB B ceTeBblX TeXHO- J10rHSlX B3f1TbI H3 Hee HJIH OCHOBaHbl Ha ee KOHl.{enI.{HfiX. KOHTpOl1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJ1 npellHa3Ha'leH .lI)m Taro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJ1b Mar npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO oueHHTb CBOH B03MO)l(HOCTU H peIIIHTb, H}')KHO JIH eMY 'lUTaTb maBY ueJ1HKOM. ECJ1H OTBeTbI Ha .n:e- BflTb H3 .n:eCflTH BonpOCOB llaHbl npaBHJ1bHO, MO)KHO cpa3Y )l(e nepeHTH K nOCJ1ellHeMY pa3- .n:eJ1Y "nOllrOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH rJIaBbl H npe.n:BapHTCJ1bHbIX KOH- TpOJIbHbIX BonpOCOB nepe'lHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 2.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJ1bHbIe BonpOCbI U HC- nOJIb3Yfl Ta6J1HUY, 'lHTaTeJIb CMO)l(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO OnpelleJ1HTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOM HJ1H HHOH 06J1aCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbI npuBe.n:eHbl B npHJ10)l(eHHU A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- TpOJ1bHbIe Bonpocbl". Ta6J1HQa 2.1. TeMbl KOHTpOJlbHblX BonpOCOB OCHOBHaJi TeMa CrpYK'rypa 11 npOTOKOJlbl MO,lJ,eJlI1 TCP/IP 3TaJlOHHaJI MO,lJ,eJlb 051 HOMepa BonpocoB 1-6 7-10 1. KaKoH H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHblX HIDKe npOTOKOJIOB OTHOCHTCfI K TpaHcnopTHoMY (transport) ypOBHIO Mo.n:eJ1H TCP /1 P? a) Ethernet. 6) HTTP. B) IP. r) UDP. .n:) SMTP. e) TC P. 2. KaKoH H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHblX HH)I(e npOTOK0J10B OTHOCHTCfI K ypOBHIO ,lJ.OCTyna K cenl (network access) MOlleJ1H TCP /1 P? a) Ethernet. 6) HTTP. B) IP. r) UDP. .n:) SMTP.
rl1aBa 2. CeTeBble MOAel1M TCPIIP M OSI 59 Kama npoToKon HTTP 3anpaIIIHBaeT npOTOKon TCP a nepe.n:a'le KaKHX-JIu60 .n:aHHbIX 3. H KOHTpone }:IOCTaBKH, TaKoi1 npouecc 6y.n:eT npHMepOM: a) B3aHMo.n:ei1cTBHfI .n:BYX CHCTeM Ha o.n:UHaKOBOM ypoBHe; 6) B3aHMollei1cTBHflllBYX CMe)l(HblX YPOBHei1; B) 3TaJlOHHO H Mo.n:eJIH OSI; r) BCe yKa3aHHbie BbIIIIe OTBeTbI BepHbI. 4. npuMepoM KaKoi1 HMeHHO TexnonofHH flBJIfleTCfI npouecc, Kama npOTOKon TCP nepe- .n:alOIllero Y3JIa MapKHPYeT cerMeHT nOPflAKOBbIM HOMepOM paBHbIM I, a npUHUMalOIl{ui1 Y3en ompaMfieT B OTBeT no.n:TBep)l(,L(eHHe npueMa C nOPflAKOBbIM HOMepoM I? a) I1HKanCYJIflUHfi .n:aHHbIX. 6) B3aHMo.n:ei1cTBHe llBYX CUCTeM Ha o.n:HHaKOBOM ypOBHe. B) B3aHMo.n:eHCTBHe .n:BYX CMe)l(HbIX YPOBHei1. r) 3TaJIOHHafi MOllenb as!. .n:) HH O.n:HH H3 YKa3aHHbiX BbIIIIe OTBeTOB He BepeH. 5. npHMepoM KaKoi1 HMeHHO TeXHOJIOrHU flMfleTCfI npouecc, Kama cn}')K6a Be6-cepBepa .n:06aBJIfleT K nOJIIO .n:aHHbIX, B KOTopoe nOMeIlleHa Be6-cTpaHHua, 3arOJIOBOK npOTOKO- JIa TCP, .n:aJIee 1l06aMfieT 3aronOBOK npOTOKona IP, a nOTOM .n:06aBnfleT 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBHK KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI? a) I1HKancynflI.{HfI.n:aHHbIx. 6) B3auMo.n:ei1CTBHe .n:BYx CHCTeM Ha o.n:HHaKOBOM ypOBHe. B) 3TaJIOHHafi Mo.n:eJIb OSL r) Bce nepe'lUCneHHbIe BblIIIe OTBeTbI OIllH60'lHbI. 6. KaKuM U3 nepe'lUCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHOB Ha3bIBalOT 6JIOK llaHHbIX, Kama OH nOMe- llleH Me)l(,L(y 3aronoBKOM H KOHueBHKOM KaHaJIbHoro YPOBHfI? a) LlaHHbIe. 6) UenO'lKa. B) CerMeHT. r) <I>pei1M. .n:) naKeT. e) Bce BbIllienepe'lHCJIeHHbIe OTBeTbI OIIII160'lHbI, Ha KaHaJIbHOM ypOBHe He BbI- nonHfleTCfI HHKancYlliIuHfl. 7. KaKOH U3 ypoBHei1 Mo.n:enu OSI OTBe'laeT 3a JIOrH'lecKYIO a.n:peCal.{HIO B paMKax Bcei1 eeTH if MapIIIPYTH3auHIO? a) YPOBeHb I. 6) YpoBeHb 2. B) YpOBeHb 3. r) YpoBeHb 4. ll) YpoBeHb 5.
60 acTbl.OcHoBblceTeH e) YpoBeHb 6. )I() YpoBeHb 7. 8. KaKoH U3 ypoBHeH MOlleJ1H OSI 3a.II,aeT CTaH.n:aPTbI .lI)m Ka6enbHOH CHCTeMbI H COelll1- HeHHH Me)l(llY Y3JIaMu? a) YpoBeHb I. 6) YpoBeHb 2. B) YpoBeHb 3. r) YpoBeHb 4. .n:) YpoBeHb 5. e) YpoBeHb 6. )I() YpoBeHb 7. 9. KaKoH H3 ypoBHeH Mo.n:eJ1H OSI onHCbIBaeT CTaH.n:apTbI <popMaToB .n:aHHbIX H UIH<PPo- BaHHe TJ)a<pI1Ka? a) YpoBeHb I. 6) YpoBeHb 2. B) YpoBeHb 3. r) YpoBeHb 4. .n:) YpoBeHb 5. e) YpoBeHb 6. )I() YpoBeHb 7. lO.KaKoH 113 nepe'lUCJ1eHHbIX HU)I(e TepMHHOB He flBJIfleTCfI Ha3BaHHeM YPOBHfI B MO- .n:eJIU as I? a) YpOBeHb npHJIO)l(eHHH. 6) KaHaJJbHbIH ypoBeHb. B) YpOBeHb nepe.n:aqH. r) YpOBeHb npe.n:CTaBJ1eHHfI. .n:) YpOBeHb I1HTepHeT. e) CeaHCOBblH ypOBeHb.
rl1aBa 2. CeTeBble MOAel1M TCPIIP M OSI 61 - - - BseAeHMe Cero.n:WI npaI<TU'leCKH HeB03MO)KH0 HaUTH nepCOHaJIbHbIH KOMnbIOTep, KOTOpbIU 6bI He O)I.llep)iGtBaJI Ha60p CeTeBblX npOTOK0J10B Ha3bIBaeMblH CTeKOM TCPjIP. JI106af1 COBpe- :eHHafI onepaUHOHHafI CHCTeMa, 6y.n:b TO Linux lIJIH UNIX, OC KOMnaHHH MaHKpoco<pT W1H KaKafI-JIH60 .n:pyrafl co.n:ep.>KHT B ce6e nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHUe TCPjIP. )].roKe MO- 6W1bHbIe nepcoHaJIbHbIe YCTPoucTBa H M06lIJ1bHbie TeJIe<poHbI nO,l{,l{ep)l(HBalOT <PYHKl.lHO- HaJlbHOCTb CTeKa TCPjIP. npo.n:yI<.ll.HfI KOMnaHHH Cisco, npe)l(,lle Bcero, HCnOJ1b3yeTcfI .JJ.I]fI nocTPoeHHSI cereBoH KOMMYHltKaUHOHHoU HH<ppaCTPYK1YPbI, KOTOpafl n03B0J1S1eT KaK nep- COHaJlbHbIM KOMnbIOTepaM, TaK H JII06blM YCTpOHCTBaM B3aHMo.n:eucTBoBaTb Me)l(,llY C060H nocpe.n:CTBOM npoToK0J10B TCPjIP. n03TOM}', 'ITa BnOJ1He O'leBH,l{HO, 060Py.n:OBaHHe KOM- naHHH Cisco co.n:ep.>KHT Bce He06xo.n:ltMbIe npOTOKOJ1bI H <pynKlJ,HH CTeKa TCPjIP. TeM He MeHee B ceTeBbIX TeXHOJIOrUSIX He Bcer.n:a Bce 6bIJIO HaCTOJIbKO npoCTO. Koma- TO, .n:aBHbIM-.n:aBHO, He 6bIJIO HHKaKHX ceTeBbIX npOTOK0J10B, B TOM 'lHCJ1e H CTeKa TCPjIP. npOH3BO.n:UTeJ1H 060Py.n:oBaHHfI caMU C03.n:aBaJIH CBOlt c06cTBeHHbie ceTeBbIe npOTOKOJ1bI, KOTopbIe pa60TaJIH TOJIbKO C YCTPOUCTBaMH KOHKpeTHoro npOlt3Bo.n:UTeJIfl, a lleTaJlH pa60TbI H npHHUHnbI TaKHX npOTOKOJIOB HHKor.n:a He 6bIJIH .n:OCT)'nHbI WJtpOKOMY KPYry n0J1b30BaTeJIei1. no Mepe Taro KaK pa3BUBaJIUCb ceTeBbIe TeXHOJIOrUH, npOH3Bo.n:H- TeJlH 060py.n:OBaHUfi <pOpMaJIlt30BaJIlt H IJy6JIHKOBaJIH CBOH ceTeBbIe npOTOKOJ1bl. TaK, Ha- npHMep, KOMnaHHfI IBM ony6J1HKOBaJIa ceTeBYIO Mo.n:eJ1b CHCTeMHOU ceTeBoi1 apXHTeKT)'- pbl (Systems Network Architecture - SNA) B 1974 ro.n:y. nOCJ1e ny6JIUKal.{UH npHHUHnOB apxHTeKT)'pbI SNA MHorue KOMnaHHH pa3pa60TaJIH H BHe.n:plIJlH npo.n:YKTbl, KOTopbIe MomH B3aHMo.n:ei1cTBoBaTb C 060Py.n:oBaHHeM KOMnaHHH IBM nocpe.n:CTBOM npOTOK0J10B SNA. OTKpblTbIH no.n:xo.n: K ceTeBbIM TeXHOJIoruSiM B .n:aHHOM cJIy'Iae OKa3aJI n03HTHBHoe BJlHJlHHe Ha BCIO OTPaCJ1b, TeM He MeHee, 6bIJIH U HeKOTopbIe HeraTltBHble MOMeHTbI - KpynHbIe npOH3Bo.n:HTeJ1U KOMnblOTepHoro annapaTHoro 06eCne'leHUfi 3aXOTeJ1H ynpaB- nJlTb pbIHKOM H CTaHAapTaMH CeTeBOrO KOMnblOTepHoro 060Py.n:OBaHUSI. HaH60Jlee y.n:a'IHbIM perneHHeM np06JIeMbI CTaHAapTlt3aUltH TeXH0J10rHi1 H npOTOKO- nOB Ha TOT MOMeHT 6billO C03.n:aHHe OTKpbITOi1, CTaHAapTH3HpOBaHHoi1 MOlleJIH, KOTOpyJO Morml 6bI nO,l{,l{ep.>KHBaTb H HCnOJIb30BaTb MHorHe npOMbIlllJleHHbIe KOMnaHUH H npOH3- llHTeJ1H 060py.n:OBaHHfI. Me)K,l{yHapo.n:HafI opraHH3aUltfi no CTaH.n:apTH3auuu ntemational Organization for Standardization - ISO) B3Ma Ha ce6f1 3T)' TIDKeJIyJO HO- 8 lI.I O Y - pa3pa60TKy ynHBepCaJIbHOU Mo.n:eJ1U B KOHl.{e 1970-x. TaKHM 06pa30M, B Ha'laJIe -x no 6 SlBltJIaCb ceTeBaSi Mo.n:eJIb, KOTopaSi H3BeCTHa KaK 3mOJlOHH(JJl MOaeAb 63aUMOaeucm- UR om" p Be blmblX CucmeM (Open System Interconnection - OSI). OpraHH3al.{Hfi ISO co- yn PIl.I ltJIa 6J1aropo.n:HbIH nOCTYllOK H B3Ma Ha ce6f1 BeCb TPy.n: no C03.n:aHHIO MOlleJIH ISO: °PJl.D.o'le IiHka HHe H CTaHAapTH3aUHfI cymecTByJOIllUX Ha TOT MOMeHT npOTOKOJIOB H KOMMY- Te pli I.lHH, pa3pa60TKa TeOpeTH'leCKHX OCHOB MeTo.n:OB B3aUMo.n:ei1cTBHfI Me)K,l{Y KOMnblO- bIMH CM M3.lI0 CTeMaMH BO BceM MHpe H T.n. 3TOU 6JIaropo.n:Hoi1 ueJIH 6billO nOCBflIlleHO He- I1HMa:PeMeHH, KpOMe Taro 60JIbIIlHHCTBO TeXH0J10rH'leCKH BbICOKopa3BHTbIX CTpaH npH- B 0 Y'IacTHe B npouecce pa3pa60TKH H CTaH,Ll,ap-rH3al.{ltlt Mo.n:eJIlt. Topafl M TyIQ Ce eHee <POPMaJII130BaHHafI nOnblTKa C03.n:aTb CTaHAapTH3HpOBaHHyJO U OTKpbI- TeBYIO 110ro 06 Mo.n:eJ1b 6bIJIa npe.n:npHHSlTa MHHHcTepcTBoM 060POHbI CllIA B paMKax o.n:- 1t3P<tliI °POHHoro npoeKTa. MHo)J(ecTBo HCCJ1e.n:oBaTeJIei1, yq:eHbIX H npocTo 3HTY3HaCTOB H'llibIX YliuBepCHTeTOB B CIlIA npltHHMarm yqacTHe B pa3pa6OTKe H .n:aJIbHeJlIIIeM yco-
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, 68 aCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTelij -- TOM :>Ke ropo.n:e, OHO MO:>KeT 6bITb .n:OCTaRlIeHO cpa3Y HanpflM}'lO 6e3 nepeCbIJIKIt Me)K.Qy nO'lTOBbIMH OT.n:eJleHltfiMIt HJlH nepeCJIaHO Ha nO'lTaMT HY)I(}{OrO paHOHa. 11 KaKoe OTHOllIeHlte HMeeT nO'lTa K ceTeBbIM TeXHOJIOrltflM, cnpOCHT 'lHTaTeJlb? HIt- mepHem-npOmOKOJl (Internet Protoco/- IP), npOTOKOJI ItHTepHeT-ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJIH TCPjIP pa60TaeT no TOMY:>Ke caMOM)' npltHl.{ltny, 'lTO It nO'lTa. npOTOKOJI I P onpe.ll.eJUleT a.n:peca KmK,llOro KOMnblOTepa HJlH Y3JIa B CeTIt, nplt'leM KmK,llbIH Y3eJI .n:OJDKeH ItMeTb COOH C06CT- BeHHbIH YHItKaIlbHbIH I P-a.n:pec, TO'lHO TaK :>Ke, KaK It B 06bI'lHOH nO'lTe Y KmK,llOro KOppeC_ nOH.ll,eHTa .n:OJI:>KeH 6bITb COOH a.n:pec (ropo.n:, YJIltua, .n:OM, KBaprnpa). Ha HHTepHeT-YPOBHe npOItCxo.n:HT BbI60p HaHJIyqllIero MapllIpYTa It nepeCbIJIKa naKeTa, KOTOpyJO BbmOJIHSlIOT CneUUaIlH3HpoBaHHbIe YCTPOHCTBa - MapIIIpynnaTOpbI. TO'lHO Tal( :>Ke, KaK B nO'-ITOBOH cJI}')K6e ecrb Cnel.{ltaIlH3ltpOBaHHafI ItH<t>paCTpYKTYPa, COCTOflIUafI 1t3 nO'lTOBbIX OT.n:eJIeHItH, coprnpOBO'lHbIX MallIltH, rpY30BHKOB, CaMOJIeTOB H 06yqeHHoro nepcOHaIla, .n:aHHbIH ypo_ BeHb Mo.n:eJIH onpe.n:eJUleT, KaKafi HMeHHO HH<t>paCTpYKTYPa H}')KHa, KaK OHa .n:OmKHa GblTh nOCTPoeHa H KaK ceTb MO:>KeT .n:OCTaBHTb .n:aHHbIe HY)KHbIM KOMnblOTepaM B CeTIt. B fJIaBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a.n:peCaI.{HIt It MapllIPYTH3aI.{HH" HHTepHeT-ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJIH TCPjlP onHcaH HaMHoro no.n:p06Hee. TeM He MeHee, 'lT06bI nOHflTb OCHOBbI BTOporo ypOBHfI MO.ll.eJlIt TCPjIP, onflTb 06paTHMcfI K npltMepy, Koma 606 3anpallIHBaeT CTpaHH- I.{Y Y cepBepa J1applt. Tenepb MbI .n:06aBHM K HallIeH cxeMe eIl{e H HH<t>opMaUHIO npoTOKO- JIa IP (pltc. 2.4). Ha .n:aHHOM 3Tane oc06eHHocTIt Ka6eJlbHOH CUCTeMbI JIOKaIlbHOH ceTH Hac He HHTepeCyJOT, n03TOMY 06e CeTIt Ha pHCYHKe YCJIOBHO nOKa3aHbI npfiMbIMH JIHHHSI- MIt. Koma 606 nepeCbIJIaeT .n:aHHbIe, OH nepe.n:aeT B ceTb IP-naKeT, B KOTOpOM eCTb IP- 3aroJlOOOK, 3aroJIOBOK TpaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI (TCP B HaIIIeM npltMepe) H 3aroJIOBOK ypOBHfI npUJIO:>KeHHH (B HaIIIeM npltMepe HTTP), a TalOKe .n:aHHbIe onpe.n:eJIeHHoro npH- JIO:>KeHItSi (B HallIeM CJIyqae .n:aHHbIX HeT). B IP-3aroJloBKe eCTb nOJlfl .lIJIfi IP-a.n:pecoB no- JIyqaTeJIfi H OTnpaBHTeJlSl, B KOTOpbIX YKa3aH IP-a.n:pec J1appH (1.1.1.1) B Ka'leCTBe a.n.peca nOJlY'laTeJIfi H a.n:pec 606a (2.2.2.2) B nOJIe oTnpaBUTeJIfi. . 606- 2.2.2.2 J1applo1-1.1.1.1 """"').. I R2 r1---r---""", : I:: J """"').. J i L)'i8Tenb: 1.1.1.1 R3 OTnpaBHTenb: 2.2.2.2 Puc.2.4. IP-C//YJIC6b1 a/lR npOmOKO.JlO TCP BHHMAHHEI --- ElIOK, COllep:>KaIIIItH 3arOllOBOK ItHTepHeT-ypOBHH H HHKanCYlIltpOBaHHbIe B Hero llaHHbIe, Ha3bIBalOT nOKemOM (pHC. 2.4). ____ 06- KOMnblOTep 606a nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT MapllIpYTH3aTOPY R2. 3TOT MapllIPYTlt3aTOP 06 Hap}')KHBaeT I P-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi (1.1.1.1) B 3aroJlOBKe naKeTa It npltHItMaeT pew eHue 0 OTnpaBKe naKeTa MapIIIpYTIt3aTOPY R1. nOCKOJlbKY MapIIIPYTU3aTOp R2 3HaeT .n:oCTaTO_ o ceTeBOH TOnOJlOrHIt, T.e. 3HaeT a TOM, <ITO cepBep J1applt HaxO.n:ItTCfI 3a MapIIIPyTU 3a
2 CeTeBble MOAel1M TCPIIP M OSI rI1a Ba . 69 - RI OH nepecbIJlaeT naKeT B H}')KHbIH ItHTep<peHc. AHaJJOrH'lHO, Koma MapIIIPYTIt3a- paM RI OJlyqaeT naKeT, OH nepeCbIJIaeT ero 'lepe3 Ethernet-HHTep<peMC }')Ke Henocpe.n:CT- TOP KOMnblOTePY JIapplt. ECJlH :>Ke KaHaJJ Me)K,l{Y MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaMIt R 1 H R2 npona- BeHHO np OTOKOJI IP n03BOJIHT MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpy R2 06Hap}')KHTb aJJbTepHaTItBHbIH Map- Jlae T , III yT K y3JIY C a.n:pecoM 1.1.1.1 'lepe3 MapIIIPYTIt3aTOp R3. P npoTOKOJI IP HCnOJlb3yeT JIOrH'leCKlte a.n:peca, Ha3bIBaeMbIe IP-aiJpecaMu. OHIt n03BO- T KIUKLIOMY 1t3 TCPjIP-YC'l"pOMCTB B ceTH (Ha3bIBaeMbIX npOCTO IP-Y3JlaMH) B3aItMO- JlSlIO I P JleHCTBOBaTb. npOTOKOJI TalOKe HCnOJIb3YeT Mapwpymu3al(UIO. HJIIt npOl.{eCC, KOTOpbIlt f3BOJlSleT onpe.n:eJlItTb MapIIIpYTU3aTOPY, KaKItM 06pa30M nepeHanpaBJlflTb, lIJIH Map- IlIPyTH3upOBaTb, naKeTbI.n:aHHbIX. Bce H3 onucaHHbIX BbIIIIe 3K3aMeHOB.lIJIfi nOJIyqeHltfi CTa-ryca CCNA 'l"pe6yJOT my6o- f(}1X 3HaHHM npOTOKOJIa IP. ,[I,mI YBepeHHOH c.n:a'lH 3K3aMeHa ICNDI maBY 5 "OCHOBbI IP-aapecal.{ltH H MapIIIPYTH3aI.{ItH" CJle.n:yeT npO'lHTaTb O'leHb BHHMaTeJlbHO. rJIaBbI C II no 15-10 TalOKe co.n:ep:>KaT 60JIee .n:eTaJJbHoe onHcaHHe <PYHKI.{HH npoTOKOJIa I P. YpOBeHb AOC-ryna K ceTM TCP/IP YpoBeHb .n:oCTyna K CeTlt eIlle Ha3bIBalOT ypOBHeM coe.n:HHeHltfi Y3Jla H ceTH. OH CTaH- .napTu3HpyeT annapaTHoe 06ecne'leHHe H npOTOKOJIbI, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe.lIJlfl nepena'lH .n:aH- HbIX no pa3HbIM <p1t3It'leCKHM ceTfiM. TepMHH iJocmyn K cemu O'l"pa:>KaeT TOT <paKT, 'lTO 3TOT ypOBeHb onpe.n:eJIfleT, KaK HMeHHO y3eJl no.n:KJIIO'leH K <p1t3H'leCKOM cpe.n:e nepe.n:a'llt, no- Bepx KOTOPOM nepe.n:alOTCfI .n:aHHble. HanpltMep, TeXHOJIOrltfi Ethernet flRlIfleTCfI Halt60JIee HPIGIM npUMepOM TeXHOJIOrHH It npoTOKOJIa ypOBHfI .n:oc-ryna K ceTH Mo.n:eJlIt TCPjIP. CTaHllaPTbI Ethernet onpe.n:eJIfllOT 'l"pe60BaHHfI K Ka6eJlbHOM CHCTeMe, a.n:peCal.{HH H npo- TOKOJIaM. c nOMOIllblO KOTOpbIX C'l"pOflTCfI JIOKaJJbHbIe CeTIt (Local Area Network - LAN) TeXHOJlOrUH Ethernet. AHaJJorlt'lHO, pa3'beMbI, Ka6eJlH, ypOBHH HanpIDKeHHM H npOTOKOJIbI, HCnOJlb3yeMbIe J])UI nOCTpoeHltfi pacnpe.n:eJleHHbIX ceTeH (Wide Area Network - WAN), craHl!ap1'u3ItpOBaHbI BO MHO:>KeCTBe TeXHOJIOrHM, KOTopbIe TalOKe OTHOCSI:TCfI K ypOBHIO .n:oc- 1)'I1a I( cern. nO.n:p06Hee TeXHOJIOrHH ceTeH WAN U LAN onHcaHbI B maBax 3 It 4. TO'lHO Tal( :>Ke KaK H JII060H .n:pyroH ypOBeHb B CeTeBOM Mo.n:eJlH, ypoBeHb .n:ocryna K CeTH TCPjlP npe.n:OCTaRlIfieT CJl)')K6bI BbIIIIeCTOflIllItM ypOBHflM. npOIl{e ocero nOIDlTb TaKOH ypo- BeHb MO:>KHO Ha npHMepe npe.n:OCTaBJUIeMbIX HM cJIy)K6 npoTOKOJlY I P. 3ToT npoTOKOJI nOJIara- ercH Ha YPOBeHb .n:ocryna CeTH npH .n:OCTaBKe naKeTOB. npoTOKOJI I P pacn03HaeT 06I1lY1O Tono- nc' 060 - ( U'l. HanpHMep, KaK ItMeHHO MapIIIpYTH3aTOpbI coe.IDtHeHbI Me)l(lJ,y C H, KaKHe Y3.IIbI I I(OMnbJOTepbI) K KaKHM CerMeHTaM CeTH no.n:KJIIO'leHbI H KaK B 06IlleM BbImMHT cxeMa 'Ia pecaI.{H1t cent. TeM He MeHee B HH<PoPMal.{HlO npoTOKOJla IP npe.ll.HaMepeHHO He BKJIIO- H:;CSI CBe.n:eHUfi 0 KIDl<aOM HCnOJIb3yeMoM CeTeBOH TeXHOJlOrHlt HIDKHHX ypoBHeH, n03TOM}' kHeT-ypoBeHb, a HMeHHO npoTOKOJI IP, .n:OJI)KeH 06paIllaTbCfI K CJl)')K6aM ypOBHfI.n:ocryna K ,npWleM.D.1UI KIDl<aOM H3 cymeCTByJOIl{HX TeXHOJlOrHM OHIt 6y.D.YT pa3.lIlt'lHbIMH. 10'lKlt yPOBHIO .n:OC-ryna K ceTH OTHOCHTCfI MHO:>KeCTBO ceTeBbIX npOTOKOJIOB. HanpltMep, C 6b1e I1 '3peHltfi JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeH Bce BapHaHTbI peaJJH3al.{ltH TeXHOJIOrlt1t Ethernet It JIIO- Bee n PYTlte LAN-CTaHJ1apTbI BXO.lUlT B 3TOT ypOBeHb. C TO'lKH 3peHltfi WAN-TeXHOJIOrHH IlPo-r:nYJISlPHbIe CTaHlI.apTbI TalOKe OTHOCSlTCfI K ypOBHIO .n:OCTyJ1a K ceTH CTeKa TCPjIP: FrarneKJJ llByXTO'letlHoro coe.n:HHeHltfi (Point-to-Point Protocol- PPP), TeXHOJlOrHfI lia Ha elay It .n:p. 3HaKoMafi }')ICe 4HTaTeJllO ceTb C He60JlbIIIHMIt 1t3MeHeHltflMH npItBe.n:e- IibIJ( 11 PJtc. 2.5, Tenepb OHa BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 Ehternet- It PPP-yqacTKIt ceTH, T.e. .n:Ba pa3- POTOl(oJIa YPOBHfI .n:ocTyna KeeTH.
70 aCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM -- CB8. eMa J1applol 1.1.1.1 --.... r 1 _ / 606 2.2.2.2 Ippp liP IAaHHblelPPP I c Puc. 2.5. llpomoKoA I P UCnOAb3yem CAYJ#C6b1 Ethernet u PPP BHHMAHHEI 6J10K" llaHHbIX YPOBHH llOCT)'na K CeT", COllep}l(aIII"e 3arOJIOBOK " KOHl"pOJIbHYIO CYMMY npOTOKOJlOB Ethernet" PPP (npSlMoyrOJIbH"KIt Ha P"C. 2.5), Ha3blBalOT rjJpeUMaMu. .!T06bI JIy'Irne nOHflTb, 'ITa "306pIDKeHo Ha pUC. 2.5, onflTb 06paTHMcfI K npHMepy B3aItMo.n:eHcTBHfI KOMnblOTepOB E06a H J1appH B npol.{ecce .n:OCTaBIGt naKeTa. .!T06bIOT- npaBItTb naKeT y3JIY J1applt, E06 nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT Maprnpyru3aTOpy R2. .!T06bI .n:OCTa- BHTb naKeT .n:o MapIIIpyrH3aTopa, KOMnblOTep E06a UCnOJlb3yeT TeXHOJIOrHIO Ethernet- Le. HeKoTopbIH npouecc, KOTOpbIH Tpe6yeT, 'lT06bI IP-naKeT (3aroJlOBOK IP H nOJIe .n:aH- HbIX) 6bIJI nOMeIlleH Me)l(,lly 3aroJlOBKOM H KOHTPOJlbHOH CYMMOH Ethernet. OCHOBHafi 3a,n:a'la npOl.{eCca IP-MapIIIpyrIt3aUUIt 3aKJIIO'laeTCfI B .n:OCTaBKe IP-naKeTa Y3JIy-nOJIyqaTeJlIO, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, I P-3arOJIOBOK C a,n:peCOM 6y.n:eT H}')KeH Ha BceM Map- rnpyre, 'lT06bI npaBHJIbHO HaHTU KOHe'lHbIH Y3eJI. Ehternet-HH<popMaultfi Maprnpyr"3a- TOPy R2 nocJle TOro, KaK OH npHHfIJI <ppeHM 1t3 COOTBeTCTByJOIlleH cpe.n:bI, He H}')KHa (nOCKOJIbKY MapIIIpyrH3aTopbI coe.n:UHeHbI Me)l(,lly c060H PPP-KaHaJJoM). n03TOMY Map- rnpyrlt3aTOp R2 y.n:aJJfleT 3aroJIOBOK H KOHTPOJIbHYIO CYMMY Ethernet H OCTaBJlfleT HeT})O- HyrbIM IP-3aroJIOBoK. .!T06bI nepeCJlaTb TaKOH naKeT .n:aJJee, MapIIIpyrH3aTopy RI, ycr- pOHCTBO R2 .n:06aBJlSIeT B Ha'laJJe naKeTa PPP-3aroJlOBOK H cooTBeTcTByJOrnHH KOHueB"K B KOHue naKeTa H nepeCbIJIaeT ero no WAN-KaHaJIy. AHaJJOrH'lHO, Koma MaprnpyrH3aTop RI 06pa6aTbIBaeT nOJIyqeHHbIH naKeT, OH ynaJUl- eT PPP-3arOJIOBOK It KOHueBItK, nOCKOJIbKY npOTOKOJI PPP }')Ke BbInOJIHHJI CBOIO 3an:a- 'ly - .n:OCTaBHJI HH<popMal.{ltlO IP-naKeTa no nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHOMY KaHaJIy. .D.aJJee MapWPY- TH3aTOp npHHHMaeT peIIIeHHe 0 TOM, 'lTO OH .n:OJDKeH 'lepe3 Ethernet-cerMeHT .n:OCTaB"Tb naKeT cepBepy J1appH, n03ToMY OH .n:06aRlIfieT HOBbIH Ethernet-3aroJIoBoK H KOHTPOJlb- HYIO CYMMY K naKery H nepeHanpaBJlSIeT ero Y3.IIY J1appH. BHHMAHMEI - 3a'lacT)'1O ypoBeHbllOCT)'na MOlleJI" TCPjIP On"CbIBaeTCH KaK llBa pa3HbIx YPOBHSI: KaHaJlbHblit 11 <tm3It'leCK"H. np"'I"Ha nonYJISIpHOCT" TaKOrO aJIbTepHaT"BHOrO On"CaH"SI 06"bSlCHeHa HltJI(e, B pa311eJle, nOCBSlIIIeHHOM MOlleJI" OSI. 06a repMI1Ha nOSlBltJmCb B CeTeBblX TeXHOJlOrl1S1X ItMeHIJO 6J1arollapSi nOCJIellHeH. ___ B CYIllHOCTIt, npOTOKOJI IP ItCnOJIb3yeT CJI}')K6bI H npOTOKOJIbI ypOBHfI .n:ocryna K ce rtl 1 'lTo6bI nepe.n:aBaTb naKeT cJle.LJ.YIOIl{eM)' TPaH3uTHoMY Maprnpyrlt3aTopy HJIH Y3JIY, It Ka)I(.Zlb JI TPaH3HTHbIH Y3eJI nOBTOpfieT TaKoH npouecc .n:o Tex nop, nOKa nOJIyqareJIb He nOJIY'I"T l1a-
a 2 CeTeBble MOAenM TCPIIP M OSI rI1aB . 71 - B K<UKlIOM H3 npOTOKOJIOB ypOBHfI .n:ocTYlla K cent Mo.n:emf TCP /1 P HCnOJIb3yeTCfI 3aro- KeT. .+. 6 K O n p e.n:eJIeHHoro '-jJopMaTa, KOTOpbIH Heo XO.n:HM.lI.Jlfl ycneIIIHoH .n:OCTaBIGt .n:aHHbIX 'le- 1I0 BO '+'113Jt'lecKY!O ceTb. TaKoH no.n:xo.n: a6COJIIOTHO aHaJJorH'leH 3arOJIOBKaM, KOTopbIe uc- pe3 '-jJ b3 VJl1TCfI B pa3HbIx ypOBHflX Bcex Mo.n:eJIeH, 11 UK npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHHe TalOKe nOXO:>Ke. nOlI J .- Pe3IOMHPYSI, MO:>KHO CKa3aTb, 'lTO ypOBeHb .n:ocTYlla K cent CTeKa TCP/IP BKJIlO'laeT B ce6S1 npOTOKOJIbI, Ka6eJIbHbIe CTaHllapTbI, OmtCbIBaeT q,opMaT 3aroJIOBKOB It KOHTpOJIb- HblX cyMM q,peHMa, a TalOKe cTaHlla}IT1t3HpyeT nepeCbIJIKY .n:aHHbIX 'lepe3 pa3Ho06pa3HbIe q,1t3WleCKue ceTH. TepMMHonorMSI MHKanCYI1S1'-'MM ,QaHHbIX BbIIIIe 6blJIU paccMOTpeHbI npUHI.{UnbI pa60TbI pa3HbIX npoTOKOJIOB, HTTP, TCP, IP, npoTOKOJIOB ypoBHfI .n:ocryna K Cent - PPP It Ethernet. 113 npHBe.n:eHHoro OnltCaHHfI MO:>KHO JaMeTIfTb, 'ITO Ka)I(,lIbIH H3 HUX .n:06aBlIfieT CooH C06CTBeHHbIH 3aroJIOooK (a ItHor.n:a U KOH- JPOJlbHYlO CyMMY B KOHl.{e) K Ka)I(,lIOMY 6JIoKY .n:aHHbIX OT BbIIIIeCTOflIl{UX ypoBHeH. JfHlwncY/IJ/- Wl OnltCblBaeT npouecc .n:06aBlIeHufi 3aroJIOBKa U KOHl.{eBItKa K HeKOTOpoM)' 6JIoKY .n:aHHbIX. TaK, HanpltMep, npOTOKOJI HTTP UHKanCYJIHpyeT Be6-crpaHuuy B 3aroJIOBOK HTTP (CM. pltc.2.2). D,aJJee npOTOKOJI TCP UHKanCYJIHpyeT .n:aHHble U 3aroJIOBOK npOTOKOJIa HTTP B CBOH Co6cTBeHHbIH 3aroJIOBOK (CM. pitC. 2.3), a npOTOKOJI IP ItHKanCYJIltpyeT Bce BMecre B CooH IP-JaroJIOBOK (CM. pUC. 2.4). B ItTOre 6JIOK D.aHHbIX OT UHTepHeT-ypoBHfI (lP) UHKanCYJIHpyeT- CSI B JaroJlOBOK It KOHTpOJIbHYJO CyMMY npOTOKOJIa ypoBHfI.n:ocryna K CeTlt (CM. pltC. 2.5). TaKHM 06pa30M, npol.{ecc OTnpaBKH HHq,opMaI.{UIt TCP/IP-Y3JIoM COCTOHT 1t3 nfiTIt 3TanOB. nepBble 'leTblpe 3Tana BbmOJIHfllOTCfI 'leTblpbMfI ypOBHflMH Ha60pa TCP/IP, a nOCJle.n:HUH :nan onUCbIBaeT nepe.n:a'lY .n:aHHbIX y3JIOM B peaJJbHoH q,H3H'leCKOH cpe.n:e ce- Tit. KpaTKO 3TanbI nepe.n:a'lH nOTOKa .n:aHHbIx OnltCaHbI HH:>Ke. 3Tan l. C03.IJ.3Hlte H HHKaIlCY.JUIIUUI JI,aHHbIX ypoBHJI npRJI01KeHHH B 3arOJlOBKH lfY'KHoro npH- K.JIa.lI.Horo npoTOKOJIa. HanpHMep, coo6IlleHHe "HTTP OK" MO:>KeT 6bITb nOMeIlleHO B 3aroJIOBOK HTTP, It .n:06aBlIeHo K 6JIoKY .n:aHHbIX, co.n:ep)KaIl{eM)' Be6-crpaHHUY. nan 2. MHKancYJlJIIJ,1tJI 6J10Ka .n:aHHbIX OT ypOBHH npHJlO1KeHItH B 3aroJlOBOK TJ)aHcnopT- HOro ypOBHH. D.nfl nOJIb30BaTeJIbCIGtX npHJIO:>KeHHH MO:>KeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaH npOTOKOJI TCP HJlIt UDP. nan 3. MHKancYJlHIJ,ItH 6J10Ka .n:aHHbIX OT TJ)aHcnopTHoro ypOBHH B 3aroJlOBOK HHTepHeT- YPOBItJI (T.e. IP-3aroJloBoK). IP SIBJIfleTCfI e.n:HHCTBeHHbIM npOTOKOJIOM .n:aHHoro YPOBHfI B Mo.n:eJIH TCP II P. nan 4. u wIHKancYJlHIJ,ItH 6J10Ka n.aHHbIX OT HHTepHeT-ypoBHH B 3aroJlOBOK It KOHIJ,eBHK YPOB- HH D.OcTyna K cern. 3TO e.n:HHcTBeHHbIH ypOBeHb, ItCnOJIb3yJOIl{HH KaK .n:06aBJIe- Hlte 3aroJIOBKa, TaK It KOHl.{eBUKa C KOHTPOJlbHOH CYMMOH. :iTan 5. n een.a"13 6moB. Ha q,1t3H'leCKOM ypoBHe uHq,opMaUHSI KOD.HpyeTCfI B Cnel.{HaJJb- HbIIt CHfHaJJ, KOTOpblH 3aBHCHT OT Cpe,l{bI U reXHOJIOrHH nepe.n:a'llt q,peHMOB. Ha PItC 26' Be"rcTBY . . npOHJlJIlOcTPltpOBaHa onHCaHHafI BbIIIIe KOHl.{enl.{ltfl, HOMepa CJIeBa COOT- nO)J(eliltT nepe'lltCJIeHHbIM 3TanaM nepe.n:a'llt ItHq,opMaI.{HH. nOCKOJlbKY Ha ypOBHe nplt- YPOBIiR n llaJIeKo He Bcer.n:a .n:06aBJIfleTCfI 3arOJIOBOK K 6JIOKY .n:aHHbIX, Ha 3TOM pucYHKe Y PItJIO:>KeHuH OTcYTCTByeT KaKOH-JIIt60 3arOJIOBOK. --- Kat( LH 06 OJHG'IeH JGi!0J/060K yp06HJ/ iJocmyna K cemu, G KOK LT - KOHle6UK. - npItMe'l. peJl,.
72 aCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM 1. I AaHHble I npl1110>KeHIIH 2. I TCP IAaHHble I TpaHcnopTHblH 3. liP I TCP IAaHHblel I-1HTepHeT 4. I LH liP I TCP jAaHHble I LT I Aoc-ryna KCeTI1 5. nepeAa'Ja 611TOB PUC. 2.6. nRmb 3man08 UHKanCY/lRI.(UU OaHHbIX 8 ModeAU TCP/IP CJIe.n:yeT TaIOKe 06paTHTb npHCTaJIbHOe BHHMaHlte Ha TaKHe repMHHbI, KaK ce2MeHm, no- Kern It rjJpeiiM, a TaIOKe Ha CMbICJIOByJO HarpY3t<y Ka)I()J;OrO 1t3 HItX. Ka)I()J;bIH H3 nepe'lHCJIeH- HbIX TepMItHOB onHCblBaeT HHKancymU.lUIO .n:aHHbIX Ha COOTBeTCTByJOIl{eM ypOBHe, T.e. .n:o- 6aBJIeHUe JarOJIOBKa H}')KHoro ypoBHfI H, B03MO)l(HO, KOHueBHKa. Ka)I()J;oe H3 npHBe.n:eHHbiX onpe.n:eJleHItH OTHOCItTCfI K CBoeMY C06CTBeHHOMY ypOBHIO: CerMeHT CBflJaH C TpaHcnop1- HbIM ypoBHeM, naKeT OTHOCHTCSI K HHTepHeT-ypOBHIO, <t>peHM OTHOCHTCfI K ypOBHIO .n:oC1)'I1a K ceTH. Ha pHC. 2.7. nOKa3aHbl ypoBHIt H cooTBeTcTByJOIlllte HM 6JIOKlt .n:aHHbIX. I C""R eM8 TCP I AaHHble I AaHHble I AaHHble CerMeHT naKeT d>peHM PUC. 2.7. DAOKU iJaHHbIX pG3HbIX YPo8Heu U UHKanCY/lRI.(UR Ha pHcYHKe HHKancymtpOBaHHbIe .n:aHHbIe nOMe'leHbI npocTo CJlOBOM ".n:aHHbIe". Ec- JIH C<t>OKYCltpOBaTbCfI Ha cpYHKUHfiX KaKOrO-JIH60 H3 YPOBHeH, TO, 'lTO Haxo.n:HTCfI B noJIe .n:aHHbIX, He npe.n:CTaRlIfleT .lIJIfi ypOBHfI HHKaKoro HHTepeca, 3TO npOCTO KaKOH-TO 6JIoK HH<t>opMaI.{ItH, K TeI<yllleMY ypOBHIO OTHOllIeHHfI He UMelOIl{HH. HanpltMep, B IP-naKeT e MO)l(eT nOCJIe ero JarOJIOBKa HJITH 3aroJIOBOK TCP, Ja HHM - 3aroJlOBOK npoTOKOJIa HTIP, .n:aJJbIIIe 6y.n:YT npltCYTCTBOBaTb .n:aHHbIe KaKOH-JIH60 Be6-cTpaHHubI B none }:IaH- HbIX, HO.llJIfi npOTOKOJIa IP Bce, 'lTO HJIeT 3a ero c06CTBeHHbIM JarOJIOBKOM, npe.n:cTaBJISIeT C060H npOCTO HeKOTopbIe ".n:aHHbIe". n03TOMY Ha MHorHX cxeMax, Koma HJlJIIOCTPItPyIOT nOJIfi IP-naKeTa, Bce, 'lTO HJIeT nOCJIe 3arOJIOBKa ItHTepHeT-ypOBHfI, Ha3bIBaJOT ".n:aH HbI - Mit" It He 06paIllalOT Ha HHX Hit MaJJeHllIero BHUMaHltfi. 3Ta110HHaJl MOAel1b OSI '-1T06bI ycnelliHo c.n:aTb 3K3aMeH ICNDI, cnel.{ltaJJltc-ry nOTpe6YIOTCfI 3HaHitfi B 06JIa c - Tit CneI.{H<t>ItKaI.{HH H npOTOKOJIOB, no KOTOpbIM Y Hero, CKopee Bcero, HItKOma He 6Y}:le 1 -""" "'"LI..... nn{)ThI a MMeHHO - 3HaHite 3TaJJOHHOH MO.n:eJIH B3aHMOJeti C -
-- rI1aBa 2. CeTeBble MOAel1M TCPIIP M OSI 73 TBI1S! OTKPbITbIX CI1CTeM (Open System Interconnection - OSI). Ha cero.n:HflIIIHI1H .n:eHb OCHOBHbIe CJIO)KHOCTI1 B 06CeHI1I1 cneum!>ItKaUHH Mo.n:eJII1 OSI B03HI1KalOT H3-3a TO- ro, 1jTO, B OTJIH'll1e OT .n:pyrux Mo.n:eJIeH, 3TY Mo.n.eJlb O'leHb CJIO)KHO "noIllynaTb" Ha npaK- ntKe. B OTJIH'lHe aT CTeKa TCPjIP, HeJIb3f1 npOCTO no.n:OHTH K 6JIH)KaHweMY KOMnblOTepy, 06Hap}')IOITb B HeM KaK OCHOBHOH HJlH KaK Onl.{HOHaJJbHbIH CTeK npOTOKOJIOB Mo.n:eJII1 OSI Ii nopa60TaTb C HI1M. 3TaJJOHHafI Mo.n:eJlb B3aHMo.n:eHCTBHfI OTKpblTbIX CI1CTeM (OSI) I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI B TeJle- KOMMyHHKal.{l1f1X. B .n:eHCTBI1TeJIbHOCTH, KaK e.n.HHoe l.{eJloe, Mo.n:eJIb OSI HI1Kor.n:a He 6bIJIa ycneIIIHOH Ha pbIHKe, HO HeKOTopbIe H3 opurHHaJJbHbIX npOTOKOJIOB OSI u no ceH .n:eHb HcnOJIb3YlOTCfI B KOMMYHHKaI.{HflX. 3a'leM )Ke Ha ::ITa Mo.n.eJIb B 3K3aMeHe CCNA? Mo- .n:eJlb OSI Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb 'laCTO I1cnOJIb3yeTcfI KaK 3TaJJOH Onl1CaHHfI npOTOKOJIOB. nOCKOJIbKY ,l{JIfI nOJIyqeHHfI CepTI1<!>I1KaI.{HI1 CCENT HJlH CCNA He06xo.n:I1MO nOHHMa- Hue OCHOBHbIX KOHl.{enl.{HH H TepMI1HOB ceTeBbIX CTpYKTYP H Mo.n:eJIeH, a TalOKe nOTOMY 'lTO MHorue .n:pyrl1e npOTOKOJIbI (B TOM 'lHCJIe 11 TCPjIP) nO'lTH Bcer.n:a CpaBHI1BaIOTCfI C Mo.n:eJlblO OSI 11 B HHX I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI TepMI1HOJIOrHfI OSI, 3TY MO.n:eJIb H}')KHO 3HaTb. CpaBHeHMe MO,QeneM OSI M TCP/IP 3TaJJoHHafi Mo.n:eJIb OSI CO.n.eP)KlIT ceMb npOHYMepOBaHHbIx ypoBHeH, Ka)l(.lI.bIH H3 KO- lOpbIX BbmOJIHfleT CooH oc06bIe <!>YHKI.{HI1 B CeTI1. Kor.n:a Mo.n:eJlb eme Haxo.n:HJlaCb B CTa- llHI1 aKTI1BHOH pa3pa6OTKH B 80-x, H Ha .n:opa60TKe B 90-x ro.n:ax, KOMHTeTbI no CTaHJ1ap- TH3aI.{H.... OSI C03.n:aJJH HOBbIe npOTOKOJIbI H cneUH<!>HKaUHH, peaJJH3yJOIllHe <!>YHKI.{HH Ka- JKlI:oro....3 ypOBHeH.,lLJIfi }')Ke CYIl{eCTByJOmHX npOTOKOJIOB, HanpHMep, JJ.JIfi CTeKa TCPjIP, HOBbie npOTOKOJIbI .... CTaHJ1apTbI He pa3pa6aTblBaJJHCb, CYIlleCTByJOIllHe pa3pa60TIGt npo- CTO 6bIJIU CTaHJ1apT....3HpOBaHbl B paMKax Mo.n:eJIH OSI. HanpHMep, MHCTHTYT IEEE K TO- My BpeMeHH Y)Ke BbmYCTHJI Bce He06xo.n:HMbIe Cnel.{....<!>HKaI.{HH TeXHOJIOru.... Ethernet, n03TOMY KOMHTeTbI OSI He TpaTHJIH BpeMfi H pecypCbI Ha TO, 'lT06bl BbmYCTHTb HOBbIe CTaHD.apTbI HJlH HOBbIH THn TeXHOJIOr....u Ethernet. OHH npOCTO CCbIJIaJJ....Cb Ha CYIl{eCTBO- BaBume Ha TOT MOMeHT CTaHJ1apTbl IEEE. Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb Mo.n:eJIb OSI HCnOJIb3yeTCfI B Ka'leCTBe 3TaJJOHa JJ.JIfi cpaBHeHHSI C JlPYfHMH Mo.n:eJIflMH. Ha pHC. 2.8 npHBe.ll.eHO cpaBHeHHe ceMH YPoBHeH Mo.n:eJIH OSI u 'IeTbIpex ypoBHeH Mo.n:eJIH TCPjIP. Ha pHCyHKe TalOKe nOKa3aHbI HeCKOJIbKO npHMepoB npOTOKOJIOB ....3 Mo.n:eJIH NetWare. (S- 051 nplolJ10>KeHIoIi:i npeACTaBJ1eHIoISI CeaHcoBbli:i TpaHcnopTHbli:i CeTeBoi:i KaHaI1bHblH q,IoI3WJeCKIoIi:i TCP/IP NetWare HTTp, SMTp, nplolJ10>KeHIoIi:i POP3. VolP TpaHcnopTHbli:i SPX Io1HTepHeT IPX AocTYna npOTOKOJ1b1 KceTIoI MAC-YPoBHSI Puc. 2.8. HCnOAb308UHUe MOiJeJ/U OS/8 KU'tecm8e 3mWlOHU OAR opyzux MOOeJ/eu
74 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM - nOCKOJIbKY OSI flBJIfleTCfI <!>aKTIt'leCKU e.n:ItHCTBeHHOH MO.n:eJIblO, B KOTOpOH O'IeHb XO- pOIIIO It 'leTKO onpe.n:eJIeHbI Ha60pbI <!>YHKIlItH K(l)I()10rO H3 ceMH ypOBHeH. JII060H ceTeRoi1 npOTOKOJI HJlH cneUH<!>HKaUHIO ItMeeT CMbICJI CpaBHHBaTb C Hau60JIee 6JIU3KHM eMY YPOR- HeM, HanpHMep, C nepBbIM ypOBHeM Mo.n:eJIH OSI, BTOpbIM, TpeTbHM H T..n:. TaK. HanpUMep, ItHTepHeT-ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJIIt TCPjIP, e.n:ItHCTBeHHbIM npOTOKOJIOM KOTOpOro SlBJlHeTCSI IP, COOTBeTC'fByeT TpeTbeM)' ypOBHIO Mo.n:eJIIt OS!. n03TOM)' MHorne Cnel.{HaJJltCTbI HCnOJIb3YOT TepMUHOJIOrnlO ypoBHeH Mo.n:eJIH OSI H roBOpm, 'ITa IP SlBJIfleTCfI npOTOKOJIOM CeTeBOro YPOBHfI, HJlIt npoTOKOJIOM TpeTbero ypOBHfI. B .n:eHCTBItTeJIbHOCTH, eCJIU HCnOJIb30BaTb Hy_ Mepal.{ltlO Mo.n:eJIH TCPjIP It B o6IllenpHHflToM CTHJle Ha'lHHaTb OTC'leT ypoBHeH CHU3y, TO npOTOKOJI IP OTHOCItTCfI KO BTOpOMY ypoBHIO Mo.n:eJIIt CBOeH Mo.n:eJIIt. no Bce06Il{eMY COfJIa- IIIeHUIO npaKTH'leCKH nOBceMeCTHO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI CTaHAapT OSI nplt OnUCaHlt1t npoTOKo- JIOB, n03TOM)' }'Ka3aHUe Ha TO, 'lTO 3TO npOTOKOJI ceTeBOro ypOBHfI He flBJlHeTCfI oUIH6K0i1. nOCMOTpeB Ha pitC. 2.8, MO:>KHO BnOJIHe 06ocHoBaHHo CKa3aTb. 'lTO ceTeBOH It HHTep- HeT-ypOBeHb O'leHb CXO)KH, o.n:HaKO 061>flCHItTb nO'leMY - HeB03MO:>KHO. llT06bl nOHSlTb, nO'leMY TOT ItJIIt ItHOH ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJIIt TCPjIP COOTBeTcTByeT ypOBHIO Mo.n:eJIU OSI, He- 06XO.n:HMO BJIa.n:eTb 60JIee my60KHMH 3HaHHflMit a nOCJIe.n:HeH. TaK, HanpltMep. KaK ceTeBOH. TaK It HHTepHeT-ypOBeHb 3a.n:a1OT JIOrH'leCKYIO a.apecal.{ulO H np.aBUJIa MapIIIPYTH3al.{ltit B CeTIt. D.eTaJJlt npoueCCOB H CneI.{H<!>uKaI.{HH 06eHx Mo.n:eJIeH MOryT HeMHoro OTJIlI'IaTbCH, HO <!>YHKIlUU U l.{eJIU o6oltx YPoBHeH BnOJIHe o.n:HHaKOBbI. AHaJJOflt'lHO, TpaHCnOpTHblH ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJlIt TCPjIP CTaHAap-rU3HpyeT MHO:>KeCTBO <!>YHKI.{UH. B TOM 'lUCJIe H BOCCTa- HOBJIeHlte nOCJle OIIIIt60K; TO'lHO Te :>Ke caMble <!>YHKUUIt 3a.n:aeT 'leTBepTbIH, ItJIU TJ)aHC- nopTHbIH. ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJlH OSI. I1MeHHo no 3TOH npU'lUHe npOTOKOJI TCP 3a'laCTylO Ha- 3bIBalOT KaK npOTOKOJIOM TpaHcnop-rHoro ypOBHfI, TaK It npOTOKOJIOM 'leTBepToro ypOBHH (no.n:pa3YMeBafi B nOCJIe.n:HeM CJIyqae HMeHHO MOll.eJIb OS I). He Bce ypOBHH Mo.n:eJIH TCPjlP HanpflMyJO COOTBeTCTByJOT KaKOM)'-JIH60 O.n:HOM)' YPOB- HIO Mo.n:eJIU OSI. B 'laCTHOCTU, ypoBeHb .n:ocryna K cern TCPjIP 3a.n:aeT KaK <!>1t3H'IeCKItC CneI.{H<!>uKaI.{HH cpe.n:bl. TaK H npOTOKOJIbI, ItCnOJIb3yeMbie ,lI.IUI ynpaBJIeHHSI <!>H3lI'IeCKOil cpe.n:oH, B Mo.n:eJIIt OSI :>Ke CneI.{H<!>HKaUHH <!>1t3U'leCKOH cpe.n:bI BblHeceHbI B <!>H3lI'IeCJQ1H ypOBeHb. a ynpaBJIHIOIllHe <!>YHKI.{HH - B KaHaJJbHbIH ypoBeHb. Ha npaKTHKe MHorne cnc- I.{ltaJJHCTbI npe.n:cTaBJIHIOT ce6e Mo.n:eJIb TCPjIP B BH.lle nflTlIypOBHeBOH cxeMbI. pacnoJIarlUl Ha MeCTe ypOBHSI.n:OC1)'na K cern .n:Ba HIDKHHX H3 ceMH ypoBHeH Mo.n:eJIH OSI. BHHMAHMEI - .lI..nH ycnewHoH cn.a'!lt 3K3aMeHa H}')KHO 3HaTb 06a onl1CaHItH Mon.eJlIt TCPjIP: C O.ilHItM ypOBHCM llOCTyIla K CeTIt 11 C n.BYMH ypOBHHMIt. <t>1t311'!eCKItM 11 KaHaJ/bHbIM. _ CJ>YHK'-'...... ypOBHeM MOAen... OSI It ti8 KOMnaHItSi Cisco Tpe6yeT OT cneUUaJJHCTOB ypOBHfI CCNA, 'lT06bI OHIt nOHHMaJI H8- 6a30BoM ypOBHe <!>YHKI.{ItH Ka)l(,lloro 1t3 ceMH YPoBHeH Mo.n:eJIU OSI, a TalOKe nOMHHJ11t 3H8 1 '" 3RaHitfi Bcex ypoBHeH It nopfl.n:OK ItX CJIe.n:OBaHHfI. He MeHee nOJIe3HO 6y.n:eT TaIOKe MW <!>YHKIlltfiM KaKoro ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJIIt OSI Halt60JIee 6.nU3KO COOTBeTcTByeT Ka)I(,lloe yno tI M0.l1 C . 1 HaeMoe B .n:aHHoH KHHre YCTpOHCTBO HJIU npOTOKOJI. BepxHHe ypOBHU 3TaJJOHHOU 5 OSI (YPoBeHb npHJIO)KeHHH. npe.n:CTaBJIeHHfI.n:aHHbIX H ceaHcoBblH, T.e. ypOBHIt 7, Ie 3a.n:a1OT OCHOBHbIe <!>YHKUHH npUJIO)KeHItH. l.JeTbIpe HU)KHItX ypOBHfI (TpaHCnOpTHbI It , / T"'''''U 1<" ,.,. "hH hi U H <DH3H'leCKIt if - COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 4, 3. 2 It I) onpe.n:eJIfllOT <!>YHJ(il lil
75 rI1a s a 2. CeTeBble MOAenM TCP/IP M OSI -- CBSl3aHHbIe co CKB03HOH nepe.n:a'lei1 .n:aHHbIX 'lepe3 ceTb. B 3K3aMeHe CCNA OCHOBHoe BIHiMaHlfe y.n:eJUIeTCH np06JIeMaM, CBfl3aHHbiM C 'leTbIpbMH HH)I(HHMH ypOBHflM, B 'laCT- HOCTlf.DJI fi BToporo ypOBHH Ba)l(Hbl TeXHOJIOrUH KOMMYTaUUH, ,l{JIfi l'peTberO ypoBHH Hau- 60JIee lfHTepecHbI MexaHU3Mbi MaprupYTH3amiH H T.n. B Ta6JI. 2.4 onHCaHbJ OCHOBHbIe l}>yHKLllflf Beex ceMH YPoBHeH Mo.n:eJIU OSI. Ta6J1HUB 2.4. cJ»YHKIJ,IIH ypOBHe" 3TaJlOHHO" MO,aeJIH OSI YpoBeHb OnHC8HHe cJIYHKIJ,IIH 7 6 5 4 3 ---- YpOBeHb npl1JJo>KeHI1I1 (application layer) HBJUleTCH 6J1I1>KaI1WI1M K nOJlbJOB3TeJIIO 11 npellocTaBilHeT CJlyiK6bI ero npl1J10>KeHI1HM. OH HBilHeTCH I1HTep!fJeHcoM Me>K11Y npI1JJO>KeHI1HMI1 11 KOMMYHI1KaLll10HHbIM nporpaMMHbIM o6eCne'leHl1eM. .llaHHbIH ypoBeHb TalOKe onpe.n:eJlHeT npoLlecc ayreHTI1!fJI1KaUI1I1 nOJlb30BaTeJlH YpoBeHb npellcTaBileHIDI npeo6pa3yeT llaHHble B Olll1H 113 MHOrO'lI1CJleHHbIX cyweCTBYlOlUl1X !fJopMaTOB. KOTOpblH nOJUIep>KI1BaeTCH 06el1MI1 CI1CTeMaMI1. a TalOKe OTBe'laeT 33 comaCOBaHl1e !fJopMaTa nepe.n:a'll1.n:aHHbIX, Hanpl1Mep, 6YlleT 3TO TeKCT B KOlll1pOBKe ASCII'I1JJI1 EBCDIC', I1JJI1 611HapHbIH '!fJafuJ, I1JJI1 !fJopMaT BCD', 1tJ11111306p3>KeHl1e JPEG'. WI1!fJpoBaHl1e I1H!fJopMaLlI1I1 OTHOCI1TCH K llaHHOMY ypOBHIO 11 H BIIHeTCH ero CJlyiK60H KaK nOHHTHO 113 Ha3BaHI1H 3TOro ypOBHH, ceaHCOBbIH ypOBeHb (session layer) YCTaHaBIII1BaeT ceaHCbI CBH311 Me>K.llY llBYMH pa60'lI1MI1 CTaHLlI1HMl1, ynpaBlUleT I1MI1 11 pa3pbIB3eT I1X. OH TalOKe CI1HXpoHI1311pyeT lll13J10r Me>K.llY ypoBHHMI1 npellCTaBlleHI1H llBYX CI1CTeM 11 ynpaBilHeT llBYHanapaBlleHHbIM o6MeHoM llaHHbIMI1 TaKI1M o6pa30M, '1TO npl1J10>KeHI1H BepXHI1X ypoBHeH yJlellOMJIHIOTCH 0 nOJl}"leHl111 HeKoToporo 3aBepweHHoro Ha60pa coo6lUeHI1I1. ::hOT ypOBeHb nepellaeT ypOBHIO npe.n:CTaBlleHI1H llaHHbIX HenpepbIBHbIH nOTOK llaHHbIX TpaHcnopTHbIH ypOBeHb (transport layer) cerMeHTl1pYeT llaHHble nepellalOlUel1 CTaHLll1l111 BHOBb co611paeT I1X B OllHO LleJlOe Ha npl1HI1MalOlUeH CTopOHe. npOTOKOJlbl :noro ypOBHH npellOCTaBilHIOT MHO>KeCTBO CJlyiK6, KOTopble nOllpo6HO paCCMOTpeHbI B maBe 6. YpOBHI1 C 5 no 7 MOlleJlI1 OSI c!fJoKycl1poBaHbI Ha np06J1eMax npItJlO>KeHI1H, a '1eTBepTloll1 ypOBeHb CBHJaH C np06J1eMaMI1.n:ocTaBKI1.n:aHHblx y.n:3JleHHOMY KOMnblOTepy, Hanpl1Mep, C KOppeKUl1eH OWI160K 11 KOHTpOJleM nOTOKa llaHHbIX CeTeBOH ypOBeHb (network layer) HBilHeTCH KOMnJleKCHbIM ypOBHeM, 06ecne'lI1B3lOlUI1M BbI60p Mapwpyra 11 coe.n:I1HeHl1e Me>K.llY C060H llBYX pa6o'll1x CTaHLlI1I1, KOTopble MOryr 6bITb pacnOJlO>KeHbI B reorpa!fJI1'1eCKI1 Yll3JIeHHblX llpyr OT llpyra ceTHX. OH pewaeT TpI1 OCHOBHbIX 33IIa'll1: JlOrl1'1eCK3H aapeCaLlI1H, Mapwpyrl13aLll1H (nepeHanpaBlleHl1e naKeTOB) 11 OnpelleJleHl1e MapwpyroB B CeTI1. KOHLlenLlI1H Mapwpyrl13aLll111 OnpelleJlHeT, KaK I1MeHHO CneLll13!111311pOBaHHble YCTpOHCTBa (06bI'IHO:nO Mapwpyrn3aTopbI) nepeHanpaBilHIOT naKeTbI K KOHe'lHoMY nOJl}"laTeJlIO. J1orl1'1eCKaH aapecaLlI1H YKa3bI BaeT, KaK I1MeHHO llOJl>KeH 6blTb C!fJOPMI1POB3H aapec YCTpOHCTBa B CeTI1 11 KaK TaKoH aapec 6YlleT I1CnonbJOBaTbCH B MapwpYTI!33UI1I1. MeXaHI1JM onpelleJleHI1H MapwpyroB yJ<aJbIBaeT. KaK I1MeHHO npOTOKOJlbl MapwpYTI!33UI1I1, KOTOpbIM I1JBeCTHbI a6COJllOTHO Bce MapwpyrbI B CeTl1, BbI611palOT 11 I1CnOJlbJYK>T Hal1JJ}"IWI1H 113 HI1X ---- 'c /tblii 1C::paU{eHue om American standard code for information interchange - AMepuKaHcKuu cmaHiJapm- ) C 06MeHa UHrjJopMau.ueu. - npItMe'l. pe,a. deCJ/11I:'t;::eHue om Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code - paClUupeHHblU iJeOUItHO- 'Co II lCooo6MeHa UHrjJopMau.ueu. - npItMe'l. pen.. 'Co ICpaU{eHue om Binary Coded Decimal- iJ80UItHo-iJecRmUItHOe ItUCAO. - npItMe'l. pen.. /toii o6p 1CU{eHue om Joint Photographic Expens Group - o6beouHeHHaJ/ i!pynna 3Kcnepm08 no MaIUUH- IlPII"'e omlCe rjJomoi!parjJUlteCKUX u306pa:JICeHUU, GAi!OpUmM C:JICamUR Hen008U:JICHOi!O u306pa:JICeHuR. - ct. pell.
76 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM - OKOH'taHue ma6A. 2.4 YpoBeHb OnHcaHHe cJIYUKlHH 2 K3HaJIbHblH ypOBeHb (data link layer) 06eCne'lI1B3eT H3.D,eJKHYK> nepell,3'1Y lI,aHHblX no 1fJ11311'1ecKoMY KaHaJIY. OH 33,LJ,aeT npaBltJla (npoTOKOJIbl), onpe.ueJIHIOU1I1e, KaK I1MeHHO YCTj>OHCTBO MOJKeT nepeCJIaTb lI,aHHble B onpell,eJIeHHOH cpell,e nepell,a'll1. npOTOKOJIbl KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHH T3K>Ke 33,LJ,31OT lfJopMaT 33rOJIOBKOB 11 KOHUeBI1KOB BToporo ypOBHH, KOTopble n03BOJIHIOT ycnewHo nepell,aB3Tb.ll.aHHble B KaKOH-JII160 cpell,e YCTjJOHCTB3M. KOHLleBI1K KaHaJIbHOrO YPOBHH. KOTOpblM 3aBepwalOTcH I1HKancYJII1pOB3HHble lI,aHHble, 06bl'lHO COll,ep>KJtT nOJIe KOHTjJOJIbHOH CYMMbl IfJpeHMa (Frame Check Sequence - FCS), I1cnOJIb3yeMoe npl1HI1MalOUI1M YCTPOHCTBOM MH 06HaPYJKeHI1H OWI160K nepell,a'll1 <I>11311'1eCKI1H ypOBeHb (physical layer) onpell,eJIHer ::lJIeKTPI1'1eCKl1e, npOLlell,ypHble 11 IfJYHKLll10HaJIbHble CneLll1lfJl1KaUl1l1MH Cpell,bl nepell,a'll1l1,aHHbIX, B TOM '1I1CJIe CTaHllapTHble p33'beMbl, pacnaHKY 11 Ha3Ha'leHl1e KOHTaKTOB, ypOBHI1 HanpHJKeHI1H, CI1HXPOHI133Ul11O 113MeHeHI1J1 HanpHJKemlH, KOll,I1pOB3HI1e Cl1rHaJIa B cpell,e. MeTOll, MO.II.YJIHLlI1I1 CBerOBblX Cl1rHaJIOB 11 npaBltJla aKTI1B3Lll1l1l1l1,eaKTI1B3UI1I1 1fJ11311'1eCKOH Cpell,bl nepell,3'111 B Ta6JI. 2.5 nepe'lHCJleHbI OCHOBHbIe YCTpOi1cTBa H npOTOKOJIbI, HaH60JIee 'laCTO BCTpe- 'lalOIllHeCfI B 3K3aMeHe CCNA H 3TOH KHHre, a TalOKe YKa3aHa HX npHBH3Ka K YPOBHSlM Mo.n:eJlH OSI. CJIe.n:yeT 3aMernTb, '1m B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH 60JIbIllHHCTBO H3 npHBe.n:eHHbIX YCTpOHCTB pa60TaeT cpa3Y C HeCKOJIbKHMH ypOBHHMH Mo.n:eJIH OSI, YKa3aHHblH B Ta6JIuue ypOBeHb flBJIfieTCH caMbIM BepXHUM, C KOTOpblM MO)l(eT pa60TaTb YCTpOHCTBO B npOl.{ecce BbmOJIHeHHfI CBOHX OCHOBHblX 3a.lI.a'l. B 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJIH OSI, eCJlH npOTOKOJI HJIH cJI}')K6a pa60TaeT Ha HeCKOJIbKHX YPOBHflX, npHHHTO }'Ka3bIBaTb caMblH oePXHHH H3 HUX. HanpHMep, MaprnpYTU3aTopbl Bcer.n:a OTHOCflT K 3 YPOBHIO 3TaJIOHHOH MOlleJIH, XOTSI, BnOJIHe O'leBJ.t.U.HO, OHH co.n:ep)((aT <PYHKl.{HH I H 2 ypoBHeH. Ta6JIHlUt 2.5. 3TaJIOHHaH MO,QeJIb OSI: npHMepbl ycrpOACTB H npOTOKOJIOB Ha3BaHHe ypOBHJI npOTOKOJIbi H cnelUlcJIHKaIUlH Telnet, HTIP, FrP, SMTP, POP3, VoIP. SNMP TCP, UDP IP Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), HDLC, Frame Relay, PPP Y crpoHCTBa YpOBHI1 npItJlOJKeHI1H, npe.ll.CTaBJIeHIDI lI,aHHblX 11 ceaHcoBblJl (c 5 no 7) EpaHllMaY3p,CI1CTeMa o6H3PYJKeHI1J1 BTOp>KeHI1H TpaHcnopTHblJl (4) CeTeBoH (3) K3HaJIbHblH (2) <I>11311'1eCKI1H (I) RJ-45, EIA(fIA-232, V35, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) Mapwpyrl13aTOp KOMMyr3TOP JIOKaJIbHOH ceTI1, 6ecnpoBOlI,H!UI TO'lKa lI,ocT)'n3, Ka6eJIbHblH MOll,eM, DSL-MOlleM KOHUeHTjJaTOp JIOKaJIbHOH cerl1. nOBTOpl1TeJIb -- KpOMe Taro, 'ITO Ha 3K3aMeHe H}')KHO 'leTKO npe.n:CTaBJUlTb ce6e OCHoBHbIe <pyHKUIHI Bcex ypoBHeH Mo.n:eJIU OSI (CM. Ta6JI. 2.4) H nOMHHTb npHMepbl YCTpOHCTB H npOTOKOJl; AillI K1UK,lI.oro YPOBHfI (CM. Ta6JI.2.5), CJle.n:yeT TalOKe 3anOMHHTb Ha3BaHHfI Bcex YPOBtJ el . MO)((HO npoem Bbl3y6pHTb HX, HO MHorHe JIIO}])t npe.n:nO'lHTalOT HCnOJIb30BaTb HeKoTOPb Ie MHeMOHH'leCKHe npaBHJla, 'lTo6bI ynpOCTHTb 3anOMHHaHHe. MbI npe.!I,.IIaraeM HCnOJlb3 0aaTb O.lI.HY H3 CJle.llYlOIllHX HH)Ke <pPa3, B KOTOpblX nepBafi 6YKBa CJlOBa COOTBeTcTByeT aHrJIOf3 b f!-
rl1aBa 2. CeTeBble MOAenM TCP/IP M OSI 77 - flOM)' fla3BaHHIO COOTBeTCTByJOIl{ero ypOBHH Mo.n:eJIH OSI. YpOBHH B TaKOH cxeMe 3anOMU- flafllfH KZIYT B npaBHJlbHOM nOPflAKe, nOpflAOK CJle.n:OBaHHfI YKa3aH B cK06Kax. . All People Seem To Need Data Processing6 (CJleBa HanpaBO: C 7 no I). . Please Do Not Take Sausage Pizzas Away (CJIeBa HanpaBo: C I no 7). . Pew! Dead Ninja Turtles Smell Particularly Awful (CJleBa HanpaBo: C I no 7). 3aeM HY>KHa ypOBHeBas:l CTpYKTYpa MO,qenM OSI, ee npeMMy"-,eCTBa .llonOJIHHTeJIbHbIe npeHMYIlleCTBa MOryT 6bITb nOJIyqeHbI 3a C'leT pa3.n:eJIeHUfi BceH ClfCTeMbI cereBoH KOMMYHHKal.{HH Ha MeHbume yqacTKH, Ha3bIBaeMbIe yp06HJlMU, a TaIOKe 3a C'JeT onpe.n:eJIeHHfI CTaI-l)J;apTHbIX HHTep<f>eHcoB Me)l(,l(y ypOBHHMH. npH 3TOM KaJKllbIH YP0BeHb OTBe'laeT 3a onpe.n:eJIeHHbIH 3Tan npouecca KOMMYHHKaUHH H B3aHMo.n:eHcTByeT TOJIbKO C ypoBHeM, HaXO,l{flIl{HMCH Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO no.n: HHM, H C ypoBHeM Ha.n: HHM. Ta- Koe B3aHMo.n:eHcTBlfe cTporo onpe.n:eJIHeT Ha3Ha'leHHe KIDKLI.Oro ypOBHH. YpOBHH pa36u- BalOT 6oJIbwyJO H CJIO)KHyJO KOHl.{enl.{HIO HJlH creK npOTOKOJIOB B Ha60p MeHbIIIero pa3Me- pa CTaHAapTOB, n03BOJIfllOIl{HX npOIlle pa3pa6aTbIBaTb H BHe.n:pflTb B nporpaMMHoM H an- napaTHOM 06ecne'leHHH, npoIlle YCTpaHHTb HeHcnpaBHocTH H H3yqaTb TeHOJIOrHIO. OCHoBHbIe npeHMYllleCTBa MHoroYPoBHeBoH Mo.n:eJIH nepe'lHCJIeHbI HH)Ke. . YnpOIueHHe pewaeMbIX 3a.n:a'l - MHoroypoBHeBaH Mo.n:eJlb n03BOJIfieT pa3- C....A 6ltTb 3a.n:a'lY Ha MeHbillHe H 60JIee npocTble 3TanbI. eM8 · CTaH.llapTH3alHSI HHTepctJeHcoB B3aHMo.n:eHcTBHfI ypoBHeH n03BOJIHeT pa3- HblM npOH3BO.n:HTeJIHM C03.n:aBaTb YCTpOHCTBa, opHeHTHpoBaHHbIe Ha BbInOJIHeHHe KaKOH-JIH60 onpe.n:eJleHHOH cl>YHKI.{HH, a KOHKYpeHUHH B paMKax OTKpbITbIX Mo.n:e- JIeH Be.n:eT K 3Ha'lHTeJIbHoMY YJIy'IIIIeHHIO npo.n:YKTa. · YnpomeHHe npouecca o6yqeHHSI - JIIO,l{fIM HaMHoro npOllle H3yqaTb .n:eTaJIH OT- .n:eJIbHbIX npOTOKOJIOB H YPoBHeH. · YnpomeHHe npouecca pa3pa6oTKH HOBbIX YC'TpOHCTB - 'leM npollle npo.n:yKTbI H YCT- POHcTBa, TeM npollle H 6b1cTpee MO)I(HO BHeCTH B HHX KaKHe-JIH60 H3MeHeHHH, a TalOKe pa3pa60TaTb HOBbIe npo.n:YKTbI. · CoBMecTHMOCTb YCTPOHCTB pa3HbIX npOH3BO.lUlTeJleH - eCJIH YCTpOHCTBa OTBe'lalOT O.n:HUM H reM)I(e CTaI-I.LWpTaM, 3TO 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO KOMnblOTepbl H ceTeBoe 060py.n:0- BaHlie OT pa3HbIX npoH3Bo.n:HTeJIeH 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb .n:Pyr C .n:PyroM. · Mo il;YJ1bHble pa3pa6OTKH - O.n:HH npOH3Bo.n:HTeJlb MO)l(eT HanHcaTb nporpaMMHoe o6eCne'leHHe, pa6OTalOIllee Ha BepXHHX ypoBHHX, HanpHMep, Be6-6paY3ep KOMna- HHH Opera, a .n:pyrOH pa3pa60T'IHK MO)l(eT HanHcaTb nporpaMMHoe 06ecne'leHHe HIUKHHX ypoBHeH, HanpHMep, peaJIH3al.{HIO CTeKa npOTOKOJIOB TCPjIP B Onepal.{H- OHOH CHCTeMe KOMnaHUH Microsoft H, B paMKax CTaI-l)J;apTOB, nporpaMMHoe o ecne'leHHe 6y.n:eT ycneillHo pa60TaTb C ceTblO. --- . B tlep e 600e rI. tlOAlUltal1lb yJPCl3b1 He nOMOi!ym 30nOMHumb H0360HUR U nopROOK CJle0060HUR YP06Heu, CAe(Jyem 30- iJo ltltbOc B UX 6 OHZAUUCKOM 60pUOHme. llep6aJ1 rPfJG30 - 6ceM AlOiJRM, HeCOMHeHHO, HY:J/CHO o6p06omKO YrjJ! MeI1I I1I0pClJI rPpa30 - nO:JICGJlyucmo, He YHocume C co6ou nUl{1{Y C COCUCKaMU. TpembR rPP030 - 6b1e 'IepenOWKU-HUH03R naxHym UCKAHJ'tumeJlbHO Y:J/COCHO. - npItMe'l. pen.
78 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeH - ,lJ,OCToHHCTBa MHoroypOBHeBoro no.n:xo.n:a MOryT 6bITb npmtJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHbI Ha nplt- Mepe 06bI'lHOH nO'lTbI. Kor.n:a KTO-TO nHrneT nUCbMO, OH He 3a.n:yMbIBaeTCfI 0 TOM. KaK HMeHHO pa60TaeT nO'lTOBaH cJI}')K6a H KaK OHa .n:OCTaBHT nHCbMO, HanpHMep, no pecy BH)'TpH CTpaHbI. Pa60THHK nO'lTbI. COPTHPYIOIllUH H 3arp}')Ka1OIllUH nHCbMa, He 3a.n:)'MbI- BaeTCH 0 TOM, 'lTO MO)l(eT 6bITb BHYTPH nHCbMa. AHaJIOrH'lHO, MHoroypOBHeBafi Mo.n:eJ1b n03BOJIHeT KaKOMY-JIH60 nporpaMMHOMY 06eCne'leHHIO lIJIH annapaTHOMY YClpoHCTBY peaJIH30BaTb CPYHKl.{HH TOJIbKO O.n:HOro ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJIH H npe.n:nOJIaraTb, 'lTO .n:pyroe npo- rpaMMHoejannapaTHoe 06eCne'leHHe 6y.n:eT KOppeKTHO BbInOJIHHTb CPYHKl.{HH OCTaBIIIHXCSI ypOBHeM. HanpHMep, Be6-6paY3epy He06f13aTeJIbHO "3HaTb" 0 TOM, KaKafi HMeHHO TOno- JIOrHfI H TeXHOJIOrHfI ceTH HCnOJIb3yeTCfI, TO'lHO TaK )l(e KaK Ethemet-a.n:anrepy KOMnblO- Tepa He H}')KHO HHCneKTHpOBaTb co.n:ep)l(HMoe Be6-c'TpaHHUbi. B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b, npOMe)Ky- TO'lHOMY MaprnPYTH3aTOpy r.n:e-TO B ceTH He H}')KHa HH<popMaI.{HH 0 TOM, 'lTO co.n:ep)I(HTCSI B 3anparnHBaeMOM Be6-c'TpaHHue H TeM 60JIee ero He HHrepecyeT, OTnpaBlIJI KOMnblOTep naKeT nocpe.n:CTBOM CBoero Ethemet-a.n:anTepa B ceTb lIJIH C nOMoIllblO KaKoM-JIu60 .n:PY- rOM ceTeBoM IUlaTbi. TepMMHonorMs:I MHKancyns:lLl,MM MO,q,enM OSI TO'lHO TaK )l(e KaK H TCPjIP, Mo.n:eJIb OSI CTaHAapTH3HPYeT npouecc nOJIy'IeHHSI CJI}')K6 BepxHHMH ypOBHHMH OT HIDKHHX. l1'r06bI npe.n:ocTaBHTb TaKHe CJI}')K6b1, HH)lame ypOBHH Mo.n:eJIH HHKancyJIHp}'lOT .n:aHHbIe BepxHHx ypoBHeM B 3aroJIOBOK onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO cpopMaTa. nOCJIe.n:HHM pa3.n:eJI 3TOM maBbI nOCBHIl{eH TepMHHOJIOrUH H KOHllenllUHM HH- KancYJIflUHH B Mo.n:eJIH OS!. B Mo.n:eJIH TCPjIP HCnOJIb3}'lOTcfI TaKHe TepMHHbI, KaK cerMeHT, naKeT H cppeMM llJISi onHcaHHfI HHKancYJIHpOBaHHbIX .n:aHHbIX pa3HbIx ypoBHeM (CM. pHC. 2.7). B Mo.n:eJIH OSI HCnOJIb3yeTCfI 60JIee o6IllHM TepMHH - npomoKoAbHblU 6AOK oaHHblX (protocol data unit- PDU). no.n: POU nOHHMalOT KaK 6HTbI 3arOJIOBKa H KOHl.{eBHKa cOOTBeTcTB}'lOIl{ero YPOB- HfI, TaK H caMH HHKancYJIHpOBaHHbIe .n:aHHbIe. HanpHMep, IP-naKeT, KOTOpbIM nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 2.7, HBJIHeTCH 6JIOKOM POU. 3a'lacTYIO roBOpHT, 'lTO IP-naKeT flBJUleTCH 6JIOKOM POU 'TpeTbero ypOBHH. nOCKOJIbK)' npOTOKOJI IP OTHOCHTCH K 'TpeTbeM)' ypoBHIO (Layer 3 - L3) Mo.n:eJlH OS!. A66peBHal)'pa L3PDU'laCTO HCnOJIb3YeTCfI KaK YKopO'leHHafi 311- nUCb Ha3BaHHfI 6JIOKa .n:aHHbIX 'TpeTbero ypOBHH (Layer 3 POU). TaKHM 06pa30M, BMeCTO TepMHHOB cerMeHT, naKeT, cppeHM B Mo.n:eJIH OSI HCnOJIb3yeTcH 0603Ha'leHHe "PDU x- YPOBHfI" , r.n:e CHMBOJIOM "x" 0603Ha'laeTCH 06cy)I(,l{aeMbIM B .n:aHHbIM MOMeHT YPoBeHb. HHKancYJIflUHH B Mo.n:eJIH OSI 3a.n:aeTCfI TO'lHO TaK )l(e, KaK H B TCPjIP. Bce YPOBtHi. KpOMe caMoro HIDKHero, HMelOT CBOM 3arOJIOBOK H .n:06aBJIHIOT ero K 6JIOK)' .n:aHHblX, T.e. BbInOJIHfleTCfI UHKanCYJIfll.{Hfi nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX OT BepXHero YPOBHfI. KaHaJIbHbIM ypOBeI-lb .n:06aBJUIeT H 3arOJIOBOK, H KOHl.{eBHK H nOMeIllaeT POU 'TpeTbero ypOBHfI Me)l()],Y HUM"' Ha pUC. 2.9 npOHJlJlIOC'TpHpOBaH THnH'lHbIH npol.{ecc HHKanCYJUII.{HH. BBepxy nOKa3aI-l .n:aHHbIe ypoBHH npHJIO)l(eHHM Hero 3aroJIOBOK, B caMOM HH3Y - 6JIOK L2POU, KOTOPbIU nepe.n:aeTcfI }')Ke Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO B cpH3H'leCKHH KaHaJI.
rl1aBa 2. CeTeBble MOAel1M TCpnp M OSI 79 LN2H - 3aronoBoK N2-YPOBHR L7H 1 AaHHble I L7PDU LN2T - KOHl.eBI-IK N2-YPOBHR L6H AaHHble I L6PDU . L5H AaHHble I L5PDU . L4H AaHHble I L4PDU . L3H JJ,aHHble I L3PDU . I 12H JJ,aHHble I L2T I 12PDU Puc. 2.9. IfHKancYJlJ/l(UR U 6J10KU PDU 8 MOiJeJlU OSI
80 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeH -- - nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY - nOBTopMTe Bee 1(J1IOeBble TeMbl CJIe.n:YeT nOBTOpHTb Bce KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbl .n:aHHoH maBbl, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI mU<TorpaMMoH Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 2.6 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI TeKyweH maBbI H COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He HM CTPaHHl.{bI. Coao eM8-- Ta6JIHua 2.6. K.mO'IeBbie TeMbi rJIaBbi 2 3JIeMeHT OnHcaHHe HOMep CTp8HH/J,bI 67 70 T36n. 2.3 Pl1c. 2.5 PI1C. 2.7 JI,3HO onpelleneHl1e B33I1MOlleIcTBI1H p3BHoueHHbIX ypoBHeH 11 CMe>KHbIX ypoBHeH npOI1JIJIIOCTPl1pOB3Hbl npellOCT3BJ1HeMble npoToKony IP Cny>K6bI K3H3JJbHOro ypOBHH 11 Onl1C3H npouecc llOCT3BKI1 n3KeT3 OT Y3JI3 K Y3JIY npOI1JIJIIOCTPl1p0B3H3 TepMI1HOnOrl1H 6noKoB1l3HHbIX p33HbIX ypoBHeA: cerMeHT, n3KeT 11 !fJpeHM npl1BelleHO cp3BHeHI1e ceTeBblX MOlleneA OSII1 TCP/IP nepe'lI1cneHbl npeI1MYUleCTB3 MHoroypOBHeBbIX CeTeBbIX MOlleneH 72 Pl1c.2.8 73 77 Cnl1COK 3anonHMTe Ta6nMLI,bl M cnMCKM no naMs:lTM Pacne'laTaihe npHJIO)l(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH ero pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CflIl{HHCfI K :nOH maoe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)l(eHlUI 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbie Ta6JIHIJ.bI H cnHCKH .lI.JUI caMOKOHrpOJIfi. KntO'ieBble TepMMHbl rnaBbl ,[{aHTe onpe.n:eJleHHfI nepe'lHCJleHHbIX HH)I(e TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBlIJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHSI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: B3aHMo.n:eHcTBHe CMe)KHbIX ypoBHeH, .n:eKanCYJISlIJ.HfI, HHKanCYJISlIJ.HSI, cppeHM, ceTeBaJI Mo.n:eJIb, naKeT, 6JIOK .n:aHHbIX npOTOKOJIa (PDU), B3aHMo.n:eHCTBHe paBHolleHHbIx ypOB- HeH, CerMeHT. 3TanoHHas:l MO,qenb OSI B Ta6JI. 2.7 nepe'lHCJleHbI Bce ypOBHH Mo.n:eJIH OS I H npHBe.n:eHo KpaTKoe omfcatHie <l>YHKIJ.HH KIDK.D.Oro YPOBHSI. 31)' Ta6JIHI.{Y H}')KHO 3HaTb Ha naMflTb. Ta6JIHua 2.7. KpaTKoe onHcaHHe MO.l{eJIH OSI --- YpoBeHb OnHcaHHe cJlYHKIUIH ___ npltJlO>KeHI1H (7) j!BJlHeTCH I1HTep4JeAcoM Me>K.LI.Y ceTeBbIMI1 Cny>K6aMI1I1 npItJlO>KeHI1HMI1. 3ToT ypOBeHb T3KJKe OTBe'l3eT 33 3yreHTI1!fJI1K3UI1IO nonb30BaTeneA npellCT3BJ1eHlliI1l3HHbIX (6) 3anaeT <l><>PM3T 11 Opr3HI133Ul11O 113HHbIX. 3TOT ypOBeHb T310Ke OTBe'l3eT 311 WI1!fJpOB3Hl1e ______
- 2 CeTeBble MOAenM TCP/IP M OSI rI1aBa . 81 OKOH'IaHUe ma6A. 2.7 YpoBeHb Ce aHcOBbli! (5) TpaHcnopTHblH (4) CeTeooi! (3) KaHaJIbHbli! (2) «I>H3H'IeCKHH (I) OnHC8HHe cJIYHKllHH YCTaHaBJIHBaeT H ynpaBJIHeT CKB03HblMH ceaHcaMH MeJK.L1Y llBYMH KOHe'lHblMH TO'lKaMH B ceTH. 3TOT ypOBeHb BKJllO'IaeT B ce6H CpellCTIa ynpaBJIeHHH nOTOKaMH llaHHblX npellJlaraeT MHO>KeCTBO MeTOllOB B3aHMOlleHCTBHH llBYX KOMnbIOTepOB. B TOM 'IHCne npOuellypbl YCTaHOBJIeHHH H OKOH'IaHI-UI coellHHeHHH, KOH'l"pOnb nOTOKOB llaHHblX. KOHTPOnb H BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe OWH6oK, CerMeHTaUHIO 60nbWHX 6nOKOB llaHHblX Ha MenKHe H llP 3arraeT nOrH'IeCKYIO arrpeCaUHIO B CeTH 11 OTBe'laeT 3a MapwpyrH3auHIO C03l1aeT I!Jpei1Mbl H3 lUIHHblX BepXHHX YPOBHei1 B 1!J0pMaTe, npl1eMJIeMOM llJIH HCnOnbJyeMoi1I!JH3H'IeCKOH CpellbI. 3TOT ypOBeHb TalOKe 3allae-r npaBHna HCnOnbJOBaHHH CpellbI. CTaHllapTH3HpyeT MexaHH3Mbl 06Hapy>KeHHH OWH6oK nepella'lH l1aHHbIX 3arraeT3neKYpH'IeCKHe.OnTH'IeCKHeXapaKTepHCTHKH,CTaHllapTH3HpyeTKa6enH, pa3'beMbl H npOUel1ypHble TOHKOCTH nepella'lH 6HTOB. KOTOpble npel1CTaBlUlIOT C060H HeKYIO I!JOPMY 3HeprHH, nepelUlBaeMOH no I!JH3H'IeCKOH cpelle
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-....., 84 YacTbl.OCHOBblceTe -- I. KaKoe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)I(e YTBep)l(J1eHHH BepHO OTHOCHTeJIbHO COBpeMeHHblX JIOKaJIbHbIX Ethernet -CeTeH? a) KIDKlloe YCTPOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCH nOCJle.n:OBaTeJIbHO C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM KoaK- CHaJIbHOro Ka6eJlH. 6) KIDKlloe YCTPOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCH nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHO C HCnOJIb30BaHueM He3K- paHHpoBaHHoH BHTOH napbI. B) Ka)I(J1oe YCTPOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'l8eTCfI K l.{eH1paJIbHOMY KOHueH1paTOpy JIOKaJIb_ HOH ceTH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM He3KpaHHpOBaHHOH BHTOH napbI. r) Ka)I(J1oe YCTPOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCH K l.{eHTpaJIbHOMY KOMMYTaTOpy JIOKaJIbHO ceTH C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM He3KpaHltpOBaHHOH BHTOH napbI. 2. KaKoe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe YTBep)l(,!],eHHH BepHO OTHOCHTeJlbHO Ka6eJlbHOH CHC- TeMbI JIOKaJIbHOH Ethernet-ceTH H8 OCHOBe CTaH,l{apTa IOBASE2? a) Ka)I(J1oe YC1pOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCfI nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHO C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM KoaK- CHaJIbHOrO Ka6eJIH. 6) Ka)I(J1oe YC1pOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCfI nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHO C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM He3K- paHHpoBaHHoH BHTOH napbI. B) Ka)I(J1oe YCTPOHCTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCH K ueH1paJIbHOMY KOHueHlpaTOpy JIOKaJIb- HOH ceTH C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM He3KpaHHpOBaHHOH BHTOH napbI. r) KroK.u.oe YCTpoikTBO no.n:KJlIO'laeTCH K ueH1paJIbHOMY KOMMYTaTOpy JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM He3KpaHHpOBaHHOH BHTOH napbI. 3. KaKoe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe YTBep)l(,!],eHlfH BepHO 0 nepeKpeIl{eHHOM (crossover) Ethernet -Ka6eJIe? a) KOHTaKTbI I H 2 MeHfllOTCH MeCTaMH Ha BTOpOM KOHue Ka6eJIfi. 6) KOHTaKTbI I H 2 Ha O.n:HOM KOHl.{e Ka6eJIfi Coe.n:HHflIOTCH C KOHTaKTaMH 3 11 6 Ha BTOpOM KOHl.{e Ka6eJIH. B) KOHTaKTbJ I H 2 Ha O.n:HOM KOHue Ka6eJIfi coe.n:HHfllOTCfI C KOHTaKTaMU 3 11 4 Ha BTOpOM KOHue Ka6eJIfi. r) .lI.JIHHa Ka6eJIH MO)l(eT .n:ocrnraTb 1000 MeTpOB B KaHaJIaX Me)l(,!],Y 3.n:aHHHMH. .n:) Hu O.n:HH H3 YKa3aHHbix BblIIIe OTBeTOB He BepeH. 4. Ka)l(,!],bIH BapHaHT OTBeTa onHCblBaeT .n:Ba pa3JIH'lHbIX YCTpoHcTBa B ceTH, coe.n:I1HSle- MbIX Ka6eJleM 100BASE- TX. ECJlH 3TH YC1pOHCTBa no.n:KJlIO'lalOTCfI C nOMOIl{blO UTP Ka6eJIfI, KaKHe napbl YC1pOHCTB 1pe6yeT HCnOJIb30BaHHH npfiMoro Ka6eJIfI? a) nepCOHaJIbHbIH KOMnblOTep H MapIIIPYTH3aTop. 6) nepCOHaJIbHblH KOMnblOTep H KOMMYTaTOp. B) KOMMYTaTOp H KOHl.{eH1paTOp. r) MaprnpYTH3aTOp H KOHl.{eH1paTOp. .n:) 6ecnpOBo.n:HaH TO'lKa .n:ocTyI1a (Ethernet-nopT) If KOMMYTaTOp. 5. KaKoe H3 nepe'lMCJIeHHbIX HH)I(e YTBep)l(,!],eHHH BepHO 06 aJIropHTMe CSMAjCD? a) AnropHTM npellynpe)l(,!],aeT KOJIJIH3HH.
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rl1a Ba 3. OCHOBbl nOKanbHblX ceTelil - 93 noCTpoeHMe ceTM 1 OBASE- T Ha KOHeHTpaTopax I1HCTHTYT IEEE He orpaHH'lHBaeTCfI TOJIbKO CTaH,l{apTaMU lOBASE2 H lOBASE5 H Jla eT HOBbIe: B 1990 ro.n:y BbIXO.n:HT CTaH,l{aPT 10BASE- T, B 1995 roAY - lOOBASE- TX H C03 eM B 1999 ro.n:y - lOOOBASE- T. ):(JIfi o6eCne'leHHfI pa60TbI CeTeH B paMKax HOBbIX T ratUlapTOB C03.llalOTCSI HOBbIe ceTeBbIe ycrpoUCTBa: KOHl.{eHTpaTopbI H KOMMyraTOpbI. B aHHOH 'laCTH onucaHO, KaK pa60TalOT 3TH TpH nonYJISIpHbIX THna ceTeH Ethernet, a TaK- )l(e 6a30BbIe npHHUHnbI pa60TbI KOMMyraTopoB H KOHueHTpaTopoB. CTan.n:apT lOBASE- T pemaeT HeCKOJIbKO np06JIeM, npHCYIl.!HX 60JIee paHHHM CTaH- JlapTaM lOBASE2 H lOBASE5. OH n03BOJIfieT HCnOJIb30BaTb cYIlleCTBy!oIl{He Ka6eJIH BH- TOH napbI, UCnOJIb3yeMbIe)J.JIfi TeJIe4>oHHH. .lI.IDKe npH Heo6xo.n:HMOCTH npOKJIaAKH HOBbIX Ka6e1leH He.n:oporoH H JIerKUH B npOKJIaAKe Ka6eJIb BHTOH napbI npe.llnO'lTUTeJIbHeH CTa- poro, 601lee .llopororo U 60JIee CJIO)I(Horo B YCTaHOBKe KOaKCHaJIbHOro Ka6eJlfl. Eme O.n:HO Ba)f(HOe npeUMYIlleCTBo, nOflBHBmeeCfI B CTaH,l{aPTe lOBASE- T, KOTopoe H no cerollHflIIIHuH .lleHb OCTaeTCfI KJIlO'leBbIM OTJIH'lHeM HOBbIX JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH _ 3TO npHHI.{Hn no.n:KJIIO'IeHHfI K1UK.lloro YCTpoHCTBa K l.{eHTpaJIH30BaHHoH TO'lKe. B nepBbIX peaJIH3al.{UfiX lOBASE- T B Ka'leCTBe TaKOH ueHTpaJIU30BaHHoH TO'lKH HCnOJIb30BaJIOCb YCTPOHCTBO, Ha3bl6aeMoe Ethemet-KoHlI,eHmpamopoM (hub), KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC 3.3. 10BASE- T C MCnOnb30BaHMeM KOHl..eHTpaTopa - palSOTaeT no llappM npMHI..Mny OlSlijeH WMHbI APM -------. ------...... - - - - - .. ------. -.; llMHMeH o1S03HaeH KalSenb BIITOH napbl KOHl..eHTpaTOP 6015 Puc. 3.3. He6oJlblUOJl Elhemel-cemb cmaH(Japma IOBASE- T c UCnOJlb306aHUeM KOHlI,eHmpamopa OPH nocTpoeHHH COBpeMeHHoH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH B Ka'leCTBe ueHTpaJIbHOrO YCTpOHCT- Ba, Ie leOTOpOMY no.n:KJIIO'lalOTCfI Bce OCTaJIbHbIe, MO)f(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI HJIU KOHl.{eHTpa- TOp, 111111 KOMMyraTOp. HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa B 60JIbIlIHHCTBe COBpeMeHHbIX JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTei1 I1cn T OJIb3yeTCfI HMeHHO KOMMyraTop, nOHHMaHHe npUHuHnOB pa60Tbl KOHl.{eHTpa- KO PGB n03BOJISIeT JIY'lIIIe nOHflTb TepMHHOJIOrUIO, HCnOJIb3yeMYIO npu onHcaHHH pa60TbI OfYraTopOB, B TOM 'lHCJIe H HX npeHMYIlleCTBa)J.JIfi JIOKaJIbHblX ceTeH. 03Ha OHl{eHmpamOPbl - 3T0, no CyrH, MHoronopTOBbIe nOBTOpHTeJIH. TaKoe yrBep)Kl{eHHe npl1 x 'laeT, 'ITa KOHueHTpaTopbI npOCTO pereHepHpy!oT 3JIeKTpH'leCKHH CHrHaJI, KOTOpbIH OIlI1T Ha OllU TOPbI 1> H noPT 'lepe3 Bce .n:pynte nOpTbI. Pa60TaSi TaKHM 06pa30M, KOHl.{eHTpa- IOBASErcr'IeCKH C0311aIOT 3JIeKTpU'lecKyIO IIIUHY, B TO'lHOCTH KaK B lOBASE2 HJIU XOIlI1MO . JIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B TaKHX ceTfiX B03MO)I(HO B03HHKHOBeHHe KOJIJIH3HH H He06- C I1cnonb30BaTb aJIropHTM CSMAjCD. eTl1 CTaHllaPT 1 0BASE cepbe3HbI a - T C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM KOHueHTpaTopOB peIIIUJIH HeCKOJIbKO CTBeH Ho x np06JIeM, CYIl.{eCTBoBaBIlIHX B ceTfiX lOBASE2 H lOBASE5. Bo-nepBbIX cYIlle- nOBbICl1nac , eIlItHeHI1R b H3.lle)f(HOCTb pa60Tbl ceTH. nOBpe)Kl{eHHe O.n:HOro Ka6eJIfi UJIH CO- C MOrno n p H _ eTlt }fa Oc BeCTH H, KaK npaBl1JlO, npHBo.n:HJIO K Hepa6oTocnoco6HOCTU BceH n .a1UI1Q'Ia IQ HOBe CTaHllapTOB lOBASE2 H lOBASE5. B CTaH,l{apTe lOBASE- T YC'rpoilcTBa Ii TCS! OTne 6 UfO Ka6eJI A JIbHbIMH Ka eJIHMH K KOHl.{eH'rpaTOPY, CJIe.llOBaTeJIbHO, np06JIeMa o.n:- R 3 a Tparl1BaeT TOJIbKO O.llHO YC'rpOHCTBO. KaK }')Ke OTMe'laJIOCb BbIme, UCnOJIb-
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a 3 OCHOBbl J10KaJ1bHbIX ceTeM rJ1a B . -- 06 I'IHO 3TO paJDeM RJ-45), npH 3TOM KOHl..{bI npOBo.n:HHKOB BcraBJUlIOTCfI B Cnel..{HaJlbHbIe ( b 06 I<11 B pa3'bC M e. B pa3'beMe eCTb 8 KOHTaKTOB (pin), K KOTOpbIM no.n:BOMTCfI OT.n:eJIbHbIe ».eJl K 6 npOBOJIHHKM. or.n:a Ha KOHel..{ Ka eJIfl ycraHaR11HBaeTCfI CTaH.ll.apTHbIH pa3'beM, KOHl..{bI npo- IIOJlHJlKOB .n:OJDKHbI no.n:KJIIO'laTbCfI B npaBHJlbHOM nopMKe. 95 BHMAHEI ECJI" y qJlT3TeJUI eCTb nOJI PYKO Ka6eJIb He3KpaHltpOBaHHoH BIITOH napbl C YCTaHOBJIeHHblM paJ'beMOM, OH MO)l{eT npHMO celtqac TwaTeJIbHO OCMOTPeTb ero It 3anltCaTb nOpSIJIOK nOJIKJIIOqeHltfi npOBOJIHIt KOB. Koma Ha KIDK.lIOM KOHl..{e Ka6eJIfi YCTaHOR11eH pa31>eM, era BKJIIO'lalOT B rHe3.n:0 CTaH- JlapTa RJ-45, KOTopoe 'laCTO Ha3bIBalOT RJ-45-nopToM. Ha pHC. 3.4 nOKa3aHbI <t>oTorpa- It>ItJl t<a6eJIeH pa31>eMOB H nopTOB. IIIIU.. - nOi t Pa3beMbi RJ-45 / y ..... ........ ... . Puc. 3.4. P03beMbi u me30a RJ-45 81i"'AHHE' ---- . Pa:n.eM RJ-45 q -11111 Tenerl. yrb lll"pe, HO B OCTaJlbHOM noxo)l{ Ha pa3'beM RJ -II, KOTOpblH qaCTO ItCnOJIb3yeTcH HbIX Ka6eneH. c.'IeBa Ha 1Iot.! Yrny n PHC. 3.4 nOKa3aH pa31>eM RJ-45 B TPex pa3HbIX nOJIO)KeHHfIX. B BepXHeM JIe- 1IJ!, ja$l1lCcOKa:JaH BH,l{ pa31>eMa C TOpl..{a, Ha KOTOpOM MO.>KHO YBHAeTb npOBo.n:HHKH Ka6e- HI' YCTau oB I1POBaHHbIe KOHTaKTaMH pa31>eMa. B BepXHeH npaBOH 'laCTH pHCYHKa nOKa3aH "JIeH YCTaHo HblM B KOMnblOTep a.n:anTep Ethernet. nop-r RJ-45 ceTeBOrO a.n:anTepa no- BKi1 B KOMnblOTep 6y.n:eT Haxo.n:HTbCfI Ha 3a.n:HeH naHeJIH B JIerKo.n:OC1)'T1HOM J])UI
96 aCTb I. OCHOBbl Ce TeM - no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI Ka6eJIfi MeCTe. B HH)I(HeH npaBOH 'laCTH pHCYHKa nOKa3aH KOMMYTaTop Catalyst 2960 KOMnaHHH Cisco co MHO)l(eCTBOM RJ-45-nopToB, 'lepe3 KOTopbIe MO)KJfo no.n:KJIIO'lHTb K cern HeCKOJIbKO ycrpOHcrB. HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa pa31>eMbI CTaHAa(ITa RJ-45 pacnpoc-rpaHeHbI, Ja'lacTYJO Y ceTe_ BbIX HIDKeHepOB B03HHKaeT He06xo.n:HMOCTb B 3aMeHe HeCKOJIbKHX <t>H3H'leCKHX nopTOB 6e3 3aMeHbI Bcero KOMMYTaTopa. MHorHe KOMMYTaTOpbI KOMnaHHH Cisco HMelOT He- CKOlIbKO 3aMeHfleMbIX nopTOB. BbInOJlHeHHbIX HJIH B Bu.n:e pa3"beMOB rura6HToBOro I<OH- BepTOpa HHTep<t>eHca (Gigabit Interface Convertor - GBIC) HJIH MaJlo<t>opMaTHoro MO- .n:YJIbHOro pa31>eMa (SFP - Small- Form Pluggables). 06a pa31>eMa HCnOJIb3yJOTCflllJISi yc- TaHOBKH 3aMeHSIeMbIX MOJIYJIeH no.n: JII060H H3 cTaHllapToB ceTH Ethernet. npOCTO YCTaHOBHB .n:pyrOH THn GBIC- HJIH SFP-Mo.n:YJIfi. I<OMMYTaTOp MO)l(HO 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb3Q_ BaTb )J)IfI no.n:KJIIO'leHHSI .n:Pyrux THnOB Ka6eJIeH H pa31>eMOB. Ha pHC. 3.5 nOKa3aHa YCTa- HOBKa GBIC-Mo.n:YJISI CTaH.n:apTa 1000BASE-T. MeTanml(<jeCKaS1 OTKlllAbISalOll.IaS1CS1 KpblWKa -1-- el- 1- 11- I- I- 1- _ 1- 1-1-1 1 -1- 1- 1- - - GBIC-MoAynb 1 OOOBASE- T Pa3beM GBIC-MoAynS1 Puc. 3.5. GBIC-MOOY/lb cmaHoapma JOOOBASE- T c pa3beMOM RJ-45 ECJIH ceTeBoMY HIDKeHepy 6YlleT He06xo.n:HMO UCnOJIb30BaTb CyIUeCTByJOllI.HH KOMM}'f3- Tap B .n:PyroH pOOH B JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH, OH MO)KeT npOCTO npH06peCTU HOBbIH G BI C-MoJIY JIb 1000BASE-LX, 3aMeHHTb CTapblH cran.n:apT IOOOBASE- T H He npH06peTaTb nOJIHOCTblO HOBbIH KOMMYTaTOp. HanpHMep. Kor.n:a KOMMYTaTOp HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TOJIbKO ,llJUI nOD!<]I10- aTb- 'leHHfI YC-rpOHCTB H .n:pyrHX KOMMYTaTopOB B TOM )l(e 3.n:aHHH, B HeM MO)l(eT ItcnOJIbJO B CSI GBIC-Mo.n:yJIb 1000BASE- T H Me.n:HbIe Ka6eJIH. ECJIH )l(e KOMnaHHfI nepee.n:eT B JIpyroe 3.n:aHHe, KOMMYTaTop MO)l(eT 6bITb nepeOCHalll.eH .n:pyrHM Mo.n:yJ1eM )J)ISI no.n:KJII01.JeHltlI BO J10KOHHO-OnTH'leCKOrO KaHaJla, KOTOpblH pa60TaeT Ha 60JIblIIHX paccroflHHSlX B craH.1IapT lOOOBASE-LX. nepeAa'la AaHHblX no BMTOM nape yCO Ka6eJIb He3KpaHHpoBaHHoH BHTOH napbI COCTOHT H3 cnapeHHblx H CBHTbIX e:: ai' 60H npoBo.n:HHKOB, 'lTO H .n:aJlO Ha3BaHHe 3TOMY THny Ka6eJ1f1 6umM napa (tw 1ste Par. YC-rpoHcTBa Ha KOHuax Ka6eJIfi C03.n:alOT 3aMKHyrylO 3JIeKTpH'lect<y1O uenb 3a C1.JeT 11 0 ' Iii T .. npOBo.n:HHKOB H nepe.n:a'lu no HUM 3J1eKTpH1.JeCKoro TaKa. npH 3TOM 3JIeKTpH1.Je(.( )i.l B OJI0 8 . O.n:HOH nape npOBo.n:HUKOB Te'leT B pa3HbiX HanpaBJleHHflX no Ka)l():lOMY 1t3 npo Tt!' J::.Il.a TOK npOTeKaeT 'lepe3 J11060" npOBOllHHK. BOKpyr Hero 06pa3yeTcfI 3J1eKTPOMa fi -l 1t T' -. .. U 'FurUX npOBo.n:HuKax B Ka6eJle. J!l3- Ja
97 a 3 OCHOBbl nOKanbHblX ceTeM rJ1a B . -- TO rIpOBOJIHHKH B O.n:HOH nape nepeBHTbI H TOK B HHX Te'leT B npOTHBOnOJlO)I(HbIX Ha- l{ aBiIeH HflX , 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHoe nOJIe, C03.n:aHHoe BTOpbIM npOBO.D.HHKOM napbI, nO'lTH rIP HocTbIO no.n:aBJIfleTCfI. J],aHHbI" 3cl><t>eKT HCnOJ1b3YeTCSI B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe ceTeBbIX Ka6e- rIon Ha OCHOBe Me.n:HOH cpe.n:bI nepe.n:a'lU CHrHaJla. J1eH .llJUI nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX C nOMOIl{blO 3JIeKTpH'leCKOrO TaKa, reHepHpyeMoro B nape 080.n:HHKOB YCTpO"CTBa, HCnOJ1b3YIOT cxeMbi KorJupoeoHUJ/ (encoding scheme), B KOTOpbIX a3aHO, KaKUM .n:omKeH 6bITb 3J1eKTPH'leCKH" CHrHaJI, 'lT06bI nepe.n:aBaTb .n:BOH'lHbIe 0 WlH l. HanpHMep, B CTan.n:apTe lOBASE- T HCnOJ1b3yeTcfI cxeMa Ko.n:HpOBaHHSI, B KOTOPO" 6HToBOMY 0 COOTBeTcTByeT nepexo.n: CHrHaJla C BbICOKoro ypOBHfI Hanpfl)l(eHHSI Ha HH3KHH. 3J1eKTPOTeXHH'leCKHe no.n:p06HOCTH MexaHH3MOB Ko.n:HpOBaHHfI HeCyIUeCTBeHHbI B paM- Kax JIaHHOH KHurH, HO Ba)l(HO nOHHMaTb, 'ITa ceTeBbIe YCTpOHCTBa C03.n:alOT 3JIeKTpH'le- CKHH TOK, HCnOJ1b3Yfl cpa3Y napy npoBo.n:HHKOB U OnpelleJ1eHHyJO cxeMY Ko.n:upoBaHHSI J])1SI nepe.llal{H 6HTOB. CxeMa pa3BOAKM KOHTaKTOB Ka6enfl UTP p.I1f1 cTaHAapToB 10BASE- T M 100BASE- TX npOBO.n:HUKH Ka6eJ1SI BHTOH napbI .D.OJI)l(HbI 6bITb no.n:KJIIO'leHbI K npaBJUIbHbIM KOH- TaKTaM pa:JbeMa RJ-45. KaK ynoMHHaJlOCb BbIIIIe, pa31>eM RJ-45 co.n:ep)I(HT BoceMb KOH- maKm06 (pin), K KOTOpbIM no.n:KJIIO'lalOTCfI Me.n:Hble npoBo.n:HHKH. CxeMo norJK/lIO'IeHUJ/ KOHmaKm06 - 3T0 COOTBeTCTBHe npoBo.n:HHKa onpe.n:eJ1eHHoro UBeTa B Ka6eJ1e KOHTaKT}' B pa:n.eMe, aHa .n:OJ1)KHa Y.D.OBJIeTBOpSITb onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIM Tpe60BaHHSIM CTan.n:apTa Ethernet, onHcaHHblM B 3TOH 'laCTH rJIaBbI. I1HTepecHbIH <t>aKT: HHCTUT}'T IEEE O<t>HUHaJlbHO He YKa3aJ1 CTan.n:apTbI J])1SI Ka6eJleH, pa:n.eMOB H TO'lHYIO cxeMY no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI KOHTaKTOB B pa3'beMe. J],Be COBMeCTHO pa60- TaIOIUHe Hn.n:YCTPHaJlbHbIe rpynnbI, ACCOI.{HaUHfi TeJIeKoMMYHHKal.{HOHHOH npOMbIIIIJIeH- HOCD! (TIA -Telecommunication Industry Association) H AnbflHC nOJ1ynpoBo.n:HHKOBOH npOMblillJ1eHHOCTH (EIA - Electronic Industry Alliance), pa3pa6aTbIBalOT CTan.n:apT J])1f1 Ka6eJIbHOi1: CUCTeMbI Ha OCHOBe BHTOH napbI, UBeTOBOH cxeMbI npOBo.n:HHKOB H CTaH.n:apT- HYJO CXeMY no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI KOHTaKTOB (CM. http://www . tiaonline. org H http: / / WWw . . ea. org). Ha pUC. 3.6 nOKa3aHbI .D.Be pa3pa6OTaHHbIe opraHH3aUHflMH EIA H TlA CTaH.llapTHbie cxeMbI no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI npOBo.n:HHKOB C yJ<a3aHHeM UBeTOB H HOMepOB nap. napa 2 A3/i' CxeMa kOlnakTOB 1 " 6enO-3eneHbli1 2 " 3eneHblM 3 " 6e n o-OpaH)I(eBbli1 4 "CI1HI1M 5 " 6enO-CI1HI1M : OpaH)I(BBblM 8 = 6eno- kOPI1 '1HeBbli1 - I(OPI1'1HeBbli1 T568A napa 3 "A' fi{j/i , CxeMa kOHTaKTOB 1 = Eieno-OpaH)I(eBbiM 2 = OpaHJkeBbiM 3 " Eieno-3eneHbli1 4=CI1HI1i1 5 = Eieno-cI1HI1i1 6 = 3eneHbli1 7 = EienO-kopl1'1HeBbli1 B = Kopl1'1HeBbli1 Puc. 3.6. CmaHoapmHlJ/e cxeMbi pacnauKu Ka6f!Jleu EIA/TIA T5688
98 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl c el'eij --- 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, 'lTO B Ka6eJle He3KpaHHpoBaHHoii BHTOH napbl HCnOJlb3yeTCJl 4 I.{BeTa J])1f1 MapKHpoBKH npoBo.n:HHKOB (opaIDKeBblii. 3eJleHbIii, CUHHii, KOPH'lHeBhIlf) BU.Il.e CllJIOllIHOii HJlH '1epe.n:ylOIl{eHCfI C 6eJIblMH nOJIOCaMH OKpaCKH. Ka6eJIH O.n:HOlf nap CBHTbIX npOBOllHHKOB HMelOT O.n:HH UBeT H OTJIH'IaIOTCSI MeTO.n:OM OKpaCKH (cnJIOlUliaJi HJlH "nOJlOCaTafl"), npH 3TOM Ka6eJlH HeCnJlOllIHOii oKpacKH 06bI'lHO Ha3bIBalOT C YKa3a- HHeM 6eJIoro lI.BeTa H OCHOBHOro, HanpHMep 6eJIO-OpaH)I(eBbIH. BHIr1MAHME! B Ka6eJIe He3KpaHlilpoBaHHoH BIiITOH napbI IiICnOJIb3yeTcSI 2 napbI npoBOllHIiIKOB B CTaHJJ.aprax IOBASE- Tit lOOBASE- TX iii 4 napbI npOBOllHItKOB B cTaHllapTax 1000BASE- T. B llaHHoH 'IacTH paCCMaTpltBaeTCSI llByxnapHoe nOllKJIIO'IeHlte Ka6eJISI, a 'IeTblpexnapHoe paccMaTPIiIBaeTcSI HItXe. )],.rIfi nocTPoeHHfI pa60TalOIl{eii Etehrnet-ceTu He06xo.n:HMO Bbl6HpaTb Ka6eJIH C npa- BHJlbHbIM no.n:KJIIO'IeHHeM KOHTaKTOB Ha KOHuax Ka6eJIfi. B CTaHAapTax lOBASE- T 11 ] OOBASE- TX yJ<a3aHO, 'ITa o.n:Ha napa npOBo.n:HHKOB HCnOJIb3yeTcfI J])1SI nepe.n:a'lH JIaHHbIX B O.n:HOM HanpaBJleHHH, a BTopafl napa - B 06paTHOM HanpaBJleHHH. B 'laCTHOCTH, ceTe- Boii a.n:anTep CpeJIhI Ethernet nepeCblJlaeT .n:aHHble, HcnOJlb3Yfl KOHTaKTbl ] H 2, HJlH Tpe- TblO napy, camaCHO cneUHcpltKaUHH T568A (CM. pHC. 3.6). O.n:HoBpeMeHHo ceTeBOH aJlan- Tep O)l(HllaeT BXOllflIllHe llaHHbIe Ha KOHTaKTax 3 H 6 - napa 2 no Cnel.{HcpHKal.{HH T568A. B KOHl.{eHTPaTopax U KOMMYTaTopax, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, napbI HCnOJIb3YlOTCSI Ha06opoT: npHeM .n:aHHbIX OCYIlleCTBJISIeTCSI Ha KOHTaKTax ] H 2, a nepella'la Ha KOHTaKTax 3 H 6. Ha pHC. 3.7 nOKa3aHO no.n:KJIIO'IeHHe KOMnhlOTepa J1appH K KOHl.{eHTPaTOpy. 06panrre BHHMaHHe, 'ITa Ha pHCYHKe nOKa3aHhI .n:Be napbl CBHTbIX Ka6eJIeH BHyrpH Ka6eJISI, '1To6b1 no.n:'lepKHYTb, '1TO B Ka6eJIe HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI TOJIbKO 3TH 2 napbI. f':: BaR ,eMs 51 nepeAaIO crHaJ1 no KOHTaKTaM 1 2 npHMalO Ha 3 6 KOHTaKTbI 1 2 cneBa nO.D.KJ1lO4eHbl K KOHTaKTaM 1 2 cnpaBa l 11 :no pa6OTaeT! 51 npHMalO crHaJ1 Ha KOHTaKTax 1 2 nepeA<J1O no36! . npHHHMaIOUIa" napa KOHlI!HTpaTOpa (1,2) ./-- " NIC npHHHMalOUlOR napa KOMnblOTepa (3.6) nepe.c,aIOUIa" napa KOHljeHTpaTOpa (3.6) KOHl.eHTpaTOP c c np51MOH Ka6ellb Puc. 3. Z llpUHII,Un pa60mbl npRMOi!O Ka6ellR 0" B cxeMe Ha pHC. 3.7 HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npRMou (straight-through) THn Ka6eJU1. B rIpSlrr THne Ka6eJIfi KOHTaKT ] O.n:HOro KOHua no.n:KJIIO'laeTCSI K KOHTaKT)' ] npoTuBonoJlo)!(ll 0" KOHTaKT 2 - K KOHTaKT)' 2, KOHTaKT 3 - K KOHTaKT)' 3 H T..n:. (npH :flaM Ha o601tX J( I.{ax Ka6eJISI HCnOJIb3yeTcfI o.n:Ha H Ta)l(e Cnel.{HcpHKal.{HfI ElA/TIA.) }iP( npflMoii Tun Ka6eJIfi UCnOJIb3yeTcSI B Tex CJIyqaSIx, Kor.n:a YCTpoiicTBa Ha era rIPor }it! nOJlO)KHbIX KOHuax HCnOJIb3ymT pa3Hbie HOMepa KOHTaKTOB J])1f1 npHeMa H nepe.Il.aOIJ' cpopMal.{HH. )],.rIff nOllKJIIO'IeHHfI .n:pyr K .n:pyry YCTPOHCTB, HCnOJIb3ymIIlHX O.Il. HtIa
sa 3 OCHOBbl J10KaJ1bHbIX ceTeM 99 rJ1a . --- ep a KOHTaKTOB)J)IfI npHeMa H o.n:HHaKOBbIe HOMepa KOHTaKTOB)J)IfI nepe.n:a'lH, B caMOM HoM 6e.n e He06xOllHMO nOMeHSITb MeCTaMH napbI npOBOllHHKOB. TaKoH Ka6eJIb Ha3bIBaeTCfI Ka eKpew,eHHb/M (crossover). HanpHMep, B 60JIbIIIOH KopnopaTHBHoH ceTH HCnOJIb3yeTCfI nep 6 n HeeKOJ1bKO KOMM)'TaTopoB, coe.n:HHeHHbiX Ka eJIeM He3KpaHHpoBaHHou BHTOH napbI. 0- eKOJ1bKY Bee KOMMyraTopbI nepellalOT .n:aHHble Ha KOHTaKTax 3 H 6, a npUHHMalOT no KOH- KTaM 1 11 2, B Ka6eJIe He06xollHMO nOMeHflTb 3TU napbl npOBo.n:HHKOB MecraMH. Ha rn 6 pHe. 3.8 nOKa3aHa npHHI.{UnHaJIbHafi cxeMa paCnal1KH KOHTaKTOB nepeKpeIl{eHHoro Ka eJISi . ... KOHTaKTbI RJ-45 pa3beMa 1 2 3 KOHTaKTbI RJ-45 pa3beMa 1 2 3 6 6 3,6 -- --,..-- II( 1.2 x 3.6 ..:--,.!::. . 1,2 Puc. 3.8. flepeKpeU4eHHblu Ka6eJ/b B BepXHeH 'laCTH pHcynKa nOKa3aHbI KOHTaKTbl C nOllKJIlO'leHHbIMH npoBollHHKaMH. npoBOllHHK, no.n:KJIlOlJeHHbIH K nepBoM)' KOHTaKJy pa3'beMa CJleBa, no.n:KJIIO'laeTCSI K TpeTb- eMY KOHTaKJy pa3"beMa cnpaBa, BTOpOH CJIeBa - K IIIecToMY KOHTaKJy cnpaBa, TpeTHH KOHTaKT CJleBa - K nepBoMY cnpaBa, IIIecToil CJleBa - KO BTOPOMY KOHTaKTY cnpaBa. B HHJl<HeH 'laCTH pHcYHKa nOKa3aHa napa, nO.lIKJllO'leHHafi K nepe.n:alOIl{HM KOHTaKTaM 3 H 6 KOMMyraTOpa CJIeBa, KOTopaSi nOllKJIlO'laeTCSI K npHHHMalOlllHM KOHTaKTaM 1 H 2 KOM- MyraTOpa cnpaBa H Ha060poT. MSI YBepeHHoH c.n:a'lH 3K3aMeHa He06xo.n:HMO npaBHJIbHO Bbl6HpaTb THn Ka6eJIfi (npSI- 1011 ItJIH nepeKpellleHHblH) )J)IfI nOllKJIIO'leHHfI pa3JIH'lHbIX YCTPOHCTB. MO)KHO JanOM- HliTb Ta Ky 10 KpaTKyJO cxeMY: eCJIH YCTpOHCTBa Ha pa3HbiX KOHl.{aX Ka6eJISI nepellalOT CHr- lteU no on H It ...... au H TOH )l(e nape, TO He06xOllHM nepeKpeIl{eHHbIH Ka6eJlb; eCJlH no pa3- K biM - TO npfiMoit. B Ta6JI. 3.3 npHBe.n:eH cnHCOK YCTpOHCTB, KOTopble ynoMHHalOTcSI B HHre 11 BaH . HOMepa nap KOHTaKToB, KOTopble HCnOJlb3YIOTCfI )J)IfI nepella'lH npH HCnOJIb30- 1111 CTaH.ll,apTOB IOBASE- T H 1 OOBASE- TX. r:-. Ta6J1Hu.a 3.3. HCnOJ1bJOBaHHe KOHTaKTOB B CTallj),apTaX lOBASE- T H IOOBASE- TX y--- C'tpoiiCTlla M npMH ' KOTOpble nepellaIOT no nape 1,2 Tnona p e36 r "1 ' IIble aa.anTe 1 Pbl nepcOHaJlbHOro KOMnblOTepa -PUlp"," , . HlaTOPbl &c.../J1>o Bol1Hble T II O'IKH Jl.OCTyna (Ethemet-HHTep4>eHC) ble /JPHHTe Ik11O'IalOT Pbl (KOTopble Henocpe.nCTBeHHO CII K Elhernet-ceTH) YCTpoiicTBa, KOTopble nepellaIOT no nape 3,6 H npHHHMaIOT no nape 1,2 KOHUeHTpaTOpbl KOMMyraTopbl
100 YaCTb I. OCHOBbl Ce l'e - HanpHMep, a pHC. 3.9 nOKa3aHa cxeMa JIOKaJIbHOH CeTH o.n:Horo 3.n:aHHfI. HeCKOJIbl(o npfiMbIX Ka6eJIeH HCnOJIb3yeTcSI A/lSi no.n:KJIIO'leHHSI nepCOHaJIbHbIX KOMnblOTepOB I( KOM_ MYTaTopaM, a J])UI coe.n:HHeHltfi KOMMYTaTopOB HCnOJIb3yJOTCSI nepeKpemeHHbIe Ka6eJlJt. 3AaHI1e 1 3A3HI1e 2 KOMMyraTop 11 KOMMyraTOp 21 ---- -- - - ---- ----- npRMble ---1 nepeKpeUleHHble }- npRMbIe Ka6enl1 Ka6enl1 Ka6em t -.;:--,::::;;: .... -- - -- -J KOMMyraTOp 12 KOMMyraTOp22 Puc. 3.9. HCnO/lb3060HUe npRMbIX U nepeKpeeHHbIX Ko6e/leu Ka6elU1 CTaHAapTa 1000BASE- T KaK ynoMHHaJIOCb BbIllle, CTaHAap-r 1000BASE- T OTJIH'laeTCSI OT .n:pyrHX no Tpe6oBa- HHSIM K Ka6eJIIO H Ha3Ha'leHHeM KOHTaKTOB. Bo-nepBbIx, B CTaH.n:apTe HCnOJIb3yeTCSI Bee 'leTbIpe napbI npOBo.n:HHKOB, BO-BTOPbIX, rura6HToBaSi TeXHOJIOrUfi Ethernet n03BOJUIeT npHHHMaTb H nepe.n:aBaTb .n:aHHbIe o.n:HOBpeMeHHO no BceM 'leTbIpeM napaM. TeM He MeHee B rHra6HTOBOH TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet npHCYTCTByJOT TaKlte nOHSInUI, KaK npSIMoH H nepeKpeIlleHHbIH Ka6eJIb, HO C He60JIbIIIHMH OTJIH'IHflMH aT 60JIee paHHMX CTaHAapTOB. CxeMa no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI A/lSi npfiMoro Ka6eJIfi TO'lHO TaKafi )Ke: nepBbIH KOHTaKT pa31>eMa nO.lIKJIIO'laeTCfI K nepBOMY, BTOpOH - KO BTOPOMY H T..n:. B nepeKpeIl{eHHOM Ka- 6eJIe TO'IHO TaK )Ke MeHfllOTCfI MeCTaMH napbI Ha KOHTaKTax 1,2 It 3,6, HO KpOMe :noro TalOKe MeHSIIOTCSI MeCTaMH )I.Be .n:pyrHe napbI - Ha KOHTaKTax 4,5 H 7,8. BHMMAHMEI Eenlt Y 'IItTaTeJIfi eeTb HeKoTopblj;j onblT B e03.l1.aHItlt JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTej;j, MO}l(eT B03HltKHyTb MbICJIb, 'ITO OH fJle-TO ItCnOJIb30BaJI HenpaBItJIbHbIH Ka6eJIb. HO ceTb Bce }l(e pa60TaJIa. B KOMMYTaTopax KOMnaHlt1t Cisco peaJIlt30BaHa <l>YHKLlHSI. Ha3bIBaeMaSi o6moonpeiJe/leHUeM muno Ko6eJlJ/ (auto-mdix), 3a C'IeT Hee YCTPOj;jCTBO caMO 06HapY}I(HBaeT, KaKO" Tltn Ka6eJISI BKJlIO'IH B nopT. 3Ta <l>YHKLlItSi nepeHacTPaltBaeT KOMMYTltpYIOWlte MItKpOeXeMbl nOJ! YCTaHOBJleHHbUI Ka6eJIb. .lJ,JISI C.lI.a'Ilt 3K3aMeHa Heo6xOllitMO HlleHTIt<l>ItLlltpOBaTb npaBItJIbHbI" Tltn Ka6eJISI TaK. KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pitC. 3.9. ___ Cn0I1b30BaHMe KOMMYTaTOpOB BMeCTO KOHeHTpaTOPOS AI1J1 nOBblWeHMJI npOM3BOAMTeI1bHOCTM CeTM 11°- B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI HeKoTopbIe np06JIeMbI C npoH3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTblO ceTU, et cTpoeHHoii Ha KOHueHTpaTopax, H nOKa3aHO, KaK KOMMYTaTopbI nOMoralOT pelIl UTb _ Halt60JIee CYIlleCTBeHHbIe np06JIeMbI KOHueHTpaTopoB. )],.rIfi JIy'IlIIero nOHHMaHU 11 (;1- 6JIeMbI 06paTHMcSI K pHC. 3.10, Ha KOTOpOM nOKa3aHO, 'lTO npOHcxo.n:HT, Kama O,l{HO Y pOiiCTBO nepeCbIJIaeT llaHHbIe 'lepe3 KOHueH-rpaTOp.
3 OCHOBbl J10KaJ1bHbIX ceTeM 101 rJ1asa . -- BH rJlAHHE! - npltHU!iln pa60Tbi Ha pltCYHKe npltMeH!ilMbI KaKIUUI CTaHllapTa 10BASE-T, TaK !ilIUUI CxeMa It r ltM 100BASE- TX It .l{a}l(e NUl 1000 BAS E- T. te XHOJ!O - KOHeHTpaTOp KOt.mblOTep K0111111311? npl1eM xx xx lX XX ]V.. XX ]V.. ]V.. 1 neT11eBO r @ I1HTep4>elilc J(J( xx ex xx xx nepeAa'la CeTeBolil8,Q8mep npl1eM AByxnapHblliI Ka6el1b 0 KOl1l1I1311? xx xx xx xx xx neT11eBolii @ npl1HI1MaIOL48 napa I1HTep4>eHc nepeAalOL48 napa @ CD xx xx xx xx nepe,Q8'1a CeTeBOH 8,Q8mep 0 KOMI1311? c npl1eM xx xx xx xx 3 neT11eBo r @ I1HTep4>eHc xx xx xx xx xx nepeAa'la CeTeBoH 8,Q8nrep K0l1l1I1311? 'I( npl1eM xx xx xx xx ]V.. A ]V.. ]V.. 4 neT11eBO r I1HTep4>elilc @ xx xx xx xx ]V.. xx ]V.. ]V.. nepeA8'1a CeTeBOIii Cl,Aamep I KOt.4nbIOTep KOMnblOTep 2 KOt.lnblOTep PUC. 3. 10. KOHu,eHmpamop o6pa3yem o6U{)'1O 3/1eKmpU'teCKYIO IUUHY lia PIiC 3 10 Pa-. -. BH.lIHO, 'ITa KOHl.{eHTpaTOp C03.n:aeT 06111YIO 3JIeKTpH'lecK)'1O IIIHHY. 3TanbI VVT DI YC Tp OIlCTBa onHcaHbI HIDKe. an 1. C '::ha eTe80H a.aanTep nepeCbIJIaeT cppeHM. n 2. Cere u 8Oli! a.aanTep 'lepe3 BHyrpeHHlO1O neTJIIO OCYIlleCTBJIfieT nepe.na'lY cppeHMa an 3. Jia napy llJISi npHeMa llaHHbIX. KOJiUeHTpaTOp npHHHMaeT 3JIeKTpH'leCKltH CHrHaJI H pacn03HaeT ero KaK no- CJ1e.QOBaTeJIbHOCTb 6HTOB.
102 YaCTb I. OCHOBbl ce re" - 3Tan 4. KOHueH-rpaTop nOBTopfieT nOJlyqeHHYIO nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHocrb 6HTOB Ha BeeJ( nOPTax KpOMe Taro, C KOTOpOro 6blJl nOJlyqeH <t>peHM. 3Tan 5. KOHueHTpaTop nOBTopfieT CHfHaJI Ha npUHHMalOIl{HX napax llJISi Bcex YCT- pOHCTB B COOTBeTCTByJOlllHX nopTax. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, 'ITa KOHl.{eHTpaTOp Bcema nOBTopSieT 3J1eK-rpH'leCKHH CHrHan lia Bcex nopTax, KpOMe Taro, C KOToporo 3TOT CHfHaJI 6bIJI nOJlyqeH. TaK)Ke Ha pHC. 3.10 He nOKa3aHbI KOJIJIH3HH, o.n:HaKO ecmt KOMnblOTep 1 H KOMnblOTep 2 Ha'lHYT nepe.n:aBaTb CHf- HaJI o.n:HOBpeMeHHO, TO Ha 4 3Tane .n:Ba CUrHaJla nepeKpolOTcSI, <t>peHMbl nona.n:YT B KOJIJIH- 3HIO H HX HeB03MO)KH0 6y.n:eT pacn03HaTb HJlU <t>peHMbl 6y.n:YT co.n:ep)l(aTb 60JIbIIIOe KOJIH- 'leCTBO OIIIH60K. AriropHTM CSMNCD n03BOJlSIeT npe.n:OTBpaTHTb KOJIJIH3UU H 3a.n:aeT nOPflAOK JIeHCT- BHH npu HX B03HHKHOBeHHH, 3Tanbl KOToporo onHcaHbl HH)I(e. YcrpOiiCTBO, nepeCbIJIalOIl{ee <t>peiiM, O)l(HllaeT, nOKa He OCB060II:HTCSI C... Ethernet-cpe.n:a. T8Ma Kama cpe.n:a Ethernet cB060.n:Ha, OTnpaBHTeJlb (HJlH oTnpaBHTeJlH) Ha'iUHaer ompaBKY <t>peHMa. OTnpaBHTeJlb (HJlH OTnpaBHTeJIH) npOCJIyuIuBaeT cpe.n:y Ha npe.n:MeT B03HUK- HOBeHHSI KOJIJIH3HH. 3Tan 4. ECJIH npoHcxo.n:HT KOJIJIH3HSI, YC-rpoHcTBa, KOTopbIe OTnpaBJUIJlH <t>peiiMbI, re- HepHpYIOT CHrHaJI OnOBeIl{eHHfI a KOJIJIH3HH (jam-CHrHaJI), J])UI Taro 'iT06b1 Bee craHI.{HH 6bIJIH YBe.n:OMJIeHbI a B03HHKHOBeHHH KOJIJIH3HH. 3Tan 5. nocJle nOJlY'leHHfI jam-cHfHaJla Ka)f(llbIii OTnpaBHTeJIb O)f(H.n:aeT B Te'ieHHe cJlyqaHHoro HHTepBaJla BpeMeHH, npe)f(lle 'ieM Ha'laTb nOBTopHyJO nonblTl<)' nepe.n:a'lH nonaBillero B KOJIJIH3HIO <t>peHMa. 3Tan 6. Kama HCTeKaeT cJlyqaiiHblii HHTepBaJI, npOl.{eCC Ha'lHHaeTCSI C 3Tana I. AriropHTM CSMAjCD He npe.n:OTBpaIl{aeT KOJlJlU3HH nOJlHOCTblO, HO n03BOJlSIeT npo- .n:OJl)f(HTb pa601}' .n:a)l(e B CJIyqae HX B03HHKHOBeHHSI. Kama npoHcxo.n:HT KOJIJIH3HfI, a.1fO- pHTM CSMNCD 06SI3bIBaeT yc-rpoHCTBa. BOR11e'leHHbIe B KOJIJIU3HIO, OTJlO)f(HTb nepellatp. llaHHbIX Ha cJlyqaHHbIii HHTepBaJI H 3aTeM nOBTopHTb nonbITKY. TaKoH no.n:xo.n: n03B0J1!1 e JlOKaJlbHOH ceTH <t>YHKI.{HOHHpOBaTb, HO HefaTHBHO CKa3bIBaeTCSI Ha ee npOH3BOJIHreJI HOCTH. CJle.n:yeT 3anOMHHTb .n:Ba KJIIO'leBblX MOMeHTa. Bo-nepBbIx. aJlropHTM CSMA/C 06f13b1BaeT YCTpoHcTBa O)KH,l{aTb oCB060)f(lleHHfI cpe.n:bI, npe)f(lle '1eM Ha'laTb nepella'l) TaKoe -rpe60BaHHe nOMoraeT H36e)KaTb KOJlJIH3Uii, HO TaIOKe 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO B KaJKllbl MOMeHT BpeMeHH BeCTH nepe.n:a'lY HH<t>opMaI.{HH MO)KeT TOJIbKO O.n:HO YC-rpOHCTBO. 3YJlbTaTe YC-rpoHcTBa, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIe K OJIHOMY KOHl.{eHTpaToPY, .D.eJISIT Me)l()1Y C '" 6 ab a lllYIO nOJlocy nponYCKaHHfI. Pe)l(HM pa6OTbI, B KOTOpOM nepe.n:a'la B03MO 1/ d npu OTCYTCTBHH CHrHaJla Ha npHHHMalOIl{eH nape, Ha3bIBaeTCfI nO/lydYf/JleKcHbIM (ho pI!' plex). TaKoe YTBep)f(lleHHe, no CYTU, 03Ha'iae-r, 'ITa YCTPOHCTBO MO)KeT TOJlbKO HJlIt rI HHMaTb, HJIU nepe.n:aBaTb <t>peHM B Ka)f(llblH npOU3BOJlbHblH MOMeHT BpeMeHH. 0 BTopafl OCHOBHa51 oc06eHHOCTb aJlropHTMa CSMA/CD - 3TO MeTO.n: 06pa6o TKit e mi3Hii. Kama npOHCXO.D.UT KOJIJlH3HfI, aJlropHTM 06f13blBaeT YC-rpoHcTBa, BOBJle'ieI-lI-l 11 KOJIJIU3UIO, OTJIO)f(HTb nepe.n:a'lY Ha cJlyqaHHblii nepuo.n: BpeMeHH. TaKoe Tpe60BaHH JBOJlSIeT pa60TaTb J10KaJlbHOH ceTU, HO B TO )Ke BpeMfi nOHH)I(aeT ee npOH3BO.n:HTeJIbI-l 3Tan 1. 3mn 2. 3mn 3.
3 OCHOBbl nOKanbHblX ceTeM rl1 aea . -- eMJI KOJIJIU3HH nOJIe3Hbie .n:aHHble He nepellalOTCfI 'Iepe3 ceTb, KpOMe Taro YCTpOHCT- BoBP )l(HJlalO illHe HCTe'leHHSI CJIyqauHoro HHTepmlJla, .n:OJIbille O)l(U.Il.aIOT B03MO)l(HOCTH no- Ba, 0 6 C 0 " rIe p ella'IU, 'leM B cpelle e3 KOJIJIH3HH. JIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITa npH YBeJIH'leHHH BTOpH .. Y 3KH Ha Ethemet-ceTb YBeJIU'IHBaeTCfI BepOSITHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHfI KOJIJIH3HH. D.o Harp TeX rIOp rIOKa KOMMYTaTopbI He CTaJlH .n:OCTYllHbIMH H He peIIIHJIU MHorue np06JIeMbI C rIPOH3BOJIHTeJIbHOCTblO, BbIpa60TaJlOCb npaBUJIO, 'ITa npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTb Ethemet-ceTH Ha'IHHaeT YXYllIIIaTbCSI rIpH 3arpY3Ke CBbIIlle 30%, npeHMYIlleCTBeHHO 3a C'leT YBeJIH'IeHUfi 'IHCJIa KOJIJIH3UH. 103 YBeJ1...,eHMe npOM3BOAMTel1bHOCTM ceTM C nOMObtO KOMMyTaTOpOB TepMHHOM iJoMeH KO./lJ/U3UU (collision domain) onHCbIBalOT Ha60p YCTpOHCTB, 4>peHMbI KOTOPbIX MOryr C03.n:aTb KOJIJIH3HIO. Bce YCTPOHcTBa B cernx IOBASE2, IOBASE5 HJIH JII060H CeTl1 C KOHueHTpaTopaMH MOryr HcnblTbIBaTb KOJIJIH3HH, CJle.n:OBaTeJIbHO, Bce YCTpoHcTBa B TaKHX CeTfIX HaxOMTCfI B O.n:HOM .n:OMeHe KOJIJIU3HH. HanpHMep, Bce YCTPOHCTBa, no.n:KJIIO- lJeHHbIe K KOHueHTPaTOpy (pHC. 3.10), HaxOMTCSI B O.n:HOM .n:OMeHe KOJIJIU3HH. Ll.JIfi H36e)l(a- HID! KOJIJlU3HH H HX 06pa60TKH B TaKHX ceTSIX HCnOJIb3yeTcfI aJlropHTM CSMAjCD. KOMMyraTopbI ,l{JIfi JIOKaJlbHbIX ceTeH 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO COKpaIl{aIOT HJIH lla)l(e nOJIHOCTblO YCTpaHfllOT KOJIJIH3HH B ceTH. B OTJIH'lUe aT KOHUeHTPaTopOB, KOMMYTaTopbI He 06pa3YIOT 06wylO 3JIeKTpH'IeCKYIO IIIHHY U nepeCbIJIalOT nOJIY'IeHHbIH CUrHaJI Ha Bce CBOH nOpTbl. OHI1 pa6oTalOT CJle.n:YIOIl{HM 06pa30M: · KOMMyraTopbI HHTepnpeTHpYIOT nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHOCTb 6HTOB KaK 4>peHM H B 60JIb- WHHCTBe CJIyqaeB nepeCblJIalOT TaKOH 4>peHM TOJIbKO B O.n:HH noPT, a He BO Bce; · eCJIH KOMMyraTOpy He06xOllUMO nepeCJIaTb 60JIbIIIe 'leM OllHH 4>peHM B OllHH H TOT }l(e nopT, KOMMYTaTOp 6Y4>epH3HpyeT 4>peHMbI B naMfiTH H nepeCbIJlaeT HX nOCJIe- 1l0BaTeJIbHO OllHH 3a .n:pyrUM, 'ITa n03BOJIfieT H36e)l(aTb KOJIJIH3HH. HanpUMep, Ha pHC. 3.11 nOKaJaHO, KaK KOMMYTaTOp nepeCbIJIaeT .n:Ba 4>peHMa O.n:HO- BpeMeHHO, He C0311aBaSI npH 3TOM KOJIJIH3HIO. Ha :nOH UJIJIlOcrpaUHH KOMnblOTep I U KOMnblOTep 3 O.n:HoBpeMeHHo nepellalOT 4>peHMbI. KOMnblOTep 1 OTnpaR11f1eT 4>peHM C a.n:- peCOM nOJl Y 'l a TeJISI, paBHbIM a.n:pecy KOMnblOTepa 2, a KOMnblOTep 3 - C a.n:peCOM nOJIyqa- T il 111. paBHbIM a.n:pecy KOMnblOTepa 4 B 3arOJIOBKaX 4>peHMa. (EoJIee nOllp06HO 06 a.n:peca- "ij B Ethem t no e -ceTH paCCKa3aHO .n:aJlbIIIe B 3TOH maBe.) KOMMYTaTOp npOBepfieT a.n:pec nb::aTeSI B 3aroJIOBKe Ethernet-4>peHMa H nepeCbIJlaeT 4>peHM OT KOMnblOTepa I KaM- e:TH PY H OllHoBpeMeHHo nepeCbIJIaeT 4>peHM OT KOMnblOTepa 3 KOMnblOTepy 4. ECJlu B - HCnOJlb3 y eTC (,JIb SI KOHl.{eHTPaTOp, TO B TaKOH CHT)'aUHH B03HHKaeT KOJIJIH3HfI, HO no- . Ky I(OMMYTaT A( Tb c op He nepeCbIJIaeT 4>peuM 'lepe3 Bce CBOH nopTbl, OH n03BOJlfleT H36e- TOJIKHOBeHHSI. BI-iIll"'AHIII E I -- . KJf Yr - aTop I1cno 'Poro}'pO JIb3yeT I1HcpopMaU111O 113 3arOJIOBKa Ethernet -cppeHMa. T.e. BbInOJIHSIeT CPYHKUItIO I()BIiIi B T BHSI MOlIeJIIt OS I, CJIeJIOBaTeJIbHO, KOMMYTaTOp C'lItTaeTCSI YCTPoikTBOM BTOporo , 0 BpeM SI KaK KOHueHTPaTop OTHOCI1TCSI K nepBOMY YPOBHIO MOJIeJIIt OSI. f)Y4>epH3a 11 ' o.a.lio UHSI TalOKe n03BOJISIeT H36e)KaTb KOJIJIU311H. npe.n:CTaBbTe, 'ITa KOMnblOTepbl BpeMeHHO nepeCbIJIalOT 4>peHMbI KOMnblOTepy 4. KOMMYTaTOp 3HaeT, 'ITa O.n:HO-
...., 104 YaCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTe - BpeMeHHafi nepe.n:a'la 3THX <t>peHMOB npHBe.n:eT K KOJIJIH3HH, 6y<t>epH3HPYeT O.n:HH H3 HJtJ( (.n:pyrHMH CJlOBaMH, BpeMeHHO coxpaHSIeT era B naMfiTH yC'rpOHCTBa).n:o rex nap, nOKa BTOpOH He 6y.neT l.{eJIHKOM OTnpaR11eH KOMnblOTepy 4. OnHcaHHbIe BbIIIIe npHHI.{Hnbl pa60TbI KOMMYTaTopOB n03BOJISIIOT cYIl{eCTBeHHO 00- BblCHTb npoH3Bo.n:uTeJIbHOCTb ceTH no cpaBHeHHIO C KOHl.{eHTpaTopaMH 3a C'leT cJleD.YIo_ lllHX oc06eHHOCTeH: . eCJIH Ka)l(llOe yC'rpoHcTBO nOllKJIlO'leHO K OTlleJIbHoMY nopTY KOMMYTaTopa, TO KO](- JIH3HH He B03HHKaIOT; . YC-rpOHCTBa, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIe K O.n:HOMY nopTY KOMMYTaTopa. He .n:e.nSIT nOJIOcy npo- nYCKaHHSI C YC-rpOHCTBaMH, nOllKJIIO'leHHbIM, K.n:pyrnM nOpTaM. Ka)I(lloe yc-rpoikT- BO UcnOJIb3YeT "BbUleJIeHHyJO" nOJIOcy nponYCKaHHfI, Ha npaKTHKe KOMMYTaTOp Ha 100 M6HTjc 06eCne'lllBaeT OKOJIO 100 M6HTjc nOJIOCbl nponycKaHHfI Ha lCaJICObiU nopm. KOMMyraTOp np"eM KOMnblOTep 1 nepe,Q;a'la ? np"eM KOMnblOTep 2 nepe,Q;a'la npl1eM KOMnblOTep 3 nepE!Aa'la np"eM KOMnblOTep 4 nepEWI'la Puc. 3.11. flpuHl{Un pa60mbl KOMMymamopa iJ Ethernet BTopoe YTBep)l(lleHHe OTHOCHTCfI K nOHHTHSIM C08MecmHO ucnoJlb3YeMOU cpe bI 17111 0 H KOMMymupyeMou cpeobl Ethernet. KaK y)l(e ynOMHHaJIOCb BbIIIIe B 3TOH rJIaBe, C08eefII ucnOJlb3yeMlJR cpeoa Ethernet no.n:pa3}'MeBaeT, 'lTO nOJIoca nponycKaHuSi JIOKaJlbHOJ-l H}ill .n:eJIHTCfI Me)l(,ll,)' BceMH YC-rpoHcTBaMH, nOTOMY 'lTO OHH .n:OJI)I(HbI O)l(HllaTb oCB06o)l()le 'fie- 06111ei1: IllHHbI, npe)l(lle 'leM Ha'laTb nepella'lY HH<t>opMauHH. TepMHH lCoMMymUpye.M aJI C o c no Jl tin Fthemet nOD.'leDKHBaeT TOT <t>aKT, '{TO npH HCnOJlb30RaHUH KOMMYTaTOpOB
sa 3 OCHOSbI nOKanbHblX ceTelit fJ1a . 105 - nycKaHHfI He .n:eJIHTCfI Me)l(.l{Y YCTpoiiCTBaMH, 'ITa npHBo.n:HT K 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOMY }'BeJIH- npo JiIO np0I13B())J.HTeJIbHOCTH ceTH. Hanpl1Mep, KOHueHTpaTOp, K KOTOpoMY no.n:KJllOlJeHO ;:nuaTb 'leTbIpe YCTpOiiCTBa, Ha CKOpOCTH 100 M6HT/C 06eCne'll1BaeT TeOpeTH'leCKH .n:o 100 M6HT/C nOJIOCbI nponYCKaHI1f1 B 06Il{eM. npl1 I1CnOJIb30BaHHH KOMMyraTopa BMeCTO KOHueHTpaTOpa o6ecne'lHBaeTCfI .n:o 100 M6I1T/C Ha KIDK.lI.bIii nopT, IJTO B CYMMe .n:aeT .n:o 2.4 f6JiT/C nOJIOCbI nponYCKaHHfI. ysenM'IeHMe BABOe npOM3BOMTenbHOCTM npM Mcnonb30BaHMM AynneKCHOrO pe>KMMa JII06afl Ethernet-ceTb Ha KOHueHTpaTopax Tpe6YeT I1CnOJIb30BaHHfI anropl1TMa CSMA/CD ,[lrlfl KOppeKTHOii pa6OTbi. 3TOT anropHTM Tpe6YeT nOJIy.n:YllJIeKcHoro pe)l(HMa pa60TbI 11, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, TOJIbKO O.n:HO YCTpoiicTBO MO)l(eT nepe.n:aBaTb I1HcpopMal.{l11O B J<a)K.llbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH. nOCKOJIbKY KOMMyraTopbI 6ycpepl1311PYIOT cppeiiMbI B naMflTI1, OHI1 MOryT nOJIHOCTblO HCKJllO'll1Tb KOJIJII13HI1 B CBOI1X nopTax .lIJIfi o.n:Horo YCTpoi1cTBa. B pe3YJIbTaTe KOMMyraTopbl C e.n:I1HCTBeHHbIM no.n:KJllOlJeHHbIM K nopTY YCTPOHCTBOM MOryr pa60TaTb B iJY11JleKCHOM (full-duplex) pe)l(I1Me. j/,Y11JleKCHbiU pe)KHM 03HalJaeT, 'ITa ce- TeBoii anamep MO)l(eT o.n:HOBpeMeHHO 11 npl1HI1MaTb, 11 nepe.n:aBaTb I1HcpopMaUHIO. Ha pl1C. 3.12 npOHJIJIIOCTpl1poBaHO, nOlJeMY HeT KOJIJIH3HH B .n:YllJIeKCHOM pe)KHMe H KaK 06eCne'll1BaeTCfI .n:ynJIeKCHoe no.n:KJlIO'leHl1e e.n:I1HCTBeHHoro KOMnblOTepa K nopTY KOMMyraTopa. npl1eM nepeAaLja nepeAaLja npl1eM CeTeBO aAanTep B AynJ1eKCHOM pe>KI1Me CeTeBO aAanTep KOMMyraropa PUC. 3. J 2. )l,yflAeKCHbiU peJICUM pa60mbl KOMMymamopa KOJIJUt3HfI He MO)l(eT npoH30HTH Me)!(J:{y KOMMyraTopoM H KOMnblOTepOM B CHTYaI.{HH, nOka3aHH <l>a 011 Ha pl1C. 3.12. Kama HCnOJIb3YeTCfI .n:yllJIeKCHbIii pe)KHM pa60TbI, TO B nopTax pOltlJeCKH OTKJllOlJaeTCfI anropHTM CSMA/CD Ha 060l1x KOHl.{aX Ka6eJIfI; HI1 O.n:HO YCT- Hbl.XCT;O He O)l(HllaeT OTcyrCTBHfI CHrHana B npl1HI1MalOIl{eii nape nepe.n: nepe.n:alJeii .n:aH- 3a C :, pe3YJIbTaTe TaKara no.n:xo.n:a npoI13Bo.n:I1TeJIbHOCTb Ethernet-cerMeHTa y.n:BaHBaeTCfI ,eT O.n:HOB peMeHHOro 06MeHa I1HcpopMal.{l1eii B 060l1x HanpaBJIeHI1f1X. Pe3tOMe. n - . epBblM ypOBeHb TeXHonorMM Ethernet Bbl.UJe fib ltcnoJI b3 IJIH paccMOTpeHbI npl1HI.{HnbI pa60TbI 11 MeTo.n:bI nOCTpOeHI1f1 ceTH Ethernet C O OBaHHeM SI It np KOHl.{eHTpaTopoB 11 KOMMyraTopoB B paMKax nepBoro ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJII1 I(O"fMYTaT aBH1Ia HCnOJIb30BaHHfI Ka6eJIeii BHTOii napbI npH no.n:KJlIO'leHI1I1 YCTpOi1:cTB K .II.a'llt ltHIt>°paM H1IH KOHl.{eHTpaTopaM. BbUlJe 6bIJIa Onl1CaHa 0606Il{eHHafI TeopHfI nepe- CltIH<trIOB °PMaUI1H YCTpoiicTBaMI1 - nepe.n:a'la .n:aHHbIX nocpe.n:CTBOM 3JIeKTPU'leCKHX BaJt"iOit It 'Ie3 3JIeKTpl1'leCKHe uenl1, 06pa30BaHHbie napoii npoBO.n:HI1KOB B Ka6eJIe. H 0PMal.{l1ei1 flBJIfleTCfI TaIOKe Onl1CaHl1e Toro, KaKl1e napbl npOBOllHHKOB I1C-
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3 OCHOBbl nOKanbHblX ceTeM rJ1aBa . - 107 Pa3Mep B 6101Tax 1 +1 K011Io1"1eCTBO 1 +1 wecTHa,l{l.aTeplo1"1HbIX l.1014>P nplo1Mep 1 +1 C..-. M. 24 6a.1ya 1 +1 1 +1 1 +1 246a.1Ta I I I 6 weCTHa,D,la- TeOWiHblX ua.1<1>o 6 weCTHa,D,la- TeOW.jHblX ua.1<1>o 00 60 2F 3A 07 BC Puc. 3.13. CmpYKmypa oiJHoadpecamHOi!O Efhemef-aiJpeca ll.lUI onHcaHHfI o.n:Hoa,npecaTHoro allpeca B JIOKaJJbHOi1 ceTu I1CnOJIb3yeTcfl MHO)!(eCTBO TepMHHOB. 3alJacTYIO rOBOpflT, 'ITa Ka)f(J].bIi1 ceTeBOH allanTep nOCTaBJIfleTCfI C npOUIUmblM aiJpecoM (BIA - burned-in address), KOTOpbIi1 3anl1CbIBaeTCfl B MI1KpOcxeMY n3Y Ha nJIa- Te. npoIIII1Tbli1 a,npec I1Hor.n:a Ha3bIBalOT YHU6epCOJlbHO ynpa6J/ReMblM aiJpecoM (UAA - Uni- versally Administered Address), nOTOMY IJTO MHCTHTYT IEEE ynpaBJIfieT Ha3Ha'leHI1eM a,n- pecoB BO BceM MHpe. BHe JaBHCHMOCTH aT Taro, HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npOIIII1TbIi1 a,npec HJIH Ha- CTpoeH llpyroi1 a,npec, MHO)!(eCTBO 111O.n:eH BOCnpHHI1MalOT TaKoi1 O.n:Hoa,npecaTHbIi1 a,npec KaK aLIpec 110KaJJbH0i1 CeTH, I1JIU Ethernet -a,npec, HJIU annapaTHbli1 a,npec, HJlH -<p11311IJe- CKHH aLIpec, H1111 MAC-a,npec. KpoMe o.n:Hoa,npecaTHblx, cYIl{eCTBYIOT .n:PyrHe a,npeca, KOTOpbIi1 l1.n:eHTI1<pHI.{HPYIOT 60JIee OllHOro ceTeBoro ananTepa. MHCTUTYT IEEE pa3.n:eJUleT TaKl1e a,npeca Ha .n:Be rpynnbl, YKa3aHHbIe Hl1JKe. · WHpOKOBeIQaTeJIbHbIH a.apec - HaH60JIee 'laCTO HCnOJIb3yeMbIi1 rpynnoBoi1 a,npec, 3Ha'leHUe KOTOporo paBHO FFFF.FFFF.FFFF (B IIIeCTHa,nl.{aTepI1IJHOM BHAe). Wl1poKoBeIllaTeJIbHbIi1 a,npec UCnOJIb3yeTcfI B Tex CJlyqaflX, Kama Bce YCl'poi1cTBa B JIOKaJlbHOH CeTI1 .n:OJUKHbl 06pa60TaTb <ppei1M. · !IHororOlI.peCaTHbIH a.apec HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ,l{JIfi B3aI1Mo.n:eHCTBHfI C onpe.n:eJIeHHoi1 rpynnoi1 YCl'pOHCTB B JIOKaJlbHOi1 ceTU. Kama rpynnoBoi1 IP-naKeT pacnpOCl'paHH- eTCfI B cpe.n:e Etehrnet, I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI cneUI1aJJI13HpoBaHHbIH rpynnoBoi1 MAC- a.apec B CJIe.n:YlQIlleM <popMaTe: OIOO.5exx.XX:X:X. Bo BTOpoi1 nOJIOBI1He a,npeca MO)!(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbcfI JII060e 3Ha'leHue. B Ta6JI. 3.4 npl1Be.n:eHO KpaTKoe pe310Me no pa3HoBH.n:HOCTfiM MAC-a,npeCOB. Ta6JIHUa 3.4. TepMHHOJIOmR H cJlYHKIlHH MAC-aapecoB B JIOKaJIbHOA CeTH --- H cJlYHKlUtR 1AC-'lJJ.pec OnHcaHHe E ernet-'lJJ. iL.1Je(: JIOKa! pec, an.pec ceTeBoi1 MaTbl, bHoi1 CeTa.1 fJPoIUIlTbli1 an. pec <Burned-in address) liJ. pec aTHbJi1 an.pec ----- KOHTj)OJlb llOCT}'na K cpelle nepella'-llt (Media Access Control). CTaHllapT IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) omlCbIBaeT MAC-nollYPoBeHb cpellbI Ethernet llpyme Ha3BaHItJl. '-IaCTO HCnOJlb3yeMbIe BMecTO TepMItHa MAC- an.pec. WecTH6ai1ToBbIH an.pec aaanTepa J10KaJIbHOH CeTlt WecTIt6ai1ToBbIH aapec. Ha3Ha'-leHHbli1 npoa.13BOllItTeJ1eM CeTeBoro a.uanTepa CHHOHHM MAC-aapeca, KOTOpbIH OnltCbIBaeT eIJ.HHCTBeHHoe YCTjJOHCTBO B J10KaJIbHOH ceTH
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rI1aBa 3. OCHOBbl nOKanbHblX ceTelit 109 - 60Jlbilll1HCTBO nOJId!: B Ethernet-<t>peHMe .n:OCTaTO'lHO BroKHO, 'lT06bI CKa3aTb a HI1X tleCKOJlbKO CJIOB B :nOM rnaBe. B Ta6JI. 3.5 npl1Be.n:eH Cnl1COK nOJIeM B 3arOJIOBKe H KOHue- BHKe <t>peHMa 11 I1X KpaTKoe onHcaHHe. nOJle T a6J1Hu.a 3.5. nOJlJl B 3aroJlOBKe H KOHl.eBHKe cJlpeHMa CTaH)J.ap-ra IEEE 802.3 ):(.rIHHa nOJlJl OnHcaHHe HJlH cJlYHKUHJI B 6aHTax n peaM6YJla (Preamble) 7 YKa33TeJ1b Ha'l3JIa I!JpdMa (SFD - Start frame delimiter, HJlIt paJlleJlItTeJlb Ha'l3JIa I!JpellMa - PH{J» MAC-aLlpeC nOJlyqaTeJUI (Destination MAC 6 address) MAC-anpec ompaBJ.lTeJlJl (Source MAC 6 address) llmma (Length) 2 THn (Type) 2 llaHHble It JanonHeHl1e (Data and Pad) I 46-1500 KOHTpOJlbHaJI CYMM3 I!JpeHMa, KC<1> (Frame 4 Check Sequence - FCS) CI1HXPOHltJ3UltJl Cl1rH3Jl1t3ItPYeT 0 Ha'l3JIe I!JpdlMa. CJleLIYlOlU1111 6aj;!T - nepBblj;! 6aj;!T B an.pece nonyqarenJi 3an.aeT nOJlyqaTeJlJl I!Jpej;!Ma 3an.aeT Omp3Bl-irenJi I!Jpej;!Ma YK3JbIBaeT .lUIHHY nOJlJl AaHHblX BO I!Jpej;!Me (npltcyrcTByeT HJlIt nOJle .I.IIHHbl, HJlH nOJle Tltna I!Jpej;!Ma, HO He 063 ollHoBpeMeHHo) OnpellenJleT Tltn nporoKOJla, nOMeweHHoro BHyrpb I!Jpej;!Ma (npltcY"CTByeT HJlH nOJle .I.III1Hbl, HJlIt nOJle Tltna I!Jpej;!Ma. HO He 06a oAHoBpeMeHHo) COllepJKI1T A3HHbie BepXHItX ypoBHej;!, 06bl'lHO MOAynb PDU TPeTl,ero ypoBWI, O'leHb '1aCTO - HenoCpellCTBeHHO IP-naKeT I1cnOnb3yeTcJI.I.IIJI npoBepKIt I!JpeHMa Ha uenOCTHOCTb It OTcyrcTBlte OWlt60K Pacn03HaBaHMe AaHHblX BHYTPM Ethernet-cI>peMMa 3a MHorue ro.n:bI 6bIJIO pa3pa60TaHO MHO)l(eCTBO ceTeBbIX npoTOKOJIOB (T.e. npoTOKO- nOB Tpe'rbero YPOBHfI). EOJIbIIIHHCTBO H3 HI1X - :no npOcTO KOMnOHeHTbI B 60JIee Kpyn- HbiX CeTeBblX MO.n:eJIflX, pa3pa60TaHHbiX pa3JIHI.JHbIMU np0I13BO.n:I1TeJIflMI1 060py.n:O B aHufi : CBoHX npo.n:YKTOB, TalGle KaK CHCTeMHafi ceTeBafi apXHTeK1}'pa (System Network Ar- cure - SNA) KOMnaHI1U IBM, Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa NetWare KOMnaHl111 Novell, Toro ECnet KOMnaHHI1 DEC, ceTb AppleTalk KOMnaHI1H Apple Computer H T.n. KpoMe Ii MOlleJI" OSI H TCP/IP TalOKe HMelOT CBOH npoTOKOJIbI ceTeBoro ypOBHfI. Ce nepe'lH 30aa CJIeHHbIe npOTOKOJIbI TPeTbero ypoBHfI 11 HeKOTopbIe .n:pyrHe MOryT HCnOJIb- TeBo cpel{y Ethernet B Kal.JeCTBe cpe.n:CTBa nepena'lH .n:aHHbIX. ,lLrifi :noro npoTOKOJIaM ce- o yPOBHfI He06xo.n:I1MO nOMeCTI1Tb CBOM naKeT (HJlI1 PDU TPeTbero YPOBHfI) B nOJIe ---- CrnuliOUp l EE 15OO6uurn m E 802.3 Oi!paIlU'IU8aem MaKCUMGJlblib/U pa3Mep nonR iJalilib/X eenU'IUIiOU 8 AlUIi AlUICCUC;. non iJalilib/X npeOlla3l1a'leliO iJnR nepeoa'lu naKema mpembei!O yp06/IJ/ MoeJellU OSl; mep- AlUICCIiAtCl.Jlb C1.Ilblib/U 6110K iJalilib/X (MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit) ucnonb3yemcR eJnR YKa3alluR rJQllllbQ: n IIOi!O P U 3Mepa naKema mpembei!o yp0811R, KOmOpb/U MO:HCIIO nepeCllamb '1epe3 cpeeJy nepeiJailu "'Pe' . OCKOJ/bKY . liAtu. rno 15 aKem mpembei!o yp08HR OOn:HCeH HGXoeJumbcR 8Hympu nOJ/Jl iJaHHb/X Elhemel- E.thernet. _ n 006aum - Hau60nbUluu pa3Mep 6noKa MTU npomoKona IP, pa3peUleHHblU 8 cpeeJe PHMe'l. aBT.
110 LlaCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTei:j - .n:aHHbIX Ethernet-<ppeHMa (puc. 3.14). Ho Kama YCTpoi1:cTBO nOJIyqaeT no.n:06HbIH Ether_ net-<ppeHM, KaK eMY onpe.n:eJIHTb, KaKoro THna PDU B HeM co.n:ep)l(I1TCfI? MO)l(eT 6blTb :no IP-naKeT? OSI-naKeT? EJIOK .n:aHHbIX npOTOKOJIa SNA? ' t..1T06b1 OTBeTl1Tb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, B 60JIbIIII1HCTBe npOTOKOJIOB KaHaJIbHOro YPOBHI! BKJIIO'JafI Ethernet, B JaroJIOBKe <ppeHMa co.n:ep)l(UTCfI nOJIe C KO.n:OM, KOTOpbIH H onpelle JIfieT Tl1n nepellaBaeMoro npOTOKOJIa. 3TO nOJIe B npOTOKOJIaX KaHaJIbHoro YPOBHfI HaJbI- BaeTCfI nOJleM muna npomoKoJ/a (type). HanpHMep, eCJIU Ethernet-<ppei-IM nepeHOCHT IP- naKeT, TO B ero nOJIe Tuna (CM. pHC. 3.14) 6YlleT COllep)l(aTbCfI IIIeCTHalll.{aTepU'JHoe 'JUCJIO Ox800 (llecflTH'JHoe 2048).. D,Pyrue npOTOKOJIbI TpeTbero ypOBHfI 6YllYT UMeTb C06CTBeH_ Hble, OTJIH'JHbIe 3Ha'leHHfI B nOJIe Tuna npOTOKOJIa. 06paTUTe BHUMaHHe, 'JTO B nepBOM CTaHllapTe <popMaTa <ppeHMa IEEE 802.3 BMeCTO nOJIfi THna npOTOKOJIa I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI nOJIe ,l{JIHHbI <ppetiMa, a B nepeCMOTpeHHOM <popMaTe 3TO nOJIe 061>e.n:I1HeHO C nOJIeM ,l{JIHHbI <ppeHMa. ECJII1 JHa'JeHHe B 3TOM nOJIe MeHbIIIe, 'JeM IIIeCTHalll.{aTepH'JHoe 'JHCJIO Ox600 (1536 B .n:eCflTU'lHOM BH.n:e), TO 3TO nOJIe HCnOJIb3yeTCI! B 3Ha'JeHUH ,l{JIHHbI <ppeHMa U YKa3blBaeT ,l{JIHHY Bcero Ethernet-<ppeHMa (6e3 npeaM6YJIbI 11 }'Ka3aTeJIfi Ha'JaJIa <ppeHMa), B npOTHBHOM CJIyqae nOJIe I1CnOJIbJyeTcfI D.J1f1 }'Ka3aHHfI Hi- na npOTOKOJIa. B cJ/yqae eCJII1 3TO nOJIe UCnOJIb3yeTcH ,l{JIfi onpe.n:eJIeHUH pa3Mepa <ppei1Ma. TO He06xo.n:HMO .n:pyroe nOJIe BHYTPU <ppetiMa ,l{JIfi YKa3aHUfI, KaKOH npOTOKOJI TpeTbero ypOBHfI nepellaeTCfI BO <ppeHMe. C 3TOH l.{eJIblO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI eIl{e OllHH HJIH .n:Ba 1l0nOJl- HUTeJIbHblX 3aroJIOBKa, KOTopble I1.n:YT nOCJIe 3aroJIOBKa CTaH,D,apTa IEEE 802.3, HO nepell BJ/O)l(eHHbIM B nOJ/e .n:aHHbIX 3aroJIOBKOM TpeTbero ypOBHfI.. HanpuMep, npH nepeCblJ/Ke IP-naKeTa B Ethernet-<ppeHMe 6y.n:YT COllep)l(aTbCfI.n:Ba .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHbIX 3aroJIOBKa: . JaroJIOBOK IEEE 802..2 JIoru'JeCKoro KOHTpOJIH KaHaJIa (Logical Link Control- LLC); . 3aroJIOBOK CTaH,D,apra I EEE SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol - npoTOKOJI 110C" ryna K no.n:ceTI1).. Ha pUC. 3..15 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaH Ethernet -<ppeHM C TaKHMH .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHbIMI1 33- roJIOBKaMI1. 06paTUTe BHHMaHHe, 'ITa nOJIe THna SNAP-3aroJIoBKa HcnOJIb3YeTCH lIJIH TeX )l(e ueJIeH H C TeMH )l(e 3Ha'JeHI1f1MH, 'ITa 11 nOJIe THna npOTOKOJIa B Ethernet-3aroJIOBKe. 3arol10BOK IEEE 802.3 3arol10BOK IEEE 802.2 llC SNAP- 3ar0l10BOK . Onpe.lellSleT JJ,lUIHY B TOM CI1}"iae. ecn.., .leCRT"'Hoe 3HaeH..,e MeHbwe eM 1536 Puc. 3.15. SNAP-3ai!oJ/o6oK cmaHf)apma 802.2 06Hapy>KeHMe OWM6oK TeJ{}lo nOCJIellHfIfi paccMaTpuBaeMa51 B .n:aHHoH rJIaBe <PYHKI.{Hfi KaHaJIbHOrO YPOBHfI 0 ]]SlcT C JIOrH/1 Ethernet - 3TO 06HapY)I(eHI1e OIIII160K. 06Hap}')KeHHe oIIIu60K npe.n: CTaB Jill 60H npOl.{eCC, n03BOJIfllOIl{I1H onpelleJIHTb, He MeHMHCb JIH 6UTbi BO <ppeHMe nplt nepe are 'Je ero 'Jepe3 <pUJU'JeCKYIO cpellY. I1JMeHcHl1e 6UTOB MO)l(eT npOH30HTH B pe3y JI b T cJIt. MHO)l(CCTBa pa3JIU'lHbiX Hc60JIbIIIUX OIIIlt60K, /1, KaK npaBHJIO, 3TU OIIIu6KI1 - 3TO
a 3 OCHOBbl nOKanbHblX ceTelit fl1aB . 111 - e P a3JIH'lHbIX BI1.n:OB :meKTpOMarHHTHOH I1HTep<pepeHl.{uu. KaK 11 1I1060H .n:pyrOH npo- H _ ]I KaHaJIbHOrO YPOBHfI, paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH B 3K3aMeHe CCNA, Ethernet UMeeT U 3a- ToKO _ BOK H KOHueBHK <ppeHMa, a B nOClIe.n:HeM co.n:ep)l(I1TCfI nOlIe, I1CnOllb3yeMOe,l{Jlfl 06- roJ10 , HapY)I(eHJtfl OIIIH60K. nOJ1e KOHl'pOllbHOH CYMMbl <ppeHMa (Frame Check Sequence - FCS), e.n:HHCTBeHHoe none KOHueBuKa Ethernet-<ppeHMa, n03BOllfieT YCTPOHCTBY, npl1HflBIIIeMY <ppeHM, onpe- lIeJ1UTb, H3MeHHlIHCb lIH era 6HTbI B npouecce nepe.n:alJu no CeTI1. Ll,nfl 3anOllHeHI1f1 nOllfl KOHTPOJ1bHO H CyMMbl YCTPOHCTBo-oTnpaBHTellb no ClIO)l(HOH MaTeMaTHlJeCKOH <popMYlIe. Hcnoll b3 YfI cOllep)l(HMOe <ppeHMa, paCC'lHTbIBaeT lJeTblpex6aHToBoe IJI1ClIO. npHHuMalO- IDee YCTPOHCTBO npOH3BOlll1T Te )l(e caMble MaTeMaTH'leCKHe onepaUHI1. ECJIH pe3YlIbTaT BbIIJJtCJ1eHHH COBnallaeT C 3anucaHHblM B nOlle KOHTpOllbHOH CYMMbI 3HalJeHHeM, TO 4>peHM nepellaH 6e3 OIIIH60K. EClIH )l(e pe3YlIbTaT BbI'lHCJIeHUfi 11 3anHcaHHoe B nOJIe IJUC- JlO He COBnallaIOT, TO npOH30IIIlIa OIIIH6Ka, H <ppeHM yHUIJTO)l(aeTCfI. 06paTJtTe BHHMaHHe, IJTO MexaHH3M 06HapY)l(eHUfi OIIIu60K He no.n:pa3yMeBaeT BOC- craHOBJIeHUfi ,l{aHHbIX. CTaHAapT Ethernet YKa3bIBaeT, IJTO <ppeHMbI C 01lll16KaMH .n:Oll)KHbI }'HH'lTO)l(liTbCfI, H npl1 3TOM HHKaKHX .n:onOllHI1TellbHbiX .n:eHcTBHH, Hanpl1Mep, nOBTopHOH nepecbIJII<H nOBpe)I(JJ.eHHOra <ppeHMa, He np0I13Bo.n:HTCfI. 3allaIJa nOBTopHOH nepe.n:alJH nOBpe)l(lleHHOH I1H<popMauHU B03JIaraeTCfI Ha BepXHue ypOBHU Mo.n:eJII1 OSI, TaK, Hanpl1- Mep, npOTOKOJI TCP OTCJIe)l(HBaeT nOTeplO HH<popMauHH H np0I13Bo.n:UT nOBTopHYIO nepe- .aa'lY (nollp06Hee 06 3TOM paCCKa3blBaeTCfI B rJIaBe 6 "OCHOBbl npoTOKOJIa TCPjIP: nepellalJa llaHHbIX, npHJIO)l(eHl1f1 H 06eCneIJeHUe 6e30naCHOCTU CeTl1").
112 aCTbl.OCHOBbIC eye" -- nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY -- nOBTopMTe BCe KnIO"IeBble TeMbl - CJIe.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIIOI.JeBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHofi maBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI ,.... {KnIO'f.... mncrorpaMMofi Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 3.6 nepel.JHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO'leBbIe ::e.... TeMbI H COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He HM Cl'paHJ.tUbI. 3J1eMeHT Ta6J1Hla 3.6. KnIO'IeBbie TeMbi rJIaBbi 3 OnHcaHHe Ta6J1. 3.2 CnHCOK PI1C. 3.6 Pl1c.3.7 PI1C. 3.8 Ta6J1. 3.3 Cnl1COK PItC. 3.13 Ta6J1. 3.4 l.Jerblpe Halt60Jlee nonYJlJlpHbIX Tltna J10KaJlbHb1X ceren Ethernet It HeKOTopble nOAP06HOCTH 0 Ka>KllOM 1t3 TltnOB 0606weHl1e aJlrOpHTMa CSMA/CD CTaHliapTHbie cxeMbI pacnanKH Ka6eJlen EIA(fIA npltHUltn pa60TbI npJlMOrO Ka6eJlJl npltHUltn pa60TbI nepeKpellleHHoro Ka6eJlJl Cnl1COK YCTjJOi1CTB, KOTopble nepen.alOT Cl1rHaJI no napaM 1,2 11 no napaM 3,6 AnrOpl1TM CSMAjCD CrpYKTYPa oAHoan.pecaTHoro Ethernet -an.peca OcHoBHble TepMItHbI an.pecaultlt Ethernet HOMep CTpaHHttW 88 91 97 98 99 99 102 107 107 3an011HHTe Ta611Hbl H cnHCKH no naMSlTH PacneqaTafiTe npHJIO)l(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa3.n:eJI, OTHO' CflIl{HikH K :nofl rnaBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B nplIJlo)l(etUlH I1 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHI.{bI H cnHCKH ,l{JIfi caMoKoHl'pOJIfi. KmO'leBble TepMHHbl rl1aBbl J],aHTe onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBlIJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: CD. IOOOBASE-T, IOOBASE-TX, IOBASE-T, nepeKpeIl{eHHbIH Ka6eJIb, aJlropHTM CSMA/ cxe _ .n:ynJJeKcHbIfi pe)I(HM nepe.n:a'lH, nOJIy.n:yllJIeKCHbIfi pe)l(HM nepe.n:a'lH, KOHl.{ eHTP aTOP' 6 Jl L I<ae'" Ma no.n:KJIlOqeHHfI KOHTaKTOB, COBMeCTHO HCnOJIb3yeMafi cpe.n:a Ethernet, npfiMOH KOMMYTaTop, KOMMYTHpyeMafi cpe.n:a Ethernet. BHTafi napa.
I j 11 " b- l 1- J" B :nOH maBe... -+ . YpOBeHb I MOlleJIH OSI B .n:BYXTO- IJeIJHbIX KaHaJIax pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOH ceTH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe maBbi co- .n:ep)l(HTCfI onHcaHHe Ka6eJIbHoi1 pa3Bo.n:KU H annapaTHblX cpellCTB, I1CnOJIb3yeMbIx JI.Jlfl C03.n:aHUR no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI no BbweJIeHHOH JIHHHU Ha CTopoHe no-rpe6UTeJIR. . YpoBeHb 2 MOlleJiH OSI B .n:BYXTO- IJeIJHbIX KaHaJIaX pacnpeJIeJIeHHOH ceTH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe npl1BeDeHbI OCHOBHbIe CBe.n:eHHfI a TaKI1X npOTOKOJIaX KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHSI, HCnOJIb3yeMbIx JI.Jlfl C03.n:aHUH no.n:KJIlOlJeHl1f1 no BbweJIeHHoi1 JIHHHH, KaK HOLC 11 PPP. . TexnoJIorHa Frame Relay H C.IIYJK- 6bI c KOMMyraIJ.HeH naKeTOB. B :nOH 'laCTH maBbI paccMaTPU- BalOTCfI KOHl.{enUUI1 opraH"3a- I.{UH CJI}')K6bI C KOMMYTaU"eH na- KeTOB pacnpe.n:eJIeHHblX ceTefL npH'leM OCHOBHoe BHuMaHue y.n:eJIeHO TeXHOJIOrUU Frame Relay.
rI1ABA 4 OCHOBbl W AN-ceTeM B npellbIllYIl{eH maBe 6blJIH no.n:p06HO paCCMOTpeHbI MexaHH3MbI, liCnOJIb3yeMbIe B J10KaJIbHbIX ceTfiX Ethernet ,l{Jm OCYIlleCTBJIeHHfI cl>yHKI.{HH, onpe.n:eJIfieMblX nepBblMH lIBVMH ypOBHHMJ1 MOlleJIH OSI. B 3TOH rJIaBe pe'lb TaIOKe HlleT a CTaHllaPTax H npOTOKO- J1a. peaJIJ13YIOIIIUX ypOBHJ1 I (cl>H3H'leCKJ1M ypoBeHb) H 2 (KaHaJIbHbIH YPoBeHb) Mo.n:eJIH OS, HO }')Ke npHMeHHTeJIbHO K pacnpe.n:eJIeHHblM ceTfiM. KpOMe Taro, HlUKe npHBelleHbl 1I0n0J1HHTeJ1bHble CBe.n:eHHfI a cl>H3H"leCKOM ypOBHe MOlleJIH OSI, a TaIOKe onHcaHHfI Tpex nonYJ1HpHblX B ceTfiX WAN npOTOKOJIOB KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI: BbICOKoypoBHeBor npOTO- KOJ1a ynpaBJ1eHHfI KaHaJIOM nepe.n:a"lH .n:aHHbIX (High- Level Data Link Control - H DLC), npOTOKOJ1a .n:BYXTO"le"lHoro coellHHeHHfI (Point-to-Point Protocol- PPP) Ii TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay. KOHTpo.nbHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe.nM Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl r.naBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJI npe.n:Ha3Ha"leH ,l{Jlfl Taro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mar npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO Ol.{eHHTb I BOI1 3HaHI1H H peIIIHTb, HY)f(HO JIH eMy 'lHTaTb maBY l.{eJIHKOM. ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha ceMb H3 BOCbMI1 BonpocoB .n:aHbI npaBliJIbHO, MO)l(HO cpa3Y )l(e nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:HeMY pa3.n:eJIY "nOJlrOToBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHoBHbIe TeMbI ::ITOH rJIaBbI H npe.n:BapHTeJ1bHbIX KOHTpOJIb- HblX BonpocOB nepe'lHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 4.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI H HCnOJlb3YfI 5, 1I1 uy, "IJ1TaTeJ1b CMO)f(eT .n:OCTaTO"lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOM HJIH I1HOM "" (aCTI1. OTBeTbl Ha Bonpocbl npHBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)f(eHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe "onpOCbI" . Ta6.1Hua 4 1 T _ '. eMbi KOHTpOJlbHblX BonpocoB aR TeMa YPoBeHb I 1.1011 OS en 11 I BllBYXTo<Je<JHblx KaHanax paCnpelleJIeHHOA CeTI1 1-4 OBeHb 2 1.10 llenl1 OSI B llBYXTO<Je'lHblX KaHanax paCnpelleJIeHHOA CeTI1 5,6 "'UII 10rl1S! F rame Relay H cn}')K6bI C KOMMyraUl1eA naKeTOB 7, 8 I. KaKoti J13 liylO QJ nepe'lHCJleHHblX HH)I(e TepMHHOB HaHJIY"IIIIHM 06pa30M onHCblBaeT OCHOB- YHKI.{J11O npOTOKOJIOB ypOBHfI 1 Mo.n:eJlH OSI? a) Q) p eJ1MHpoBaHHe (framing). 6) Oe p eChlJlKa nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJlbHOCTeH 6HTOB aT O.n:HOro yC'rpOHCTBa K llpyrOMY. II) An.peCaI.{H}) (addressing). HOMepa BonpOCOB
116 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl c eTe.. --- r) HHTepct>eHc LMI (HHTepct>eHc nOKaJIbHoro ynpaBJ1eHHfI - Local Management Interface). .n:) H.n:eHTHct>HKaTOpbI DLCI. 2. KaKHe THnbI yC'rpoHcTB H3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX HH)f(e 06bI'lHO HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI D.J1f1 no.Q_ KJIIO"IeHHfI K 'leTbIpeJOKltJ1bHOMY TeJ1ect>oHHoMY npOBO.n:y ropo.n:cKOH TeJIect>oHHOH Cenf? a) nOCJle.n:oBaTenbHbIH HHTePct>eHc MaprnpYTH3aTopa. 6) Mo.n:ynb CSU/DSU. B) TpaHcHBep. r) nOCJIe.n:OBareJIbHbIH HHTepct>eHc KOMMYTaTopa. 3. KaKHe THnbI YCTpOHCTB H3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX HIDKe 06bl"lHO HCn0J1b3YIOTCfI D.J1f1 no.Q- KJIIO"IeHHfI K pa31>eMy V.35 HJIH RS-232 npH no.n:KJIIO'leHHH no Bbl,l{eJIeHHOH nHHHH? a) nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHbIH HHTepct>eHc MaprnpYTH3aropa. 6) Mo.n:ynb CSU/DSU. B) TpaHcHBep. r) nOCne.n:OBaTeJlbHbIH HHTepct>eHc KOMMYTaTopa. 4. npH C03.n:aHHH pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOH ceTH Ha OCHOBe Bbl,l{eneHHOH nHHHH, coellHmlloweH .n:Ba MaprnpYTH3aTOpa, KOTopbIe HaxOAflTCfI 3a COTHH KHJIOMeTpOB O.n:HH aT .n:pyroro, KaKHe YCTpOHCTBa paCCMaTpHBalOTCfI B Ka'leCTBe TepMHHaJIbHOrO 060py.n:oBaHHlI (DTE-yC'rpOHCTB)? a) MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI. 6) MOllynH CSU/DSU. B) CTaHI.{HH A TC. r) npol.{eccop KIDK.D.orO H3 MaprnpYTH3aropa. .n:) HH O.n:HH H3 YKa3aHHbIx BbIIIIe OTBeTOB He BepeH. 5. KaKHe H3 cne.n:yJOIllHX ct>YHlCIJ.HH ypOBHfI 2 Mo.n:eJIH OSI CneI.{Hct>HI.{HpOBaHbI CTatmap- TOM npOTOKona PPP, HO peaJIH3yJOTCfI C nOMOIl{blO nonfl 3arOJlOBKa ct>HpMeHHo H Bep- CHH npOTOKona HDLC KOMnaHHH Cisco? a) <I>peHMHpoBaHHe (framing). 6) Ap6HTpa)!( (arbitration). B) AapeCal.{Hfi (addressing). r) 06HapeHHe 01lIH60K (error detection). .n:) H.n:eHrnct>HKaUHfi THna npoToKona cooTBeTcTByJOIl{erO ct>peHMa. cJleJ1osa- 6. nYCTb MaprnpYTH3aTOp M 1 HMeeT no.n:KJIIO'leHHe K TpeM .D:BYXTO"le"lHbIM no tlbL TeJlbHbIM KaHaJIaM, Ka)f(}J.bIH H3 KOTOpbIX CBfl3bIBaeT era C O.n:HHM H3 Tpex y.n: aJIetl o MapIIIpYTH3aTopoB. KaKoe H3 cJle.n:YIOIl{HX YTBep)f(}J.eHHH no nOBo.n:y TPe6ye HDLC-a.n:pecallHH Ha CTopOHe MapIIIPYTH3aTopa MI Be pH a? a) M 1 .n:OJDKeH Hcnonb30BaTb a.n:peca HDLC 1,2 H 3. I OT ' 6) M I .n:on)f(eH Hcnonb30BaTb TpU nlO6bIx YHHKaJIbHbIX a.n:peca B .n:Hana3o tle 1023.
a 4 OCHOBbl W AN-ceTeM 117 rJ1aB . -- B) M I .n:OJDKeH HCnOJlb30BaTb TpH Jl106bIX yHHKaJIbHbIX a.n:peca B .n:Hana30He aT 16.n:0 1000. r) M I .n:OJVKeH HCnOJlb30BaTb TpH nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHbIX yHHKaJIbHbIX a.n:peca B .n:Hana- 30He aT I .n:o 1023. .n:) HH O.n:HO H3 YKa3aHHbiX YTBep)K,l{eHHi:l He flBJlfleTCfl npaBHJIbHbIM. 7. KaK Ha3blBaeTcfI nOJle npOT F OKOJla R Fr i ame Relay, HCnOJIb3yeMoe AJUI u.n:eHTH<pHKaUHH BHPTYaJIbHbIX coe.n:HHeHHH rame e ay? a) l1u.eHTH<pHKaTop KaHaJIbHoro nOJIKJIlO'leHHfI (Data-link connection identifier). 6) M11eHTH<pHKaTOp coe11HHeHHfI KaHaJIa (Data-link circuit identifier). B) I1HAHKaTOp no.n:KJIIO"IeHHfI KaHaJIa (Data-link connection indicator). r) I1HAHKaTOp coe11HHeHHfI KamUla (Data-link circuit indicator). ll) HH O.n:HH H3 YKa3aHHbIX OTBeTOB He flBJlfleTCfI npaBHJIbHbIM. 8. KaKoe H3 CJle.n:yJOIllHx YTBep)K,l{eHHH CnpaBe,l{JlHBO ,l{Jlfl BHpT)'aJIbHbIX KaHaJIOB (VC - virtual circuits) Frame Relay? a) KmKllOMY VC-KaHaJIY H}')KeH oT.n:eJIbHbIH KaHaJI .n:ocT)'na (access link). 6) HeCKOJlbKO VC-KaHaJIOB MOryr HCnOJlb30BaTb Ol1HH H TOT )l(e KaHaJI JIocTYlla. B) Bce VC-KaHaJIbI. HCnOJlb3YIOIl{He O.n:HH U TOT )l(e KaHaJI .n:ocTYlla. 110JUKHbI 6bITb n011KJIIO'leHbI K O.n:HOMy H TOMY )l(e MapIIIPYTH3aTOpy Ha .n:pyrOH CTopOHe VC- coe11HHeHHfI. r) Bce VC-KaHaJIbI O.n:HOro H Taro )l(e <pH3H"IeCKoro KaHaJIa JIocT)'na 110Jl)I(HbI HC- nOJIb30BaTb O.n:HH H TOT)I(e u.n:eHTH<PHKaTOp DLCI.
118 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeliJ - - BBeAeHMe - KaK "IHTaTeJlIO H3BeCTHO H3 npellbIllYIl{eH maBbI, nepeCbIJIKY .n:aHHbIX B <PH3H"IeCKHX cenlx caMblX pa3HbiX THnOB MO}l(HO onHcaTb. npHMeIDIfi KaHaJIbHbIH H <pH3H'leCKHH YPOB- HH MOlleJlH OSI. npH 3TOM MO)KHO BbIAeJlHTb .n:Be rpynnbI ceTeBbIX CTan.n:apl'OB H npOTO- KOJlOB. K nepBOH rpynne OTHOCflTCfI CTan.n:apTbl H npOTOKOJlbI ceTeH, CB})3blBaIOIIIHX 1/0- KQ.flbHble YCTpOHCTBa. T.e. HaXOllHIl{HeCfI OTHOCHTeJIbHO He.n:aJIeKO O.n:HO aT llpyroro (OTCIO.n:a H npOH30IIIJlO Ha3BaHHe TaKHX ceTeH). Ko BTOpOH rpynne OTHOCHTCfI cTaHllapTbI H npOTOKOJlbl ceTeH. CBfl3blBalOIl{HX YCTpOHCTBa. pacnpeOel/eHHbie no 1l0CTaTO"lHO 60JlbIlJOH nJlOIl{a.n:H (B HeKoTopbIX cJlY'lafix paccToflHHfI Me)f([(Y YCTpOHcTBaMH TaKHX ceTeH MOryr COCTaBJlflTb TbICH"IH KI1JlOMeTpOB), "ITa Tal0Ke HaIIIJIO CBoe OTpa}l(eHHe B Ha3BaHHH TaKHX ceTeH - pacnpeOeJ1eHHbie. TeM He MeHee, KaK JlOKaJIbHble, TaK H paCnpelleJleHHbIe ceTH peaJIH3yJOT <PYHKI.{HH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He YPOBHflM I 11 2 MOlleJlH OSI. Pa3JlH"IaIOTCfI JlHIIIb MexaHH3Mbi peaJIH3a- I.{HH. a Tal0Ke BTopOCTeneHHbie .n:eTaJIH. B TeKYWeH maBe nepe"lHCJleHbl 06IIIHe npHHUH- nbI peaJIH3aUHH Tpe6yeMbix <PYHKI.{HH H no.n:p06HO onHcaHbI HX pa3JlH"IHfI. CJle.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITa npH onHcaHUH pacnpeJIeJIeHHbIX ceTeH B .n:aHHoi:l rna- Be OCHOBHOi:l aKl.{eHT c.n:eJlaH Ha KopnopaTHBHble ceTH. HCnOJlb3YIOIIIHe WAN-TeXH0J10rHI1 )])Ul coe.n:I1HeHHfI y.n:aJIeHHbIX nJlOIIlaAOK. B "IaCTH IV "Pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIe ceTH" .n:aHHoH KHHrH paCnpelleJleHHbIe ceTH paCCMaTpHBalOTCH B 60Jlee WHpOKOM KOHTeKCTe, BKJIIO'I:uI TaKHe nonyJlflpHble TeXHOJlOrHH 1l0cTyna K ceTH J1HTepHeT, KaK UH<ppoBbIe a60HeHTCKJte KaHaJIbI (Digital Subscriber Line - DSL) H pa3JlH"IHbIe Ka6eJlbHbie TeXHOJlOrHH. KpOMe Taro, B HeM nOllp06HO paccMaTpHBalOTCH Bonpocbl KOH<pHrypaI.{HH pacnpe.n:eJleHHblX ce- TeH. LI.onOJlHHTeJlbHYIO HH<popMaI.{HIO a TeXHOJlOrHH Frame Relay, a TalOKe a nocTpoeHHI1 BHpTyaJIbHblX "IaCTHbIX ceTeH (Virtual Private Networks - VPN) B ceTH J1HTepHeT, no- 3BOJlfllOIl{HX HCnOJlb30BaTb ee BMeCTO TpaAHUHOHHbIX WAN-TeXHOJIOrHH. MO)I(HO HaHTI1 BO BTOpOM TOMe KHHrH. YpOBeHb 1 MOAeIn1 051 B ABYXTO"le"lHbIX KaHanax pacnpeAeneHHOM ceT <1>H3H'leCKHH ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJIH OSI, HJlH ypOBeHb I, .n:eTaJIbHO onpe.n:eJlfleT MexaHli3 nepeCblJlKH <pH3H"IeCKHX JIaHHbIX aT O.n:HOro YCTpOHCTBa K .n:pyroMY. n03TOMY "IaCTO 0 6 .. Co ypOBHe I MOlleJlH OSI roBOpfiT KaK 06 ypoBHe, Ha KOTOpOM "nepeCbIJIalOTCfI 6HTbl . BbI- CTBeHHO llaHHble HHKancYJlHpyJOTCfI Ha 60Jlee BbICOKHX YPOBHflX, KaK 6bIJlO onucaHO 0 IIIe, B maBe 2 "CeTeBbIe MOlleJlH TCPjlP H OSI". LI.eHCTBI1TeJIbHO, HeCMOTpfl Ha TO. tff itcrBO- n p OHCXOllHT Ha OCTaJIbHbIX yp OBHflX Mo.n:eJlH OSI. B KOHe"lHOM HTore yc-rpo 'i TB - OTnpaBHTeJlb 1l0Jl}l(HO nepeCJlaTb onpe.n:eJleHHyJO nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHOCTb 6HTOB YC-rpOlIC po "n . nOJlY"IaTeJlIO. <1>H3H"IeCKHi:l ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJIH OSI KaK pa3 H onHCblBaeT CTaH.n:apTbI 0 TOKOJlbl, HCnOJlb3yeMbIe AJlH C0311aHHH <pH3H'feCKOH ceTH H nepeCbIJlKl1 6HTOBbIX nO CJIelI BaTeJlbHOCTeH no 3TOH CeTI1. cr- Bo MHOroM pa60Ta llBYXTO'le"lHoro KaHaJIa pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOH ceTH nOll06Ha Mare( paJIbHOH JlHHHH (trunk) Ethernet, coellHHfllOIlleH llBa KOMMyraTOpa (switch) [the JJ . npHMep TaKOH JlHHItH nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 4.1. Ha KOTOpOM npOlIJlJllOCTpHpoBaHa JIOKaJl b
4 OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeH rl1as a . 119 - a3BepHyTaSi B llBYX 311aHHSlX, B KIDKllOM H3 KOTOpbIX eCTb CBOH KOMMyTaTop. KaK, ceo 6blTb, nOMHHT 'J:HTaTeJIb, MHorHe Ethernet-ycTpoHcTBa HCnOJlb3yJOT OllHY napy B llo 6 e l1IUI nOJlyqeHHflllaHHblx H BTOpyJO - ,l{JISi oTnpaBKH llaHHbIX, 'ITa n03BOJIfieT CHH- J(3 eJ1 .h 06 O MeXH aT 3JleKTj)OMarHHTHOU HHTep'PepeHI.{HH. bI'J:HO Me)K,l{Y YCTpOUCTBaMH KO- 3HTb n IX n OJlb30BaTeJleH H KOMMyTaTopaMH HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI Ethernet-Ka6eJlH npfiMOH pac- HetJHb nailJ(lI (straight-through). LI.nSl MarucTpaJIbHbIX JlHHHU, coe.n:HHHIOIllHX KOMMYTaTopbI, HC- n0J1b3yK>TCfI nepeKpeIl{eHHbIe Ka6eJIH (crossover), nOCKOJIbKY KmK.llbIH H3 KOMMyTaTopOB ellaeT llaHHble Ha Te }l(e KOHTaKTbI pa31>eMa no.n:KJIIO'J:eHHfI Ka6eJlfl. TaKHM 06pa30M, nep nepeKpeIIIeHHbIe Ka6eJlH coellUHfllOT nepe.n:alOIl{YIO napy KOHTaKTOB OllHoro YCTpOUCTBa C npHHHMalOIIIeH napoH KOHTaToB llPYroro yC'rpoHcTBa. 3TOT npHHI.{Hn nepella'J:H .n:aHHbIX npoHJl]1IOCTpHpOBaH B HH}I(HeU 'laCTH pHC. 4.1. 3AaHe 1 3AaHe 2 ----- -- ----- -,.----- nepeKpellleHHbli1 Ka6ellb 1 l- npS!Moi1 Ka6ellb --- --.J npHLIn pa60TbI nepeKpellleHHoro Ka6ellS! ----- -- Puc. 4.1. flpUMep /lOKOJIbHOU cemu MeJICoy 06YMJI 300HURMU H a Tenepb npellCTaBbTe, 'ITa 3.n:aHHfI HaxOMTCfI He B npe.n:eJIax o.n:Horo KBapTaJIa, a Ha p CCTOSIHUH 1000 KM O.n:HO aT .n:Pyroro. Cpa3Y}I(e CTaHOBHTCfI nOHflTHO, 'ITa B 3TOM CJlY'J:ae lbllileCM lleJlO KaK MHHHMYM C llBYJ151 np06JIeMaMH, YKa3aHHbIMH HH}I(e. · TeXHOJlOrHfI Ethernet He n03BOJlfleT C0311aBaTb Ka6e.nbHbie CHCTeMbI, 06ecne'J:H- BalOlIIHe pa60Ty OT.n:eJlbHOH MarHCTpaJIbHOH JlHHHH npOTfI}I(eHHOCTblO 1000 KM. · .Ja)l(e eCJlH 6bI TeXHOJlOrHfI Ethernet H 06eCne'lHBaJIa no.n:.n:ep}l(KY MarHcTpaJIbHbIX JIIiHIiH npOTfI}I(eHHOCTblO 1000 KM, BPM JlH KOMY-JIH60 YllaCTCfI nOJlyqHTb Bce He- 06XOllHMbie pa3perneHHfI ,l{JIfi npOKJIaAKH TaKoH JIHHHH no TeppHTopHH Bcex 6e3 IiCKJIIO'J:eHHfI COOTBeTcTByJOIl{HX 3eMeJlbHbIX Y'J:aCTKOB, KOTopbIe HaxoMTCfI Me)K,l{Y llBYMSI 3.n:aHHSlMH. no:noly 1k1 laCT OCHOBHoe pa3JlH'J:He Me)K,l{Y JlOKaJIbHblMH H paCnpelleJ1eHHbIMH CeTflMH 3a- II fIe"" l1 c}) B TOM, HaC,,"OJlbKO llaJIeKO MOryr Haxo.n:HTbCSI O.n:HO aT .n:pyroro npHHHMalOIl{ee 1"''" alOlIIee Y "'fO fI O ., CTPOUCTBa npH YCJlOBHH rapaHTHpOBaHHOH OTnpaBKH H rapaHTHpOBaH- .'Y'leHH}) I< l11aH llaHHbiX. JIOKaJIbHbIe ceTH, KaK npaBHJlO, pa3MeIl{alOTCfI B npe.n:eJIax o.n:- llPl111 h< liS! I1JlI1, KaK BapHaHT, B npe.n:eJlax HeCKOJIbKHX 3.n:aHHH, T.e. HeKOTopOH TepPH- · )HHble !nyca - campus). Ho lla}l(e B nOCJle.n:HeM CJlY'J:ae MarHCTpaJIbHble OnTOBOJlO- J Olal<)T I1HI1I1 pa60TalOT no TeXHOJlOrHH Ethernet. Pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIe CeTH 06bI'J:HO 'iIJet Ha pacCTO})HI1})X, rOpa31l0 60JlbIIIHX, 'leM 3TO npe.n:YCMOTpeHO TeXHOJIOrHeH , B CCT})X, 061>ellHHfllOIl{HX paHoHbl ropona HJlH llIDKe UeJIbIe ropona. fioJIee TOro,
120 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl Ce Te.. - 'laCTO npaBO npOKJIaAKH Ka6eJIbHbIX ceTei:l Me ropO.n:aMH B CT))aHe HMeeT JIHIlIb He- CKOJIbKO KOMnaHHH. n03TOMY pa3pa60T'IHKH CTaHAapTOB paCnpe11eJIeHHbIX ceTeH 1l0.lDk._ HbI 6bIJlH HCnOJIb30BaTb llJIfi onHcaHHfI MexaHH3MOB OTnpaBKH H nOJlY'-IeHHfI llaHHbIX Ha paCCTOflHHfI, H3MepfieMbIe TbICSI'laMH KHJIOMeT))OB, cneuHc1>HKauHH, OTJIH'lHbIe aT aHa- JIOrH'lHbIX cneUHc1>HKal.{HH c1>H3H'leCKoro ypOBHfI Ethernet. BHMMAHMEI nOMItMO TepMItHOB 1I0KOI/bHaR cemb H pacnpeiJe.neHHaR cemb, IDIfi onHC3HHH ceTeH, 06'be1l1tHHIOIlII1X OTlleJIbHbIe 3113HI1S1, KOTopble HaxOlUlTCH Ha 3H3'-1HTeJIbHOM paCCTOHHHIt OllHO OT llpyroro, ItCnOJIb3YeTCfI repMHH ZOpoiJcKOR cemb, ItJIIt peZUOHOI/bHOR cemb (Metropolitan-Area Networks - MAN). TepMItHOM MAN 06bl'IHO 0603Ha'Ia1OTCSI paCnpelleJIeHHble ceTH, KOTopble "He llOTHrItB3IOT" 1I0 Toro, 'ITo6bI H33blB3TbCH nOJIHOl.{eHHOR WAN-CeTblO. KaK np3BWlo, K TaKItM ceTHM OTHOCHTCH CCTII M3CIIITa6a OTlleJIbHOrO ropOll3 WlH Mer3nOJIItCa. TeM He MeHee pa3JIH'IHH Me>Kll.Y JIOKaJlbHbIMH. ropollCKItMIt. perltOHaJlbHbIMIt H p3CnpelleJIeHHbIMIt CeTHMIt llOCT3TO'-lHO pa3MbITbl. npOllIe roBOPJI, HeJIb3H H33B3Tb TO'IHble LlH4>PbI npoTHxeHHOCTIt JIHHItH, H3 OCHOBaHItIt KOTOpOH :ny JIHHItIO OllH03H3'IHO MOXHO 6bIJIO 6bl Ha3B3Tb cerMeHTOM I.AN-, MAN- ItJIIt WAN-ceTIt. Ha c1>H3H'-IeCKOM ypOBHe C03.n:aHHeM no.n:06HbIX ceTei:l 60JIbIIIOH npOTflxeHHOCTIt 3a- HHMalOTCfI Cnel.{HaJIH3HpOBaHHble KOMnaHHH, KOTopbIe 06eCne'-lHBa1OT npH06peTeHlte, npOKJIaAKY H 3KCnJIyaTal.(HIO COOTBeTCTByJOIl{HX Ka6eJIbHbIX CHCTeM. ECTeCTBeHHO, ItMeH- HO TaKHe KOMnaHHH HMelOT BCe He06xoJIHMbIe .n:OK)'MeHTbI H pa3peweHHfI ,U,JIfi npOBelle- HHfI 3eMJIflHblX pa60T B ropo.n:e. n03TOMY KOMnaHHfI, KOTopafl HYXJIaeTCfI B nepe11a'Ie .n:aHHbIX no paCnpe11eJIeHHbIM ceTflM, He flBJlflSlCb BJ1aAeJIbl.{eM Ka6eJIbHOH CHCTeMbI, Bbl- HYJK,lIeHa apeHAOBaTb J1HHHH CBfl3H Y BJlaAeJIbua. B TaKHX cJIy'lafix J1HHHH CBfl3H Ha3bIBalOT apeHiJo6aHHblMU (leased line), HJIH 6b1iJe/leHHblMU (dedicated line), nOCKOJIbKY KOMnaHItH- BJ1aAeJIel.{ He npo.n:aeT, a c.n:aeT B apeH.llY, HJIH "BblAeJ1f1eT" (B03MO)KH0, BO BpeMeHHoe nOJIb30BaHHe) JIHHHIO KOMnaHHH-nmpe6HTeJlIO. O'leHb '-IaCTO B pOJ1H KOMnaHItH-BJla- .n:eJIbl.{eB BblAeJIeHHbIX JIHHHH CBfl3H ,U,JISI pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIX CeTeH BbIcrynalOT MeCTHble -re- JIec1>oHHble KOMnaHHH (telephone company - telco). Bo MHOrHX cT))aHax, me coxpaH HeT - CfI rocY11apcTBeHHoe peryJIHpOBaHHe 3JIeKTPocBfl3H HJIH rocYJIapCTBeHHaSi MOHonOJIHH H3 3JIeKTPocBfl3b, TaKHe KOMnaHHH Ha3bIBalOTCfI OTTK, HJIH 06Il{eCTBeHHbIMH TeJIec1>0HHO- TeJlerpac1>HblMH KOMnaHHflMH (Public Telephone and Telegraph - PTT). O.n:HaKo B Ha- CTOflIllee BpeMfi 60JIbWHHCTBO n0J1b30BaTeJIei:l, roBOpfi 0 KOMnaHHH, 06ecne'-lHBaIOIlIeA 110C1)'n K paCnpe11eJIeHHOH ceTH JII060ro BHlla (oc06eHHo K ceTH HHTepHeT), npe.n:no'IH- TalOT HCnOJIb30BaTb TepMHH npo6auoep, UJlU npo6auiJep YCJIyz (service provider). HeHlle .D.BYXTO'le'lHbIe MarHCTpaJIbHbIe WAN-JIHHHH 06eCne'lHBalOT 6a30Boe coe11H NIep} . Me .n:BYMfI TO'-lKaMH. ,lI,.JuI nOJIyqeHHfI TaKOH JIHHHH H}l)KHO o6paTHTbcSI K npOBa x KOTOpbIH 06eCne'lHT npOKJIaAKY Ka6eJISI. YCJIyra, npe.n:ocTaBJIfieMaSi B n01106HbIX CJIY'I_ TeJ1ec1>oHHoH KOMnaHHeH HJIH npOBafuIepOM, nOJI06Ha HaJIH'lHIO nocToflHHO H TeJIeT_ HOH CBfl3H Me)l(lly.n:BYMfI nJIOIllaAKaMH. TaKoe YTBep)l(lleHHe 03Ha'-laeT, 'ITa .n:Ba ycTPO _ Ba Ha Ka)l(llOH H3 OKOHe'lHbIX TO'leK WAN-JIHHHH MOryT OTnpaBJIflTb 6HTOBbIe nOCJIeJlo60_ TeJIbHOCTH O.n:HO .n:pyroMY u nOJIY'-laTb HX B JII060H MOMeHT BpeMeHH, He 3aHHMaHCb N- paM HOMepa H He TpaTfi BpeMfi Ha YCTaHOBJ1eHHe coe.n:HHeHHfI. nOCKOJIbKY TaKoe II coe.n:HHeHHe Bcerna .n:ocrynHo ,U,JIfi 06MeHa HHc1>opMaI.{HeH, ero Hepe.n: KO Ha3blBalO T o iJyeMblM KaHaIlOM (leased circuit), HJIH 6b1iJeJ/eHHou IIUHueu (leased line), nOCKOJIbKY nO JlbJ O' TeJ1b HMeeT 3KCKJII03HBHOe npaBO 3aHHMaTb 3TOT KaHaJI, eCJIH OH OnJIa'-lHBaeT era apeHJIY.
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a 4 OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeM 125 rI1a B . -- MHonte MaprnpYTH3aTopbI Cisco nO.D.II.ep.)I(HBaIOT nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIe HHTep<l>eHcbI, Ul J.te J.tHTCrpHpoBaHHbIe BHYTPeHHHe MO.n:YJIH CSUjDSU. ECJIH MaprnpYTH3aTOp JiMelO 60 y.n:OBaH TaJGIM HHTerpHpoBaHHbIM Mo.n:YJIeM, Ka6eJIb ,l{JllI coe.n:HHeHHH MaprnpYTH3a- o P C BHernHJ.tM MO.IIYJIeM CSUjDSU, eCTeCTBeHHO, He H}')KeH. B TaKHX CJIy'Iafix nOCJIe- TOpa OBaTeJIbHble Ka6eJIH, nOKa3aHHbIe Ha pHC. 4.4, He HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI, a <l>H3H'leCKafi JIHHHfI, .II JlO)l(eHHa51 aT ATC, no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo K nopTY MaprnpYTH3aTOpa (KaK :BHJlO, TaKoM nopT nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOrO HHTep<l>eMca MaprnPYTH3aTopa HMeeT BCTpoeH- HbIM pa31>CM RJ-48). TaKTOBaSi aCTOTa, CIIIHXpOHIII3aL-'IIISI, OKOHeHoe o6oPYAOBaHille nHHHIll nepeAa AaHHblX III TepMIIIHal1bHOe o6oPYAOBaHille J.1H)I(eHepy, 3aHHMalOIlleMYCfI pa3BepTbIBaHHeM ceTH npe.n:npHflTHfI, npH C03.n:aHHH HOBOro .n:BYXTO'le'lHOrO BbIAeJIeHHOrO KaHaJIa Me)K.l{y .n:BYMfI MaprnPYTH3aTopaMH npe.n:CTO- ItT peIIIHTb HeCKOJIbKO 3a.LI.a'l. npe)K,l{e Bcero, ceTeBoH HIDKeHep .n:OJDKeH CBfl3aTbCfI C npo- BafulepoM H 3aKa3aTb npe.n:ocTaBJIeHHe BbIAeJIeHHOM JIHHHH. npH 3TOM CeTeBOH HH)KeHep 110Jl)l(eH YKa3aTb nponycKHYIO cnoc06HoCTb 3TOM JIHHHH, BbIpIDKeHHYIO B KHJI06HTaX B ce- K)'Hlly (K6HTjC). nOKa TeJIe<l>oHHa51 KOMnaHH5I 3aHHMaeTCfI npOKJIa.LI.KOH JIHHHH, HH)Ke- Hep npH06peTaeT ,l{JllI npe.n:npHflTHfillBa MO.n:YJIfi CSUjDSU, YCTaHaBJIHBaeT Ka)K,l{blH H3 HItX Ha O.n:HOH H3 nJIOIlla.LI.OK H cooTBeTcTByJOIllJ.tM 06pa30M HaCTpaHBaeT 3TH MO.n:YJIH. KpoMe TOro, CeTeBOM HIDKeHep npH06peTaeT H YCTaHaBJIHBaeT MaprnpYTH3aTopbI H CO- e11ItHHeT KIDK.IIbIM H3 HHX C nOMOIllblO Ka6eJIeH, nOKa3aHHbIX Ha pHC. 4.4, C COOTBeTCT- BYJOIIUtM MO.IIYJIeM CSUjDSU. KaK TOJIbKO HH}I(eHepbI ATC 3aKOH'laT npoKJIa.LI.KY JIHHHH, K HeH no.n:KJIIO'lalOTCfI MO.n:YJIH CSUjDSU, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 4.4. KIDKllblH H3 WAN-KaHaJIOB CBH3H, npe.n:ocTaBJUleMbIX npoBai1.LI.epoM, pa60TaeT Ha O.n:HOH 113 3apaHee orooopeHHbIX CKopOCTeM. TaKyIO CKOpOCTb 'laCTO Ha3bIBalOT maKm060U 'tacmo- mou (clock rate), UlUPUHOU nO/lOCbl nponYCKaHUJI (bandwidth) HJIH CKOpocmblO KaHO/la (link speed). CcreBoH HIDKeHep npe.n:npJ.tflTJ.tH (T.e. Cnel.{HaJIHCT KJIHeHTa) 06f13aH }'Ka3aTb MHHH- MaJlbHO .n:onYCTHMyJO CKOpOCTb npH o<l>opMJIeHHH .n:oroBopa Ha npe.n:ocTaBJIeHHe KaHaJIa, OCK01lbKy aHa BJIHfleT Ha TeXHH'leCKl1e napaMeTpbI JIHHHH, npOKJIa.LI.bIBaeMOH OT A TC. MCTOro, ceTeBOH HIDKeHep npe.n:npHHTHfI.n:OJI)KeH HaCTpOHTb MO.IIYJIb CSUjDSU B KmK- 11011 H3 llJIOIIla.LI.OK TaK, 'lT06bI 3Ta HaCTpoHKa COOTBeTCTBOBaJIa Tpe6yeMoM CKOpOCTH. fuH Taro 'H06bl KaHaJI CBfl3H YCTOH'lHBO pa60TaJI, H}')KHO 'lT06bI pa3JIH'lHbIe no.n:KJIIO- 'IeHHbIe K o .. HCMy YCTpOHCTBa npHBo.n:HJIH CBOH qaCTOTbI B COOTBeTCTBl1e C HeKOTopOM 3Ta- ;:HOH qaCTOTOH. 3TOT npOl.{eCC H Ha3bIBaeTCH CUHXpoHu3au,ueu (synchronization). B CUH- CT01/1/ bIX KQHQ/lax (synchronous circuits) BpeMeHHafi BbI60pKa OCYIlleCTBJlfleTCfI KaK Ha c-r: He OTnpaBHTeJUI, TaK 11 Ha CTopOHe nOJIyqaTeJIH. ECTeCTBeHHO, B u.n:eaJIe BCe YCTpOM- 1101l)l(H bl C O.1H a omaCOBaTb CBOH CKOpOCTH, 'lT06bI pa60TaTb Ha O.n:HOM H TOM }l(e CKOpOCTH. Ko Ha npa HI1I1 CK KTHKe 3a.LI.a'la 06eCne'leHHfI no.n:.n:ep}l(aHHH HCTHHHO o.n:HHaKOBbIX 3Ha'le- BI1Te1lb °POCTlt flBJIfleTCfI CJIHrnKOM CJIO}l(HOH H .n:oporOM B peaJIH3aUHH. n03TOMY B .n:eHCT- HOCTlt yc Tp 6 corJIaco OHCTBa pa OTalOT Ha npUMepHo o.n:HHaKoBoH CKOpOCTH, nepHo.n:H'leCKH He IcaHa.:blBafi CBOIO CKOpOCTb co CKOpOCTblO YCTpOHCTB, HaXOAflIllHXCfI Ha .n:PyroH CTOpO- BhllJOJIHH a CBH3H. B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH 06HapBaeTcfI paccomaCOBaHHe, o.n:Ha H3 CTOpOH CI1HX eT no.n:CTpOMKy CBoeM CKOpOCTH. 110JIHSleTOHH3aI.{Hfi .n:Byx Mo.n:YJIeH CSUjDSU, coe.n:HHeHHbIX BbIAeJIeHHOM JIHHHeH, BbI- ( OMor:tyreM npHHy.n:HTeJIbHoro npHBe.n:eHHfI TaHMepa O.n:HOro H3 MO.IIYJIeM CSUjDSU B COOTBeTcTBHe C TaKTOBOH 'laCTOTOH .n:pyroro MO.IIYJI5I CSU/DSU (Be.n:YIl{ero).
126 lfaCTb I. OCHOBbl c eTei1 --- npol.{ecc npOHCXo.n:HT npaKTH'leCKH TaK )Ke, KaK 3TO nOKa3bIBalOT B <punbMax a pa3BeJI'Hf_ Kax, CBepfilOIl{HX 'laCbI. E.n:Hl-lCTBeHHoe OTJIH'lHe ceTeBblX YCTPOHCTB aT pa3Be.n:'lHKOB 3a- KJlIO'laeTCfI B TOM, 'ITa ceTeBbie YCTpOHCTBa CBepfilOT CBOH 'laCbI HeCKOJIbKO pa3 B cel<}'Ii,ny. Ha npaKTHKe npoCTafi KOHl.{enl.{Hfi CHHxpOHH3al.{HH BbIJIHBaeTCfI B HCnOJIb30BaHI1e Ue- JIOH HepapXUH pa3JlH'lHbIX HCTO'lHHKOB CHrHaJIOB TaHMepa. TeJIe<poHHaSi KOMnaHI1S1. npe_ .n:OCTaBJIHeT HH<popMaI.{HIO a BpeMeHHbIX napaMeTpax MOllYJIflM CSUjDSU, OCHOBblBaSiCb lia nepe.n:a'le 3JIeKTpH'leCKHX CHrHaJIOB B JIUHHH CBH3H. 3aTeM 06a Mo.n:ynH CSUjDSU nOll- CTpaHBalOT CBOH CKOpOCTH B COOTBeTCTBHH C CHHXpOCHrHaJIOM (clocking signal), n0JlY'leli_ HbIM aT Tene<pOHHOH KOMnaHHH. KIDK.abIH H3 MOllYJIeH CSUjDSU, B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b, nepe_ .n:aeT CHHXpOCHrHaJIbI MaprnpyTH3aTopaM, KOTOpbIM OCTaeTCfI nHIIIb pearupoBaTb Ha 3TH CHrHaJIbI, OTnpaB.IUI5I H nOJIyqaSl.n:aHHble C KOppeKTHOH 'laCTOTOH. n03TOMy, C TO'lKH JpeHHJI MapIIIpyTH3aTopOB, 3a,aaHHeM 'laCTOTbI KaHaJIa CBfl3H 3aHHMaIOTCSI. MO.n:YJIH CSUjDSU. C npOl.{eCCOM CHHxpOHH3al.{HH CBSl.3aHbl eIl{e HeCKOJIbKO KJlIO'leBblX nOHHTItH pacnpe- .n:eneHHbIX ceTeH. TaK, YCTpOHCTBO, 06eCne'lHBalOIllee 3a.LI.aHHe 'laCTOTbI (06bI'IHO :HO MO- .n:YJIb CSUjDSU), paCCMaTpHBaeTCH B Ka'leCTBe KOHe'lHoro 060py.n:OBaHHH JIHHUU nepe- .n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX (Data Communication Equipment - DCE). YCTpOHCTBO )l(e, ynpaBJIJleMoe CUHXpOCHrnaJIaMH (06bI'IHO 3TO MapIIIpyTH3aTOp), Ha3bIBalOT TepMHHaJIbHbIM 060PYllO- BaHHeM (Data Tenninal Equipment - DTE). C03,AaHllle WAN-coe,AIIIHeHIllSi B na60paTOplllill C npaKTH'IeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHHH npH npH06peTeHHH nocne.n:OBaTeJIbHOrO Ka6eml J])III YCTPOHCTB Cisco HO BbI6HpaTb nH60 Ka6enb C pa31>eMOM D.J1S1. no.n:KJlIO'leHUH YCTPOHCT- Ba DTE, JIH60 Ka6enb C pa31>eMOM D.J1f1 no.n:KJlIO'leHHH YCTpOHCTBa DCE. KOHKpeTHbIH THn Ka6enfl OnpelleJlfleTCH TeM, KaKYIO pOJIb HrpaeT MapIIIpyTlt3aTOp: pOJIb TepMUHaJIbHOrO 060Py.n:oBaHHfI HJIH pOJIb KOHe'lHOrO 060Py.n:oBaHHfI nHHUH nepe.n:a'l .n:aHHbIX. B peaJIbHblX WAN-coe.n:HHeHHflx MapIIIpyTH3aTOp B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe cnyqaeB HrpaeT ponb TepMHHaJI b - HOro 060Py.n:OBaHHH, n03TOMY D.J1f1 no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI K MOllYJIIO CSUjDSU HY)KHO HcnOJIb- 30BaTb Ka6eJIb D.J1f1 YCTpOHCTBa DTE. B JIa60paTopHbiX YCJIOBHfIX MO)KHO C03.n:aTb nocne.n:OBaTenbHblH KaHaJI 6e3 ucnOJlbJOB.. HHfI MOllyneH CSUjDSU, H}')KHO JIHIIIb, 'lT06bl O.n:HH H3 MaprnpyTH3aTopOB 06ecne4UB1-' reHepaUHIO TaKTOBOH 'laCTOTbl. J1HbIMIt CJIOBaMH, Kor.n:a B npouecce no.n:roToBKU K 3K33I HaM Cisco Bbl 3axOTHTe C03AaTb JIa60paTopHyJO ceTb, BaM He HY)I(HO.lUUl 3TOro npIt06peT'" MOJIynH CSUjDSU HJIU 3aKa3bIBaTb no.n:KJlIO'leHUe K peaJIbHOH WAN-JIHHHH. IlocTIrro 4t nHIIIb npH06pecTH llBa MaprnpyTH3aTopa, nocnellOBaTeJIbHbIH DTE-Ka6enb DJlSI. 011H( MapIIIpyTH3aTopa, nocne.n:oBaTenbHbIH DCE-Ka6enb D.J1f1 BToporo, a 3aTeM nO,l{I<J110 4H , MapIIIpyTH3aTOpbl O.n:HH K .n:pyrOMY, coe.n:ItHHB Ka6enH BMeCTe. MaprnpyTH3aTop, K KOTOpo no.n:KJlIO'IeH DCE-Ka6enb, MO)KHO HacTpoHTb TaK, 'lT06bI OH reHepupoBaJI TaKTOBYIO 4 6 B CKPoIH Tal]', 'ITa n03BOJIHT 060HTHCb 6e3 MO.n:YJIfI CSUjDSU. TaKItM a pa30M, .n:a)l(e f JIa60paTopHbiX ycnoBHHX MO)KHO pa3BepHyTb pacnpe.n:eneHHyJO ceTb, C3KOHOMI1B 3TOM HeCKOJIbKO COTeH .n:OJlJIapOB Ha nOKynKe MO.n:YJIH CSUjDSU. DTE- H DCE-Ka I' MO)KHO no.n:KJlIO'lHTb O.n:UH K .n:pyrOMY (DCE-Ka6enb HMeeT OKOHe'lHbIH pa31>eM B B OTBe1C 1B , rHe3.n:a, a DTE-Ka6enb - B BH,l{e IIITeKepa), a 3aTeM KIDK.D.blH H3 HHX - K co j{C Il{eMY MaprnpyTH3aTOpy. BBeAfl Ha O.n:HOM H3 MapIIIpyTU3aTOpoB o.n:Hy-e.n:uHcTBetHIylOoJlb MaHllY (KoMaHllY clock rate), '1HTaTenb nOJIyqHT rOToBblH .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIH no CJ1eJI TenbHblH KaHaJI. TaKOH Tun no.n:KJlIO'leHHSI. .n:BYX MapIIIpyTU3aTopOB HHor.n:a Ha3bl BalO1 nocpeOCm6eHHbLM Iw6opamOpHbLM coeOUHeHueM (back-to-back).
4 OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeM 127 rn aBa . -- Ha pltc. 4.5 nOKa3aHbi Ka6eJIbHbIe JIHHHH npH Henocpe.n:CTBeHHOM JIa60paTopHoM co- H ltH a TaIOKe no.n:KJlIO'IeHHbIe O.n:HH K .n:PyrOMY DCE/DTE-Ka6eJIH, B KOTOpblX HH- e.llJtHe , pOBaHbI KOHTaKTbI nepe.n:a'lH H npHeMa. TaKoH Ka6eJlb HanOMHHaeT no CBoeMY BepTJt u Jt I1Y pa60TbI nepeKpemeHHbIH Ka6eJIb Ethernet (crossover), C nOMOIl{blO KOTOpOro npJtH 06ecne<JHBaeTcH 06MeH JIaHHbIX Me)KJJ;y .n:BYMfI OllHHaKOBbIMH YCl"pOHCTBaMH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTJt, Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo no.n:KJIIO'IeHHbIX O.n:HO K .n:PyroMY. reHepal.l-!R TaKTOBoi1 'JaCTOTbi Mapwpy- TI-!3aTOp 1 nOClle,QOB8.TellbHbli1 nOClle,QOBaTellbHbli1 Mapwpy- TI-!3aTOp 2 DTE-Ka6enb DCE-Ka6ellb D T' Rx TX Rx Rx " 0 Rx DTE-Ka6ellb DCE-Ka6ellb Puc. 4.5. floCAeoo6ome.nbHble Ko6e.nbHble coeouHeHUR, UcnOJlb3YIOU{ue DTE- u DCE-K06e.nu KaK BHllHO H3 pHC. 4.5, DTE-Ka6eJIb, T.e. Ka6eJIb. KOTOpbIH 06bl'lHO ucnOJIb3yeTCH.lUUI nOlIKJlIO'IeHHfI M0.IIYJIfi CSUjDSU, He HMeeT nepeKpeIlleHHbIX JIHHHH nepe.n:a'lH 11 npHe- Na. B DCE-Ka6eJIe JIHHHI1 nepe.n:a'lH H npHeMa nepeKpeIl{eHbl, n03TOMY npOBo.n:HHKH, H..1YUlHe OT nepe.n:alOIllHX KOHTaKTOB o.n:Horo MaprnpYTH3aTopa, no.n:KJIIO'IaIOTCH K npHHH- MalOUlHM KOHTaKTaM BToporo MapIIIpYTH3aTopa, 11 Ha060pOT, n03TOMY TaKoe no.n:KJIIO'le- HHe OCTaeTCfI np03pa'lHblM ,l{JIfi MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB. nOCKOJIbK)' MapIIIpYTH3aTOp, K KOTO- !>OlY nOlIKJlIO'leH DCE-Ka6eJIb, .n:OJDKeH reHepHpOBaTb TaKTOByJO '1aCTOT)', B KOH<}mrypa- UHIO :nOro MapIIIpYTH3aTopa He06xo.n:HMO .n:06aBHTb KOMaHllY clock rate,l{JlH }--d3aHHH CKOpOCTH 06MeHa llaHHblMH B cooTBeTcTBYIOIl{eM HHTep<peHce. CKOpOCTb KaHal1a, npeAOCTaBI1eMa Tel1eKOMMYHMKaMOHHOIii KOMnaHMeilt ........e3aBUCHMO OT TOro, KTO 06eCne'lHBaeT no.n:KJlIO'leHHe (ATC, npoBafirlep H .n:p.), Co- -. DCTCTBT1A r '" .1°vIlJ.He KOMnaHHH He .n:alOT B03MO)KHOCTb BbI6upaTb npOH3BOJIbHyJO CKOpOCTb nYe-r eHa llaHHblMH WAN-no.n:KJlIO'leHHH. CKOPOCTb llBYXTO'le'lHOrO KaHaJIa pemaMeHTH- II CTaHllapTaMH. ..Jpa6 npOTH)KeHHH ,l{JIHTeJIbHoro nepHo.n:a BpeMeHH TeJle<pOHHble KOMnaHUH Bcero MHpa aTblBaJIl1 6 lYr 11 ropa3.n:0 OJIbIIIe Ha npOllIDKe YCJIyr no nepe.n:a'le rOJIoca. 'leM Ha npo.n:a)l(e a TeJ{ 0 Ilepe.n:a'le .n:aHHbIX. O.n:HaKo B CBH3H C pa3BHTHeM TeXHOJIorui1 B cepe.n:HHe XX Be- at. ijOHHbIe KOMnaHHH pa3pa60TaJIH CTaHllapT nepella'lH rOJIoca no llH<PPOBbIM KaHa- PncTy PoBafi nepe.n:a'la CHrHaJIa B ceTfiX TeJIe<p0HHbIX KOMnaHUH 6JIaronpH5ITCTBOBaJIa IiliblIlPI16blJIbHOCTH YCJIyr no nepe.n:a'le .n:aHHbIX, B 'laCTHOCTH npe.n:OCTaBJIeHHIO BbIlle- x ./II1IiI1H. KpOMe Taro, 6JIaro.n:apH nepexo.n:y Ha l{H<l>POBYIO TeXHOJIOrUIO nepe.n:a'lH
128 lfaCTb I. OCHOBbl c eTe'1 --- CHrHaJIa nOBbICHJlaCb 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb 6H3Heca TeJIe<poH HbIX KOMnaHHH, nOCKOJIbKy 0 _ _ Ha npHBeJIa K CHH}I(eHHIO pacxo.n:OB Ha paCIIIHpeHHe ceTeu roJIOCOBOH CBfl3H. 6a30BbIH MexaHH3M, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH ,l{JIfi npe06pa30BaHHfI aHaJIoroBoro rOJIOCOBor CHrHaJIa B I.{H<pPOBOH CHrHaJI, Ha3bIBaeTCH I1KM - HMnYJIbCHO-KO.n:OBOH MO.n:YJISIUlle (PCM - pulse code modulation). B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM MexaHH3MOM, ,l{JIH HCXOlllior aHaJIoroBoro rOJlOCoBOro CHrHaJIa OCYIlleCTBJlfleTCSI BbI60pKa 8000 pa3 B ceKYHAY, a I<1i)K- .n:oe 3Ha'leHHe .n:OJDKHO npe.n:cTaBJIHTbCfI 8-6HTOBbIM KO.n:OM. TaKHM 06pa30M, .lIJISi npell- CTaBJIeHHH I ceK)'H.LI.bI rOJIOCOBOro CHrHaJIa HY)KHO 64000 6HTOB. Kor.n:a TeJIecpoHHbIe KOMnaHHH Ha'laJIH pa3BOpa'lHBaTb nepBble W1<ppoBbIe ceTH, OHH Bbl6paJIH 6a30BYK> CI<O- pOCTb nepe.n:a'lH, paBHYIO 64 K6HT/C, nOCKOJIbKy TaKOH IIIUpHHbl nOJIOCbI 6bIJIO .n:OcTaTO'l_ HO ,l{JIH nepe.n:a'lH o.n:Horo rOJIOCoBOro Bb130Ba. Llnfl 0603Ha'leHHH CTaHAapTHOH ellHHII'l- HOH JIUHHH co CKOpOCTblO nepe.n:a'lH 64 K6HT/C HCnOJIb3yeTcH TepMHH U,UrjJP060iJ CU2HGI/ yp06HR 0 (Digital signal level 0 - DSO). Ha cero.n:H5IIlJHHH .n:eHb 60JIbIIIHHCTBO TeJIe<poHHbIX KOMnaHHH npe.n:OCTaBJIHeT BbIlle- JIeHHbIe JIHHHH co CKOpOCTblO nepe.n:a'lH, KpaTHoH 64 K6HT/C. B CWA cTaH.n:ap'T u,urppo- 6020 CU2HaAa yp06HR 1 (Digital signal level I - DS I) 0603Ha'iaeT e.n:HHH'lHYIO JII1HItIO, B KOTOpYlO BXO.n:HT 24 JIHHHH DSO H O.n:HH KaHaJI ,l{JISi CJI}')Ke6HOH HH<popMaI.{HU co CKOpO- CTblO 8 K6HT/C. CYMMapHM nponYCKHM cnoc06HOCTb JIHHHH DS I, Ha3bIBaeMOH TalaCe JIHHHeH TI, COCTaBJIfieT 1,544 M6HT/C. npe.n:ocTaBJIHIOTCH TalOKe JIHHHH U,UrjJp06020 CU2HO- Aa yp06HR 3 (Digital signal level 3 - DS3), HJIH JIHHHH T3, Ka)I(JJ.aH H3 KOTOpbIX COllep)l(J1T 28 JIHHHH DS I. B .n:pyrHX peruoHax Mupa HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI C06CTBeHHbIe CTaHllap'TbI. Ha- npHMep, B EBpone H 51noHHH HCnOJIb3YIOTCH JIUHHH El, co.n:ep}l(aIl{l1e 32 JIHHHH DSO, Ii JIHHHH E3, co.n:ep}l(aIl{He 16 JIHHHH E I. BHMMAHMEI 06oe.n:ItHeHUe HeCKOJIbKItX Hlt3KOCKOpOCTHbIX JIItHIt It KaHanOB B OllHY BbICOKOCKOPOCTHYIO JIItHItIO ItJ1It ellltHbI BbICOKOCKOpOCTHO KaHan (HanpItMep, 061>ellltHeHlte 24 JIItHIt DSO B OlIHV JIItHItIO TI) B 06Il1eM CJIae Ha3blBaeTCSI 6peMeHHblM MYJ/bmU1lJ/eKCUp060HueM (Time-division multiplexing - TDM). B Ta6J1. 4.2 nepe'l HCJIeH bl HeKOTopbIe CTaHllap'THbIe CKOpOCTH ,l{JIH pacnpe.n:eJIeHHblX ceTeH. B Ta6JIHI.{e npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI THnbI JIHHHH H COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He HM CTaH.n:ap'TbI nepe- .n:a'lH I.{H<ppoBoro CHrHaJIa (HanpHMep, DS I). CneI.{H<pHKaI.{HH nepe.n:a'lH ClirHaJIO B onpe- lleJIfllOT 3JIeKTpH'IeCKHe CHrHaJIbI, C nOMOIl{blO KOTOpbIX B JIHHHH npe.n:cTaBJIHeTCH 6ltHap- HblH 0 HJlH 6HHapHM I. Llnfl c.n:a'lH 3K3aMeHa I CN D I aT 'lHTaTeJIfi Tpe6yeTcfI nOHI1MaTb B 06meM MexaHH3M, a TalOKe 3HaTb, 'ITa CTOHT 3a TaKUMH 0603Ha'leHHHMH, KaK TII1 EI. CB8R eMa T86JIH1l8 4.2. CT8H.II.8p'rHble CKOpOCTH nepe.ll.8'1H .lI.8HHblX B p8Cnpe.ll.eJ1eHHblX ceTJIX --- H83B8HHe K8H8JI8 CKOpOCTb nepe.ll.8'1H .lI.8HHbIX 64 K6I1T/C 1,544 M6I1T/C (24 OSO + I KaHaJI neperpY3KI1 Ha 8 K6I1T/C) 44,763 M611T/c (28 OSI + IllOnOJIHI1TeJIbHbIH KaHaJI ynpaBJIemUl) 2,048 M6I1T/C (32 OSO) 34,064 M6I1T/C (16 E 1 + IllOnOJIHI1TeJIbHbIH KaHaJI ynpaBJIeHI1H) 2,048 M6I1T/C (32 OSO, CTaHllapT JlnOHI1I1) ---- OSO OS! (TI) OS3 (T3) EI E3 Jl(YI)
4 OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeM 129 rl1 aBa . -- B meneHHble KaHaJIbI, KOTopble 06C}')K.lIaJIHCb .n:o HaCTOflll{ero BpeMeHH B 3TOH maBe, b MUPYIOT OCHOBY ,l{JIH npe.n:OCTaBneHHfI YCJlyr no C03.n:aHHIO pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIX CeTeH, It>OP bIMU nonb3yJOTCH MHorHe COBpeMeHHble npe.n:npHflTUfi. B CJle.n:YIOIl{eM pa3.n:eJIe pe'lb WP TO npOTOKOJlaX KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHfI, K HCnOJlb30BaHUIO KOTOpbIX MO)KHO nepeHTH no- :; Toro, KaK .n:Ba MapIIIpYTH3aTopa coe.n:HHeHbI BbI.n:eJIeHHOM JIHHHeM. YpOBeHb 2 MOAeM OSI B ABYXTO"le"lHbIX KaHanax pacnpeAeneHHOM ceTM I1cnOJlb3yeMbIe B .n:ByxTO'le'lHbIX nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHbIX KaHaJIax WAN-npOTOKOJIbI npe.n:Ha- 3Ha'leHbI )J.JI5I o6eCne'leHHH 6a30BblX cpynKl.{HM nepe.n:a'lH llaHHbIX no KaHaJIy. K .n:BYM HaH- 60JIee nonyJUlpHbIM npOTOKOJlaM KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHH B .n:ByxTO'leqHbIX KaHaJIax OTHOCflTCfI nporoKOJl BbICOKoypOBHeBoro ynpaBJIeHHfI KaHaJIOM nepe.n.aqu .n:aHHbIX (High-Level Oata Link Control- HOLC) H D.ByxTO'le'lHbIH npOTOKOJl (Point-to-Point Protocol- PPP). npOTOKon HDLC nOCKOJlbK)' opraHH3al.{Hfi .n:ByxTO'le'lHOrO KaHaJIa cpaBHHTeJlbHO npOCTa, npoToKoJlY HOLC He -rpe6yeTcfI BbInOJlHflTb 60JIbIlJOro 061>eMa pa6OT. B 'laCTHOCTH, npOTOKOJl HOLC .n:OJl)KeH onpe.n:eJIHTb, He co.n:ep)l(aT JIH nepe.n:aBaeMble no KaHaJIY .n:aHHble OIIIH60K; eCJIU OIIII16KH 06Hap}')KHBaIOTCH, npOTOKOJI HOLC OT6pacbIBaeT cooTBeTcTByJOIl{He tjJpeUMbl (frame). KpOMe Taro, npOTOKOJl HOLC 1l0JI)I(eH u.n:eHTH<!>HI.{HpOBaTb THnbI naKe- TOB, HaXO,l{flIl{HXCH BH)'TpH <!>peMMoB HOLC, 'lT06bI nOJIY'IalOIllee YC-rpOMCTBO Mama on- pelleJlUTb Tun naKeTa. JJ.nH peIIIeHUH OCHOBHOM 3a.n:a'lH nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX B KaHaJIe, a TaIOKe C ueJIblO 06ec- ne'leHItH 06Hap}')KeHHfI OIlJH60K H u.n:eHTH<!>HKaI.{HH THna naKeTa, npOTOKOJIOM HOLC onpelleJlHeTCfI <I>oPMaT rPpuMupo6aHuR (framing) .n:aHHbIX. 3ai!O/1060K (header) <!>peHMa HOLC COllep)l(HT nOJle a.n:peca (Address) H nOJIe THna npOTOKOJla (Protocol Type), a KOHu,e6uK (trailer) - nOJIe KOH-rpOJIbHOH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHOCTH <!>peMMa (FCS - Frame check sequence). Ha pHc.4.6 npe.n:CTaBJIeH <!>opMaT KaK CTaHllap'THoro <!>peMMa HDLC, TaK $UpMeHHoro <!>peMMa HDLC KOMnaHHI1 Cisco. OTSI, KaK BH,l{HO 113 pHC. 4.6, npOTOKOJl HOLC onpe.n:eJUleT 1-6aMTOBoe nOJle Address, . lIByXTo'le'lHblX KaHanax B era HCnOJlb30BaHHH HeT OC060M He06xoAHMOCTH. 3TOT Te3HC ...OJICHo npol1J1J1 cBoe IOCTpltpOBaTb CJle.n:yJOll{HM npHMepoM. ,lJ,onycTHM, aBTop npHmaCHJI Ha JlaH'l 0C06 ron.pyra fapPH. roH 3a CTOJIOM HeT HHKOro, KpoMe fappH H aBTopa, y nOCJle.n:Hero HeT PH OH lieo6xOllHMOCTH npe.n:BapflTb KmK.LJ.YIO <!>pa3Y CJlOBaMH "fappH, nOCJlyIUaM" - fap- H TaK 3Haer 1 B P , 'ITO aBTOp 06pall{aeTCfI K HeMY H TOJlbKO K HeMY. TO'lHO TaK )l(e npOHcxo.n:HT acnpe.n:eJleH l1ep80!1 HbIX CeTflX, coe.n:HHeHHbiX .n:ByxTO'le'lHbIM KaHan OM, - MapIIIpYTH3aTOp B T113aTO TO'lKe KaHana 3HaeT, 'lTO HMeeTCH TOJlbKO OllHH nOJlyqaTeJlb .n:aHHbIX, T.e. MapIlJpy- 110JIb; 80 BTOPOH TO'lKe (Ha BTOpOM KOHue) KaHaJIa. n03TOMy Ha cero,l{HflIlJHHM .n:eHb HC- a BaHlte nOJlH Address JIHIIIeHO KaKoro-JlH60 CMbICJla. "'AHEI I] Po IUJlOM K I(J]IOi e ' orn.a TeJle<t>oHHble KOMnaHlt1t npelIOCTaBJISIJlIt lIOCTYn K JIItHHM C MHOrOTO'le'lHbIMIt HItIlMH n I( Tal( ,OJIe Address ItCnOJIb30BaJlOCb. Ero He06xOlIitMOCTb 6bIJIa o6YCJlOBJIeHa TeM, H HH Morno 6bITb nOlIKJlIO'IeHO 60Jlee lIBYX YCTjJOHCTB.
130 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTe --- CBB' eMa 6ai1Tbl CTaHAapTHbl npOTOKOIl HDLC (6e3 nOIls:! Type) nepeMeHHaSl Flag Address Control Data 4 L FCS J 6ai1TbI 2 nepeMeHHaSl 4 FCS ] Flag Address Control Type Data ct>l-1pMeHHbl npOTOKOIl HDLC KOMnaHl-11-1 Cisco (Ao6aslleHo nOlle Type) Puc. 4.6. CmpYKmypo ifJpeUMo npomOKOJ/O HDLC 06Hap}')KeHHe OlllH60K BbIllOJIHfleTCH npOTOKOJIOM HOLC TaK )Ke, KaK H B TexnOJlOfHlt Ethernet, T.e. C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM nOJIH KOHTpOJIbHOH CYMMbl <ppeHMa HDLC. ECJlIt no- JIyqeHHbIH <ppeHM co.n:ep)KHT OIIIH6Ky, TO, KaK H B CJIyqae aHaJIOrH'lHOH CHTYaWtH B eeTH Ethernet, nOJIY'IHBIIIee C60HHbIH <ppeHM YClpOHCTBO oT6pacbIBaer era. HHKaKHx MexaHH3- MOB BOCCTaHOBJIeHHfI nOBpe)I(JJ.eHHbIx.n:aHHbIX npOTOKOJIOM HOLC He npeJIyCMOTpeHO. KpOMe Taro, KaK H B TexnOJIOrHH Ethernet, Ha npOTOKOJI HOLC TaIOKe B03J1araeTCJI <PYHKI.{Hfi u.n:eHTH<pHKaI.{HH HHKancYJIHpOBaHHbIx .n:aHHbIX. Kor.n:a MapIIIPYTH3aTop nOJIY- 'laeT <ppeHM H DLC, H}')KeH MexaHH3M, C nOMOIllblO KOTopora YCTPOHCTBO Morna 6101 Bbl- flCHHTb THn naKeTa, 3aKJIIO'leHHOrO B 3TOT <ppeHM. <1>upMeHHM BepCItH npoTOKOJIa HOLC, pa3pa6OTaHHafi KOMnaHHeH Cisco, npellYCMalpHBaeT.LIJUI 3THX ueJIeH nOJle Tltna npOTOKOJIa, Protocol Type. Ha3Ha'leHHe 3Toro nOJIH KaK pa3 H 3aKJIIO'laeTCfI B MeH- TIt<pHKaI.{HH THna naKeTa, co.n:ep}l(aIlleraCfI BHYTpH <ppeHMa. 3Ha'leHHH 2-6aHTOBoro noJIJI Protocol Type, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe KOMnaHHeH Cisco. nOJIHOCTblO cooTBeTcTByJOT 3Ha'le- HHflM aHaJIOrH'lHOrO nOJIfi TexnOJIOrHH Ethernet. nOCKOJIbKy B OpHrHHaJIbHOH BepCHH npOTOKOJIa HOLC nOJIe Protocol Type or- cYTcTByeT, KOMnaHHH Cisco npHlIIJIOCb BBeCTH era B KOHl.{e 80-x ro.n:OB XX BeKa, 'IT06b1 yrH- 06eCne'lHTb no.n:.n:ep)KKy nepBbIX nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX KaHaJIOB, coe.n:ItHHlOlllHX MapIllP 3aTopbI Cisco Ha 3ape .n:eflTeJIbHOCTH KOMnaHHIt. TaKHM 06pa30M, U3MeHHB CTaHilapTH)'IO . ItIO 3TOf cneuH<pHKaUHIO npOTOKOJIa HOLC, KOMnaHHfI Cisco C03.n:aJIa <pHpMeHHYIO Bepc C . IS(.' npOTOKOJIa. n03TOMY peaJIH3al.{Hfi npOTOKOJIa HOLC. HCnOJIb3yeMM KOMnaHlteH tI' He 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb npH coellHHeHHH MapIIIpYTH3aTopa Cisco C MapIIIPYTU3aTopaMH JlPyT npoH3Bo.n:HTeJIeH. TaKHM 06pa30M, npOTOKOJI HOLC O'leHb npOCT, 'ITa BnOJIHe JIOfH'lHO 061>SlCHSIe Y3KHM KpyrOM 3a.LI.a'l, KOTopbIe H}')KHO peIIIaTb npOTOKOJIaM KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHSI. npOTOKon PPP KO T ( HCTOpH'leCKH CJIO)KHJIOCb TaK, 'ITa nepBblM npOTOKOJIOM KaHaJIbHOrO ypOHfI, I rel l PbIH 6bIJI pa3pa6OTaH Me)KJJ.}'HapOllHbIM COlO30M TeJIeKOMMYHUKaUUH (lnternauona 10 ,ni"'.Htinn.. Union - ITU) paHee 1t3BeCTHbiM KaK Me)I(JJ.YHapo.n:HbIH KOJ-1CyJI
sa 4 OCHOSbl WAN-ceTeM 131 rl1 a . --- b TH KOMHTeT no TeJIerpa<t>HH H TeJIe<poHHH (Consultative Committee for International THBH ,. I phone and Telegraphy - CCITT), Gbill npOTOKOJ1 HOLe. Co BpeMeHeM rpynna J;F (Internet Engineering Task Force - np06JIeMHaH rpynna npOeKTHpOBaHHfI J1H- repHer) oC03HaJIa He06xollHMOCTb pa3pa60TKH .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHoro npOTOKOJIa KaHaJIbHOrO OBHH )lJ1H HCn0J1b30BaHHH Me)KJJ;y MapIIIpYTH3aTopaMH, coe.n:HHeHHbIMH .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIM yP HaJIO M . B .n:oKYMeHTe RFC 1661 (1994 r) rpynna IETF onpe.n:eJ1HJIa CneI.{H<pHKaUHH orOKOJ1a PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol- J],BYXTO'le'lHbIH npOTOKOJI). no 60JlbIIIOMY C'lery, pa60Ta npOTOKOJIa PPP CTpOHTCfI TaK )l(e, KaK H pa60Ta npOTO- KOJla HDLC. B 'laCTHOCTH, cTpYKTypa <ppeHMa npOTOKOJIa PPP COOTBeTcTByeT cTpyKrype 4>peHMa <pHpMeHHOH BepCHH npOTOKOJ1a HOLC KOMnaHHH Cisco. KaK H B npOTOKOJ1e HDLe. B npoToKOJle PPP npe.n:ycMoTpeHo nOJ1e Address, B HCnOJIb30BaHHl1 KOTOpOro ralOKe HeT OC060H He06xollHMOCTU. TO'lHO TaK )l(e, KaK H npOTOKOJI HOLC, npOTOKOJ1 ppp npocro oT6pacbIBaeT OUJH60'lHbIe <ppeHMbI, KOTopbIe He npOXOAflT npOBepKY nOM FCS. KpoMe Taro, npOTOKOJI PPP HCnOJIb3yeT 2-6aHTOBoe nOJIe Protocol Type. O.n:- HaKO, nOCKOJ1bKY nOJ1e Protocol Type flBJ1HeTCfI CTaHAapTHbIM KOMnOHeHTOM <ppeHMa PPP, YCTPOHCTBa JII060ro npoH3Bo.n:HTeJIH, peaJIH3yJOIllHe CTaHAapTHbIH npOTOKOJI PPP, 6e3 np06J1eM CMOryT paGoTaTb C npo.n:}'KTaMH .n:pyroro npoH3Bo.n:HTeJ1f1, TaIOKe peaJIH3yJO- IIUIMIt 3TOT npOTOKOJ1. n03TOMY npH no.n:KJIIO'leHHH MapIIIpynnaTopa Cisco K MapllipYTH- JaTOPY .n:pyroro npOH3BO.LI:HTeJ1f1 C nOMOIllblO .n:BYXTO'le'lHoro nOCJ1e.n:OBaTeJIbHoro KaHaJIa npOTOKOJ1 PPP - 3TO e.n:HHcTBeHHbIH BbI60p B Ka'leCTBe npOTOKOJIa KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI. nOCKOJ1bKY CneI.{H<pHKaI.{HH npOTOKOJla PPP C03.n:aBaJIHCb ropa3.n:0 n03)1(e OpHrHHaJIb- HbIX cneuu<pHKaUHH npOTOKOJ1a HOLC, pa3pa60T'IHKH PPP BKJIIO'lHJIH B onHcaHHe npo- TOKOJla MHOro .n:onOJ1HHTeJIbHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeH, KOTopbIe OTCYTCTBOBaJIH Ha TOT MOMeHT 811pyrHX npOTOKOJIaX KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHH,l{JIH pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIX ceTeH. J1MeHHo 6J1aro.n:a- pSI 3TOMY cPaKTOPy npOTOKOJ1 PPP CTaJI HaH60J1ee pa3BHTbIM H3 Bcex WAN-npOTOKOJIOB KaHaJIbHOro ypoBHfi H, KaK CJ1ellCTBHe, HaH60J1ee nonYMpHbIM. PeJIOMe no TeXHOnOrll1S1M pacnpe,AeneHHblX ceTelii npl1 onHcaHUH TeXHOJIOrHH, HCn0J1b3yeMbIX.LIJUI opraHH3aUHH BbI,l{e.rreHHbIX JIHHHH, KOTOPble npe.n:CTaBJ1f1IOT C060H .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIe KaHaJIbI pacnpe.n:eJ1eHHbIX ceTeH, a TaIOKe "'OO'rBeTCTBYIOIl{HX npOTOK0J10B KaHaJIbHoro YPOBHH npHMeHHIOTcH .n:onOJ1HHTeJ1bHbIe Tep'fHHbI H KOHl.{enI.{HH, BbIXOAflIl{He 3a paMKH aHaJIOrH'lHblX TeXHOJIOrHH, HCnOJIb3yeMbix ...lJ! opraHH3auHH JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH (Ta6JI. 4.3). Ta6J1HUa 4.3. TepMHHOJlOmH, HCnOJlb3yeMaH lI,JIH onHcaHHH TeXHOJlomii :""- pacnpel1eJleHHblX ceTeii --- T ep"lIlJ III!XPoHHblH nChronouS), IPoHH1aUllii IIchronization) Onpe1leJleHHe 11 1'1 I! I! I( TaacroBOH urce) npouecc ynopJUlO'IeHHH no BpeMeHH nOTOKa 6HTOB. Ha npaKTHKe CBO.llHTCH K TOMY, 'ITO 01lHO YCTPOHCTBO, nOllKJIlO'IeHHOe K nOCJle1l0BaTeJlbHOMY KaHaJlY, nblTaeTCH HCnOJlb30BaTb TY}I(e CKOpoCTb, C KOTOPOH pa60TaeT BTopoe YCTPOHCTBO. nOllKJIlO'IeHHOe K 3TOMY}I(e KaHaJIy. 01lHaKO. OTCJle>KHBaH nepeXOllbl Me>KllY YPOBHHMH HanpH>KeHHH B KaHaJle, KIDKlloe H3 YCTPOHCTB MO>KeT 06HapYJKHBaTb He60JlbwHe OTKJlOHeHHfI B CKOpOCTH H COOTBeTCTB}'IOlUHM 06pa30M nOllCTpaHBaTb CBOIO CKOpOCTb pa60Tbl YCTpOHCTBO, no KOTOPOMY nOllCTpaHBaIOT CBOIO CKOpOCTb pa60TblllPyme YCTpOHCTlJa, nOllKJIIO'JeHHble I( CHHXpoHH3HpOBaHHOMY KaHaJlY
132 lfaCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTei1 OKOH'IaHUe ma6J/. 4.3 - TepMHH MOJlYl1b CSU/DSU TeneKoMMYHHKaliHOHHaH /Tene«t>oHHall KOMnaHHII (Telco) BblJleneHHaH '1eTblpeXnpOBOJlHaH nHHHII (four-wire circuit) TI EI -- Onpe.l1eJleHHe MOJlYJlb 06cnYJKHBaHHII KaHaJIa/MOJlYl1b 06pa60TKH JlaHHblX (Channel Service -- Unit/Data Service Unit). B CWA HCnOnb3yeTcII B liH<j>POBbIX KaHaJIaXJlJ111 C03JlaHHII HHTep<j>eHca C 060PYlIoBaHHeM Tene<j>oHHoH KOMnaHHH. 06bl'lHO nOCneJlOBaTenbHblH HHTep<j>eHc MapwpyrH33Topa nOJl!UllO'IaeTCII K MO.nyJIIO CSU/DSU C nOMOIUblO KopOTKoro Ka6enll. MO.nyJlb CSU/DSU, B CBOIO O'lepellb. nOIlKJIIO'IaeTCII K J1HHHH, npelloCTaBJIeHHOH A TC, aHa JlpyroM KOHUe :nOH J1HHHH C03I1ae-rCII aHaJIOrH'IHaH KOH<j>HrypauHII TeppHTopHaJIbHoe nOJlpa3l1eneHHe Tene<j>oHHoH KOMnaHHH lum onepaTop TeJle<j>oHHoH CBII3H l.JeTblpexnpOBOIlHall Ka6enbHaH J1HHHII CBII3H, npOnOJKeHHall A TC, COJlep>KalUall lIlIe BHTble napbl. KaJK.nall napa Hcnonb3}'eTCII JlJ111 nepecblJlKH JlaHHblX B OIlHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. TaKHM 06p330M, '1eTblpexnpOBOIlHaH nHHHII 06eCne'lHB3e-r B03MO>KHOCTb .nynJIeKCHOH KOMMYHHKaliHH BbllIeneHHaH J1HHHII, n03BonlllOIUall nepellaBaTb lIaHHble H3 CKOpoCTH 1,544 M6HT/c.lIJcnonb3yeTcII BCWA nOJl06H3 TI, HO JlJ111 EBponbl. 06eCne'lHB3eT nepell3'1Y lIaHHblX H3 CKOpOCTH 2,048 M6HT/C H COllep>KHT 32 KaHaJI3 C nponycKHoH cnoc06HOCTbIO 64 K6HT/C KaJK.lbIH KpOMe Taro, npH H3yqemiH MaTepHaJIa, CBfl3aHHoro C TexnOJIOrHHMH pacnpe.n:eJIeH- HbIX ceTeH, nOMHHTe, 'ITa .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIe BbI.n:eJIeHHbIe KaHaJIbl, onHcaHHbIe B .n:aHHOH maBe, MOryT 0603Ha'laTbCfI CJIe.n:YIOIllHMH TepMHHaMH: C""R I "8M8 Bbl,l{eJIeHHM JIHHHfI (leased line); BbIlleJIeHHblH KaHaJI (leased circuit); KaHaJI (link); nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHbIH KaHaJI (serial link); .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIH KaHaJI (point-to- point link); KaHaJI (circuit). TeXH0l10rMJI Frame Relay M CI1Y>K6bl C KOMMyraL-'MeM naKeTOB nOMHMO Bbl,l{eJIeHHbIX JIHHHH, npoBai1.n:epbI MOryT npe.n:OCTaBJIHTb .n:ocryn K pacnpe.l1 e = JIeHHbIM ceTfiM eIlle o.n:Horo KJIacca, KOTopbIe MO)I(HO Ha3BaTb CJlYJIC60MU C KO.MMymaueu naKem06 (packet-switching service). KaK H B CJIyqae Bbl,l{eJIeHHOH JIHHHeH, npU npe.n: TaBJIeHHH CJI}')K6bI C KOMMYTal.{HeH naKeTOB Y nOlpe6HTeJIfi HMeeTCfl cl>H3H'leCKOe WA (10)1- no.n:KJIIO'leHlte. O.n:HaKo npH 3TOM KOMnaHHfI-nO'rpe6HTeJIb nOJIyqaeT B03MO}l(HOCTb ropOD. KJIIO'IHTb K cJIY}I(6e C KOMMYTal.{HeH naKeTOB He O.n:HH, a HeCKOJIbKO MaprupyTU3a _ KIDK.LI.bIH H3 MaprupYTH3aTopOB no.n:KJIIO'IaeTCfI K cJI}')K6e C KOMMyTal.{HeH naKeTOB C ;_ MOIllblO o.n:Horo nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOrO KaHaJIa. nOcJIe no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI MaprupyTH3aTOP n TO '1TO' 'laeT B03MO)I(HOCTb OTnpaBJIHTb naKeTbI BceM OCTaJIbHbIM MapruPYTH3aTopaM - _ Bpo.n:e Taro, KaK Bce YCTpOHCTBa, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIe K KOHl.{eHTpaTOPY (hub) UJlH KOMMr:, yrOl'" TOpy (switch) Ethernet, MOryT 06MeHHBaTbCfI .n:aHHbIMH Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo .n:pyr c.n:p " e - [1a" Cero.n:HH HaH60JIee nonYJIflpHblMIt flBJlHIOTCfI .n:Ba THna CJI}')K6 C KOMMyTau ueli e)(- TaB - TeXHOJlOrHH Frame Relay (HHorna Ha3bIBaeMafi peTpaHCJIHI.{HeH <!>peHMOB) II O- '..lllilfirJ4S1. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode - aCItHXpOHHbIH pe}l(HM nepe.n:a</H).
- 4 OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeM 133 rl1 aBa . -- ICy HaH60J1bIIIee pacnpOCTpaHeHue H3 3THX .n:BYX CJIY)K6 nOJIY'lHJIa TeXHOJIOntfi CICOJ1b rame Relay, B .n:aHHOM pa3.n:eJIe paCCMaTpHBalOTCfI OCHOBHbIe KOHl{enl{HH opraHH3al{HH F 6 C KOMMYTal{HeH naKeTOB, a TaIOKe OCHOBbI TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay. CJI}'JK npeHMyecTBa KOMMyra..u.1 naKeTOB C TO'lKIll 3peHIII MacWTa6HpOBaHIII Koma H)')KHO no.n:KJIIO'IHTb HeCKOJ1bKO y.n:aJIeHHbIX llJIOIlla.LI.OK K pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOH ce- 3TO MO)l(HO c.n:eJIaTb C nOMOIl{blO .n:ByxTO'le'lHbIX KaHaJIOB, YCTaHaBJIHBafi no nape Map- TH. 0 UlPyrU3aTOPOB Ha Ka)l(,ll.bIH KaHaJI. .n:HaKO aJIbTepHaTHBHbIH no.lI.Xo.n: K opraHH3aUHH pac- npeJIeJleHHO H ceTH. OCHOBaHHbIH Ha TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay, npe.n:OCTaBJIfleT onpe.n:e- neHHbIe npeHMYlllecTBa no cpaBHeHHIO C .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIMH KaHaJIaMH, KOTopbIe oc06eHHO JaMeTHbI B Tex CJ1yqaflx, Kama C nOMOll{blO pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOH ceTH H}')KHO CBH3aTb Me)l(,ll.Y co60H HeCKOJ1bKO y.n:aJIeHHbIX nJIOIlla.LI.OK. C l{eJIblO 03HaKOMJIeHHfI 'lHTaTeJIfi C TeXH0J10rH- ell Frame Relay B 3TOM pa31leJIe YlleJIeHO BHHMaHHe HeCKOJIbKHM KJIlO'leBbIM npeHMYIlle- CTBaM 3T0i1 TeXH0J10rHH nepe.n: TeXHOJIOrHeH. OCHOBaHHOH Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH BbIlI.eJIeH- HbIX JIHHHH. O.n:HO H3 3THX npeHMYIlleCTB JIerKO nOHHTb, BHHMaTeJIbHO H3yqHB pHC. 4.7. _____ r ./""- CSU/DS CSUjDS 80 '""-' r ./""- R1 ______ r ./""- CSUjDS CSUjDS 802' Puc. 4.7. j(6e 6bteJeJleHHbte J/UHUU cJflR eJ6YX ycJllI/eHHfJlx llfIoacJoK Ha pitC. 4.7 nOKa3aHo. 'ITa rJIaBHaflllJIOIlla.LI.Ka coe.n:HHeHa C .n:BYMH y.n:aJIeHHbIMH llJIO- Ula.D.KaMIt. MapIIIPYTH3aTOpy maBHOH llJIOll{a.LI.KH nmpe6yeTcfI .n:Ba OT.n:eJ1bHbIX nocJ1e.n:o- BaTeJIbHblX HHTep<!>eHca H .n:Ba OT.n:eJIbHbIX MO.n:YJIfl CSUjDSU. ECJ1H llJIOIlla.LI.OK Bcero .n:Be, 310 He COCTaBJ15leT 60J1bIIIOH np06JIeMbI. Ho 'ITa 6y.n:eT B TOM CJIyqae, Kor.n:a KOJIH'leCTBO YJ1aneHHbIX no.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHH KOMnaHHH BbIpaCTeT.n:o 1O? A.n:o IOO? A eCJ1H .n:o 500? J],mI opraHU3al{HH Ka)l{JJ,oro .n:onOJ1HHTeJ1bHOrO .n:BYXTO'le'lHOrO KaHaJIa l{eHTpaJIbHOMY Map- :PYTIt3aTOPY H}')KeH .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIH nOCJ1ellOBaTeJIbHbIH HHTep<!>eHc H oT.n:eJIbHbIH MO- H YJIb CSU/DSU. KaK JIerKO npe.n:CTaBHTb, eCJIH C'leT llJIOIlla.LI.OK nofuI.eT Ha COTHH, maB- Olt KOMn TeP<l>' aHUH npu.n:eTCfI 063aBecTHcb .n:eCflTKaMH MapIIIpYTH3aTopoB C HeCKOJIbKHMH HH- CToe eltCaMH KmK.lI.bIH, a TaIOKe BbIlI.eJIHTb .n:OCTaTO'lHO MHoro MeCTa ,l{JIfi pa3MellleHHH A KC 3TItMH MapIIIPYTlt3aTOpaMH H MO.n:YJIflMH CSU/DSU. 1C0M n Tenepb 'IHTaTeJ1b MO)KeT npe.n:cTaBHTb, KaK COTpy.n:HHK OT.n:eJIa c6bITa TeJIe<!>oHHoH aHItH Y 3 PYIO B ,HaB, 'ITa nOJIb30BaTeJIb B CBoeH KOMnaHHH HaMepeBaeTCfI YCTaHOBHTb BTO- bl1J.eJIeHH YIO JIHHHIO, KaK nOI<a3aHO Ha pHC. 4.7, co06IllaeT eMY CJIe.n:yJOll{ee. ;:bl MO)KeM BMeCTO BTOPOH BbIlI.eJIeHHOH npe,l{JlO)l(HTb BaM KaHaJI Frame Relay. H a n03B0J1HT 060HTHCb O.n:HHM nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJ1bHbIM HHTep<!>ei1coM Ha l{eHTpaJIb- M MaplllPYTH3aTope H O.n:HHM Mo.n:YJ1eM CSU/DSU. J],a)l(e eCJ11t KOJIH'IeCTBO no.n:- no lO'IaeMb!X llJIOll{a.LI.OK .n:OCTUfHeT COTHH, BaM nOHall06HTbCH J1HIIIb napa-TpOHKa U CJIelloBaTeJIbHblX HHTep<!>eHcoB ,l{JIfi l{eHTpaJIbHoro YCTpOHCTBa, .n:a H TO JIHIIIb C eJIblO Ha paCIIIHpeHHH n0J10CbI nponYCKaHHfI. 11, KCTaTH, nOCKOJIbKY Barna Bbl,l{eJ1eH- SI JII1HHH pa60TaeT Ha CKOpOCTH 128 K6HT/C, MbI llaeM rapaHH11O, 'ITa Ha 3TOH)Ke
134 lfaCTb I. OCHOBbl c eTei1 --- CKOpOCTH BbI CMO)KeTe 06MeHHBaTbCfI .n:aHHbIMH C Ka)I(JJ.OH nJIOIllaAKOH. Ho lia Ca- MOM .n:eJ1e MbI paCIIIHpHM KaHaJI ,l{JIfi ueHTPaJIbHOrO MapIIIpYTH3aTopa 110 TI (T.e.l!O 1,544 M6HT). n03TOMY eCJ1H Tpa<pHK C KaKOH-TO nJIOIl{aAKH 6y.n:eT npeBbIUJaTb 128 K6HT/C, Bbi 3TOro .n:roKe He 3aMeTHTe! ECJIH nponycKHaH B03MO)l(HOCTb Kalian n03B0J1HT, BeCb .n:onOJ1HHTeJIbHbIH Tpa<pHK 6y.n:eT HATH 6e3 3aAep)KeK H 3TO He 6Yl!e BaM CTOHTb HH l.{eHTa! KCTaTH, a CTOHMOCTH. 51 y)Ke rOBOpHJI BaM, 'lTO KaHan Fram Relay B JII060M CJ1yqae BaM 060i11IeTcH lleIlJeBJIe, 'leM apeHlla BbllleJ1eHHOH J1HIiIlIl?' J'haK, OCHOBHbIe .n:OBO.n:bl "3<}" nOHHTHbI: Frame Relay.n:eIIIeBJIe, pa60TaeT KaK MJ1HIIMyM TaK)I(e 6bICTPO, KaK }')Ke HMelOIllHHcfI KaHaJI (a nOTeHI.{HaJlbHO MO)KeT pa60TaTb 6bICTpee), a TaIOKe n03B0J1HT C3KOHOMltTb .n:eHbrH B 6y.n:ymeM npH no.n:KJIIO'leHHH HOBblX llJIOIl{aAOK. no- 3TOMY 'lHTaTeJ1b, OKa3aBIIIHCb B nOll06HoH CHTYaI.{HH, CKopee Bcero, nOCTapaeTCfI n06bICTpee no.n:nHcaTb 1l0roBOp Ha nOllKJIIO'leHHe no TeXH0J10rHH Frame Relay, nOKa npelI)lO)l(eHlIe oc- TaeTCfI B CHJIe. CHTYauHfi BbIrJlfl,l{HT 1l0B0J1bHO Ha.n:yMaHHoH? B 06Il{eM-TO, .n:a. Ho, reM lie MeHee, CTOHMOCTb no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI Frame Relay, a TaIOKe 3KOHOMHfI npH MacIIITa6Hp<>BaHIIII, B cpaBHeHHH C aHaJIOrH'IHbIMH nOKa3aTeJlflMH ,l{JIfi BbI,l{eJIeHHblX JIHHHH, BeCbMa 3Ha'lHTeJIb- HbI. I1MeHHo n03TOMy MHorHe KOMnaHHH, oc06eHHo B 90-x ro.n:ax, nepeIlIJIH C BbmeJ1eHHbIX J1HHUH Ha Frame Relay, 'lTO npHBeJ10 K B03HHKHOBeHHIO 06IIIHpHOH HH<ppaCTPYKTYPbI yc- TaHOBJIeHHblX ceTeH Frame Relay B HaIIIH .n:HH. D,aJIbIIIe 'lHTaTeJ1b Y3HaeT, KaK pa60TaeT Tex- H0J10rHfI Frame Relay, a TaIOKe nOHMeT, 3a C'leT 'lero 3Ta Texn0J10rHH 06eCne'lHBaeT lICe <PYHKUHH, nepe'lHCJ1eHHbIe BbIIIIe HaIIIHM BblMblIlIJIeHHblM nepcOHroKeM. OCHOBbl TeXH0110rMM Frame Relay TexHoJIorHH Frame Relay, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpOH C03.n:aIOTCfI pacnpe.n:eJ1eHHble CeTl!, npe.n:CTaBJIHeT 60JIbIIIe B03MO)KHOCTeH, 'leM TeXH0J10rHH, 06eCne'lHBalOIl{He pa60l)' aHa- JIOrU'lHblX ceTeH C .n:ByxTO'le'lHbIMH KaHaJIaMH. OllHaKo cBoero po.n:a llJIaTOH 3a 3TO flBJUI- eTCH 60JIee BbICOKafi CJ10)l(HOCTb npOTOK0J10B Frame Relay. CeTH Frame Relay flBJIHIOTCR cemJ/MU c MH020cmaHlUOHHHbIM iJocmynoM (multiaccess network). 3TO 03Ha"laeT, 'ITa K Ta- KOH ceTH MO)KHO no.n:KJIIO'IHTb 60J1ee .n:BYX YCTPOHCTB (npHMepHO TaK )l(e, KaK U B J10KaJI b - HbIX ceTHX). nOHHTHO, 'ITa 3aAa'la 06eCne'IeHHfI 06CJIBaHHfI 60JIee .n:BYX yCTpoifCTB HeH36e)KH0 TPe6yeT YCJ10)KHeHHfI npOTOKOJIOB. Ha pHC. 4.8 nOKa3aHbI HeKoTOpble 6a3 0 - BbIe KOMnOHeHTbI, He06xo.n:HMbIe ,l{JIH opraHH3al.{HH no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTU Frame Relay. Ha pHC. 4.8 nOKa3aHo, 'ITa TeXHOJIOrHfI Frame Relay HCnOJIb3yeT Te )l(e cpe.n:cTBa ypoB- Hfi I, KOTopbIe npHMeHfllOTCH ,l{JIfi opraHH3al.{HU BbmeJIeHHbIX .n:BYXTO'Ie'lHbIX KaHaJl OB . a)l()lbli 1, npu no.n:KJIIO'leHHH K cJ1}')K6e Frame Relay BbllleJIeHHble KaHaJIbI CBfl3bIBalOT K II MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB C 6JIH)KaHIIIHM KOMMYTaTopoM Frame Relay. B TepMHHax TexHO)lOTli Frame Relay 3TH KaHaJIbi Ha3bIBalOTCfI KaH(JJ/QMU oocmyna (access link). KaHaJIbI lI OC :. pa6OTalOT Ha Tex )l(e CKOpOCTfiX H HCn0J1b3YIOT Te )l(e caMbIe cTaH.n:apTbI 06pa60TKH CH 1>1- JIOB, 'ITa U BhI.Ll.eJIeHHble .n:BYXTO'Ie'lHbIe KaHaJIbI. O.n:HaKO B TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay Bp} .n:eJ1eHHbIe JIHHHH CBfl3bIBalOT He MapIIIpYTH3aTOpbI Me)I(JJ.y C060H. a KIDKlIblM H3 MapUJ TH3aTopOB C KOMMYTaTopOM Frame Relay. )le w P F R H Ha BbW e a3JIHlJHe Me)f(,[Jy Texn0J10rHeH rame elay J1 TeXH0J10rHeH, OCHOBaHHO VIa HblX .n:BYXTOlJe'lHbIX KaHaJlaX, COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITa KOHTPOJ1b <ppeHMOB .n:aHHbIX, nepeCb )10 MbIX MapIIIpYTH3aTopOM, ocymeCTB.lUIeT o60py.n:oBaHHe TeJle<t>oHHoH KOMnaHUU. B 3aroctiO Ke KmK.LI.Oro <ppeHMa Frame Relay co.n:ep)KltTC5I aApeCHOe nOJle DLCI (Data link conne l identifier - J1.n:eHTH<pHKaTop no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI KaHaJlbHoro ypOBHH). WAN-KoMMyraToP.
a 4 OCHOBbl W AN-ceTeM rll aB . -- ""oCb Ha HlleHTH<tJHKaTOpe DLCI, HanpaBJUleT no ceTH npoBaif.IIepa nepeCbIJIaeMbIe f/OBbI"",' 4>pej.!Mbl, noKa OHH He .n:OCTHrHYT H)!)KHoro MaprnpYTH3aTopa Ha y.n:aJ1eHHOH IDIOW8.aKe 135 KaHan Aocryna DTE-YCTPOHCTBO { - Frame Relay KaHan Aocryna DTE-ycTpoHCTBO t . R1 R2 Puc. 4.8. KOMnoHeHmbl nOOK.AIO'IeHUJI Frame Relay BHMAHIIE! JaroJlOBOK It KOHueBMK <}>peHMa Frame Relay onpeneJHllOTCH npOTOKOJIOM Link Access Procedure Frame (LAPF - npOTOKOJI llOCTYna K KaHaJIY CBH31t Frame Relay). nOCKOJIbKY 060Py.n:oBaHHe TeJIe<poHHoH KOMnaHHH MO)l(eT HanpaBJIflTb O.n:HH <ppeHM Ha OllHY Y.lI3JIeHHYIO nJIOW8.aKY, a .n:pyrOH - Ha .n:PYryJO, TeXHOJIOrHlO Frame Relay pac- CMarpltBalOT KaK O.n:HY H3 <pOpM lCoMMymau,uu naICem06 (packet switching). 3TOT TepMHH OJHa'iaeT, 'ITa perneHHe, KY.n:a HanpaBHTb O'lepe.n:HOH naKeT .n:aHHbIX, nOCTYllHBrnHH B ceTh npOBaHllepa, npHHHMaeT npoBaif.IIep, KOMMYTHPYfI reM caMbIM O.n:HH naKeT O.n:HOMY YCT- !><)MCTBY, CJIe.n:yJOWHH naKeT - .n:PyrOMY H T..n:. O.n:HaKO npOTOKOJIbI Frame Relay 60JIbrne BCero HanOMHHalOT npOTOKOJIbI ypOBHfI 2 Mo.n:eJIH OSI, a YCTpoHcTBa, pa60TalOwHe Ha yPoBHe 2, OTnpaBJIfllOT 6HToBbIe nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTH, KOTopbIe 06bI'lHO Ha3bIBalOT rPpeu.I.fl1MU (frame). n03TOMY TeXHOJlOfHlO Frame Relay TaIOKe Ha3bIBalOT CAYJIC60u C ICOM- AlYmaueu rjJpeilMo6 (frame-switching service), 'ITa 60JIee KoppeKTHO, nOCKOJIbKY KOMMYfal.{Hfi naKeToB" - 3TO 60JIee 06WHH TepMHH. DT B CJI}')K6ax C KOMMYTaUHeH naKeTOB H cJI}')K6ax C KOMMYTal.{HeH <ppeHMoB nOHflTHfi T E It DCE HeMHoro OTJlH'IaIOTCfI. B 'laCTHOCTH, B reXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay KOMMYTa- °Pbl Fram R I u a e e ay Ha3blBalOTCfI DCE-yc-rpoHcTBaMH, a 060Py.n:oBaHHe nOTPe6ltTeJIfi (B HHOM Cn CTp. Y'-iae - MaprnpYTH3aTopbI) - DTE-YCTpoHcTBaMH. MHblMH CJIOBaMH, DCE- ..,.,. 0 OItCTBO - 3TO YCTPOHCTBO, 06eCne'lHBaIOIllee pa60TY CJIy)K6bI, a DTE-YCTpoHCTBO - . YCTpo- lJoc" ItCTBO, -rpe6yJOwee pa60Tbi CJI}')K6bI C KOMMYTal.{HeH <ppeHMoB. B TO )l(e BpeMfI, "OJJbKY T TO'l1Ut aKTOBYIO 'lacTOTY MaprnPYTHJaTOPY 06eCne'lHBaeT MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU, TO C 'taplJJ 3peHltfi yPOBHfi I MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU nO-npe)l(HeMY OCTaeTCfI DCE-ycTPOHCTBOM, a feHe:YfItJaTOP - DTE-YCl'pOHCTBOM. TaKHM 06pa30M, HMeeT MeCTO pa3JIH'lHOe npH- E Ite OllHItX H Tex )l(e Te p MHH O B CJJIt . lilts! " Pltc.4.8 6blJIH nOKa3aHbI <pH3H'leCKHe H JIOrH'leCKHe KOMnOHeHTbI no.n:KJIIO'le- "ceTIt F 'Ie, acc rame Relay, TO Ha pHC. 4.9 npe.n:CTaBJIeHO CKB03Hoe (end-to-end) no.n:KJIIO'Ie- Jlo r ..Ol.{ltltpyeMoe C BHPTYaJIbHblMH KaHaJIaMH (VC - virtual circuit). r''lecKIi .. aplJJPYT It MapllJPYT, no KOTOPOMY npoxo.n:HT Ka)I()J.bIH <ppei.:iM Ha nYTH aT O.n:HOro 4 9 1t3aTOpa K .n:PyroMY, Ha3blBaeTCfI BH P T Y aJIbHblM KaHaJIOM Frame Relay. Ha . OOK a3aHO OllHO BltpTYaJIbHOe coe.n:HHeHHe B BHlle n}'HKTltpHOH JlHHUH, coe.n:H-
136 aCTb I. OCHOBbl ce TeM - HfllOIlleH .n:Ba MapIllpYTH3aTOpa. 06bI'lHO BCIO He06xo.n:HMYIO npe.n:BapHTeJIbHYIO lia- CTPOHKY BHpTYaJIbHOrO KaHaJIa BbmOJIHfleT npOBaH.n:ep. TaKHe BHPTYaJIbHbIe COemtlie_ HHfI Ha3bIBalOTCfI nOCTOflHHbIMH BHPTYaJIbHbIMH KaHaJIaMH (PYC - permanent virtual circuit). Kama MapmpYTH3aTOp .n:omKeH OTnpaBHTb naKeT BTOPOMY MapmpYTH3aTopy, Oli HHKanCYJIHpYeT naKeT ypOBHfI 3 B 3aroJIOBOK H KOHl.{eBHK Frame Relay, a 3areM OTnpaB_ JlfleT nOJlyqeHHbIH <ppeHM. npH 3TOM MapIIIpYTH3aTOp HCnOJIb3yeT co.n:ep)l(alUHHCfI B 3aro- JlOBKe a.apec Frame Relay, Ha3bIBaeMbIH HlleHTH<tJHKaTOpOM DLCI, KOTOpbIH, B CBoIO O<Jepe.n:b, H.n:eHTH<pHuuPyeT .lUIfi npoBai1.n:epa KoppeKTHoe BHPTYaJIbHOe coe.n:HHeHlte. Ta- Kafl cxeMa pa60TbI n03BOJIfieT KOMMYTaTopaM .n:OCTaBHTb <ppeHM .n:o y.n:aJIeHHOro MapWpy_ TH3aTopa, HrHopHpYfl .n:eTaJIH naKeTa ypOBHfI 3. a OCHOBbIBafiCb JIHmb Ha aHaJIH3e 3aro- JIOBKa H KOHueBHKa Frame Relay. KaK 'lHTaTeJIb, .n:OJl)l(HO 6blTb, nOMHHT, B .n:BYXTo<Je<JHhIX nOCJIe.n:OBareJlbHbIX KaHaJIaX npoBaH.n:ep nepeCbIJIaeT <ppeHMbI no <p H3H 'leCKOMY coe.n:ItHe- HHIO .n:BYX MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB. He'lTO no.n:06Hoe npoHcxo.n:HT H B CeTfiX Frame Relay, C TOH JIHmb pa3HHl.{eH, 'ITa B 3TOM CJIyqae npoBai1.n:ep nepeCbIJIaeT <ppeHMbI no BHPTYaJIbHOMY coe.n:HHeHHIO Me)I()Iy.n:BYWI YCTpOHCTBaMH. R1 -- .--....... ;- ...;:---- - -- DLCIY R2 Puc. 4.9. KOMnoHeHmbl 6upmYaJIbHOi!O coeOUHeHUJI Frame Relay TeXHOJIOrHfI Frame Relay, nOMHMO ynpolUeHHfI HCnOJIbJOBaHHfI ABYXTo<Je'lHbIX BbUIe- JIeHHbIX JIHHHH, 06JIa.aaeT .n:pyrHMH Cepbe3HbIMH .n:OCTOHHCTBaMH. OCHoBHoe U3 HItX Ha- npflMyJO CBfl3aHO C B03MO)KHOCTblO nOJIyqeHHfI BHPTYaJIbHbIX coe.n:HHeHHH. PaccMoTPHM. HanpHMep. pHC. 4.10, Ha KOTOpOM nOKa3aHO HCnOJIb30BaHHe TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay "::BaR eMa 606 .--....... ;- ---- Jlappl1 .--.......;- ---- ---- r P1 4IIt 4IIt .4IIt 411t. '-"- 4IIt4llt 4IIt I I I I ,.--....... ;- ........:"'--- AJ!<YHIo10P R3 Puc. 4.10. TUnU'IHaR cemb Frame Relay, 06bl!OUHRIOU4aR mpu 1!JlOU4aOKU
a 4 OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeM 137 r.n aB . -- O TP ex .n:ByxTO'le'lHbIX Bbl,l{eJIeHHbIX KaHaJIOB. KaK BlI,l{HO H3 HJIJIIOCTpaI.{HH, TeXHO- BMecT ( Frame Relay n03BOJIfieT C03.n:aTb JIOrH'leCKI1H MaprnpYT T.e. BHpryaJIbHOe coe.n:HHe- JISlMe)!(,l{)' .n:ByMfI DTE-ycTpoHcTBaMH Frame Relay. BHpryaJIbHoe COe,l{HHeHHe pa60TaeT fI HH OM CJIyqae no.n:06Ho .n:BYXTO'le'lHOMY KaHaJIY, HO npH 3TOM He Tpe6yeT OT.n:eJlbHOrO B .na 4>M31-1'leCKOrO KaHaJIa, nOCKOJIbKY aHa BHPTYaJIbHoe. HanpHMep, Ha pHC. 4.10 nOKa3aHO, 'lTO ueHTPaJIbHbIH MaprnpYTH3aTOp HHHI.{HHpyeT .n:Ba BHPTYaJIbHbIX coe.n:HHeHHfI - O.n:HO, afl'lUBaIOIlleeCfI Ha MaprnpYTH3aTOpe cBepxy, H BTopoe -Ha MapIIIpYTH3aTope CHH3Y Ha cxeMe. UeHTpaJIbHbIH MaprnpYTH3aTOp MO)l(eT HanpaBHTb Tpa'PHK Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO Ha JIlo60H 1-13 .n:BYX .n:pymx MaprnpYTH3aTOpOB, npoCTO nepeCJIaB era COOTBeTCTByJOIlleMY BHP- 1)'aJIbHOMY coe.n:HHeHHIO. npH 3TOM CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, <iTa y MapIIIpYTH3aTopa HMeeTCfI JIMlIIb o.n:HH <pH3H'leCKHH KaHaJI .n:ocryna K ceTH Frame Relay. Bce BHpryaJIbHbIe coe.n:HHeHHfI COBMeCTHO HCnOJIb3YlOT O.n:HH H TOT )l(e KaHaJI .n:ocTyna M o.nHY 1-1 ry )l(e ceTb Frame Relay. HanpHMep, 06a BHPTYaJIbHbIX coe.n:HHeHHfI l.{eHTpaJIb- florO MaIIIPYTH3aTopa COBMeCTHO HCnOJIb3yJOT O.n:HH H TOT)I(e KaHaJI .n:ocTyna. TaKHM 06- pa30M, B 60JIbIIIHX pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIX ceTflX, B KOTOpbIX MHoro llJIOIll8.aOK H}')KHO no.n:KJlIO- 'lMTb K ueHTpaJIbHOH llJIOIll8.aKe, TOJIbKO O.n:HH <pH3H'leCKI1H KaHaJI .n:ocTyna Tpe6yeTcfI .lIIIfI no.nKJIIO'leHHfI MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa rJlaBHOH nJIOIll8.aKl1 K ceTH Frame Relay. ECJIH 6bI ry )l(e 3a.na'lY npHIIIJIOCb peIIIaTb C nOMOIllblO ,l{BYXTO'le'lHbIX KaHaJIOB, nOTpe60BaJIOCb 6bI npo- KJ1a.nbIBaTb OT.n:eJIbHYlO <pH3H'leCK)'IO JIHHHIO, npH06peTaTb OT.n:eJIbHbIH MO.n:yJIb CSUjDSU, 33.lleHCTBOBaTb oT.n:eJlbHbIH nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHbIH HHTep<peHc Ha MaprnpYTH3aTOpe.llIIfI K8.)I(- .noro TaKOro KaHaJIa. n03TOMY TeXHOJIOmfi Frame Relay n03BOAAeT paCIIIHpflTb pacnpe.n:e- neHHYIO CeTb, npaKTH<ieCKH He HcnOJlb3Yfl .n:onOJIHHTeJlbHoro 060py.n:OBaHHfI. EIlle O.n:HOH oc06eHHOCTbIO TeXHOJIOmH Frame Relay flBJlfleTCfI TO, 'ITa y Ka)l(,l{oro npo- Bai1.aepa Frame Relay HMeeTCfI MHOro no-rpe6HTeJIeH, HCnOJIb3YlOIllHX O.n:HY H ry )l(e CeTb Frame Relay npoBaH,aepa. nOHa'laJIY nOTpe6HTeJIH Bbl,l{eJleHHbIX JIHHHH OTKa3bIBaJIHCb nepexollHTb Ha Frame Relay, nOCKOJIbKY OnaCaJIHCb, 'ITa B pe)l(HMe KOHKYPeHTHOH pa60- Tbl C llpyrHMH nOTpe6HTeJIflMH 3Toro )l(e npoBaH.n:epa HM npH.n:eTcfI CTaJIKHBaTbCfI C He.n:oc- TaTO'lHOH nponycKHoH cnoc06HoCTbIO CeTH. )LrIfi Taro 'lT06b1 nOTpe6HTeJlH H36aBHJIHCb or TMX onaceHHH, B TeXHOJlOrHH Frame Relay peaJIH30BaHa KOHl.{enHfI rapaHTHpoBaH- HOH nponycKHoH cnoc06HoCTH (CIR - Committed information rate).)],mI Ka)l(,l{oro BHP- TyanbHoro coellHHeHHfI YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfI nOKa3aTeJlb CIR. C ero nOMOIllblO npOBaH,aep rapaHTMpyeT, <iTa TO HJIH HHoe KOHKpeTHOe BHPTYaJIbHOe coe.n:HHeHHe 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha :OPOCTM, He MeHbrneH, <ieM COOTBeTCTByJOIllee 3Ha'leHHe CIR. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, nOKa- P .eJIb CIR BHPTYaJIbHOrO coe.n:HHeHHfI MO)I(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb B Ka'leCTBe aHaJIOra rnH- "HbI nOJIOCbI 'l1'O HJIH TaKTOBOH 'laCTOTbI .n:BYXTO'le'lHOrO KaHaJIa, C TeM JIHrnb pa3JIH'lHeM, 1]Ka38TeJIb CIR - 3T0 MHHHMaJIbHO .n:onYCTHMoe 3Ha'leHHe. Ha npaKTHKe Hepe.n:KO CIR HTeJIH MOryr pa60TaTb Ha CKOpOCTH, 60JIbIIIeH, <ieM 3TO YCTaHOBJIeHO napaMeTpOM .lI.J1f1 KaHaJIa Lta)Ke B C . PI1C.4.10 3 JIY'Iae C CeTblO, 061>e.n:HHflIOIlleH Bcero TpH nJIOIll8.aKl1, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha lUITCJl Il ' KCfIJ1yaTaHfI ceTH B cJlyqae HCnOJlb30BaHHfI TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay 06xo- elUeBJIe 'Ie I<aHanoB '-I ' M 3KcllJIyaTal.{Hfi ceTH, OCHOBaHHOH Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH .n:ByxTO'le<iHbIX CJlTI(I1 TO}')K rOBOpHTb a 3Ha<iHTeJIbHO 60JIee 06rnHpHbIx CeTflX, 061>e.n:HHflIOIllHX .n:e- 110JI}f(}ia H H lllUKe COTHH nJIOIll8.aOK, oc06eHHo C yqeToM Taro, <iTa Ka)K,l{afi H3 llJIOlil8.aOK l1y 100 nn MeTb.n:OCTyTI KO BceM OCTaJIbHbIM llJIOIll8.aKaM.)LrIfi nOJlyqeHHfI TaKOH ceTH Me)l(- IIblO.eJIeHH OIl18.QKaMH C nOMOlilblO Bbl,l{eJIeHHbIX KaHaJIOB npHIIIJIOCb 6bI npOJIO)l(HTb 4950 elJ.OBaT blX JiHHHH! KpOMe Taro, Ha Ka)l(,l{OM MaprnpYTH3aTope nOH8.a06HJIOCb 6bI 99 no- eJIbHbIX HHTep<peHCOB. CpaBHHTe TaKyJO CTpYKTYPY Tenepb C CeTblO aHaJIOrH<iHOH
138 aCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeJ,j - npOTfI)!(eHHOCTblO, OCHOBaHHOH Ha TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay. B 3TOM CJIyqae nOHa.u.06MT_ CfI npOJIO)!(HTb Bcero 100 KaHaJJOB .n:OCTyna K JIOKaJJbHbIM KOMMYTaTopaM Frame Relay (I KaHaJJ Ha Ka)l()1bIH MapIIIPYTH3aTOp). Bce He06xo.n:HMbIe 4950 coe.n:HHeHHH 6y.n:yr pea- JIH30BaHbi B Bu.n:e BHPTYaJJbHbIX coe.n:HHeHHH, H npH 3TOM B Ka)l()10M MapIIIpyrH3aTOpe .n:OCTaTO<JHO 6y.n:eT Bcero o.n:Horo nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHoro HHTep<peHca. B pe3YJIbTaTe cen, Frame Relay HMeeT 60JIee npocTYIO B peaJJH3aUHH TOnOJlOrHlO, 06XO.n:HTCfI npoBaHllepy .n:eIIIeBJIe, a TaIOKe 3<p<peKTHBHee HcnoJlb3yeT B03MO)KHOCTH ceTH npoBai1.aepa. KaK He- -rpy.n:HO .n:ora.u.aTbCfI, HMeHHO n03TOMY ceTH Frame Relay OKa3bIBalOTCfI 60JIee Bblro.nHblM npellJlO)!(eHHeM H llJIfi no-rpe6HTeJIeH. B Tex CJIyqaflX, Kama H}')KHO pa3BepHYTb pacnpe.ne_ JIeHHyJO CeTb Me)l()1Y MHO)!(eCTBOM nJIOwa,aOK, TeXHOJlOrHfI Frame Relay 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO .ne- IIIeBJIe B peaJJH3aUHH, <JeM TeXHOJIOrHfI, OCHOBaHHafi Ha BbmeJleHHbIX KaHaJJax.
139 a 4 OCHOBbl W AN-ceTeM rfl aB . --- - n O.QrOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTOpMTe BCe KnIO""IeBble TeMbl CJ1e.llY eT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIlO'leBble TeMbl .n:aHHoM rJlaBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI nHKTorpaMMoM Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 4.4 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO<JeBbIe reMbI "COoTBeTCTBYIOWHe HM CTpaHHl.{bl. CHaR eMa Ta6J1HU3 4.4. KrllO'IeBble TeMbl maBbi 4 3.1e'lleHT K.T1O'IeBOH TeMbi Pile. 4.3 Ta6J1.4.2 PIle. 4.6 Ta6J1.4.3 A6J3L PIle. 4.10 OnHcaHHe HOMep cTpaHHIlbI 122 npellCTaBJIeHa OpraHI13aUlUI Tl1nl1'lHOro nOllKJIIO'leHI1R 06oPYlloBaHIiR nurpe611TeJlR K Bbl.D.eJleHHO JlI1Hlll1 TlinoBble CKOpOCTIi BbllleJleHHblX JlI1HI1 paenpelleJleHHblX eeTe CTPYK"rypa I1>peMa npOTOKOJla HOLC KnIO'IeBble -repMI1Hbl WAN--reXHOJlom nepe'leHb eliHOHI1MOB.II.illI -repMI1Ha o6yxmo'te'tHGR 6b10eAeHHGR IIUHUR CxeMa OpraHI13aUI111 Bl1pT)'aJlbHblX eOelll1HeHI1 Frame Relay 128 130 31 132 136 3an0l1HHTe Ta6nHbl H cnHCKH no naMJlTH Pacne<JaTaMTe npHJIO)J(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa3.n:eJl, OTHO- CIIUUlHCfI K 3TOM maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6J1Hl.{bI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIo)J(eHHH H (Appendix J) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJlHeHHble m6J1Ul.{bI H CnHCKH,lI,JIfi caMoKoHTpOJlfl. KmoeBble TepMHHbl rnaBbl Ilal-lTe OnpelleJIeHHfI nepe<JHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHoB H npoBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX Hanl1caHllii B cnHCKe TepMHHoB: to b KaHa.II .n:ocryna (access link), Henocpe.n:CTBeHHoe JIa60paTopHoe coe.n:HHeHHe (back- - ack r k DCE In), TaKTOBafi <JaCTOTa, DTE-YCTPOHCTBO (ypoBeHb I), MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU, BbI.iI -YCTpOMCTBO (YPoBeHb I), DSO, DSI, TeXHOJIOrHfI Frame Relay, npOTOKOJI HDLC, HblijelIeH Hafi JIHHHfI (leased line), KOMMYTal.{Hfi naKeTOB, npOTOKOJI PPP, nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIb- Ka6enb (serial cable), CHHXPOHHblM. TI, BHpT)'aJIbHbIM KaHaJI.
). r '-) I. 1, r f - J ... i B :nOH maBe... · 0630P cl»YHKIUtH cereBoro ypOBIfJI. B nepBOM pa3.n:eJIe npe.n:craBJIeHbI KOHLlenl.{HH MapruPYTH3aLlltlt, JIOrH'leCKOH a.n:pecaUHH H nporo- KOJIOB MaprupYTH3aUHH. · IP-a.n:pecanHH. B 3TOM pa3JIe.ne 061>flCHflIOTCfI OCHOBbI 32-6HTOBbIX IP-a.n:pecoB; OCHOB- Hoe BHHMaHHe y.n:eJIeHO TOMY, KaK OHM cnoc06CTByJOT npoueccy MaprupYTH3a1.{HH. . IP-MapwpyrH3anHJI. B 3TOM pa3- .n:eJle 061>flCHfleTcfI, KaK y3JIbi Ii MapruPYTH3aTOpbl npltHHMalOT peIIIeHHfI a nepeHanpaBJIeHli1i naKeTOB. . npOTOKOJIbI IP-MapwpyrH3auH H . B 3TOM KOpOTKOM pa3JIeJIe 061>- flCHfllOTCfI npHHuHnbI, KOTOpbIe JIe)KaT B OCHOBe Toro, KaK nporo- KOJIbI MaprupYTH3al.{HIt 3ano m . JlI - lOT Ta6JIHLlbI MapIIIpyTH3aUl1H Ka)l(llOrO MapIIIPYTH3aropa. . YTHJIHTbI cereBoro YPOBHJI. B 00- CJIe,l{HeM pa3.n:eJle maBbI npeJl- CTaBJIeHO HeCKOJIbKO .n:pyrli X eC- «PYHKUHH, CBfl3aHHbIX C npoIl COM .n:OCTaBKH naKeTOB.
rIlABA 5 OCHOBbIIP-aApecaMM 111 MapwpYTM3aMM <I>li3HlJeCKHM ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJlH OSI (ypoBeHb 1) onpe.n:eJlfleT TO, KaK nepe.n:aBaTb 6HTbI no onpe.n:eJIeHHOMY TItny <pH3WIeCKOM ceTH. KamlJIbHbIM ypOBeHb Mo.n:eJIIi OSI (ypoBeHb 2) onpelleJIfieT <ppeMMHpoBamte, a.apecaUHIO, 06HapeHHe OIIIH60K H npaBHJIa HCnOJIb30- BaHItSi <pH3H'leCKOM nepe.n:alOweM cpe.n:bI. HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa 3TH ypOBHH Ba)I(HbI, HI1 011liH li3 HUX He onpe.n:eJIfieT Taro, KaK .n:aHHbIe 6y.n:YT nepe.n:aBaTbCfI Me)K,l{y YCTpOMCTBaMIi, pacnOJIO)!(eHHbIMH Ha 60JIbIIIOM paCCTOflHHI1 .n:pyr aT .n:pyra H coe.n:I1HeHHbIMIi- MHO)!(eCT- BOM pa3JIH'lHbIX <pH3H'leCKJtX ceTeM. B 3TOM rIIaBe onHCbIBaeTCfI <PYHKI.{Hfi H Ha3Ha'leHHe ceTeBoro YPOBHfI Mo.n:eJIH OSI (ypOBHfI 3): CKB03HaSi .n:OCTaBKa .n:aHHbIX Me)K)l:Y .n:ByMfI KOMnbIOTepaMH. He3aBHCHMO aT Tltna <pH3H'leCKOM ceTH, K KOTOpOM no.n:KJIIO'leH Ka)K)l:bIM KOHe'lHbIM KOMnbIOTep, H He3a- BHCHMO OT THnOB <pH3I1'leCKJtX ceTeM, KOTopbIe HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI Me)K)l:Y 3THMH KOMnbIOTe- paMIt, CeTeBOM ypOBeHb onpe.n:eJIfleT, KaK nepeHarrpaBJIflTb (HJII1 MapIIIPYTli3HpOBaTb) 11aHHbIe Me)K)l:Y 3TIlMii KOMnbIOTepaMH. B 3TOM rIIaBe onHCbIBalOTCfI OCHOBHbIe npHHUHnbI Taro, KaK CeTeBOM ypOBeHb Map- Wpyrli3HPYeT naKeTbI .n:aHHbIX aT o.n:Horo KOMrrblOTepa K .n:pyrOMY. nOCJIe KpaTKoro 0630- pa OCHOB B 3TOH maBe 60JIee no.n:p06HO paCCMaTpHBaeTcfI ceTeBoM ypoBeHb TCP/IP, BKlIIO'IM IP-a.apecaUHIO (KOTopaSi 06eCne'lHBaeT B03MO)I(HOCTH 3<p<peKTHBHOH MapIIIpy- 3aI.{HIi), IP-MapIIIPYTH3aUHIO (c06CTBeHHO npouecc nepeHanpaBJIeHHfI), npOTOKOJIbI P-MapllJPYTH3aI.{HH (npouecc, 6JIaro.n:apfi KOTOPOMY MapIllpYTH3aTOpbI 113yqalOT MapIIIPY- TbI), a TalOKe HeKoTopbIe .n:pyrHe BmKHbIe oc06eHHoCTH cereBoro ypOBHfI. KOHTponbHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe nM Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rnaBbl CB O ::tr OT pa3.n:eJI rrpe.n:Ha3Ha'leH )J,.llfl Taro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mar npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO Ol.{eHHTb 11 3HaHH lI.11an. SI H peIllHTb, HO JIH eMY 'lHTaTb rJIaBY ueJII1KOM. ECJIIi OTBeTbI Ha .n:BeHa- , P 113 TpHHa.auaTH BonpOCOB .n:aHbI npaBHJIbHO, MO)I(HO cpa3Y )!(e nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:He- no J 83.o.eJIy" n 1C0HTp O.n:rOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH rJIaBbI H npelI,Bapl1TeJlbHbIX I1CnO]] OJIbHbIX BOnpOCOB nepe'lHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 5.1. OTBe'laSi Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI H I1JJI1 .. b3YfI Ta6JIHI.{Y, 'liiTaTeJIb CMO)!(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOH 3HaHI1f1 B TOH ..Hoi1 06 "I1>o]]b JIaCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbI npHBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)!(eHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- Hble BOnpOCbI".
142 aCTb I. OCHOBbl Ce Tet1 - Ta6JIHI.{a 5.1. TeMbi KOHTpOJIbHblX BonpOCOB OCHoBHas TeMa 0630p !l>YHKLU1H ceTeBOro ypOBHH IP-an:peCaUI1H 1 P - MapUlpyrl13aUI1H npOTOKOJlbl IP-MapUlpyr113aUI1I1 YTl1JIl1TbI ceTeBOro ypOSHH HOMepa BonpocoB 1-3 4-8 9,10 II 12, I3 -- -- 1. 1..1T0 H3 nepe1.JHCJIeHHOrO HH)!(e flBJlfleTCfI <PYHKllHflMH npOTOKOJIOB 'TpeTbero YPOBHjj MO.n:eJlI1 OSI? a) JlOrH'leCKafi a.apecaUHfi (logical addressing). 6) <1>H3H'leCKafi a.apecaUHfi (physical addressing). B) BbI60p nYTH (path selection). r) Ap6H'TpIDK (arbitration). .n:) BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe nOCJIe OIIIH60K (error recovery). 2. npe.n:nOJlO)KHM, 'ITa KOMnblOTep nKl.n:oJDKeH OTnpaBHTb .n:aHHbIe KOMnblOTepy £110 J1 'ITa KOMnblOTepbI nKl H nK2 OT.n:eJleHbI .n:pyr aT .n:pyra HeCKOJIbKHMH MapIIIpYTH3aTO- paMH. YKIDKHTe HaH60JIblIIHH 6JIOK.n:aHHbIX, KOTOpblH nepe.n:aeTCfI aT nKl K nK2. a) <1>peHM (frame). 6) CerMeHT (segment). B) naKeT (packet). r) L5 PDU. .n:) L3 PDU. e) LI PDU. 3. npe.n:CTaBbTe ce6e ceTb C .n:BYMfI MapIIIpYTH3aTopaMH, KOTopbIe coe.n:HHeHbl C noMO- IUblO nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOrO HDLC-KaHaJIa MeTo.n:OM "TO'lKa-TO'lKa". K8)!()],bIH Mapwpy- TH3aTOp no.n:.n:ep)!(UBaeT Ethernet-ceTb. KOMnblOTep I1KI nO,l{lUIIO'leH K Ethernet-ceTI! nepBoro MaprnpYTI13aTOpa (Routerl), a nK2 no.n:KJIIO'leH K Ethernet-ceTH BTOporo MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa (Router2). KaKoe YTBep)K)l:eHHe CnpaBe.lI.lIHBO npH nepe.n:a'le .n:aHHb aT nKI K nK2? a) MaprnpYTH3aTOp Routerl y.n:aJIfleT 113 <ppeHMa, nOJIyqeHHoro aT nKI, Ethern et - 3arOJIOBOK H KOHl.{eBHK, KOTopbIe He 6yAYT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI. 6) MaprnpYTH3aTOp Routerl HHKanCYJIHpYeT Ethernet-<ppeHM BHYT})b HDLC-3aW JIOBKa U OTnpaBJIfieT 3TOT <ppeHM MaprnpYTH3aToPY Router2, KOTOpbIH BbI.n:eJIfleT Ethernet-<ppeHM.lI.lIfi nepeHanpaBJIeHHfI K nK2. B) MapIIIPYTI13aTOp Routerl y.n:aJIfleT H3 <ppeHMa, nOJIyqeHHoro aT nKI, Ethernet 3aroJIOBOK H KOHl.{eBHK, KOTOpbIH BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfI MaprnPYTH3aTopoM Router nepe.n: OTnpaBKoH .n:aHHbIX KOMnblOTepy nK2. P e- r) MaprnpYTH3aTo p Routerl Y .n:aJIfieT Ethernet-, IP- H TCP-3aroJIoBKH U fIe TO' CTpaHBaeT COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHe 3arOJIOBKH nepe.n: OTnpaBKOH naKeTa MapIIIpyn 138 Rout r .
rfl aB a 5. OCHOBbl IP-aApeca4MM M MapwpYTM3a4MM -- KaKlfe H3 nepe<JHCJIeHHbIX HH)I(e allpeCOB flBJIfllOTCfI npaBHJIbHbIMH IP-a.n:pecaMH J. ? J(}IaCca C, KOTopble MO)l(HO Ha3Ha'laTb Y3JIaM. a) I. I. 1.1 6) 200. I. 1.1 B) 128.128.128.128 r) 224. I. 1.1 .n:) 223.223.223.255 5. YKIDKHTe .n:Hana30H 3Ha<JeHHHllJIfi nepBoro OKTeTa llJIfi IP-ceTeH KJIacca A? a) OT O.n:o 127 6) OTO.n:O 126 B) aT I .n:o 127 r) aT I .n:o 126 ll)OT 128.n:0 191 e) aT 128.n:0 192 6. KOMnblOTepbI nKI H nK2 Haxo.n:flTCfI B llBYX pa3HbIX Ethernet-ceTflx, pa3.n:eJIeHHbIX IP-MaprnpyrH3aTOpoM. IP-a.n:pec nKI 10. I. 1.1 B no.n:cenl He HCnOJIb3yJOTCfl. KaKOH H3 cnellYIOIl{HX a.n:peCOB MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb llJIfi nK2? 143 a) 10.1.1.2 6) 10.2.2.2 B) 10.200.200.1 r) 9. I. I.I ll) 225.1. 1.1 e) 1.I.I.1 7. CKOJIbKO IP-a.n:pecoB, l<JIacca B? a) 16777 214 6) 16777 216 B) 65 536 r) 65 536 11) 65 534 e) 65 532 }f() 32 768 3) 32 766 8. CICOJIbKO I P 1<.1 -a.n:peCOB, KOTopbIe MO)l(HO Ha3Ha'lHTb Y3JIaM, MO)l(eT co.n:ep)l(aTb ceTb aCca c? a) 65 534 6) 65 532 B) 32 768 KOTopbIe MO)l(HO Ha3Ha'lHTb Y3JIaM, MO)l(eT co.n:ep)l(aTb ceTb
144 aCTb I. OCHOBbl C eTeM --- r) 32 766 e) 256 )!() 254 9. KaKHe H3 CJIe.n:yJOIllHX a.n:peCOB 06b1'lHO ucnOJlb3yeT MapIIIpYTH3aTOp, npHHHM pe- rneHHe a MaprnpYTH3al.{HH TCPjIP-naKeToB? a) MAC-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi. 6) MAC-a.n:pec ompaBHTeJIfl. B) I P-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi. r) IP-a.n:pec oTnpaBHTeJIfi. e) MAC- H IP-a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJlfl. 10. KaKoe H3 npHBe.n:eHHbIX HH)!(e yrnep)IQJeHHM CnpaBeJIJlHBO}:IJIH nO.lU<JllO'IeHHoro K JIOKaJIb- HOH Cent TCPjIP-y1J1a H ero perneHHflx a IP-MapIIIpynt3aI.{HH (nepeHanpaBJIeHHH)? a) Y3eJI Bcer.n:a OTllpaBJIfieT naKeTbI cBoeMY CTaHAapTHOMY IllJII03Y. 6) Y3eJI Bcer.n:a OTnpaBJIfieT naKeTbI CBoeMY CTaHAap'THoMY IllJII03Y, eCJIH IP-a,n,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi Haxo.n:HTCfI B IP-ceTH .n:Pyroro KJlacca. B) Y3eJI Bcer.n:a OTnpaBJIfieT naKeTbI CBoeMY CTaHAapTHoMy IllJII03Y, eCJIH IP-a,n,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi Haxo.n:HTCfI B .n:pyroM no.n:ceTH. r) Y3eJl Bcer.n:a OTnpaBJIfieT naKeTbI CBoeMY CTaHAapTHOMY IIIJII03Y, eCJIH IP-a,n,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi Haxo.n:HTCfI B TOM )!(e no.n:ceTH. 11. KaKHe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe <PYHKI.{HM flBJIfllOTCfI <PYHKUHflMH npOTOKOJIa Map- IIIPYTH3aI.{HH? a) YBe.n:oMJIeHHe coce.n:HHX MaprnpYTH3aTopoB 06 H3BeCTHbIX MapIIIPYTax. 6) 113yqeHHe MaprnpYTOB.lUUI no.n:ceTeH, Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO no.n:KJlIO'leHHblX K Map- rnpYTH3aTOpy. B) l13yqeHHe MaprnpYTOB, npe.n:CTaBJIeHHbIX MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy coce.n:HHMH Mapwpy- TH3aTopaMH, H nOMeIlleHHe 3THX MapIIIpYTOB B Ta6JIHUY MaprnpYTH3aUHH. r) nepeHanpaBJIeHHe IP-naKeTOB Ha OCHOBaHHH IP-a.n:peca nOJlyqaTeJIfi naKeTa. 12. KaKHe H3 rrepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HU)!(e npOTOKOJIOB n03BOJIflIOT KJlHeHTCKOMY nK onpeJIe- JIHTb IP-a.n:pec .n:pyroro KOMnblOTepa no HMeHH 3TOro KOMnblOTepa? a) ARP. 6) RARP. B) DNS. r) DHCP. W W 13. KaKOM H3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX npoTOKOJIOB n03BOJIfieT KJlHeHTCKOMY KOMnblO'fePY 3anp BaTh Hama'leHHe eMY IP-a.n:peca, a TalOKe y3HaBaTba.n:pec CBOero CTaH.lIapTHoro l1JJ1IO Ja . a) ARP. 6) RARP. B) DNS. r) DHCP.
5 OCHOBbl IP-a,qpeCaL-'MM M MapwPYTM3aL-'MM ro aBa . -- 145 B eeAeHMe - npOTOKOJ1bI, 3KBHBaJJeHTHbIe -rpeTbeMY YPBHIO Mo.n:eJlH OSI, onpe.n:ellillOT TO, KK na- I nOCTaBJ1f1IOTCfI aT KOMnblOTepa, KOTOpbIH HX C03.n:aJJ, K KOMnblOTepy, KOTOpbIH .n:OJI- Kerb )l(eH ux nOJ1Y'lHTb. .lJ.;1f1 .n:OCTU)KeHUfi 3TOH UeJlH npOTOKOJlbI ceTeBoro ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJ1U OSI onpeJIeJ1RIOT CJ1e.n:YlOlllue <!>YHKUUU. . MapmpYTH3aQHH: npOl.{eCC nepeHanpaBJ1eHUfi naKeTOB (PDU-6JIOKU TpeTbero ypOBHfI). . Jlom'leCKaH a,lIpeCalOtH: a.n:peca, KOTopble MO)l(HO UCnOJIb30BaTb He3aBUCUMO aT TU- na HCn0J1b3yeMbIx <l>u3U'leCKUX ceTeH, npH YCJlOBUU, 'ITa KIDK.L10e YC-rpOHCTBO (KaK MUHUMyM) nOJlY'laeT O.n:UH a.n:pec. JlOrH'leCKafi a.n:pecal.{Ufi n03BOJIfieT npOl.{eccy MapIIIpyru3al.{UU u.n:eHTu<l>UI.{UpOBaTb OTnpaBUTeJ1f1 U nOJIY'laTeJlfl naKeTa. . npOTOKOJI MapmpyrH3aIJ,HH: npOTOKOJI, KOTOpbIH nOMoraeT MapIIIpyru3aTopaM .n:u- HaMH'leCKH U3Y'laTb rpynnbl a.n:peCOB B ceTU, 'ITa B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b n03BOllileT npa- BHJlbHO pa60TaTb npOl.{eccy MapIIIpyrU3aI.{HU (nepeHanpaBJIeHHfI). . .LJ:pyme yrHJIHTbI: ceTeBOH ypOBCHb TalOKe onupaeTCfI Ha .n:pyrue yrHJIHTbI. .lJ.;1fI TCP/IP 3TU yrHJlUTbl BKJllO'lalOT B ce6f1 CUCTeMY .n:OMeHHbIX UMeH (Domain Name System - DNS), npOTOKOJl .n:uHaMU'leCKOH KOH<l>urypal.{Uu Y3JIa (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol- DHCP), npOTOKOJI npe06pa30BaHufi a.n:peCOB (Address Resolution Protocol - ARP) H yrHJIUl)' 3XO-JanpOCOB ping. BHHMAHHEI TepMI1H 6b/6op nymu (path selection) MHoma MCn0J1b3yeTcfI KaK CMHOHMM TepMMHa npoToKOJ1 MapwPYTInaUMM, MHoma KaK CMHOHMM TepMMHa MapmpyrM3aUMfi (nepeHanpaBJIeHlte) naKeTOB, a orlIa lUUi ynoMMHaHMfI o6eMx $YHKUMM. 3ra rnaBa Ha'lUHaeTCfI C 0630pa MapIIIpyru3auuu, JIOrU'leCKOH a.n:pecal.{uu U npoToKo- MapwpyrH3al.{UH. ,l],aJJee 60JIee no.n:p06HO onHCblBaeTCfI cnel.{u<l>uKa ceTeBoro ypOBHfI l P/IP (B Mo.n:eJlU TCP/IP OH Ha3bIBaeTCfI ypoBHeM 630UMooeucm6uR cemeu (internetwork aYer) B 'l n . aCTHOCTU, 3.n:eCb paccMaTpuBalOTcfI TeMbI I P-a.n:pecal.{uu, MapIIIpyrlt3al.{UU, I>OroKOJIOB MapIIIpyrH3al.{UU U yrHJIHT ceTeBoro ypOBHfI. 0630p cJ>YHK4MM CeTeBOrO ypOBHSI n porOKOJI e'J. '0 ' KOTOpbIH onpe.n:eJlfleT MapIIIpyrH3auuIO U JIorU'lecKYIO a.n:pecaUHIO, C'lUTa- -" npOTOK !.Iij OJIOM ceTeBoro ypOBHR (UJIU ypOBHfI 3). Mo.n:eJ1b OSI onpe.n:eJ1f1eT YHUKaJJb- lI1liPOTOKOJI ypOBHfI 3, KOTOpblH Ha3bIBaeTCfI ceTeBOH CJI}')K60H 6e3 yCTaHOBJIeHUfi co- O SI n liltfl (Connectionless Network Services - CLNS ) HO KaK 3TO 06bI'lHO 6bIBaeT C - POT ' , 8l'1>e.. OKOJlaMlt, OH He 'laCTO BCTpe'laeTCfI B cero.n:HflIIIHUX ceTfiX. B nOCJIe.n:Hee BpeMfi -.aerCJI PotO K MHO)l(eCTBO .n:pyrux npOTOKOJIOB ceTeBoro ypOBHfI, TaKHX KaK UHTepHeT- .. oVel1J1 (Internet Protocol - I P), npOTOKOJI Me)l(CeTeBoro 06MeHa naKeTaMlt Novell . eT alk (ternetwork Packet Exchange - I PX) HJllt npOTOKOJI .n:OCTaBKH .n:eHTarpaMM Ap- ppleTalk Datagram Delivery Protocol- DDP). B HaUIlt .n:HU ellltHCTBeHHbIM
146 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl C eTei1 --- npOTOKOJl CeTeBOrO YPOBij umpOKO UCnOJlb3yeMbIM npOTOKOnOM ypOBHfI 3 flBJIfleTCfI TCP/IP, a HMeHHO npOTOKOJl IP. rJIaBHafi 3a.n:a'la npOTOKOJla IP 3aKJIIO'laeTCfI B HanpaBJIeHUU .n:aHHbIX (naKeTOB ) OT Y3- Jla-OTnpaBUTeJIfi K Y3JIy-noJly'laTenfi. nOCKOJlbKY B ceTH MO)l(eT nurpe60BaTbcfI nepeija_ npaBJIeHUe 60JIbIIIOrO KOJlU'leCTBa naKeTOB, npouecc IP-MapIIIpyru3auuu BeCbMa npOCT npOTOKOJI IP He TPe6yeT HaKJIa.n:HbIX pacxo.n:OB Ha .n:OCTaBKY no.n:TBep)l(L(eHUM HJ1Jt cOo6_ Il{eHUH nepe.n: ornpaBKoM naKeTa. I P - 3TO npOTOKOJI 6e3 opraHu3auuu coe.n:HHeHI1 npOTOKOn IP nbITaeTCfI .n:OCTaBUTb Ka)l(L(bIM naKeT, HO ecnu MapIIIpyru3aTop JtJII1 IP npol.{ecc Y3JIa He MO)l(eT .n:OCTaBUTb naKeT, 3TOT naKeT oT6paCbIBaeTCfI 6e3 B03MO)f(HOCTH YCTPaHeHUfi oum60K. UeJIb npOTOKona IP 3aKJIIO'laeTCfI B .n:OCTaBKe naKeTOB C MJtHI1- MaJJbHO B03MO)KHbIMH 3aTPaTaMU Ha Ka)I(L(bIM naKeT, 'ITa n03BOJIfieT nepe.n:aBaTb 60JIbIlII1e naKeTbI .n:aHHbIX. ,l],pyrne npOTOKOJIbI OCYIlleCTBJIflIOT HeKOTopbIe .n:pyrne nOJle3HbIe cere- BbIe <l>YHKI.{UU. HanpUMep, npOTOKon ynpaBJleHHfI nepe.n:a'leM (Transmission Control Protocol - TCP), KOTOpbIM no.n:p06HO onUCbIBaeTCfI B rnaBe 6 "OCHOBbl npOTOKona TCP lIP: nepe.n:a'Ja .n:aHHbIX, nplIJlO)l(eHUfi U 06eCne'leHUe 6e30nacHocTu ceTU" 06ecne'lH- BaeT BOCCTaHOBJIeHUe nOCJIe OIIIu60K U nOBTopHyJO nepe.n:a'lY nOTepflHHbIX .n:aHHbIX, a npOTOKOJI IP 3Toro He .n:eJIaeT. IP-MapIIIpyru3al.{Ufi onupaeTcfI Ha cTPYKTYPY U co.n:ep)l(aHUe IP-a.n:peca, a IP-aupeca- I.{Ufi pa3pa6aTbIBaJJaCb c yqeToM IP-MapIIIpyrH3aI.{UU. nepBblM rJlaBHblM pa3.n:eJl 3TOH rJla- BbI Ha'lUHaeTCfI C 03HaKOMJIeHUfi C I P-MapIIIpyru3aI.{UeM. 3.n:ecb TalOKe paccMaTpuBalOTcII HeKoTopbIe nOHflTUfi I P-a.n:pecal.{uu, 3aTeM B rJlaBe paccMaTPuBalOTcfI OCHOBbI IP-aa- pecal.{uu. Mapwpyn13aLU.1f1 (nepeHanpaBl1eHe) MaprnpyrH3auHfi <l>oKycupyeTcfI Ha CKB03HOH nOrHKe nepeHanpaBJIeHUfi .n:aHHblx. Ha pUC. 5.1 nOKa3aH npocToM npUMep MapIIIpyrH3auuu. I1J1JIlOcTpHpyeMafi PUCYHKOM JlOfl1K3 cpaBHHTenbHO npOCTa. lIT06bl OTnpaBUTb .n:aHHbIe KOMnblOTepy nK2, KOMnblOTep nKI .n:OJDKeH 'ITa-TO OTnpaBUTb MapIIIpyru3aTOpy RI, KOTOpbIH OTnpaBJIfieT 3TO MapIIIpyrn33- TOPy R2, nOTOM MapIIIpyru3aTOpy R3 u, HaKOHel.{, KOMnblOTepy nK2. O.n:HaKo JlonlK3 Ka)l(L(orO YCTPOHCTBa Ha nyTJt naKeTOB HeCKOJlbKO OTJlU'JaeTCfI. Jlon'lKa nK1: OTnpaBKa ,qaHHblx COCe,qHeMY MapwPYTM3aTOPY e KOI B npltMepe Ha pHC. 5.1 KOMnblOTep nKI .n:OJDKeH nepe.n:aTb HeKoTopbIe .n:aHHbl nKI KoM- nblOTepy nK2. nOCKOJIbKY nK2 Haxo.n:UTCfI He B TOH)I(e Ethemet-ceTU, 'ITa U 'fO nblOTep nKI .n:OJDKeH OTnpaBUTb naKeT MapIIIpyrH3aTOpy, KOTOpblH no.n:KJlIO'IeH K ej - '" M COceJu.Je . Ethemet-ceTH. OTnpaBUTenb OTCbIJlaeT no cpe.n:e nepe.n:a'lU KaHaJJbHbm 'Ppeu J{ MapIIIpyru3aTopy; B 06naCTb .n:aHHbIX 3TOro <l>peMMa BKJIlO'leH naKeT. B 3arOJIOBKe qT(l HaJJbHOro ypOBHfI <l>peMMa ucnonb3yeTcfI a.n:peCal.{Hfi KaHaJJbHoro YPOBHfI (YPOBHR 2), 6bI rapaHTUpOBaTb, 'ITa coce.n:HUM MapIIIpyru3aTop nonyquT 3TOT <l>peHM. '" Ii" 3.n:eCb Ba)KHO OTMeTUTb TO, 'ITa KOMnblOTep, C03.n:alOIl{HH .n:aHHbIe, 3HaeT a ceT l1 c MHom - OH 3HaeT TOJlbKO, KaK OTnpaBUTb .n:aHHbIe coce.n:HeMY MapIIIPyrH3aTOPYtI nOJIb3YfI aHaJJOrHlO C 06bI'lHOM nO'lTOM, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITa OTnpaBUTeJIb .n:OJl)l(eaJlf TOJlbKO TO, KaK .n:OCTaBltTb .n:aHHbIe B MeCTHoe nO'lTOBOe OT.n:eneHue, H He 60JI ee iH Be rU'lHO, nKI .n:OJDKeH 3HaTb TOJlbKO TO, KaK .n:OCTaBUTb naKeT MapIIIpyrH3aTOPY . OCTaJlbHOM nyrb, no KOTOPOMY OTnpaBJlfllOTCfI naKeTbl K nK2, eMY He H3BeCTCH.
5 OCHOBbl IP-a,qpecaL-'MM M MapwpYTM3aL-'MM rl1 asa . ---- K 3 R1 M R2: MapwpYTM3aM AaHHbix B ceTM J10rM Mapwpyru3aTOpbI RI 11 R2 B .n:aHHOM cJlyqae UCnOJIb3yJOT O.n:HH 06Il{UH npol.{ecc rom yrl1JaUHI1 naKeTa. B ma6J/uu,e MapwpymU3au,uu (routing table) ,l{JIfi JII060ro onpe.n:e- lapWP r o n p OTOKOJ1a ceTeBoro ypOBHfI co.n:ep)KHTCfI cnUCOK 2pynn (groupings) a.n:pecoB ce- JIetltlO O yp OBHfI. BMecTo O.n:HOU 3anucu ,l{JIfi KIDK.lI.Oro OT.n:eJlbHOrO ceTeBoro a.n:peca nOJlyqa- TeBor B Ta6J1l1l.{e MapIIIpyrHJauUU cymecTByeT o.n:Ha 3anUCb ,l{JIfi rpyrrnbI a.n:pecoB. Map- TelR lllP)TII 3aTo P cpaBHuBaeT COllep)l(aIIIUUCfI B naKeTe a.n:pec (ceTeBoro YPOBHfI) nOJlyqaTeJ1f1 C 33nIl CR "111 B Ta6J1Hue MapIIIpyru3auuu U Haxo.n:HT COBna.n:eHHe. COBna.n:alOlUafi 3anHCb Ta6.111Ubl MapIIIpyru3auu u c006Il{aeT MapIllpyrH3aTopy, Ky.n:a cne.n:YeT nepeHanpaBuTb na- KeT llaJIbwe. 3Ta 6a30Bafi JlOrHKa nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 5.1. KOHuemYaJlbHO rpynnupoBKa a.n:peCOB CeTeBoro ypOBHfI no.n:06Ha CUCTeMe nO'lTOBblX IIHlIeKcOB ClllA. Bce, KTO )KHBeT B O.n:HOH MeCTHOCTU, UMelOT o.n:uHaKoBblH nO'lTOBblH UH- aeKC. COpTHPOBIl{UKU Ha nO'lTe CMOTpflT TOJ1bKO Ha nO'lTOBble KO.n:bl, UrHOpHPYfl OCTIUIbHyJO 'iaeTb an.pecoB. AHaJlOrH'lHO, Ha pUC. 5.1 Bce ycrpoHCTBa B 3TOH ceTU. UMelOIl{Ue IP-a.n:peca, Koropble Ha'lUHaIOTCfI C 168.1, HaXO,l{flTCfI B TOi:% JKe Ethernet-ceTH, 'ITa U nK2. n03TOMY MapwpyrUJaTOpbl MOryr xpaHUTb TOJlbKO o.n:uy Janlleb B Ta6J1Hue MapIIIpyrH3auuu. onUCbI- BaIOIIIYIO "oce a.n:peca 168. I " . Bee npOMe)l(YTO'lHble MapIIIpyru3aTopbl nOBTopRIOT TOT )l(e npouecc: MapIIIpyru3aTop cpaBHIIBaeT UMelOIl{UHCfI B naKeTe a.n:pec ce- feBoro ypOBHH (ypOBHfI 3) nOJIyqaTeJ1f1 C rpyrr- naMI1. nepe'lUCJ1eHHbIMH B Ta6J1Hl.{e MapIIIpy- TH3aUIiIi. II COBna.n:alOIl{afi 3anUCb B Ta6J1ul.{e lapwpyrHJal.{UH coo6lUaeT MapIIIpyrH3aTopy, K lla enel1yeT nepeHanpaBuTb naKeT. B KOHue K HUOB naKeT .n:OCTaBJ1f1eTCR MapIIIpyru3aTo- p , KOTOPb!H no.n:KJIIO'leH K ceTU HJ1U no.n:ceTH /a-nonY'JaTeJIfi (T.e. MapIIIpyru3aTOpy R3), K nOKaJaHo Ha pUC. 5.1. nO rHKa R3: AOCTaBKa AaHHbix kOl1e'lHOMY nOflyaTemo OOCJIel1HHii MapIII p rrU3aTO p B nyr u R3 h J'" ,. 111)( 3Ye-r no'ITH TaK}'IO )l(e JIomKY. KaK H.lI.Ba H MapwpyruJaTOpa. HO C O.n:HUM He3Ha'lH- hIM orn R3 l' 11'll1eM. .n:OJDKeH nepeHanpaBHTb 'l(enocpe.n:CTBeHHO KOMnblOTepy nK2, a hlij !Y-nl160 .n:pyroMy MapIIIpyrn3aTOpy. Ha HH BJfJIfill 3T0 OTnH'IHe Ka)l(eTCfl Hecyme- hIM. 1-13 MaTepHaJla CJ1e.uyIOIllero pa3.llena h Y3H Yerc aeT, KaK KaHaJlbHblH ypOBeHb HC- 'O't SI CeTeBbIM ypOBHeM. U BroKHOCTb lJl1'Jl1S! CTaHeT O'JeBHllHOH. Puc. 5. J. ]JOi?UKa MapUlpymu3auu: KOMnblOmep n K J omnpa8ARem daHHble KOMnblOmepy n K2 147 10.1.1.1 P;1 10000 ----- ", .,r.- R1 IOOO ----- ", ./"- R2 C r ) -;.- 168.11.0.0 R3 OO nK2 168.1.1.1
148 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTe.. ---- B3aMoAeMcTBe CeTeBOrO KaHa.nbHOrO YPOBHeM Kama npOTOKOJI ceTeBoro ypOBHfI 06pa6aTbIBaeT naKeT, OH npUHUMaeT perueHl1e 06 OTnpaBKe 3Toro naKeTa 'lepe3 cooTBeTcTByJOIllHH ceTeBoH uHTep<l>eHc. npe)KJI,e 'leM B <1>11_ 3U'leCKHH HHTep<l>eHc nocl}'fUlT <l>aKTU'leCKHe 6HTbI, ce-reBoH ypOBeHb .n:OJl)KeH nepen.an, naKeT npOTOKOJIaM KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHfI, KOTopbIe B CBOIO O'iepe.n:b "nonpocflT" ceTeBQi! ypOBeHb OTnpaBHTb 3TU .n:aHHbIe. KaK 6bIJIO CKa3aHO B maBe 3 "OCHOBbl JIOKaJIbHbJX ce- TeH" nepe.n: oTnpaBKoH <l>peHMoB 'lepe3 <l>u3U'leCK}'IO ceTb KaHaJIbHbIH ypOBeHb .n:06aBJISler K naKel}' cooTBeTcTByJOIl{HH 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBUK, C03.n:aBafi <l>peHM. npOl.{eCC MaplJIpy_ TH3auuu nepeHanpaBJIfieT 'lepe3 ceTb naKeT H TOJIbKO naKeT, om6paCbl6l15/ no nymu Jai!O- /106KU U KOHu,e6UKU KaHaJ/bH020 yp06HJl. CeTeBoH ypOBeHb 06pa6aTbIBaeT .n:ocTaBKY naI<eTOB U3 KOHl.{a B KOHel.{, UCnOJlb3YfI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHble KaHaJIbHbIe 3arOJIOBKU H I<OHl.{eBHJCI! TOJIbKO,l{Jlfl Taro, 'IT06bI .n:OCTaBHTb naKeT K CJIe.n:yJOIlleMY MapruPYTU3aTOpy HJlH Y3JIy. Ka- )I{.1J:bIH nOCJIe.n:yIOIllItH KaHaJIbHbIH YP<>BeHb npOCTo nepellaeT naKeT aT OllHOro YCTpOHCTBa .n:pyrOMY. Ha puc.5.2 nOKa3aHa JIOrHKa UHKanCYJIflUUU .n:aHHbIX B Ka)l{.1J:OM YCTpOHCTBe npUMeHUTeJIbHO K npuMepy U3 pUC. 5.1. 1 IP-naKeT I 10.0.0.0 ----;. - 1 EI IP-naKeT 1 I JP-naKeT 1 IP-naKeT I 168.1.1.1 Puc. 5.2. J1HKancYJlJ/UR Ceme60i!O U KaHaJ/bHOi!O ypo6Heu liJ(J1 ( nOCKOJIbKY MaprnpyrH3aTopbI CTpmlT HOBbIe KaHaJIbHbIe 3aroJIOBKU H KOHlleB aJlb __n..... ...... UOJ("j:!'laHbl) It nOCKOJIbKY HOBbIe 3arOJIOBKH co.n:ep)KaT Kat!
5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeCa'-'MM M MapwpYTM3a'-'MM 149 ro aBa . --- KOMnblOTepbl U MapIIIpyru3aTopbI .n:OJI)KHbl UMeTb KaKOH-TO cnoc06 ,l{JIfi onpe.n:e- aIlpeca. T aro KaKHe KaHaJlbHbIe a.n:peca UCnOJIb30BaTb. npUMepOM Taro, KaK MapIIIpYTU3a- neH HSI ' o onpe.n:eJIfleT, KaKOH KaHaJlbHblH a.n:pec UCnOJIb30BaTb. flBJIfleTCfI npOTOKOJI npe06pa30- T p SI IP-aLIpecoB (Address Resolution Protocol- ARP). npOTOKOJI ARP UCnOJIb3yeTcfI aa:"OUHaMU'leCKO onpeiJe/leHUR KaHQ/lbH020 aiJpeca IP-Y3/1a. noiJK/lIO'leHHOi!O K /lOKQ/lbHOU .llJI U LI aJlee B 3TOU rJlaBe npOTOKOJI ARP paCCMa-rpUBaeTCfI 60JIee no.n:p06HO. cem . Mapwpyru3allHfl. KaK Y)I(e 6blJIO CKa3aHO, B CBoeH OCHOBe HMeeT llBe maBHbIe Hlleu. . npollecc MapIIIpYTu3alluu nepeHanpaBJIfieT naKeTbl TpeTbero ypOBHfI, KOTopbIe TalOKe Ha3bIBalOTCfI 6/l0KaMU iJaHHba npOmOKO/la yp06HJl 3 (Layer 3 protocol data units - L3 PDU). Ha OCHOBe co.n:ep)l(aIllerocfI B naKeTe a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJIfi. . Opollecc MapIIIPYTu3al.{HH UCnOJIb3yeT KaHaJlbHblH ypOBeHb ,l{JIfi UHKanCYJIfll.{UU naKeTOB TJ)eTbero YPOBHfI BO 4>peHMbI BToporo ypOBHfI ,l{JIfi nepe.n:a'lU 'lepe3 Ka)!(- .n:blH nocJIe.n:yJOIl{UH KaHaJI. IP-naKeTbl M IP-3arO.nOBOK IP-naKeTbI UHKanCYJlUpOBaHbI B KaHaJlbHble 4>peHMbl. nOKa3aHHbie Ha pHC. 5.2. UMe- lOT IP-3arOJIoBOK. 3a KOTOpblM CJIe.n:yJOT .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHble 3aroJlOBKU U .n:aHHble. Ha pl1C. 5.2 nOKa3aHbI 06bI'lHble ,l{JIfi 60JlbIIIUHCTBa COBpeMeHHbIX ceTeH 06f13aTeJIbHble nOJIfi BHyrpH cTan.n:apTHoro 20-6aHToBoro 3aroJIOBKa IPv4. o 8 16 24 31 Bepc",SI nOlle OS An"'Ha naKeTa Ii1AeHT"'<pI-1Kal..ll1S1 4>llar'" (3) CMeeH"'e <pparMeHTa (13) BpeMSI cyecTBOBaHI-1S1 (TIl) npOTOKOIl KOHTpOllbHaSl cYMMa 3arolloBKa IP-a,D,pec ompaB"'TellSl IP-a,D,pec nOllyYaTellSl Puc. 5.3. 3ai!OA060K I Pv4 1-1-) Bcex n CII OJleu BHYTPH 3aroJlOBKa IPv4 B 3TOH KHure U BO BTOpOM TOMe paCCMa-rpUBa- sa TOflbKO nOJIe TTL (Time- To- Live - B p eMfi C Y Il{eCTBOBaHUfi naKeTa 3TO nOJle omt- erCII . _ P:ca B fJIaBe 15), nOJIe npOTOKOJla, a TaIOKe nOJlfl IP-a.n:peca OTnpaBUTeJIfi 11 IP- f) fla K OOJIY'laTeJIfi (KOTopble TaK UJIU ltHa'le paCCMa-rpUBaIOTCfI B 60JlbIIIUHCTBe rJlaB). o B co p aBO'lHbIX l.{eJIfiX B Ta6J1. 5.2 KpaTKO onucaHbI Bce nOJlS! l' 6 . a .11l1Ja 5 OJlH 3aroJlOBKa IPv4 hlle . I! (version) ----- Ha3H8'1eHHe BepCIHI npOTOKOJla I P. B HaCTOSlluee BpeMSI B 60JlbllIHHCTBe ceTei1 HcnoJlb3yeTcSI BepCHSI 4
150 none Ha3Ha'leHHe '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl c eTe ---- OKOH'IGHUe ma 611. 5.2 - - DS-noJle (differentiated services field) ,lJ,JJHHa IP-3arOJlOBKa (IP Header ,lJ,JJHHa IP-3aroJlOBKa. OnpelleJlJleT lIJIHHY IP-3aroJlOBKa, BKJlIO'Iall Length - IHL) He06113areJlbHble nOJlJl ,lJ,JJHHa naKeTa (packet length) l1L1eHTH$HKaUHJI (identification) <1>JlarH (flags) CMellieHHe $parMeHTa (fragment offset) BpeMII CYllieCTBOBaHHII (lTL) npOTOKOJl (protocol) KOHTPOJlbH8!I CYMMa 3arOJlOBKa (header checksum) IP-aapec OTnpaBHTeJlII (source IP address) IP-aapec ompaBHTeJlII (destination IP address) nOJle llH$$epeHuHpoBaHHblx cJlYJK6. I1cnoJlb3yeTcIIlIJIII MapKltpOBaHHII naKeTOB B ueJlllX npHMeHeHHJI K pa3HblM naKeTaM pa3JJH'IHblX ypoBHell Ka'leCTBa 06CJI}'JKHBaHIDI (QoS) l111eHTH$HUHPye-r nOJlHYJO lIJIHHY IP-naKe-ra. BKJlIO'I8!l1ldHHble I1cnoJlb3YeTCJI npoueCCOM $parMeHTauHH I P-naKeTa; Bce $parMeHTbI HCXOliHoro naKeTa COllep>KaT OllHH HlleHTmpHKaTop T pH 6HTa, KOTopble HCnOJlb3yIOTCII npoueCCOM $parMeHTaUHH I P-naKe11I l.(HCJlO. KOTopoe nOMoraeT Y3JJY 3aHOBO c06paTb <jJparMeHTHpOBaHHble naKeTbl B OllHH 60Jlee KpynHblM HCXOllHblM naKeT BpeMII CyIlleCTBOBaHHII naKeTa. 3Ha'leHHe, KOTopoe HCnOJlb3yeTcIIllIIII npellOTBpallieHHJI MapllipyrHblX neTeJlb nOJle. KOTopoe l1lleHTH<jJHUHPyeT COllepJKHMoe nopUHH llaHHblX IP- naKeTa. HanpHMep, 3Ha'leHHe 6 03Ha'iaeT. '1TO TCP-3aroJloBOK JlRlllleTCII nepBblM 3J1eMeHTOM B nOJlellaHHblX IP-naKeTa nOJle lIJIII xpaHeHHII FCS-3Ha'leHHJI, ueJlb KOToporo OnpelleJUlTb 6arrOBhle OWH6KH B IP-3arOJlOBKe 32-61tT0Bb1M IP-aapec OTnpaBHTeJlII naKeTa 32-6HTOBbIM IP-aapec 3aaaHHoro nOJlY'laTeJlJl naKeTa B CJIe.n:yIOIlleM pa3.n:eJle paccMaTpuBaeTcfI KOHuenUUfI a.n:pecal.{uu ceTeBoro YPOBH$! H TO, KaK aHa cnoc06cTByeT npol.{eccy MapIIIpyru3al.{UU. A.Q,peCaL&MfI ceTeBoro (TpeTbero) YPOBHfI npOTOKOJIbl ceTeBoro ypOBHfI onpe.n:eJlfllOT <l>opMaT U Ha3Ha'leHUe JIorUqeCKoH aIIpe- CaI.{HU. (TepMHH n02u'tecKuu aiJpec (logical address) B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH 03HaqaeT He TO 'ITa a.n:pec UMeeT KaK}'iO-TO oc06yIO JlomKY, a, CKopee, npOTUBOnOCTaBJIfieT 3TH aIIpel I <l>u3U'leCKHM a.n:pecaM.) Ka)l(,l{blH KOMnbIOTep, KOTOpbIH .n:OJDKeH 06MeHHBaTbCfI .n:aHHbIMH C .n:pyrHMH KOMnbIOTepaMH, UMeeT (no KpaHHeH Mepe) O.n:UH a.n:pec ceTeBoro ypOBH$!, tl3 KOTOpblH llpyrHe KOMnblOTepbI MOryT OTnpaBJIflTb naKeTbI .n:aHHbIX, U O)l(H,l{aeT, 'ITa eeT!> .n:OCTaBUT 3TU naKeTbI no Ha3Ha'leHUIO. H nil" O.n:HOH H3 KJIIOQeBbIX oc06eHHOCTeH anpeCOB ceTeBoro ypOBHfI flBJlfleTCfl TO, 'ITa oH ar 3BOAAIOT JIOrH'leCKH rpynnHpoBaTb anpeca. I1Ha'le rOBopfl, qaCTb 'lUCJIOBOro 3HaQeH H $! af B eJ1}'t peca no.n:pa3YMeBaeT MHO)l(eCTBO anpeCOB, KOTopbIe HaxOAflTCfI B OMOU rpynne. n IP-anpecoB 3Ta rpynna Ha3bIBaeTCfI cemblO (network) HJIlt noiJcemblO (subnet). 3TH rp}nu OBUllh'W' pa6OTalOT TaK )l(e, KaK nO'ITOBble HHAeKCbI, n03BOAAfi Mapmpyru3aTopaM (COPTHP nO'lTbI) 6bICTpO onpe.n:eJIfITb Mapmpyr (COPTUpOBaTb) MHO)l(eCTBa naKeTOB (nuceM). P ' >mnl l } TaK)Ke KaK Ha3BaHHfI YJlUU B nO'lTOBblX anpecax, anpeca ceTeBoro ypOBHfI f}J.1" HI" IOTCfI Ha OCHOBaHHH <l>u3U'leCKOrO paenOJlO)l(eHUfi B ceTH. npaBUJIa rpynnllpOBJ(It JIJI$! P I3<V H nf KOTOpbIX npOTOKOJlOB ceTeooro ypOBHH OTJlU'laIOTCfI, HO B CJIyqae I P-anpecault I H 5 'laCTb IP-anpeca OllHHaKOBa Mfl Bcex anpeCOB B O.n:HOH rpynne. HanpuMep, Ha pltc. 5.
5 OCHOBbl IP-a,qpeca'-'MM M MapwpYTM3a,-,MM rl1 8B8 . --- eJIYIOUlit e corJlaIIIeHU I P-a.n:pecal.{uu onpe.n:eJIflIOT rpynnbl IP-a.n:pecoB (I P-ceTH) .lI.JUI cJ! Y JJJOB B 3TOH 061>ellUHeHHoH ceTU: ac ex . yJJlbl B BepxHeH Ethernet-ceTu: a.n:peca Ha'lUHalOTCfI C 10; . Y3J1bl Ha nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHOM KaHaJJe R 1- R2: a.n:peca Ha'lUHalOTCfI C 168.10; . yJJlbl B ceTU Frame Relay R2-R3: a.n:peca Ha'lUHalOTCfI C 168.11; . Y3J1bl B HH)I(HeH Ethernet -ceTU: a.n:peca Ha'lHHalOTCfI C 168.1. 151 BHMAHE! lJT06b1lt36e)l(aTb nYTaHHUbl npH 06C}')K1leHHH IP-ceTei1, BO MHOfltX HCTOqHHKaX (BKIIIOqaH 31)' KHItI)') TepMItH o6beOUHeHHaR cemb (internetwork) ItJIH ceme60U KOM1I/IeKC 0603HaqaeT ceTb B 06IlleM, COCTOS!UlYIO 113 MapwpYTH3aTOpOB, KOMMYTaTOpOB, Ka6eneM H JJ.pyroro 060PYJJ.OBaHHH, a TepMHH cemb (network) 0603HaqaeT 60nee cneult(l)ltQHoe nOHHTue I P-ceTH. MapwpyrH3auufI onHpaeTcfI Ha TOT aKT, 'ITa a.n:peca TpeTbero ypOBHfI rpynnupyJOT- CS!. Ta6nHUbi MapIIIpyru3auHu ,l{JIfi Ka)KJJ,oro npOTOKOJIa ceTeBoro ypOBHfI MOryT I1MeTb 011HY 3anl1Cb,l{Jlfl rpynnbl, a He no O.n:HOH 3anucu ,l{JIfi Ka)KJJ,OrO OTlleJlbHoro a.n:peca. npe.n:- CTaBHf Ethemet-ceTb C cOTHeH TCP/IP-Y3JIOB. MapIIIpyru3aTOp, KOTOPOMY H}')KHO ne- peHanpaBJtTb naKeTbl JlI060MY H3 3TUX Y3JIOB, .n:OJDKeH UCnOJlb30BaTb TOJIbKO O.n:HY 3anUCb CHOe" m6nuUbi IP-MapIIIpyrH3aUHu, KOTopafl npe.n:cTaBJIfieT BCIO rpynny y3JIOB Ethernet- eTlt. 3TOT aKT flBJIfleTCfI O.n:HOH U3 OCHOBHbIX npH'lUH Taro, 'ITa MapIIIpyru3aTopbI MO- ryr MaCWTa6upOBaTbCfI H no.n:.n:ep)l(HBaTb COTHU TblCfI'l YCrpOHCTB. 3TO O'leHb noxo)l(e Ha CHCTeMY nO'lTOBbIX HHlleKCOB CiliA. EblJlO 6bI KpaHHe Hey.n:06HO, eCJIH 6bI nO'lTOBbIe a.n:- peca c OJJ.UHaKOBbIM UH.n:eKCOM OTHOCUJlUCb K .n:OMaM, KOTopbIe pacnOJlO)l(eHbI OqeHb .n:a- .1eKO llpyr OT .n:pyra, UJIU, Ha060pOT, coce.n:Hue .n:OMa UMeJlH 6bI pa3HbIe UH)J,eKCbI. nO'l- T lbOHaM npUIIIJlOCb 6bl -rpaTUTb Bce CBoe BpeMfI, nepeceKafi c-rpaH)' B.n:OJIb H nonepeK. AHCL10fJt'lHO, npOTOKOJlbl ceTeBoro ypOBHH rpynnHpYIOT a.n:peca, 'IT06bI c.n:eJIaTb MapIIIpy- TH3aUI1IO 60Jlee 3eKTUBHOH. npOTOKO.nbl MapWPYTM3aU1 YCJlOBHO roBOpfl, MapIIIpyrH3aTopbI Ha pHC. 5.1 U 5.2 KaK-TO "3HaIOT", 'ITa H}')KHO npe.n:- npltHSlTb, 'IT06bI nepeHanpaBUTb naKeT OT KOMnblOTepa nKI KOMnblOTepy nK2. lh06bI 3au aTb npaBl1J1bHblH Bb160p, KmK,lJ,bIH MapIIIpyrH3aTop .n:OJUKeH HMeTb Ta6mmy MapIIIpyru- ",It It c MapwpyrOM, KOTOpblH nO.lIXo.n:UT.lI.JUI naKeTa, OTllpaBJIeHHOrO KOMnblOTepy nK2. lUPyn,1 YKa3bIBalOT MapIIIpyru3aTOpy, KY.n:a H)')KHO OTnpaBHTb naKeT .n:aJJbIIIe. I 60nbWHHCTBe CJIy'laeB MapIIIpyru3aTopbI C-rpOfiT CBOU Ta6rrltUbI .n:UHaMU'leCKH, UC- blYSl n p 8........ OTOKOJI MapIIIpyru3aUUH. npOTOKOJIbI MapmpyrH3al.{UU u3yqalOT pacnOJIO)l(eHUe -'¥] Bcex " rp " TIn B ynn ceTeBoro ypOBHfI H H3BeIl{aIOT CBOlIK coce.n:eH a pacnOJIO)l(eHUU 3TlIK ,,; pe3YJIbTaTe Ka)KJJ,bIH MapIIIpyru3aTop MO)KeT .n:HHaMU'leCKH nOcl'poHTb aK1)'aJJbHYJO ..Uy Ma p Ipe ll Wpyru3auuu. npOTOKOJIbl MapIIIpyru3al.{UU, KaK U JII06ble .n:pynte npOTOKOJIbI, enSiIO T rl-. PIlJpYr >p0pMaTbI co06IlleHHH U np0l.{e.n:ypbI. KOHe'lHafi l.{eJlb Ka)KJJ,oro npOTOKOJIa TIna Jtlal.{JtJt COCTOUT B 3anOJIHeHHU Ta6J1uUbl MapIIIpyru3auuu BceMU u3BecTHbIMU T e p MI1 YCTpOi1CTB-noJlyqaTeJIeH C HaMJIy'IIIIuM MapIIIpyroM K KmK,lJ,OH U3 3THX rpynn. MI1HOJIO 6 1J1Cy. n rJt, CBfl3aHHafi C npOTOKOJIaMU MapwpyrH3auuH, UHorlla MO)KeT C UBaTb 'lJJpYr pomoKOA MapUJpymu3au,uu (routing protocol) u3yqaeT MapIIIpYThI U 3anUCbIBaeT 3TH 1,1 B Ta6nJtl.{y MapIIIpyrH3al.{Uu. Mapwpymu3upyeMbiu npomOKOA (routed protocol)
152 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl ceTei1 --- onpe.n:eJ1f1eT Tun nepeHanpaBJIfieMOrO, HJIU MaprnpYTU3upyeMoro, 'Jepe3 ceTb naKera. Ii pUC. 5.1 U 5.2 nOKa3aHO. KaK MapIIIpYTU3HPYIOTCfI IP-naKeTbI - I P flBJ1f1eTCfI MapUJp mU3upyeMbIM npomOKOIlOM. ECJ1U 6bI MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI.lI.JUI u3yqeHufi MapIIIpYTOB HCno Y 30BMH npOTOKOJl MaprnpYTHOH uH<popMauuu (Routing Infonnation Protocol- RIP) WIL- RIP 6bIJI 6bI npomOKOIlOM Mapwpymu3au,uu. n03.n:Hee B ::nOH maBe B pa311eJ1e "nP<>TOI(1I1'O IP-MaplllPYTU3aI.{I1U" nOKa3aH no.n:p06HbIH npHMep Taro, KaK npOTOKOJIbI MaPlllPyrlt:Ja I.{UU U3Y'lalOT MapIIIpYTbI. l1TaK, Tenepb BbI 3HaKOMbI C OCHOBHOH <PYHKuueH ceTeBoro YPOBHfI MOllenH OS!. B OCTaBrneHCfI 'laCTU maBbI paCCMalpUBalOTCfI KJIIO'leBbIe KOMnOHeHTbI npouecca CI<B03- HOH MapIIIpYTU3aI.{UH,l{JIfi TCP/IP. I P-aApeCal-'Mfi IP-a.n:pecaI.{HfI, 6e3YCJ10BHO, flBJUleTCfI caMOH BIDKHOH TeMOH 3K3aMeHOB CCNA. K I(OH- uy 06yqeHI1f1 BbI .n:omKHbI CB060.n:HO U YBepeHHO pa36HpaTbCfI B IP-a.n:pecax, ux <PoPMaTax, nOHflTHfiX rpynnupoBKH, B TOM, KaK rpynnbI no.n:pa3JIeJ1f1IOTCfI Ha no.n:ceTU. KaK "HTep- npeTUpOBaTb .n:0KYMeHTauulO no I P-a.n:pecal.{uu cYIlleCTByJOIl{UX ceTeH U T.n. I1HbIMH CWIO- BaMU, BbI .n:OJI)KHbI JIyqIIIe pa36ItpaTbCfI B a.npecauuu U no.n:ceTfiX. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJ1e paccMaT)JuBaeTCfI IP-a.npecauufI It no.n:ceTH, a TaJOKe KOHUenl.{ltM, ne- )l(aIlI.He B OCHOBe CT)JYKTYPbI IP-a.npeca, BKJIlO'lafi ee CBfl3b C IP-MapIIIPYTU3aI.{UeH. B rna- Be 12 "IP-a.n:pecaI.{Hfi U C0311aHIte no.n:ceTeH" KpaTKo onHcaH MaTeMaTU'leCKHH annapaT Ha KOTOpOM OCHOBblBaeTCfI IP-a.npecaI.{Hfi H no.n:CeTu. OnpeAeneHIP-apeca lJ.T06bl 06MeHuBaTbcfI .n:aHHbIMU C .n:pyrUMU YClpoHcTBaMu nocpe.n:cTBoM npoTOKo.na TCP/IP, YCT)JOHCTBY He06xo.n:ItM IP-a.npec. ECJ1u YCT)JOHCTBO UMeeT IP-a.n:pec " COOTBeT- cTByJOIl{ee nporpaMMHoe U annapaTHoe 06eCne'leHUe, TO aHa MO)KeT OTnpaBJIflTb 11 npH- HUMaTb IP-naKeTbI. JII060e YCTPOHCTBO, KOTopoe MO)l(eT OTnpaBJIflTb U npUHI1MaTb IP- naKeTbI, Ha3bIBaeTCfI IP-Y3JIOM (IP host). BHMMAHME! -- eTBePTaH BepCI1H (I Pv4) B HaCTOHlUUH MOMeHT HMHeTCH Halt60J1ee pacnpoCTpaHeHHo H BepcHe I npOTOKOJ1a IP. B O<»UUltaJIbHOM PYKOBOJlCTBe no nOllrOTOBKe K 3K3aMeHY ICN02 (ICN02 Offic Exam Certification Guide) paCCMaTP"BaeTCH 60J1ee HOBaH BepCItH 3Toro npOTOKOJ1a -IPv6 B 3 KH"re WeCTaH BepC"H paCCMaTp"BaeTCH (KpaTKO) TOJ1bKO B rJ1aBe ]2. n03TOMY Bce ynOMI1HaH HA IP-3JIpecoB B 3TOH KH"re OTHOCHTCSI K 3JIpeCaM LJ:eTBepTOH BepCU" npOTOKOJ1a IP. ___ e.tHO- de - IP-a.n:pec COCTOUT U3 32-6uToBoro 'lItCJIa, 06bI'lHO 3anucaHHoro B mo't 0"- ,t,. 'lTO K""" mu'tHou Homau,uu. ")],ecflTlI'iHafI" 'laCTb ::noro TepMuHa CBfl3aHa C TeM 'l'aKTOM, l) Tb/pe .n:bIH 6aHT (8 6UT) 32-6HToBoro IP-a.n:peca nOKa3blBaeTCfI KaK .n:eCflTU'lHOe LJ: HCJ1 o." ;J1e CII - .n:eCflTU'lHbIX 'lUCJ1a 3anHCbIBalOTCfI nOCJ1e.n:OBaTeJ1bHO H pa3.n:eAAIOTcfI "TOLJ:KaMI1 Mer TU'lHblMU pa3.n:eJlUTeJIflMU) - OTCIO.n:a H Ha3BaHHe mO'te'tHo-iJecRmUilHaR. Hanpll aer ]68.1.1.1 - 3TO IP-a.n:pec, 3anucaHHbIH B TO'le'lHo-.n:ecflTU'lHOH <popMe; .n:BOI1'lHa}! J1pO CHfi :noro a.n:peca - 101010000000000] 00000001 00000001. (06bl'lHO 3anHcblBaTtJOI H'lHYIO BepCHIO He lpe6yeTcfI, HO B maBe ]2 onucaHO npe06pa30BaHHe a.n:peCOB 113 0 <popMaTa B .n:PyroA.)
5 OCHOBbl IP-a,qpecaL-'MM M MapwpYTM3aL-'MM rl1 aBa . --- J(a)I(.l{oe .n:ecflTu4Hoe 'lUCJIO B IP-a.n:pece Ha3bIBaeTCSI OKmemOM (octet). TepMHH OK- e11l- 3TO npoCTO HeH'TpaJJbHbIH TepMHH .u.rrfl6aHTa (byte). TaKuM 06pa30M,.u.rrfl IP-a.n:- ", ca 168.1.1.I nepBbIH OKTeT paBeH 168, BTOpOH OKTeT paBeH 1 U T..n:. B Ka)K,l{OM OKTeTe pe Jl b3 Y IOTcfI.n:ecflTU'lHble 'lHCJIa B .n:Hana30He aT 0 .n:o 255 BKJIIO'lHTeJIbHO. -- HaKoHeu CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTUTb TO, 'ITa K3.)I(l1bIH ceTeBOH uHTep<l>eHc ucnOJlb3yeT YHH- K3lIbtlblH IP-a.n:pec. EOJ1blIIUHCTBO JIIO.n:eH CKJIOHHbI C'lUTaTb, 'ITa UX KOMnblOTepbI UMelOT IP-alIpeca, HO Ha caMOM .n:eJIe IP-a.n:peca HMeIOTCfI y KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTeBbIX nJIaT. ECJIU BC'i<lBI1Tb B KOMnblOTep .n:Be Ethernet-nJIaTbI, TO.u.rrfl Taro 'lT06bI MO)l(HO 6bIJIO nepe.n:aBaTb Me)lUl)' HUMH IP-naKeTbl, K3.)I(l10H U3 HUX HO 6y.n:eT Ha3Ha'lUTb YHUKaJlbHblH IP-a.n:pec. ECJllI tloyr6YK o.n:HoBpeMeHHo UMeeT ceTeByJO nJIaT)' Ethernet U ceTeByJO nJIaT)' 6ecnpoBo.n:- HOn CeTll, 3TOT Hoyr6YK UMeeT IP-a,u,pec.u.rrfl KIDK.lI.oro It3 3TlIX ceTeBbIX uHTep<l>eHcoB. AHa- 1I0014HO, MapIIIpynnaTOpbI, KOTopbIe 06bl'lHO UMelOT MHO)KeCTBO CeTeBbIX uHTep<l>eHcoB (nepeHanpaBJIfilOIl{UX IP-naKeTbl), UMelOT IP-a.n:pec.lI.JUI K3.)I(l10ro U3 ::nux uHTep<l>eHcoB. I1Mefi HeKoTopoe npe.n:CTaBJIeHUe a 6a30BoH TepMUHOJIOrHH, MO)l(HO nepexo.n:HTb K CJIe- lI)'IOIUeMY pa3.n:eJlY, B KOTOpOM IP-a.n:pecaI.{Hfi CBfl3blBaeTCfI C KOHuem.{HflMH MapIIIpyru3a- tilill Ha lpeTbeM ypOBHe 3TaJJOHHOH Mo.n:eJIU OSI. 153 KaK rpynnMPYtOTCSlIP-a,qpeca B nepBOHa4aJ1bHbIX cneuH<l>ItKaUUflX CTeKa TCP jIP-npoTOKOJIoB I P-a.n:peca rpynnu- pOBaJlHCb B Ha60pbI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX a,u,pecoB, KOTopbIe Ha3bIBaJJUCb IP-cemRMU IP networks. Bce a,u,peca B aMaH ceTU UMeJIU o.n:UHaKoBoe 3Ha'leHUe nepBoH 4aCTU. Ha pUC. 5.4 nOKa3aHa npoCTafi 061>e.n:uHeHHafI ceTb, COCTOflIllafi H3 lpex OT.n:eJIbHbIX IP-ceTeH. L ---. ,- .,/" --- ------- rc: r ----- --- / CeTb 199.1.1.0 ---. ,- , ,/"--- '-; -' ------- CeTb 8.0.0.0 Bee a.Apeca, Ha'lI1HaIOUll1eCR C 199.1.1 CeTb 130.4.0.0 Bee a.Apeca, Ha'lI1HaIOUll1eCR c 8 Bce a.Apeca, Ha'lI1HalOUll1eCR c 130.4 PUC. 5.4. llpUMep cemu C aopecaMu KJ/aCC06 A, B u C Co rJIaw I.IiIO H eHJtfl no IP-a.n:pecauItu It rpynnItpOBKe IP-a.n:pecoB OMerqalOT MaplIIpyru3a- . anpJt lI.tei1 Mep, Bce IP-a,u,peca, KOTopble Ha'lHHaIOTCfI C 8, HaxoMTCfI B IP-ceTu, co.n:ep- 13{) 4 8ee Y3JIbI Ethernet-ceTu CJIeBa. AHaJJom'lHO Bce IP-a.n:peca Ha'lUHaIOIllUeCfI C . ,liaxo " otrMelii :llJlTCfI B .n:pyroH IP-ceTH, KOTopafl COCTOUT It3 Bcex Y3JIOB B npaBoM Ethernet- Ita flOC]] e. 199.1.1 - npe<l>uKc Bcex IP-a,u,pecoB B CeTH, KOTOpafl BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 a.n:peca "lYM M elJ.08aTeJIbHOM KaHaJJe. (B 3TOH nOCJIe.n:HeH rpynne .n:Ba IP-a.n:peca npuHa,u;Ie)l(aT It: apwP YT Jt 1l]IiUbj 3aTopaM.) CJIe.n:Yfl 3TOMY comaIIIeHHIO, MapIIIpyru3aTopbI ClpOfiT CBOU MapWPYTH3al.{UU C 'TpeMfi 3anItCflMH - no OJIHOH .lI.IIfI K3.)I(l10ro npe<l>uKca HJlIt
154 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl Ce Tei1 ---- CeTeBOrO HOMepa. HanpHMep, MapIIIpyru3aTop CJIeBa MO)KeT UMeTb OllUH Maprupyr, KO pbIH 0603Ha'laeT Bce a.n:peca, Ha'lUHalOlliueCfI C 130.4. 3TOT MapIIIpyr 3aCTaBJIHeT MaPIlJO TU3aTOp nepeHanpaBJIflTb naKeTbI MapIIIpyrH3aTOpy cnpaBa. Y B npUMepe KOCBeHHO no.n:'lepKUBalOTCfI HeKOTopble KJIlO'leBble MOMeHTbl opraHlnaUHI1 IP-a.n:peCOB. lh06bI npOfiCHUTb 3TU MOMeHTbI, He06xo.n:UMO BbIlleJIUTb .n:Ba npaBHJla C , 0- rJIaCHO KOTOpbIM IP-a.n:peca .n:OJDKHbI BXO.n:UTb B O.n:HY U 1)')Ke rpynny: IP-a.n:peca B O.n:HOH rpynne He .n:OJl)KHbI pa3.n:eJlflTbCfI MapIIIpyrUJaTOpOM; IP-a.n:peca, pa3.n:eJleHHble MapIIIpyru3aTopOM, .n:OJI)KHbI HaxO.n:HTbCfI B pa3- HblX rpynnax. KaK }')Ke 6bIJIO cKa3aHo, I P-a.n:pecauufI pa60TaeT aHaJlOrU'lHO CUCTeMe nO'lTOBbIX HH- .n:eKCOB. HanpUMep, KaJK.!I.bIH 'leJlOBeK, UMelOIl{UH TaKoH )Ke nO'lTOBblH uH.n:eKc KaK y Me- HfI, )KHBeT B MaJleHbKOM ropo.n:Ke B IIITaTe OraHo. ECJIU 6bI KTO-TO C TaKJtM )Ke I1H1IeKCOM )KHJI B KaJlU<pOPHUU, TO HeKOTopbIe MOU nUCbMa MOrJIU 6bI no oIIIu6Ke npuxo.n:HTb B Ka- JIH<p0PHUIO. AHaJlOrH'lHO, IP-MapIIIpyrHJaUUfI nOJlaraeTCfI Ha TOT <paKT, 'lTO Bee IP- a.n:peca B O.n:HOH rpynne (KOTopafl Ha3bIBaeTCfI Jlu60 ceTblO, JIH60 no.n:ceTblO) HaXO.lUlTCII O.n:HOM U TOM )Ke MeCTe. ECJlU HeKOTopble IP-a.n:peca B MoeH ceTU lIJIU no.n:ceTU 6blJIH 6b1 .n:onYCTUMbIMH Ha .n:pyroH CTopOHe 061>e.n:uHeHHoH ceTU (no OTHOIIIeHUIO K MoeMy KOM- nbIOTepy), TO MaprnpyrUJaTOpbl B ceTH MOrJIU 6bI HeKoppeKTHO nepeCbIJIaTb HeKOTOpbIe naKeTbI (OTnpaBJIeHHbIe MoeMY KOMnblOTepy) Ha .n:pyrylO CTOPOHY ceTU. . eM8 . KnaCCblceTeM Ha pUC. 5.4 U B nOfiCHUTeJIbHOM TeKCTe CKa3aHO, 'ITa IP-a.n:peca Bcex YCTpoiICTB, nOll- KJIlO'leHHbIX K JIeBOMY Ethemet-cerMeH1)', Ha'lUHalOTCfI C 8, a IP-a.n:peca ycrpoileTB, nOll- KJIlO'leHHblX K npaBOMY Ethernet-cerMeH1)', Ha'lHHalOTCfI C 130.4. flO'leMY}:IJIH npe<p HKc JleBOH ceTH UcnOJIb3ycrcfI o.n:Ha I.{u<ppa (8), Tor.n:a KaK.lI.1UI npe<puKca npaBoH DBe (130 II 4)? 3TO CBflJaHO C KJIaCCaMU IP-a.n:pecoB. CTaH)J,apT RFC 791 onpe.n:eJlfleT IP-npOTOKOJI, BKJIlO'lafi HeCKOJIbKO pa3JIU'IHbIX KJlac- COB ceTeH. IP onpe.n:eJIfieT TpU pa3HbIx KJIaCca ceTeH JIJlfI a.n:pecoB, KOTopbIe UCnOJIbJYIOTCIi oT.n:eJIbHbIMH Y3JIaMU - TaKue a.n:peca HaJblBalOTCfI o.n:Hoa.n:pecaTHbIMu IP-arrpecaMIl (unicast IP addresses). 3TH TpU KJIaCca ceTeH Ha3bIBalOTCfI KJlaCCaMU A, B H C. B enell ll - <puKauuu TCP/IP onpe.n:eJUlIOTCfI TaIOKe a.n:peca KJIacca 0 (MHoroa.n:pecaTHbIe) U alIPf KJIacca E (3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHble). eqll- flo on p e.n:eJIeHUIO Bce a.n: p eca B O.n:HOH ceTH KJIacca A, B UJIU C UMelOT O.n:ltHaKOBO alIpe- CJIOBOe JHa'leHUe JIJlfI 'laCTU a.n:peca, KOTOpafl cooTBeTcTByeT cemu. OCTaJlbHafi 'IaCTb ca Ha3bIBalOTCfI 'laCTblO Y3JIa. IP- I1cnoJIb3Yfl npUMep c nO'lTOBOH CJI}')K60H, MO)I(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITa ceTeBaH tWCTb a.n:peca Be.n:eT ce6f1 KaK nO'lTOBblH ltHAeKC, a qaCTb Y3JIa - KaK YJlU'IHbIH aDpec. Ta" BtHI! KaK COpTUpOBO'lHafi MaIIIUHa, HaXOAflIl{aflCfI B TPex IIITaTax aT Bac, npUHUMaeT BO Hue TOJlbKO nO'lTOBblH UHAeKC Ha nUCbMe, a.n:peCOBaHHOM BaM, MapIIIpyrUJaTOP, tI c aen AflIllHHCfI B TPex nepexo.n:ax aT Bac, UCnOJlbJyeT TOJIbKO HOMep ceTU, B KOTOPOIi P )KeH BaIII KOMnbIOTep. tI CeTU KJIaCCOB A, B U C UMelOT pa3JIU'lHyJO JIJlUHY TOH 'laCTH a.n:peca, KoropaH II;IC <pHI.{UpyeT ceTb:
5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeca4 MM M MapwPYTM3a4MM rl1 aBa . -- . J1.TUI ceTeH KJIaCca A .lI.IIHHa ceTeBoH 'laCTH paBHa I 6aHTY; 3 OCTaBIIIHXCfI 6aHTa Ha- 3blBalO TCfI 'laCTblO Y3JIa; . J1.TUI ceTeH KJIacca B .lI.IIHHa ceTeBOH 'laCTH paBHa 2 6aHTaM; 2 OCTaBWHXCfI 6aiha OT- BO,l{fiTCSI .lI.IIfI HOMepa Y3JIa; . )lJJSI ceTeH KJIacca C .lI.IIHHa ceTeBOH 'laCTH paBHa 3 6aHTaM; .lI.IIfI HOMepa Y3JIa OTBO- llUTCSI TOJIbKO O.n:HH 6aHT. HanpuMep, Ha pHC. 5.4 nOKa3aHa ceTb 8.0.0.0 BJIeBOM Ethernet-cerMeHTe. CeTb 8.0.0.0 npl1HaIIJl e )l(UT KJIaccy ceTeH A, a 3TO 03Ha'laeT, 'ITa TOJIbKO OllHH KTeT (6aHT) HCnOJIb3Y- eTCSI )lJJSI ceTeBOH 'laCTH a,npeca. n03TOMY a,npeca Beex Y3JIOB B 3TOH ceTH Ha'lHHalOTCfl c 8. NHIJIOrM4HaSI cUTYal.{Hfi c ceTblO KJIacca B 130.4.0.0 B npaBOM Ethernet-cerMeHTe. .n.Ba OKTeTa onpelleJISIIOT ceTeBYIO 'laCTb, n03TOMY Bee a,npeca Ha'lHHalOTCfl c 130.4. CywecTByeT comaIIIeHHe npH nepe4HCJIeHHH HOMepOB ceTeH 3anHCblBaTb HX c lleCfl- TI14HbiMU HYJIflMH B Y3JlOBOH 'laCTH. n03TOMY ceTb "8" KJIacca A, COllep)l(aIllafi Bce a,npe- ca, KOTopbIe Ha'lHHalOTCfI C 8, 3anHCbIBaeTCfI KaK 8.0.0.0. AHaJJorH'lHO, ceTb "130.4" K.laCCa 8, KOTOpafl COllep)KHT Bce IP-a,npeca, KOTopbIe Ha'lHHalOTCfI C 130.4, 3anHCblBaeT- CH KaK 130.4.0.0 H T.ll. PaccMOTpHM BeJIH'lHHY ceTeH Ka)l():OrO KJIacca. CeTfiM KJIacca A .lI.IIfI ceTeBoH 'laCTH aIIpeca 'rpe6yeTcfl TOJIbKO I 6aHT, a 3 6aHTa HJIH 24 6HTa OCTaeTCfI.lI.IIfI Y3JIOBOH 'laCTH. Ta- 101M 06pa30M, .lI.IIfI JII060H ceTH KJIacca A cYIllecTByeT t 4 pa3JIU'lHbIX 3Ha'leHHH Y3JIOBOH 'IaCTI1. n03TOMY KIDK.1lafl ceTb KJIacca A MO)KeT HMeTb 2 24 IP-a,npeCOB - MHHYC .n:Ba 3ape- 3epBl1pOBaHHbIX B KIDK.1l0H ceTH a,npeca (Ta6JI. 5.3). B Ta6JIHUe .n:aHbl CBo.nHbIe xapaKTepH- CTItKH CeTeH KJIaCCOB A, B H C. 155 oa" Ta6J1HUa 5.3. BeJlH'lHHbI CeTeBbiX H YJ.l10BblX 'IacTeii IP-aapecoB 6e3 no,aceTeii K.lacc Cent KOJIH'lecTllo 6aHT KOJlH'IeCTBO 6aiiT KOJlll'lecTBO 8,lI.pecOB (6HTOB) ceTeBOii 'IaCTH (6HTOB) YJ.l10BOH 'IaCTH I B ceTH A 1(8) 3 (24) 2"- 2 B 2 (16) 2 (16) 2" - 2 l 3 (24) 2' I (8) 2 ce-r Ha OCHoBaHHH Tpex npHMepoB pHC. 5.4 B Ta6JI. 5.4 B llB0l14HOM BHlle 3anHcaHbI TPH eBbIX a.n.peca: 8.0.0.0, 130.4.0.0 H 199.1.1.0. Ta6.Tlllta 5 4 n ___ . . ...... eCHTH'IHble H lUIOII'IHble HOMepa ceTeii HOlep CerH -::---::-=: JJ.BOH'IHOe npe,aCTaBJIeHHe. YJ.I10BaH 'IaCTh Bbl.IJ;eJleHa JKHpHblM rnpHcJlTOM 0.0 0000 I 000 00000000 00000000 00000000 .1.00 J9.1.1:0 10000010000001000000000000000000 11000111 00000001 00000001 00000000 HeCMOT 0.1(11 L> PSI Ha TO, 4TO HOMepa ceTeH H3-3a CBoero TO'le'lHO-.neCflTH'lHOrO <popMaTa no- .,a 06bl'1H ble a,npeca, HX HeJIb3f1 Ha3Ha'laTb HHTep<peHcaM B Ka'leCTBe IP-a,npeCOB. --- 8/(QJIC(J . nu cemu cYU4ecm6yem o6a 3ape3ep6upo6aHHbIX aopeca Y3Aa. - npItMe'J. aBT.
156 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl c eTe'1 --- KOHl.{enTYaJJbHo HOMepa ceTeH npe11CTaBJ1f1IOT rpynny 1 P-a.apecoB B ceTH, TaK )Ke I( B 31( nO'lTOBblH HH11eKC npe.n:CTaBJ1f1eT rpynny a.apeCOB B HaCeJ1eHHOM nYHKTe. 03HI1K1Ia 6bI nYTaHHl.{a, eCJ1H 6bI O.n:UH HOMep npe11CTaBJ1fIJI l.{eJIYIO rpynny a.apeCOB U HCn0J1b30B3JIC 6bI KaK IP-a.apec.lI.IIfI O.n:HOro YCTpOHCTBa. n03TOMY HOMepa ceTeH 3ape3epBI1pOBaHbll1 H SI MOryT UCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B Ka4eCTBe IP-a.apeCOB YCTPOHCTB. e KpOMe HOMepa, B KIDKllOH ceTH 3ape3epBHpOBaHO BTopoe TO'le'lHO-11eCflTU'l- C HOe 3Ha'leHue. CJIe.n:yeT 3aMeTI1Tb, 'ITa nepBoe 3ape3epBHpOBaHHoe 3Ha'leHHe (HOMep ceTH) C011ep)l(UT 11BOU'lHble HYJIH B Y3J10BOH 'laCTH a.apeca (CM. Ta6JI. 5.4). BTopoe 3ape3epBupOBaHHoe 3Ha'leHUe COCTOHT H3 .n:BOH4HbIX e11HHHI.{ B Y3JlOBOH 4aCTI1. 3TOT HOMep Ha3bIBaeTCflLUupoKoeew,ameJlbHblM aiJpecoM cemu (network broadcast), HJ111 HQ- npaeJleHHblM LUupoKoeew,ameJlbHblM aopecoM (directed broadcast). 3TOT 3ape3epBupoBaHHblH HOMep He MO)KeT 6bITb Ha3Ha'leH Y3J1Y B Ka'leCTBe IP-a.apeca. Ol1HaKO naKeTbI, HanpaB- J1eHHbIe Ha IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHbIH a.apec ceTH, nepeHanpaBJ1f1IOTCSI BceM YCTPOHCTB3M 3TOH ceTH. nOCKOJIbJ<y HOMep ceTH UMeeT HaHMeHbwee 'lHCJ10BOe 3H3'leHHe B 3TOH cern, 3 Wl1po- KOBeIllaTeJ1bHbIH a.apec - HaH60JIbWee, Bce HOMepa Me)l(ll)' HUMU flBJIfllOTCfI KOppeI<THbl- MH U no.n:XOJUIT B Ka4eCTBe IP-a.apeCOB HHTepct>eHCOB B 3TOH ceTH. Peal1bHble HOMepa CeTeM KI1aCCOB A, B M C CeTb I1HTepHeT npe11CTaBJIfieT C060H MHO)l(eCTBO, B KOTopoe BX011flT n04TU Bce IP- cern U nO'lTU Bce TCPjIP-Y3J1bI (KoMnbIOTepbl) Mupa. nepBoHa4aJJbHafi KOHCTPYKUI1H ce- TH TPe60BaJJa C06JIIO.n:eHHfI HeCKOJIbKHX B3aUMOCBfl33HHbIX npHHI.{HnOB, 4T06bI o6ecne- 'lHTb ct>YHKI.{HOHUpOB3HHe U ynpaBJ1f1eMOCTb CeTI1 I1HTepHeT: . Ka)KJIbIH KOMnbIOTep, no.n:KJII04eHHbIH K I1HTepHeT, .n:OJDKeH HMeTb YHUKaJIbHbIH. He .n:y6JIHPYIOIllHHCfI I P-a.apec; . QeHTpaJJbHblH opraH ynpaBJIeHUfi a.aMHHUCTPaTHBHO Ha3Ha'laJJ ceTH KJ13CCOB A, B H C KOMnaHHflM, npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHblM yqpe)K,l{eHUflM, WKOJIaM H npOBaH11epaM I1HTepHeT B 3aBHCHMOCTU aT pa3MepOB UX I P-ceTeH (KJ1acc A.lVUI KpynHblx ceTe}!. KJ1aCC B .lI.IIfI cpe11HHX H KJ13CC C .lI.IIfI MeJ1KHX cereH); . l.{eHTpaJJbHbIH opr3H ynp3BJ1eHUfi Ha3Ha4aJJ Ka)K,l{bIH HOMep ceTH TOJIbKO O)lHOh opraHH331.{UH, rapaHTHpySI YHHKaJJbHOCTb 3Toro a.apeca BO BceM MHpe; neb- . Ka)K,l{afI opraHH3aQUfI, nOJ1Y'lUB ceTb KJ1aCC3 A, B HJIH C, JaTeM H33H34aJJ3 oT.... ' HbIe IP-a.apec3 BHYTPH 3TOH ceTH. K3)1{- CamacHo 3THM npHHI.{HnaM 110 Tex nap, nOKa KIDKllafi opraHH3al.{USI Ha3Ha4aeT 'A P HeT l1fe 11blH IP-a.apec TOJIbKO O.n:HOM)' KOMnblOTepy, Ka)l()l.blH KOMnblOTep B ceTH YIHTe m06aJJbHO YHHKaJJbHbIH IP-a.apec. BHMMAHMEI ---- Co BpeMeHeM JIeT3Jl1t H33Ha4eHitSi aapecoB 1t3MeHItJlItCb, HO 06waSlltlleSi. OnltCaHHaH 3)lecb, nOMO)KeT nOHSlTb KOHuenUlt1O p33JI1t4HblX KJlaCCOB ceTeH. ____ pecOS' OpraHH3aQHfI, B Ben.eHHu KOTOpOH Haxo.n:I1TCfI BceMHpHoe Ha3Ha4eHue IP-aZI He r - Ha3bIBaeTCfI ICANN, (Internet Corporation for Assigned Network Numbers - J1!HTe p oo . KopnopauuSi no npltCBOeHHIO ceTeBblX HMeH 11 a.apeCOB, www. icann. org). (P3Hee . gO As1 HOMO'lHflMU no BbIn.eJIeHItIO I P-a.apeCOB BJla.aeno AreHTCTBO I ANA. Internet
5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeca""MM M MapwpYTM3a""MM 157 rI1a sa . --- rnbers Authority - AreHTCTBO no BbI,l{eJIeHUIO UMeH H YHHKaJJbHbIX napaMeTpOB npo- Nu B JilHTepHeT.) ICANN B CBOIO O'lepellb nepe.n:aeT CBOH nOJIHOMO'lHfI Ha MecTax Ko H . M coTPy.n:HHqaIOIllHM opraHH3al.{HfiM. anpHMep, opraHH3al.{Hfi ARIN (Amencan lIPl1try for Internet Numbers - AMepuKaHcKHH perHCTpaTop uHTepHeT-a.apecoB, I arin. org) KOH1]JOJIHpyeT npOl.{eCC Ha3Ha'leHHfI a.apeCOB B CeBepHoH AMepHKe. B Ta6JI. 5.5 nepe'lHCJIeHbI B03MO)I(HbIe HOMepa ceTeH, KOTopbIe MomH 6bl 6bITb BbI,l{a- ICANN H llpyrHMH areHTCTBaMH. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha 06Illee KOJIH'leCTBO Y3JIOB HbI A B C lIJUI Ka)I(.1loro KJlacca ceTH U KOJIH'leCTBO Y3JI0B B Ka)KJJ.OH ceTH KJIacca , U . - Ta6JIHua 5.5. Bee B03MO)KHble KOppelITHble HOMepa eeTeA z Illaee llHana30H nepBoro ,l],onyeTHMble HOMepa 06wee KOJIH'IeeTBO KOJIll'leeTBO Y3JI0B OKTeTa eeTeA 8,lIpeeoB JUUI :noro B eeTH KJlaeea A OT IlIO 126 OT LO.O.OlIO 126.0.0.0 2' - 2 (126) 2" - 2 (16,777,214) B OT 128lIO 191 OT I 28.0.0.0 lIO 191.255.0.0 2" (16,384) 2 16 - 2 (65,534) C OT 1921IO 223 OT 192.0.0.0 lIO 2" (2.097.152) 2' - 2 (254) 223.255.255.0 3anOMUHaHHe co.n:ep)KHMOrO Ta6n. 5.5 HMeeT Ba)KHOe 3HaqeHHe npH no.n:rOTOBKe K 3K- 3aMeHaM CCNA. JilIDKeHepbI 1l0JDKHbI JIerKO onpe.n:eJIHTb npHHa.n:JJe)l(HOCTb ceTU K KJIac- tal,! A, B ItJIU C. KpoMe Taro, CJIe.n:yeT 3anOMHHTb KOJIH'leCTBO OKTeTOB B ceTeBOH 'laCTU anpeCOB KJIaccoBA. B H C (CM. Ta6JI. 5.4). MexaHM3M C03,Q,aHMJI IP-noAceTeM MexaHu3M C03.n:aHHfI nOllceTeH - o.n:Ha H3 HaH60JIee Ba)KHbIX TeM B 3K3aMeHax ICNDI, ICN02 H CCNA. He06xollHMO nOHHMaTb. KaK OH pa60TaeT H KaK onpe.n:eJIflTb np06neMbI npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH nOllceTeH B peaJJbHoH )KH3HH H Ha 3K3aMeHe. B maBe 12 paccMaTpHBalOTcfI nOllp06HOCTU KOHl.{enl.{HH nOllceTeH, MOTHBHpOBIai H MaTeMaTH'leCKHH annapaT, Oll.HaKO 6a30Boe nOHHMaHHe 3TOH KOHl.{enUHH H}')KHO.lVUl H3yqeHHfI TeM, KOTO- Lle onHcaHbI B maBax, npe.n:weCTByJOIllHx maBe 12. MexaHH3M C03n.aHUfi IP-no.n:ceTeH nOllPa311.eJlfleT CeTb KJIaCca A, B HJIH C Ha HeCKOJIbKO 60Jlee MeJIKHX rpynn IP-a.apecoB. _ paBHlIa KJIaCCOB A, B H C oCTalOTcfI, HO o.n:Ha ceTb KJIacca A, B HJIH C Tenepb MO)l(eT PIt:Ci3l1eJlSlTbCfI Ha MHO)l(eCTBO MeJIKHX rpynn. MexaHu3M C03n.aHHfI nOllceTeH paccMaT- nOllpa311eJleHHe O.n:HOH ceTH KJIacca A, B HJIH C KaK ceTb. Ha caMOM .n:eJIe Ha3BaHHe n ::ITO npOCTO COKpall{eHue aT "no.n:pa3n.eJIeHHafI ceTb". OHSlTb K 'lpYll/i OHl.{enl.{HIO, JIe)l(aIllyJO B OCHOBe MexaHU3Ma C03n.aHHfI nOllceTeH, 6YlleT He ""BaH' eCJlH CpaBHHTb TOnOJIOrUIO ceTH 6e3 no.n:ceTeH C TOH )Ke TOnOJlOrHeH, HO C peaJJH- bIMH nOll.CeTflMH. Ha pHC. 5.5 nOKa3aHa ceTb 6e3 nOllceTeH. ---- /(0 11 011/(0 "jJ., tJOf12 liON onycmuMble HOMepo cemeu" nOKG3b18aem cjJOKmU'IeCKUe HOMepa cemeu. Cemu 0.0.0.0 ) 1I12; 6bU1 nepeOHal/llJ/bHO onpeiJe.neH d/IR ucnO/lb30eaHUR 8 Ka'leCmee UlupOKoeeU{ame.nbHOlO aiJ- f]p . o. 0 (3mom aiJpec 8ce eU{e iJocmyneH 8 Ka'leCmee adpeca 06pamHOu nem/lu) 3ape3epeupoea- Me'!. aBT.
158 '-IacTb I. OCHOB bl C eTeij ---- 150.1.0.0 1502.0.0 pei1, XaHHa <1>ei1 ecc" A B ______ r -') n r J 150.6.0.0 / G, - .O Kpa.1C ---J YSHlJ,eJ1 Ba.1HHa.1 Puc. 5.5. Hf/J/IOCmpau.uR K o6cY:JICoeHulO KOJ/U'IeCm6a pa3J/U'IHbIX cemeu/noocemeu KOHCTPYKI.{Hfi ceTH Ha pUC. 5.5 TPe6yeT IIIeCTU rpynn IP-a.apecoB, KIDKAaSi U3 KOTOp flBJIfleTCfI B .n:aHHOM npHMepe ceTblO KJIacca B. KIDKAafi U3 'leTbIpex JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeHIIC- nOJIb3yeT O.n:HY ceTb KJIacca B. I1Ha'le rOBopfl, KIDK.1lafi JIOKaJJbHafi ceTb, nOllKJIIO'leHHaJI K MapIIIpYTu3aTOpaM A, B, C " D, flBJIfleTCfl oT.n:eJIbHOH IP-ceTblO. B 1l0nOJIHeHHe K 3TOlV .n:Ba nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX HHrep<peHca, 06pa3YlOIllHx nOCJIe.n:oBareJIbHblH KaHaJJ "TO'lKJI- TO'lKa" Me)l():Y MapIIIpYTu3aTopaMu C H D, "CnOJlb3yJOT O.n:HY IP-ceTb, nOCKOJIbK)' 3TlI lIlI- Tep<peHCbI He pa3.n:eJIeHbl MapIIIpYTU3aTopOM. HaKOHel.{ TPH MapIIIPYTH3aTopHblX lIHTep- <peHca, COCTaBJIfllOIUux ceTb Frame Relay C MaplllpYTH3aTopaMu A, B U C. He OT.'leJIlIbI IP-MaplllYTH3aTOpOM H UCnOJIb3YlOT IIIecl)'1O IP-ceTb. KIDKAafi ceTb KJIacca B "MeeT 2 16 - 2 a.apeca Y3JIa - 3TO ropa3110 60J1bIIIe, qeM MO)KC I BCpXHlI nOHa.n:06HTbCSI .n:JIfi JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH "JIH WAN-KaHaJJa. HanpuMep, JIeBbill Ethernet -cerMeHT .n:OJDKeH co.n:ep)l(aTb Bce a.apeca, Ha'l"HaIOIUHecSi c 150.1. CJlCllOBaTC HO, a.apeca, KOTopbIe Ha'l"HalOTCfl c 150.1, He MOryT 6bITb Ha3Ha'leHbi flle-JIH6 0 KPO II e 3aKI JIeBoro BepxHero Ethernet-cerMeHTa. n03TOMY, eCJIH r.n:e-HH6y.n:b B .n:pyroM MeeT " IC 3an el 'laTCfl IP-a.apeca, TO HeB03MO)l(HO 6y.n:eT UCnOJIb30BaTb 60JIbIIIOe KOJIlI'leCTBO He t;; pHC - BOBaHHbIX a.apecOB, KOTopbIe Ha'lUHalOTCfl c 150.1. B pe3YJIbTaTe nOKa3aHHaSi Ha cxeMa a.apecaUHU BnYCl)'10 pacxo.nyeT MHO)l(eCTBO a.apeCOB. 6bL Ha caMOM .n:eJIe TaKafi KOHCTPYKI.{Ufi npu no.n:KJIIO'leHHI1 3TOH ceTU K I1HTCPHcT ., tJ 6 Ha lJIIJI " bI He.n:onycTI1MoH. OpraHI13al.{HfI, flBJIflIOIlla5lCfl 'lJIeHOM ICANN, He Ha3 He J IIIeCTb OT.n:eJIbHbIX 3aperUCTPupOBaHHbiX HOMepOB ceTeH KJlacca B. CKopee Bcero, a JIOCb 6bl nOJIyquTb .n:a)(e OJIHY ceTb KJlacca 8, nOCKOJlbKY 60JIbIIIlIHCTBO allpeco IJ tJl
a 5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeCaL-'MM M MapwpYTM3aL-'MM 159 rI1aB . --- e 3atISITO. BepofiTHee Bcero, MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI nOJIY'IHTb napy ceTei1 KJIacca C B paClJeTe y;K cn0J1b30BaHHe nOllceTei1. Ha pHC. 5.6 nOKa3aH 60JIee peaJJucTU'lHbIi1 npHMep, B KO- tia 11 6 M ucn0J1b3yeTcfI a30BbIH MexaHU3M C0311aHHfI nOllceTeH. TOPO c-- Pe 150.150.1.1 150.150.1.0 150.150.2.0 XaHHa 150.150.2. 1 <t>e 150.150.1.2r B AJKecclit 150.150.2.2 ...........r 'n 150.15 0.6.0 / ...........r , - 0_3.0 Kplitc 150.150.4.2 Y3H,lJ,eIl 150.150.4.1 BIitHHIit 150.150.3.1 Puc. 5.6. HCnOJlb306GHUe noocemeu or Kal( It Ha pltC. 5.5, B KOHCTPYKUHU Ha pHC. 5.6 -rpe6yeTcfI rneCTb rpynn, HO B OTJ1H'lUe nplfMepa Ha pHC. 5.5 3.n:eCb HCn0J1b3yeTcfI rneCTb no.n:ceTei1, KaJK.LJ:afI H3 KOTOpbIX flBJIfI- CII non.ceTblO O.n:HOi1 ceTH KJIacca B. B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae ceTb KJIacca B 150.150.0.0 no.n:- p lIeJlHeTcfI Ha IIIeCTb no.n:ceTei1. '-J.T06bI P eaJJH30BaTb MexaHH3M c0311aHHfI no.n:ceTeH, ,." It OJcre-r (B 3TOM npHMepe) HCnOJIb3yeTCfI.llJIfi u.n:eHTHq,HKaI.{HH yHHKaJJbHblX no.n:ce- eTIt 150.150.0.0. ue 3paTItTe BHHMaHHe, 'ITa B KaJK.LJ:OM HOMepe no.n:ceTH Ha pHCyHKe HCnOJlb3yeTcfI .n:py- ..... a'IeHlte -rpeTbero OKTe-ra - .n:pyroi1 HOMep no.nceTH. I1Ha'le roBOpfl, B 3Toi1 KOHCT- "'-I1t1t n 11 OllCeTlt HYMepYIOTCfI HJIU HlleHTHq,HIJ.HPYIOTCfI C nOMoIllblO -rpeTbero OKTeTa. CII It Itcnonb30BaHHU nOllceTei1-rpeTbfllJaCTb IP-a.apeca, T.e. 'iaCmb noiJcemu, OKa3blBa- 116 e)f(Jry ceTeBOH H Y3noBoH 'laCTfiMU a.apeca. 3T0 nOJIe C0311aeTCfI nyreM 3aHMCTBOBa- Ip 1t10B Y3nOBoi1 'laCTH a.apeca. Pa3Mep ceTeBoi1 'laCTU a.apeca He COKpaIllaeTCfI. I1Ha'le . IlrISI onpe.n:eneHHfI pa3Mepa ceTeBOH lJaCTU a.apeca Bce TaIOKe npHMeHfllOTCfI npa- r C aCCOB A, B H C. npOcTpaHCTBO.llJlfl no.n:ceTeBoi1 'laCTU a.apeca oCB060)i(.ilaeTCfI 3a 'JIt°l(pal1leHHfI Y3noBOHlJaCTu. Ha pHC. 5.7 nOKa3aH q,opMaT a.apeCOB npH Hcnonb30- nOllCeTei1 C YKa3aHI1eM KOJIU'leCTBa 611TOB B KIDKlloi1 113 -rpex 'lacTei11 P-a.apeca.
160 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTei1 --- tC::88R eMa a 24-x x CeTb nO.D.CeTb Y3el1 I K11acc A 16 16-x x Y3el1 I K11acc B a-x x I nO.D.CeTb Y3e11 I K11acc C CeTb nO.D.CeTb 24 CeTb PUC. 5.7. C/>opMambl K/IaCC08blX aopeco8 npu ucnOJlbJ08aHUU nodcemeii BMeCTO MapIIIpYTH3auuu Ha OCHOBe ceTeBoH 'laCTU a.apeca MaprnpYTH3aTopbI MOryr oCYIlleCTBJ1f1Tb MaprnpYTI13aW11O Ha OCHone KOM6uHauuu ceTeBoH H Y3JIOBOH 'laCTei1 a.ape- ca. HanpUMep, Kama KOMnblOrep KpHca (150.150.4.2) OTnpaBJ1f1eT naKeT KOMnblOTepy XaHHbI (150.150.2.1), MapIIIpYTH3aTOp C HMeeT HHct>opMauHIO a MapIIIpYTe, B KOTOPOI1 ynoMHHalOTCfI "Bce a.apeca, Ha'lHHalOIllHeCfI C 150.150.2". 3TOT )l(e MaprnpYT npellnlfCbI- BaeT MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy C nepeHanpaBHTb naKeT MapIIIpYTU3aTOpy B. CJIellyeT OTMeTIfTb. 'ITa l,mct>opMaUHfi B Ta6JIHI.{e MaprnpYTU3aUHH BKJIlO'laeT KaK ceTeBYJO, TaK H nOllceTeBYK> 'laCTH a.apeca, nOCKOJIbKY 06e 3TU 4aCTH BMeCTe HlleHTHct>UI.{UPYIOT rpynny. CJIe.n:yeT TaK)I(e OTMeTUTb, 'ITa nOKa3aHHafi Ha puc. 5.7 KOHl.{enl.{Hfi C TpeMSI 4aCTHMIf IP-a.apeca (cereBoH, no.n:ceTeBoH U Y3JIOBOH) Ha3bIBaeTCfI lUlaCC060U aopecaL(ueit (c1assful addressing). TepMuH KflaCC08aR aiJpeCaL(UR OTHOCHTCfI K TOMY, KaK MO)l(HO onHCblBaTb I P-a.apeca, a HMeHHO TO. 'ITa OHH HMeIOT'Tp11 4aCTH. B 4aCTHOCTU, KJIaCCOBafi a.apecauIDI 03Ha'laeT, 4TO a.apec MO)KHO paCCMa'TpUBaTb KaK HMelOIllUH ceTeBYJO 'laCTb, KOTopaH on- pelleJ1f1eTCfI Ha OCHOBaHHH npaBHJI a.apeCal.{HH lIJUI ceTeH KJIaCCOB A. B H C - OTClOlia 11 CJIOBO "KJIaCCOBafl" B Ha3BaHHU. nOCKOJIbKY npouecc MaprnpYTU3al.{I111 paCCMa'TpHBaeT ceTeBYIO H nOllceTeBYIO qaCTI1 a.apeca BMeCTe, MO)KHO BbIlleJIUTb aJJbTepHaTI1BHblH no.n:xo.n: K 1 P-a.apecaM, KOTOpblH Ha- 3bIBaeTCfI 6eClUlaCC08aJl aiJpeCaL(UR (classless addressing). BMecTo 'Tpex 'laCTeH Ka)l(JlbIM alI- pec co.n:ep)l(HT .n:Be 'laCTH: . 'laCTb, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpOH oCYIllecTBJIfleTCfI MapIIIpYTH3auuSI; . Y3JIOBafi 4aCTb. nepBaSi 'laCTb, Ha KOTOpOH OCHOBbIBaeTCfI MapIIIPYTH3aI.{HfI, - 3TO KOM6HHaWtH ceT.(1 BOH 11 no.n:ceTeBoH qaCTeH C TO'lKH 3 p eHUSI KJIaCCOBOH a.a p ecaI.{HH. 3Ta nepBafi 4aCTb qal. f KoH- Ha3bIBaeTCfI npOCTO 'laCTblO no.n:ceTH, HJIH HHorlla npecjJuKcoM. Ha pHC. 5.8 nOKa3aHa uenl.{ufl U TepMHHbI, OTHOCflIllueCfI K 6eCKJIaCCOBOH IP-a.apeCaI.{Hu. tC::aaR eMa 32-x nOIJ,CeTb a.1JU1 npeqmKc x Y3eJl PUC. 5.8. C/>opMam 6eCK/laCCOBblX adpecoB npu ucnOJ/bJOeaHUU n()iJcemeu nOHSlTIlC HaKOHel.{ B IP-a.apecaI.{Hfix C MexaHU3MOM C03.n:aHHfI nOllceTeH HCnOJlb3yeTCfI KnP I MaCKU noiJcemu (subnet mask). MacKa no.n:ceTU cnoc06cTByeT onpelleJIeHUIO cTpY pll IP-a.apeca, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 5.7. U 5.8. nOllp06Hee MaCKH nOllceTeH pac cM3T IOTCfI B rJ1aBe 12.
rl1 3S3 5. OCHOBbl IP-aApeca'-'MM M MapwpYTM3a'-'MM ---- IP_MapWPYTM3aMJI B nepBOM pa3.n:eJIe ::nOH maBbI paCCMaTJ)HBaJJHCb OCHOBbI MaplllpYTH3aUHH Ha npHMe- ceTfI C -rpeMfi MaplllpYTU3aTopaMU U .n:BYMfI nepCOHaJJbHblMH KOMnblOTepaMu. Tenepb, pe na 06 IP-a.n:pecal.{uu 60J1bllle, MO)l(HO paCCMOTpeTb npouecc IP-MapIIIPYTH3aI.{HH 60JIee 3H"" no.np06HO. B 3TOM pa3n:eJ1e OCHOBHoe BHHMaHue y.n:eJ1eHO TOMY, KaK Y3eJ1-0TnpaBHTeJIb onpe.neJISIeT, ICy.n:a CJ1e.n:yeT HanpaBHTb naKeT, a TaJOKe TOMY, KaK MapIIIPYTH3aTopbI BbI6H- palO T , KY.n:a CJIe.n:yeT nepeHanpaBJ1f1Tb naKeTbl, 'IT06bI OHU .n:OCTHmu Y3J1a-nOJIyqaTeJIfi. 161 MapwpyrI>13aL-'l>1J1 B Y3naX Y3JIbI npH onpe.n:eJIeHHU Taro, ICy.n:a OTnpaBJISITb naKeT, q,aKTH'leCKH HCn0J1b3YJOT He- KOTOPYto npocTYIO JIoruICy MapIIIpYTU3aI.{HU. 3Ta .n:BYX3TanHafi JIOrHKa onHcaHa HIDKe. 3ran 1. ECJ1U IP-a.n:pec nOJ1yqaTeJISI HaxO.n:UTCfI B TOH )l(e no.n:ceTU, 'lTO H a.n:pec CB3 OTnpaBUTeJIfI, TO naKeT Henocpen:CTBeHHO OTnpaBJ1f1eTCfI Y3J1y-nOJIY- eMa 'laTeJIIO. 3ran 2. ECJIH IP-a.n:pec nOJIY'laTeJIfi Haxo.n:UTCfI B .n:PyroH no.n:ceTH, naKeT OTnpaBJIfleTCfI CTaHAapTHOMY IIIJII03Y. CmaHoapmHblu UJJ1103 (default gateway) - 3TO Ethernet- HHTepq,eHc MaplllpYTH3aTopa B .n:aHHOH nOllceTU. HanpuMep, paCCMOTJ)HM pHC. 5.9, B 'laCTHOCTH JIOKaJJbHYIO Ethernet-ceTb B BepxHeH eroIJaCTH. B BepXHeM Ethernet-cerMeHTe UMeeTCfI .n:Ba nepCOHaJJbHbIX KOMnblOTepa nKI H nKI I, a TaJOKe MapIIIpYTH3aTOp RI. ECJIH nKI OTnpaBJ1f1eT naKeT Ha a.n:pec 150.150.1.1 I IIP-an.pec nKI 1), TO naKeT OTnpaBJIfleTCfI KOMnblOTepy nK11 'lepe3 Ethernet - HeT He- 06XOlU1MOCTU HCnOJIb30BaTb MapIIIpYTU3aTOp. OI1HaKO eCJIH nKI OTnpaBJISIeT naKeT KOMnblOTepy nK2 (150.150.4.10), TO camaCHO 8TopOMY 3Tany JIOrHKH MaplllpYTH3al.{HU B Y3J1aX naKeT HanpaBJIfleTCfI CTaH.n:apTHOMY 1IIJI103Y, T.e. Ha a.n:pec 150.150.1.4, IP-a.n:pec Ethernet-HHTepq,eHca MapIIIPYTH3aTopa RI. B CJIellYIOIl(eM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaH npUMep, B KOTOpOM KOMnblOTep nKI UCnOJIb3yeT CBOH craH.1lapTHbIH IIIJI103. PeWeHI>1J1 0 nepeHanpaBneHI>1I>1, npl>1HI>1MaeMble MapWpYTI>13aTOpOM, II Ta6nl>1....a IP-MapWpYTI>13aL-'1>11>1 PaHee B 3TOH maBe Ha pHC. 5.1 H 5.2 (H B COOTBeTCTBYIOIlleM TeKcTe) B 06IllHX 'lepTaX 'I! CbIBaJIOCb, KaK MaplllPYTU3aTopbI nepeHanpaBJIfllOT naKeTbl, HCnOJIb3YfI KmK.lJ.YJO no- ellylOIl.1}'1O q,H3H'lecICyIO ceTb 1I:JUI nepe.n:a'lU naKeTOB CJIe.n:YlOweMY YCTJ)OHCTBY. '..J.T06bI 'flUe '3.lie oueHHTb pellleHHe a nepeHanpaBJIeHHU, npUHHMaeMoe MapIIIpYTH3aTopOM, B 3TOM -I J]e ItCnOJIb3yeTcfI npUMep C TJ)eMSI pa3J1H'lHbIMU MapIIIpYTH3aTopaMH, nepeHanpaB- 1OiJ.{ItMIt naKeTbI. 1(J]Y'Iafi q,peHM KaHaJJbHoro ypOBHfI, T.e. q,peHM, B KOTOpOM uHKancYJIHpOBaH IP- ,MapWPYTH3aTop HCnOJIb3yeT CJIellYJOIllYJO JIOrHICy. 'ira ll 1 . I1cnoJlb3yeTcfI FCS-noJIe .lIJIfi npOBepKH OlllH60K q,peHMa; eCJ1U CB3 OlllH6KU eCTb, q,peHM oT6pacbIBaeTC5I. eMa tr1l112. ECJ1H naKeT He 6bIJI oT6pOIIIeH Ha npe.n:bl.n:ymeM 3Tane, OT6paCbIBaeTCfI CTapbIH KaHaJJbHbIH 3ar0J10BOK H KOHueBHK, H OCTaeTCSI TOJIbKO IP-naKeT.
3Tan 3. '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl ceTelj --- I P-a.apec OTnpaBHTeJ1f1 I P-naKeTa conOCTaBJ1HeTCfI C Ta6J1Hl.{eH MapIIIPYTliJa - H OnpelleJIfleTCfI MapIIIpyT, KOTOpblH COOTBeTcTByeT 3TOMY a.apecy; MapUJ H.n:eHTHqmuupyeT HCXO.n:HIl{HH HHTepcJ>eHc MapIIIpYTH3aTopa U, B03MO}K}fo ..PYr , ''1ap_ IllpYTH3aTOp CJ1e.n:YIOIUero nepexo.n:a. IP-naKeT HHKanCYJIHpyeTcfI B HOBblH KaHaJJbHbIH 3aroJIOBOK H KOHcpeBHK, no _ XO.n:HIllHH .lI.IIfI ucxoJUIIllero HHTepcJ>eHca, H cJ>peHM OTnpaBJ1f1eTCfI. :II 162 3Tan 4. 150.150.1.10 roo 150.150.1.0 150.150.1.4 .--.....7"" - 150.150.3.0 R1 .J so 1"150.150.2.7 --::- R2 C ,::, .3.1 .--.....7"" - 150.150.2.0 150.150.4.0 R3 roo 150.150.4.10 Puc. 5.9. MbmepHamu6b1 Mapmpymu3at(UU 6 Y3Jlax $leT oat. Ka)l(11bIH MapIllpYTH3aTOp. BbmOJ1HfIfi onHcaHHbIe BbIIIIe 3TanbI, OTnpaBJI CJ1ellYIOIlleMY YC"TpOHCTBY .n:o Tex nap, nOKa naKeT He 1l0CTHrHeT nOJIy'IaTeJIfi. 6111L OTlleJIbHO CJ1e.n:yeT paCCMO"TpeTb TpeTHH 3Tan - npOl.{eCC nOHCKa a.apeca B 6'1111 MapIllpYTU3aI.{HH. B 3aroJIOBKe naKeTa co.n:ep)KHTCfI IP-a.apec nOJIy'IaTeJUl, a B B ra( MapIllpYTH3auHU 06bI'lHO HMeeTC5I cnUCOK ceTeH H no.n:ceTeH. D,nfl noUCKa 3anlt: C }i J1uue MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH MapIIIpYTU3aTOp "pacq')I(11aeT" TaK: II Hato rc HOMepa cereH U nOllceTeH npe.n:CTaBJIfllOT rpynny a.apeCOB, KOTOpbIe Ha'l}i ojl1l1 OllUHaKOBoro npecJ>HKca. B KaKOM U3 rpynn Ta6JIHUbi MapIIIPYTH3al.{HU HaX a.apec nOJ1yqaTeJ1f1?
a 5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeCaL-'MM M MapwpYTM3aL-'MM 163 rl1 aB . -- ECTecTBeHHo, MapIIIpYTH3aTopbI Ha caMOM .n:ene npeBpaIllalOT 3TY JIOfHKY B MaTeMa- l1'IecKYto 3aJIa'lY, HO TeKCT BeCbMa TO'lHO onHCblBaeT npOHcxo.n:flwee. HanpHMep, Ha T 5 10 nOKa3aHa Ta)l(e TononOfHfI, 'ITa H Ha pHC. 5.9, HO Tenepb KOMnblOTep nKI OT- pl1 c BJI , eT naKeT KOMnblOTepy nK2. npa B HMAH"'E! ; paTItTe BHltMaHlte, B JIaHHOM CJIY'lae Bce Mapwpyrlt3aTOpbI "3HaIOT", 'ITO "noJIce-n," 150.150.4.0 03HaQaeT "Bce arIpeca, KOTopbIe HaqltHalOTCSI C 150.150.4". 150.150.1.10 150.150.1.11 CTaH,D,aPTHbli1 WIl103 150.150.1.4 150.150.1.0 .......... T'" .r --- 150.150.2.0 R1 @( JSO . 1"150.150.2.7 --- R2 ,:, .3' .......... T'" .r --- 150.150.3.0 150.150.4.0 R3 --.Ll EO ([) 1f1K2 t 150.150.4.10 CesaR eMa RI Ta6m.ll¥l Mapwpyn13aLlIU1 nQ,/J,ceTb BblxOAHoi1I1HTep4>ei1c IP-llApec cIleAYlOllIero Y3lIa 150.150.4.0 SerialO 150.150.2.7 R2 Ta6I111Ll8 MapwPYTI13aLll111 nOAceTb BblXQ,/J,Hoi1I1HTep4>ei1c IP-llApec cIleAYlOllIero Y3I18 150.150.4.0 Serial1 150.150.3.1 R3 Ta6I111Ll8 MapWPYTI13aLll111 nOAceTb BblXQ,/J,Hoi1I1HTep4>ei1c IP-llApec cIleAYlOllIero Y3I1a 150.150.4.0 EthernetO N/A Puc. 5.10. flpocmoii npuMep Mapwpymu3au.uu c I P-noocemRMu B enl1Cl<e Ii PH C HH)I(e nOflCHfleTCfI nOfHKa nepeHanpaBneHHfI Ha Ka)I(J].OM 3Tane, nOKa3aHHOM YHl<e ( CJI Iileal-! . e.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITa Bce ynoMHHaHHfI 3TanOB I, 2, 3 H 4 OTHOCflTCfI K ":.>- 1110 J10fl,tKH MapIIIPYTu3auuH, KOTopoe npHBe.n:eHO BbIIlle B 3TOM pa3n:eJIe.) .Tfal) A . OKI OTnpaBJIHeT naKeT cBoeMY CTaHJIapTHoMY WJII03Y. CHalJaJIa nKI CTpOHT IP-naKeT, B KOTOpOM B Ka'leCTBe a.apeca nOJIyqaTeJI5I YKa3aH IP-a.apec nK2 (150.150.4.10). n K 1 .n:OJI)I(eH OTnpaBJ.tTb naKeT MapIllpYTH3aTOpy R 1 (:no ero CTaHllapTHbIH IIIJII03), nOCKOJIbKY nonyqaTeJIb HaxO.n:UTCfI B JIpyrOH no.n:ceTH.
164 3Tan 6. YaCTb I. OCHOBbl c eTei1 ---- nKI nOMeIUaeT IP-naKeT B Ethernet-q,peHM, B KOTOpOM Ethernet-a.n:pec E JIyqaTeJIfi COOTBeTCTByeT thernet-a.apecy MapwpyrH3aTopa RI. nKI OTO p aD- JIfieT 3TOT q,peHM no Ethernet. MaprupyrH3aTop R 1 o6pa6aTbIBaeT BXOlUlllUlH c1JpeHM H nepeHanpaBJlJle-r oaK Maprupynt3aTOpy R2. TaK KaK }'Ka3aHHb1H BO Bxo.n:SlweM Ethernet-<ppeti: MAC-a.apec nOJIyqaTeJIfi flBJIfleTCfI MAC-a.apeCOM MapIIIpyrH3aTopa R I 3T , OT Mapwpyru3aTop KonHpyeT q,peHM .lI.IIfI 06pa60TKH. MapIIIpyrH3aTOp nposePH_ eT nOJIe FCS q,peHMa H y6e)K,llaeTCfI, 'ITa oWH60K HeT (3Tan I). 3aTeM Map- IIIpyrH3aTop oT6paCbIBaeT Ethernet-3aroJIOBOK U XBOCTOBUK (:nan 2). OOCJIe :noro MapIIIpyrH3aTop R I cpaBHHBaeT }'Ka3aHHbIH B naKeTe a.apec nOJIyqaTeJIH (150.150.4.10) C Ta6JIuUeH MapIIIpyrH3al.{UH 11 HaXOllUT 3anUCb .lI.IIfI nOllCeTH 150.150.4.0. 3m nOllCeTb co.n:ep)l(UT a.apeca C 150. I 50.4.0 no 150.150.4.255 (:nan 3). nOCKOJIbKY a.apec nOJIyqaTeJIfi Haxo.n:HTCfI B :noH rpynne, MapwpyrH_ 3aTOp R2 nOCJIe UHKanCYJIfll.{UU naKeTa B HDLC-q,peHM nepeHanpaBJIfle'f na- KeT lJepe3 HCXOllSlWHH HHTep<PeHc SerialO CJIe.n:YlOweMY MapIIIpyrlnaTOpy R2 (150.150.2.7) (:nan 4). MapmpyrH3aTop R2 o6pa6aTbiBaeT BXOlUlU(HH c1JpeHM H nepeHanpaBJUUIT OaKeY MapmpyrH3aTopy R3. nOJIyqUB HDLC-q,peHM, MapIIIpyrH3aTOp R2 nOBTopHeT TOT)I(e 06WUH npOl.{eCC, 'ITa H MapIIIpyrH3aTop RI. R2 npOBepfieT nOJIe FCS H 06HapY)I(HBaeT, 'ITa OIIIu60K HeT (3Tan I). 3aTeM OH oT6paCbIBaeT HDLC- 3arOJIOBOK U KOHl.{eBHK (:nan 2). nOCJIe :noro R2 Haxo.n:HT B CBoeH Ta6JI1tUe MapIIIpyrH3al.{UU MapIIIpyr .lI.IIfI nOllceTU 150.150.4.0, KOTopafl BKJIlOlJaeT B ce6f1 lluana30H a.apeCOB 150.150.4.0-150. I 50.4.255, U "nOHHMaeT", 'ITa an- pec 150. I 50.4. 10 COOTBeTCTByeT 3TOMY MapIIIpyry (:nan 3). HaKOHel.{ MapwPY- TH3aTOp R2 OTnpaBJIfieT naKeT 'lepe3 HHTepq,eHc Serial I cJIe.nyK>weM)' Map- IIIpyrH3aTOpy R3 (150. I 50.3.1), npellBapl1TeJIbHO HHKancYJIUpOBaB naKeT B 3aroJIOBOK Frame Relay (:nan 4). MaprupyrH3aTop R3 o6pa6aTbIBaeT BXOlUlUUlH c1JpeHM H nepeHanpaBJIReT oaKeT KOMnbJOTepy nK2. MapIIIpyrH3aTOp R3, KaK H RI H R2, npoBepSieT nOJ1e FCS. oT6pacbIBaeT cTapbIH 3ar0J10BOK H XBOCTOBHK KaHaJJbHoro ypOBHfI H HaxolUIT CBOH MapIIIpyr .lI.IIfI no.n:ceTU 150.150.4.0. 3anHcb .lI.IIfI :noH no.n:cent B ero (MapIIIpyrH3aTopa R3) Ta6JIHI.{e MapIIIpyrH3al.{HU nOKa3blBaeT, 'ITa ucxOllJl IIDIM UHTepq,eHCOM flBJIfleTCfI Ethernet-uHTepq,eHC MapIIIpyrH3aTopa R3, HO Map- R3 noll- IIIpyrH3aTopa CJ1e.nyK>Illero nepexo.n:a HeT, nOCKOJ1bKY MapIIIpyrl133TOP 3 OC. KJIlO'leH Henocpe.nCTBeHHO K nOllCeTI1 150.150.4.0. MapIIIpyru3aTOPY R ()CTO- TaeTCfI TOJIbKO UHKanCYJ1HpOBaTb naKeT BHyrpU Ethernet-3ar0J10BKa H XB 10 BHKa, }'Ka3aB B Ka'leCTBe Ethernet -a.apeca nOJIyqaTeJ1f1 MAC-a.apec KoMn b Tepa nK2, H nepellaTb q,peHM. ecaIllitl. npol.{ecc MapwpYTH3aUHH Onl1paeTCfI Ha npaBI1JIa, KacalOWHeCfI IP-allP OlC HanpuMep, nO'leMY KOMnblOTep nKI (150.150.1.4) C'lUTaeT, lJTO KOMnblOTep nO)! (150.150.4.10) HaXOllHTCfI B llpyrOM Ethernet-cerMeHTe? nOTOMY, lJTO Y HHX pa3HbIe 3HbI ceTH 150.150.4.0 (.lI.IIfI nK2) H 150.150.1.0 (.lI.IIfI nKl). 113-3a Taro 'lTO IP-a.apeca B Pa"(1' no.n:ceTfiX .n:OJI)KHbI 6bITb OT.n:eJIeHbI MapIIIpyru3aTopOM, nKl .n:OJI)I(eH oTnpaBuTb epJl{3 MapIIIpyru3aTOpy, 'ITa OH H .n:eJIaeT. AHaJJOrH'lHO, Bce T)JU Mapwpyru3aTOpa COpe Maprnpyr K nOllceTH 150.150.4.0, KOTOpafl B .n:aHHOM npHMepe BKJIIO'IaeT B ce6Si IP- 3Tan B. 3Tan r.
a 5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeCaL-'MM M MapwpYTM3aL-'MM 165 rJ1a s . ---- 150.150.4.1 no 150.150.4.254. '-ITO npOH30H.aeT, eClIH KTO-HH6y.n:b nOnblTaeTCfI nepeHe- C Ii nK2 B KaKOe-HH6y.n:b .n:pyroe MeCTO ceTU, coxpaHHB npH 3TOM anpec 150.150.4.1O? cr raKoM CJIy<Iae MapIIIpyrH3aTopbl HenpaBHJIbHO nepeHanpaBJIfIJIH 6bI naKeTbl. n03TOMY, 06bI MapIllpyrbI CTpOHJIHCb 60JIee 3<t><t>eKTHBHO, MapIIIpyrH3aUHfi TpeTbero ypOBHfI no- JIara eTCSI Ha cTPYKTYPY anpecaUHH TPeTbero ypOBHfI. u B fJlaBe 12 IP-anpecauHSI paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI 601lee no.n:p06HO. LlaJJee B 3TOU maBe npellcTaBJIeHO KpaTKoe BBe.n:eHHe B KOHuenUHU, JIe)l(aIllUe B OCHOBe npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpy- TuawUI. npOTOKOl1bl IP-MapWPYTH3aU1 npouecc MapIIIpyru3auuH (nepeHanpaBJIeHHfI) CUJIbHO 3aBUCUT aT HaJJH'lHfI B Ka)KllOM MaprupyrH3aTope aKTYaJJbHOH Ta6JIHUbi I P-MapIIIpyru3auHH. npOTOKOllbl I P-MapIIIpyru- 33UItIt 3an01IHflIOT Ta6J1HUbI MapIIIpyrH3auuH npaBUJIbHbIMU, 6ecneTellbHblMH MapIIIpy- T3MIt. K3)K)J.bIH MapIIIpyr co.nep)l(UT HOMep no.n:ceTH, uHTep<t>eHc, 'lepe3 KOTOpblH naKeTbl nepeHanpaBJIfilOTCfI K 3TOH no.n:ceTH, a TaJOKe I P-anpec CJIe.n:YIOIllero MapIIIpyrH3aTopa. Maprupyru3arop .n:Oll)l(eH (npu He06xo.n:HMOCTH) nOJIyqHTb anpecyeMble 3TOH no.n:ceTH na- KeTbI (KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 5.10). npe)l(,l{e 'leM paccMoTpeTb 1I0rHKY, lIe)l(aIllYIO B OCHOBe npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpyrH3aUHu, CJIenyeT YSlCHHTb ueJlH npoToKollOB MapIIIpyru3auuH. OnHcaHHbIe B clIe.n:YIOIlleM cnHCKe UeJIlt HBJUllOTCfI 06IllHMH .lI,JIfi Bcex npOTOKOJIOB IP-MapIIIpyrH3aUuH He3aBHCHMO aT HX 6a30BOH JIOrHKH. · IbmaMH'leCKH onpe.n:eJIflTb MapIIIpyrbl KO BceM no.n:ceTfiM B ceTH H 3anOJIHflTb 3TH- MU MapIIIpyraMu Ta6JIHUY MapIIIpyru3aUUH. · ECJlU .n:OCTynHo HeCKOJIbKO MapIIIpyroB K KaKOH-JIH60 no.n:ceTH, nOMeCTHTb B Ta6- JIltuy HaWlyqIIIuH H3 HUX. · Onpe.n:eJlflTb, Kama MapIIIpyrbl B Ta6JIuue OKa3bIBalOTCfI HenpaBHJIbHbIMU, H y.n:a- JIHTb 3TH MapIIIpyrbl H3 Ta6JIHUbi MapIIIpyru3aUUH. · ECJlH MapIIIpyr y.n:aJJfleTCfI H3 Ta6JIHUbI H .n:oc-ryneH MapIIIpyr 'lepe3 COCe,l{HUH Map- lliPYHl3aTop, TO .n:06aBJIHTb TaKOH MapIIIpyr B Ta6JIuuy. (MHOfHe C'lUTalOT 3T)' uellb 'laCTblO npe.n:bI.lIYIlleH.) · KaK MO)KHO 6blCTPee .n:06aBJIflTb HOBbie MapIIIpyrbI WlH 3aMeHflTb nOTepflHHble MapllipyrbI HaWlyqIIIHMH U3 .n:OCTYllHbIX B TeKYIllUH MOMeHT MapIIIpyraMU. BpeMfi MC)!(,l{y nOTepeH MapIIIpyra H HaXO)KlleHUeM .n:pyrora pa60TalOIllera MapIIIpyra Ha- 3bIBaeTCH 8peMeHeM KOH8ep2eHlI,UU (convergence time). · rJpeD,OTBpaIllaTb MapIIIpyrHbIe neTJIIt. rJPOTOI<O I(or0pa JIbI MapIIIpyrH3aUHu MOryT 6blTb .n:OBOJIbHO ClIO)l(HbIMU, HO 6a30BafI JIOfHKa, nO;Jlill B HHx HCnOJIb3yeTcH, cpaBHHTeJIbHO npOCTa. npOTOKOJlbl MapIIIpyrH3aUHH Bbl- T CJIe.n:YIOIllHe 06IllHe IIIarH.lUUI onOBeIlleHltfi ceTH a MapIIIpyrax. n I. v'"._.. 'IH MapIIIpyrn3aTOp .n:06aRJUIeT MapIIIpyr B CBOIO Ta6J1HUY MapIIIpyrn3al.{HH n 2. D.AA 1GUK.u.0H no.n:CeTU, HenocpellCTBeHHO no.n:KJIIO'leHHOii K 3TOMY Maprnpyru3aTOpy. Ka}K,[(bIH MapIIIpyrH3aTop co06IllaeT CBOUM COCe,l{flM 060 Bcex Maprnpyrax B era Ta6JIuue, BKJIIO'lafi Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIe K HeMY MapIIIpyrbl, a TalOKe MapIIIpyrbl, a KOTOpbIX eMY C006IllWIU .n:pyrHe MapIIIpyrlt3aTopbl.
166 LlaCTb I. OCHOBbl c eTe --- 3Tan 3. nOCJ1e nOJ1yqeHltfi HOBOro MaprnpYTa aT cocella MaprnpYTH3aTOp .n:06aBJlIle-r MaprnpYT B CBOIO Ta6J1uuy MapIIIPYTH3aUHH. npu 3TOM B Ka'leCTBe MapIlIPYnt_ 3aTopa CJIe.ayJOmero nepeXOlla 06bl'lHO 3anHCbIBaeTCfI coce.n:HHH MapIlIPYHna_ TOp, aT KOTOpOro 6bIJI nOJIyqeH 3TOT MaprnpYT. HanpUMep, Ha puc. 5.11 nOKa3aHa Ta )l(e ceTb, 'ITa" Ha puc. 5.9 H 5.10, HO OCHOBHoe BHUMaHue B .n:aHHOM CJIy'Iae YlleJleHO TOMY, KaK TJ>" MaprnpYTU3aTOpa Y3HalOT a nOllCeTij 150.150.4.0. CJ1e.n:yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITa npOTOKOJ1bI MapIIIpYTH3aUUU BbtnOJIHfllOT 60JIbiJJe pa60TbI, 'leM nOKa3aHO Ha pHcYHKe. B .n:aHHoM cJ1yqae BaJKHO TO, KaK MapIIIPYT"3aTOPbl Y3HalOT a no.n:ceTH 150.150.4.0. CBB eMa 150.150.1.10 150.150.1.11 CTaHJJ,apTHbli1 W11103 nK1 150.150.1.4 nK11 R1 Ta6m-u.a Mapwpyrn3aLl J L 1 150.150.1.4 CD --:;.. .. @ R2Ta611Lla Mapwpyr3all 'O-27 ) .......... f" ...r -- i' R2 S @ ;::- 150.1 150.150.4.0 .......... f" ..r -- nOAceTb IP-a,npec BblxoAHOi1 HTep<l>ei1c cl1eAYIOU.ero y311a 150.150.4.0 SerialO 150.150.2.7 nOAceTb 150.150.4.0 R3 I EO @ 150.150.4.0 nK2 150.150.4.10 Puc. 5./J. Mapwpymu3amopRlY3Haemonoocemu 150.150.4.0 6bl rto'" HHJKe onHcabl 3Tanbl A, E, Bur, OTMe'leHble Ha pUCYHKe JUlfi Taro, 'lTO o . 3aTb, KaK K1UK.lI.blH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp u3yqaeT CBO" MapIIIpYT K nOllceTH 150.150.4. o6c ree l! 3Tan A. MapIIIPYTU3aTOp R3 Y3HaeT MapIIIpYT, KOTOpbIH OTHOCHTCfI K ero C e./ll,. HOMY uHTepei1cy EO, TaK KaK no.n:ceTb 150.150.4.0 no.n:KJlIO'leHa HertOCP BeHHO K HeMY (3Tan I).
a 5 OCHOBbl IP-aApeca4MM M MapwpYTM3a4MM rJ1as . --- 31'aJI 6. 167 3Tan r. R3 OTnpaBJIfieT C006Il{eHHe npOTOKona MapIl{pynnauHu, KOTopoe Ha3blBaeTCfI aHOHCOM Mapwpymu3au,uu (routing update), MapIIIpyrH3aTOPY R2 H 3TOT Map- Illpyru3aTOp Y3HaeT a no.n:ceTH 150.150.4.0 (3Tan 2). R2 OTnpaBJIHeT aHaJJorH'lHyJO uHqJOpMauHIO MapIIIpyru3aTOpy R I, co06rnafl eMYO nOllceTU 150.150.4.0 (3Tan 2). MapIIIpyr MapIIIpyru3aTopa R 1 K nOllceTH 150.150.4.0 B Ka'leCTBe anpeca cne- .nyK>rnero nepexo.n:a yx:a3blBaeT anpec 150.150.2.7 (l P-anpec MaprnpyrJnaTOpa R2), nOTOMY 'ITa RI Y3HaJJ 06 3TOM MapIIIpyre aT R2. TalOKe B 3TOM Maprnpyre B Ka'leCTBe HCXO,l{flrnero HHTep<!JeHca RI yx:a3aH SerialO, nOTOMY 'ITa RI Y3HaJJ a Maprnpyre U3 C006Il{eHUfI, nOJIyqeHHoro 'lepe3 3TOT UHTep<!Jeil:c. 31'an B. BHIo1MAH101 E! MapwpyTbI He Bcema CCblJlalOTCH Ha I P-aupec coceliHero Mapwpynl3aTopa B Ka'leCTBe I P-aupeca CJIelIyJOwero nepexolIa, HO JLJIH npOTOKOllOB H npoueCCOB, KOTopble paCCMal'pItBaIOTCH B 3K3aMeHax ICNDllt CCNA, 3TO 06bI'lHO HMeHHO TaK. B maBe 14 "KoHuenuuH U KOH<!JHrypupoBaHHe npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpyrua3Uuu" npo- TOKOllbI MaprnpyrH3auuH paCCMaTpHBalOTCfl 60JIee no.n:P06HO. ,l],aJJee B nOCJIellHeM Ba)l(- HOM pa3JIene 3TOH rnaBbI KOpOTKO onHcaHbl .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHble <!JYHKUUH, CBfl3aHHbIe C TeM, KaK ceTeOOH ypOBeHb nepeHanpaBJIfieT naKeTbl aT OTnpaBHTeJIfi nonyqaTenlO lJepe3 o6"beliltHeHHYIO ceTb. YnlIU1Tbi CeTeBOrO YPOBHS1 .10 CHX nap B 3TOH rJIaBe onHCblBaJJHCb rnaBHbIe <!JYHKllHU ceTeBoro ypOBHfI 3TaJJOH- Ho!1 MOllenH OSI - B 'laCTHOCTH, ypOBeHb Me)l(CeTeooro B3aHMOlleHCTBUfi TCP/IP, KOTO- phI" onpe.n:ellfieT Te)l(e 06Il{He <!JYHKUUU, 'ITa U TpeTHH YPOBeHb Mo.n:enH OSI. B 3aBepIIIe- HMe 31'0" rnaBbI B .n:aHHOM pa3.n:eJIe paCCMaTpUBalOTCfI 'leTbIpe HHCTpYMeHTa, KOTopble UC- nOJIbJYiOTCH nO'lTU KaJKlI.bIH .n:eHb npaKTH'leCKU B KIDK.LI.OH TCP II P-ceTH Mupa H nOlOralOT ceTeooMy YPOBHIO peIIIaTb ero 3ana'lY no CKB03HOH MapIIIpyru3auuH naKeTOB B uO'belll1HeHHoH ceTH: · npOTOKOJI npe06pa30BaHHfI anpeCOB (Address Resolution Protocol - ARP): · CHcTeMaJJ.oMeHHblx HMeH (Domain Name System - DNS); · npOTOKon .n:HHaMlI'leCKOro KOH<!JurypHpoBaHHfI Y3JIa (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol_ DHCP); · YTItJIHTa ping. npOTO KOn npe06pa30BaHMSI aApeCOB M CMCTeMa AOMeHHbIX MMeH l(oliCTp r lib! YKTOPbl cereH .n:OJDKHbI cTapaTbCfI CllellaTb ucnOJIb30BaHUe Cent KaK MO)l(HO npOIl{e. "TilT n M 06pa30M nOJIb30BaTeJIH 3anOMUHalOT HMH .n:pyroro KOMnbIOTepa, K KOTOpOMY OHU J11 OlUoIlO'II1TbCfI, TaK )l(e KaK OHU nOMHfIT UMH Be6-caHTa. OHH onpelleJIeHHO He XOTfIT 'faTb HH IP-anpec, HH MAC-anpec. n03TOMY TCP/IP H}')KeH npOTOKOJI, KOTOpblH libl eCKI1 OnpelleJlfleT BCIO He06xo.n:uM)'lO HH<!JopMauulO, n03BOnHH 06MeHHBaTbCfI 11, lie 3acTaBJIHfI npu 3TOM nOJIb30BaTeJIH 3anOMHHaTb 'lTO-TO KpOMe HMeHH Y3JIa.
YacTbl.OCHOBblce Te -- MO)l(eT nOKa3aTbCfI, 'ITa 3anOMUHaTb HMH .n:pyroro KOMnblOTepa He Hy)I(HO. HanpHMe p 6 ,8 paY3epax MHornx nOJIb30BaTeJIeH HaCTpoeHbI .n:OMaIIIHue CTpaHUl.{bl no YMOJ11.IaHHIO, I<OTo_ pbIe OTKpbIBalOTCfI cpa3Y nOCJIe 3anyCKa 6paY3epa. MO)l(HO nO.n:yMaTb, 'ITa CTpOI<a YHHBep_ CaJIbHOro )'Ka3aTeJIfi pecypca (Universal Resource Locator - URL) He flBJlfleTCfI HMeHeM Ha caMOM .n:eJle URL .n:oMaIIIHeH CTpaHHl.{bI co.n:ep)l(HT HMH 3TOH CTpaHHUbJ. HanpHMep, URL http://www.cisco.com/go/prepcenter 'laCTb www.cisco.com npencTaa_ JIfieT C060H UMfi Be6-CepBepa KopnopaUHU Cisco. n03TOMY BCflKHH pa3, BBOM HMfI npy- roro KOMnblOTepa B ceTU HJIH BlI,l{fI ero Ha 3KpaHe, nOJlb30BaTeJIb 06bl'lHO u.n:eHTH<t>Hl.lJ1_ pyeT y.n:aJIeHHblM KOMnblOTep no UMeHU. TaKuM 06pa30M, npOTOKOJIY TCP /1 P HY)l(eH cnoc06, KOTOpbIH n03BOJIUT I<OMnblOTepy OnpelleJIflTb IP-anpec .n:pyroro KOMnblOTepa no ero UMeHU. TaIOKe HY)l(eH cnoc06 onpene- JIflTb MAC-anpeca, CBfl3aHHbIe C .n:pyrMMH KOMnblOTepaMH B TOM )l(e JIOKaJIbHOH nOnCeTJ1. CXeMaTU'leCKH 3Ta np06JIeMa nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 5.12. B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae KOMnblOTep XaHHbI .n:OJI)I(eH 06MeHHBaTbCfI .n:aHHbIMH C CepBepOM, KOTOpbIH YCTaHOBJIeH Ha n K L/)KeccH. KOMnblOTep XaHHbI 3HaeT CBoe HMfI, CBOH IP- anpec U MAC-anpec. XOHHO He 3Hoem J P- u MAC-ocJpeco KOMnblOmepo JI.:JICeccu. L{.JUI onpe- .n:eJIeHHfI 3TUX a.n:peCOB XaHHa ucnonb3yeT cnY)l(6y DNS, 'lT06bi HaHTH IP-anpec nK L/)Keccu, H npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lTo6bI onpe.n:enHTb MAC-anpec 3TOro KOMnblOTepa. 168 XaHHa AJKecc r I v . MAC--" """"" = 'I ???? ???? ???? --.J MAC-8,IJ,pec ompaSTeJ1R = 0200.1111.1111 IP I UDP I Ad Data Eth 1 t *'P-8,IJ,pec nOJ1Y'1aTeJ1R = ???? IP-8,IJ,pec OmpaSI1TeJ1R = 10.1.1.1 * IiIH<I>opMalR. KOTOpylO nK XaHHa AOJ1>KeH nOJ1YTb Puc. 5. /2. KOMnblOmep XaHHbl3Haem UMR KOMnblOmepa J],J/Ceccu, HO HYJ/CHO nOJ/Y'IUmb ee JP-aapec U MAC-aapec 3mozo KOMnblOmepa DNS-npeo6pa30BaHMe MMeH 60 JjI- KOMnblOTep XaHHbl 3HaeT IP-anpec DNS-cepBepa, nOTOMY 'ITa 3TOT aLlpec nMDJ-tCP paHee 3anucaH B KOH4>urypauuH nK XaHHbl, JIu60 OH 6blJl nonyqeH C nOMolUblO Xa W (3Ta TeMa paccMaTpuBaeTcfI B .n:aHHoH rnaBe n03.n:Hee). KaK TOJIbKO nOJIb30BaTeJlb I ' e 'es s . Ha TaK HJlU UHa'le U.n:eHTH4>uuupyeT UMfi .n:pyroro KOMnblOTepa (HanpuMep, J _ p a OMnblO' example. com), KOMnblOTep OTnpaBJIfieT DNS-cepBepy 30npoc Ha IP-a.n:pec K o"a- L{)KeCcH. DNS-cepBep B OTBeT OTnpaBJIfieT anpec, 10.1.1.2. 3TOT npocToH npouecC n 3aH Ha pHC. 5.13.
a 5 OCHOBbl IP-aApec a 4 MM M MapwpYTM3a4MM rl1 aB . -- 169 DNS XaHHa f:- r ...-r7' 10.1.1.1 --Lt t : It 0200.1111.1111 : __________J : I KaKoBIP-8Apee I : nK Jessie? : L_______________J IP-8Apec nK AJKeccI110.1.1.2. AJKeec I 10.1.1.2 0200.2222.2222 Puc. 5. /3. DNS-3anpoc U omBem KOMnblOTep XaHHbl npocTo OTnpaBJIfieT cepBepy DNS-3anpoc, YKa3bIBafi B 3TOM 3a- npoce HMH j essie lIJIH j essie. example. com, a DNS-cepBep B OTBeT OTnpaBJIfieT IP-aLlpec (B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae 10.1.1.2). <1>aKTU'leCKU TO )l(e caMoe npOHcxo.n:HT, Kama Bbl nOllKJllO'laeTeCb K KaKOMY-HH6Yllb Be6-caHTY. Baw nK OTnpaBJIfieT 3anpoc, TaKOH)I(e KaK KOMnblOTep XaHHbI OTnpaBJIfieT ,l{JIfi Taro, 'lT06bl DNS-cepBep npe06pa30BaJJ HMfI KOM- nblOTepa.LlJKeccH B IP-a.n:pec. nOCJIe 3TOro nK Ha'lUHaeT 3anpaIIIHBaTb Be6-cTpaHUI.{Y. ARP-npoecc KaK TOJIbKO Y3eJl Y3HaeT I P-a.n:pec .n:pyroro Y3JIa, Y3JIY-OTnpaBHTeJIIO MO)l(eT nOHa.n:o- 6HTbCH MAC-a.n:pec .n:pyroro KOMnblOTepa. HanpHMep, KOMnblOTep XaHHbI .n:OJI)I(eH 3HaTb Ethernet MAC-a.n:pec, KOTOpbIH COOTBeTcTByeT I P-a.n:pecy 10.1.1.2, n03TOMY n K XaHHbl Ha'umae-r ARP-paccWlKY (ARP broadcast). ARP-paCCbIJIKa OTnpaBJIfleTCfI Ha IIIupOKOBe- WaTeJIbHbli1 Ethernet-a.n:pec, n03ToMyee nOJIY'lae-r KaJK.!lbIH KOMnblOTep B JIOKaJJbHOi1 ce- TII. OOCKOJIbKy nK .lI.)I(eccu HaxO.n:UTCfI B TOi1 )l(e JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH, 'ITa H XaHHbl, OH no- n}"laeT ARP-paCCbIJIKy. nOCKOJIbKY IP-a.n:pec KOMnblOTepa .lI.)I(eCCH 10.1.1.2, a l.{eJIblO ARP-paCCbIJIKU flBJUleTCfI nOHCK MAC-a.n:peca, CBfl3aHHoro C 3THM IP-a.n:pecoM, lbKeccH O1'BeQaeT, OTnpaBJIfifi CBOH MAC-a.n:pec. 3TOT npouecc nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 5.14. (S0- y DNS XaHHa r Tr AJKeccl1 r 10.1.1.1 0200.1111.1111 : I , 10.1.1.2 0200.2222.2222 +-______.1_______-. BeeM npBeT! KaKoi' MAC-8Apec Y y3J1a c IP- 8APeCOM 10.1.1.2? +__________J SI- 10.1.1.2. Moi' MAC- 8Apec 0200 2222.2222 Puc. 5. /4. flpUMep ARP-npou,ecca 1enepb Iio Ite KOMnblOTep XaHHbI 3Hae-r IP-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJlfl H Ethernet-a.n:pec, KOTOpbIH IiLifi lia nOJIb30BaTb lI.JIfi OTnpaBl<H 4>peHMoB KOMnblOTepy .lI.)I(eCCH, U naKeT, nOKa3aH- II.nSl Plte. 5.12, MO)l(HO ycneIIIHo OTnpaBHTb. IICl10JI h OfIpeD.eJIeHUfi MAC-a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJlH Y3JIbI MOryr UCnOJIb30BaTb, a MOryT U He 30BaT roPYIO b npOTOKOJI ARP. 3TO 3aBUCHT OT JIOrHKH .n:BYX3TanH0I1 MapwpyrH3al.{HH ltenOJIb3yeT Y3eJI. ECJlH Y3eJI-nOJIyqaTeJIb HaXOllHTCH B TOI1 )l(e no.n:ceTH, TO Y3eJI-
170 LlaCTb I. OCHOBbl Ce Tei1 - OTnpaBlfTeJlb nOCbIJIaeT ARP-3anpoc, nblTafiCb onpe.n:eJlUTb MAC-anpec nOJlyqaTeJlSl, I<al< nOKa3aHO Ha pUC. 5.14. O.n:HaKo eCJlH n0JIY'IaTeJIb U OTnpaBHTeJlb HaxO.n:flTCfI B p a3 libl)( no.n:CeTflX, TO B pe3YJlbTaTe JlOrHU MapIIIpynnauuu OTnpaBJIfllOIllero Y3JIa naKeT H}')I<lio nepeHanpaBUTb Ha CTaHJJ:apTHbIH IIIJII03 OTnpaBUTeJIfi. HanpHMep. ecmt KOMnblOTePbI XaHHbl U .lJ.)I(eCCH pacnOJlO)l(eHbl B pa3HbIx no.n:ceTfix (CM. pUC. 5.12 - 5.14), JlOfHI<a Map- IIIpYTU3auuu nK XaHHbl 3aCTaBJIfieT 3TOT KOMnblOTep OTnpaBJIflTb naKeTbl Ha CTaH.lJ.apT_ HblH IIIJII03 (MapIIIPYTU3aTOp). B TaKOM CJIyqae nK XaHHbI, UcnOJIb3Yfl ARP. 6yneT onpe- .n:eJIflTb MAC-anpeca MapIIIpYTH3aTopa BMeCTO MAC-anpeca .lJ.)I(eccu. KpoMe TOro, Y3JIaM npuxo.n:HTCSI UCnOJlb30BaTb ARP ,l{JIfi onpe.n:eJIeHI1f1 MAC-a.n:pecoB TOJlbKO O.n:HaJK.Ilbl. Jl1060e YCTpOHCTBO. UCnOJIb3yJOIl{ee npOTOKOJl IP, 1l0JI>KH0 CoxpaHHTb HJIH K3IIIUpOBaTb uH4>opMauulO, KOTopafl 6bIJIa nOJlyqeHa C nOMoIllblO ARP, nOMeCTl1B 3T)' HH4>opMauulO B CBOH ARP-K3Il{. Ka)!(LI.bIH pa3, c06upaflcb OTnpaBUTb naKeT. UHKan- CYJIHpOBaHHbIH B Ethemet-4>peHM, Y3eJl CHa'laJJa npOBepfieT CBOH ARP-K3III U HCnOJlb3ye-r Hai1.n:eHHbIH TaM MAC-anpec. ECJlH B ARP-K3Ille KoppeKTHafi uH4>opMauufI oTcyrcTByeT. Y3eJl MO)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTb ARP ,l{JIfi onpe.n:eJleHHfI MAC-anpeca no H3BeCTHoMy IP- anpecy. KpoMe TOro, Y3eJl nOJlyqaeT ARP-HH4>opMauHIO. nOJlyqafl ARP-:mnpoc. Hanpl1- Mep, ARP-npouecc, nOKa3aHHbIH Ha pUC. 5.14, npuBo.n:HT K TOMY, 'ITa It XaHHa U .lliKecclt Y3HalOT MAC-a.n:peca .n:pyr llpyra. BHHMAHHEI COlIep)l(HMOe ARP-K3wa MO)l(HO npOCMOTpeTb B 601lbWHHCTBe onepaUItOHHbIX CHCTeM. I1cnOllb3YSl B KOMaHllHoii CTpOKe KOMaHllY arp - a. Ha3HaeHMe aApeCOB M npOTOKOJ1 DHCP npaBHJIbHbIH IP-a.n:pec H}')KeH Ka)!(LI.OMY ycrpOHCTBY, HCnOJlb3yJOIl{eM)' TCPjIP. a TO'lHee KaJK.IlOMY uHTep4>eHcy B Ka)!(LI.OM YCTpOHCTBe, KOTopoe HCnOJIb3yeT CTeK TCP/IP. D.nfl HeKOTopbIX YCTpOHCTB a.n:pec MO)l(HO H H}')KHO 3a.n:aBaTb CTaTU'leCKU. HanpHMep, 60JlbIIIHHCTBO IIIHpOKO pacnpocrpaHeHHbIx KOMnblOTepHbIX onepal.{UOHHbIX CHCTeM, KO- Topble nO.lUlep)!(Jt:BaIOT TCP/IP, n03BOJIflIOT nOJIb30BaTeJIIO CTaTU4eCKH CKoH4>UryPIIPO- BaTb IP-a.n:pec Ha KaJK.IlOM HHTep4>eHce. MapIIIpYTH3aTOpbl H KOMMYTaTopbl TalOKe ItC- nOJlb3YIOT CTaTH'leCKH cKoH4>HrypupoBaHHble IP-anpeca. CepBepbI TaIOKe 06bl'lHO HCnOJlb3YIOT CTaTH'leCKU 3a.n:aHHble IP-a.n:peca. I1cnOJlb30 B3 HHe CTaTH'leCKH cKoH4>HrypupoBaHHoro H pe.n:Ko U3MeHfleMoro IP-a.n:peca y.n:06HO nOTO- MY, 'ITa Bce CCbIJIKH Ha 3TOT cepBep MOryr .n:OJIroe BpeMfi OCTaBaTbCfI HeH3MeHHbIMIt. O'leHb y.n:06HO, eCJlu pacnOJlO)l(eHHe JII06HMOro raCTpOHOMa He MeHfleTCfI H Mbl BcerD C pa- 3HaeM, me MO)l(HO KYnUTb nponYKTbl U 'lTO MO)l(HO .n:OCTaBUTb HX .n:OMOH no .n:opore MelO T eT a - 60Tbl. AHaJJorH'lHafi KOHuenUUfllleHcTByeT H llJIfI I P-a.n:peCOB. ECJIU cepBepbI U e;I1I- TH'leCKHe, He U3MeHfleMbIe IP-anpeca, TO nOJlb30BaTeJIU 3TUX cepBepOB 3HaIOT, KaK Hoo6pa3HO no.n:KJlIO'laTbCfI K 3TUM cepBepaM H3 JII060H TO'lKU. a B TO )l(e BpeMfi cpe.n:HeMY nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKOMY KOMnblOTepy He H)')KHO ucno Jlb3 0 8 11 0 M MoJK O.n:UH H TOT .>Ke I P-a.n:pec Ka)!(LI.bIH lleHb. npO.n:omKafi aHaJJorHIO C raCTpOHOMO, 8C CKa3aTb, 'ITa nOicynaTeJlH MOryr KaJK.IlYIO He.n:eJlIO nepee3)KaTb Ha HOByJO KBapntpy }I or.! paBHO 6y.n:YT 3HaTb, me HaxonHTCfI raCTpOHOM, B TO BpeMfi KaK pa60THUKaM racT]J°1'i ...r' 3a6o Tfl1 He H)')KHO 3HaTb, r.n:e )l(HBYT nOKynaTeJlU. TO'lHO TaK)I(e U cepBepbl 06bI4HO He MJ a TOM, 'ITa nepCOHaJlbHbIe KOMnblOTepbl KaJK.IlbIH lIeHb nOJly4aIOT .n:pyrue 1 p_a,.apeca.
5 OCHOBbl IP-aApec a 4 MM M MapwpYTM3a4MM rJ1aea . 171 - I<O He'lHbIX nOJlb30BaTeJleH MOryr .n:HHaMH'leCKH nORyqaTb IP-a.n:peca M .n:a)Ke H3Me- WHHbl X co B p eMeHeM, nOTOMY 'ITa H3MeHeHHe IP-a.n:peca HU Ha 'ITa He BJIHJleT. HS!Tb H DHCP onpe.n:eJlfleT npOTOI<Onbl, KOTopbIe ucnonb3YlOTCfI ,l{JIfi Taro, 'lTo6bI BbIAeJIflTb blO Te p aM IP-a.n:peca. DHCP ucnOJIb3yeT cepBep, Ha I<OTOpOM xpaHHTCfI CnHCOI< .n:ua- n _ HOB IP-aapecoB, .n:OCTynHbIx B I<a)KllOH nOllceTU. DHCP-KJlHeHT MO)l(eT OTnpaBUTb naJO DHcP-cepBePY COo6Il{eHHe, 3anpaIIIHBafi Bbl.n:eJleHMe HJIH apeHAY IP-a.n:peca. B OTBeT cepBep npe,l{JlaraeT IP-a.n:pec. ECRU 3TOT a.n:pec npUeMJIeMblH, cepBep OTMe'laeT, 'lTO .n:aH- HblH aapec 60nee He .n:ocryneH ,l{JIfi Ha3Ha'leHUfi .n:pyrUM Y3JIaM, a KJlHeHT nonyqaeT B HC- nonb30BaHue IP-a.n:pec. npOTOKOJI DHCP npe.n:OCTaBJIfieT KJlUeHTaM IP-a.n:peca, a TaIOKe .n:pyrylO HH- CB3R 4>opMauHIO. HanpHMep, Y3eJI .n:OJDKeH 3HaTb CBOH IP-a.n:pec, ucnoJIb3yeMYlO eMa MacK)' nonceTU, cTan.n:apTHblH IIIJII03, a TaIOKe IP-a.n:pec (HJIH a.n:peca) DNS-cep- BepoB. B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe COBpeMeHHbIX ceTeH DHCP npe.n:OCTaBJIfieT I<OHe'lHbIM Y3JIaM BCIO 31)' HH4>opMauu10. Ha puc. 5.15 nOKa3aH TUnH'lHbIH Ha60p H3 'leTbIpex co06IlleHHH, KOTopbIe ucnORb3Y- JOTCS! Me)l(.[(y DHCP-cepBepoM M KJlHeHTOM ,l{JIfi Ha3Ha'leHHfI IP-a.n:peca H nepe.n:a'lM .n:PY- roil uH4>oPMauuM. CJIe.n:yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITa llBa nepBblX coo6weHufi flBJlfllOTCfl IIIUpOI<O- BeIIIaTenbHbIMu. DHCP- KJ1I"eHT <D DHCP-co06eHl1e Discover (Wl1pOKOBeLWITeJ1bHoe) @ DHCP-co06eHl1e Offer A11R K11l1eHT8 @ DHCP-coo6eHl1e Request K cepBepy @ DHCP-coo6eHl1e Acknowledgement A11R K11l1eHT8 DHCP- cepBep <II .___....___.___ ___..L 1 -',1,!RQQE!.u.@I!t!g.QQ!?!!!!1!"!A!!..P.YJt<_I!.OB npeA110>KeHl1e DHCP-ycJ1yrl1 @ @ nOATBep>K,!J.eHl1e 11 H HaR I1H OpM8L1I1R (IP-8Apec, M8CK8, W1110311 T.n.) @ Puc. 5. /5. DHCP-coo6U{eHuR OAR nOAY'IeHUR JP-aopeca n Ha PHC. 5.15 DHCP-cepBep nOKa3aH KaI< KOMnbIOTep, 'lTO flBJlJleTCfl 06bl'lHbiM B ceTH T I>ennpHSITMJI. O.n:HaKo, KaI< CKa3aHO B maBe 7 "Ea30Bble I<OH u enUHH Ethemet-I<oMM Y - -Ult It " M ' MapwpyrU3aTOPbl TaIOKe MOryr 06eCne'lUBaTb DHCP-cJI}')K6y H .n:eRalOT 3TO. Ha 'LC: D.ene MapIIIpyru3aTOpbI MOryr 06eCne'lMBaTb <!JYHI<UMH DHCP-cepBepa, .n:HHaMU- .)j( Ha3Ha'laJl IP-a.n:peca I<OMnblOTepaM B He60RbwoH .n:oMaIIIHei1 HJIH O<!JHCHOH ceTH, a a IPeo Hcnonb30BaTb <!JYHKl(HU DHCP-KJlMeHTOB .lUUI .n:UHaMH'leCI<oro nOJIy'IeHufi IP- .1I"ltx lPo;. n p _O Ba i1.u.epa uHTepHeT-ycnyr OSP). O.n:HaI<O He06xo.n:uMOCTb HcnOJIb30BaHUfi l P06 UHIt TeCHO CBfl3aHa C no.n:KJlIO'leHHeM K I1HTepHeT. n03TOMY paccMo-rpeHue Hni1 u u 0'] IO)j(e PIIIpyrH3aTOpHoH peaJJM3auuu <!JYHKl(HU DHCP-cepBepoB U KJlHeHTOB n Ho.n:o rnaBbl17. POTOI<on DH CP % 30B CTaJJ BeCbMa pacnpoc-rpaHeHHblM EOJIbIIIUHCTBO Y3JIOB KOHe'lHblX aTen - 30ByIO eM nOKaJIbHbIX I<OpnOpaTHBHbIX ceTeH nOJlyqaeT CBOU IP-a.n:peca H .n:pyrylO HH<t>OPMaUHIO '1epe3 DHCP.
172 YaCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM npOTOKon ICMP 3xo-3anpocoB M KOMaHAa ping nOcne TOro KaK ceTb YCTaHOBJIeHa, He06xo.n:HMO npOBepUTb 6a30BYlO IP-CBfl3b, He no- narafiCb Ha KaKue-nu60 npUJIO)l(eHUfi. OCHOBHblM cpe.n:CTBOM )J.JUI npOBepKH 6a30BOH ce- TeBOH CBfl3H flBJlfleTCfI KOMaH}:Ia ping. YnUIHTa ping (Packet Internet Groper), ucnOlIb- 3yeT npOTOKOJI ynpaBJIfilOIl{HX co06IlleHHH I1HTepHeT (Internet Control Message Protocol- ICMP). OHa OTnpaBJIfieT Ha .n:pyrOH IP-a.n:pec C006Il{eHUe, KOTopoe Ha3blBa- eTCfI 3xo-30npoc ICMP (/CMP echo request). O)l(H,l{aeTCfI, 'lTO KOMnblOTep C 3TUM IP- a.n:peCOM npHIIIJIeT 3xo-omeem ICMP (/CMP echo reply). ECJlu 3TO TaK, TO CeTb ycneIIIHO npoTecTHpoBaHa. I1HblMH CJIOBaMU, nocJle 3Toro MO)l(HO YTBep)l(JlaTb, 'lTO ceTb MO)l(eT .n:OCTaBHTb naKeT OT O.n:HOro Y3JIa K .n:pyroMY H 06paTHo. npOTOKOn ICMP He nOJlaraeTCH Ha KaKUe-JlH60 npHJIO)l(eHUfI, OH JIUllib TeCntpyeT 6a30ByJO IP-CBfl3b - ypOBHH I, 2113 3TaJJOHHOH Mo.n:eJIH OSI. 3TOT npouecc nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 5.16. XaHHa JJKeccM r I ping Jessie IP 1 3xo-3anpoc npOTOKona ICMP I -1- Eth I c IP 13XO-OTBeT npoTOKona ICMP I Eth Pue. 5. /6. KOMaHda ping 6 eemu B rJlaBe 15 "nOUCK H YCTpaHeHue HeucnpaBHOCTeH IP-MapllIpyrn3auHH" npHBelleHbI 60JIee no.n:p06Hble CBe.n:eHHfI H npHMepbl HCnOnb30BaHHfI KOMaH.n:bl ping H npoTOKOJIa ICMP.
rnaBa 5. OCHOBbl IP-aApeca4MM M MapwpYTM3a4MM 173 nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopHTe BCe KI1IOeBble TeMbl CJle.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHoJi rnaBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbl nUKTorpaMMoH Ha nonHX. B Ta6J1. 5.6 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHble KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI H COOTBeTCTBYlOlliHe HM CTpaHHl.{bI. CsaA eMa Ta6J1Hl(a 5.6. KJJIO'IeBbie TeMbi rJIaBbi 5 3JIeMeHT KJlIO'IeBoii TeMbi CnHCOK Ta6JI.5.3 A63au Ta6JI.5.5 PHC. 5.6 PHC. 5.7 PHC. 5.8 CnHcOK CnHCOK PHC. 5. IO PHc.5.11 PHc.5.13 PHc.5.14 A63au OnHcaHHe LlBa yrBep>K.LI.eHHH 0 TOM, KaK npOTOKOJI I P O}l(l1.llaeT. '1TO I P-aupeca crpynnHpOBaHbI B ceTH I1JIH nO.llCeTH TpH THna O.llHoaupecaTHbIX IP-ceTeH, pa3MepbI CeTeH H Y3JIOBbIX '1acTeA an,pecoB B Ka>K.LJ.OM THne CeTeH 06'bIlCHeHHe KOHuenUHH CeTeBbIX WHpoKOBewaTeJlbHbIX I1JIH HanpaBJIeHHbIX lllHpoKoBewaTeJIbHblX an,pecoB nO.llp06HbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH CeTeH KJIaCCOB A, B H C KOHuemYaJIbHOe onHcaHHe pa60TbI nO.llCeTeH CrpYK'rypa IP-an,pecoB B nO.llCeTHX ceTeH KJlaCCOB A. B H C (KJIaCCoBaH) CrpYK1)'J>a O.llHoan,pecaTHoro I P -an,peca B nO.llceTIlX (6eCKJlaCCoBaH) LlBYX3TanHblH npouecc MapwpyrH3aUHH (nepeHanpaBJIeHHH) naKeTOB MapwpyrH3aTOpOM 4eTbIpex3TanHbIA npouecc MaplllpyrH3allHH (nepeHanpaBJIeHHH) naKeTOB Mapwpyrl13aTOpOM npHMep npouecca IP-MapwpyrH3allHI1 npHMep. KOTOpbIH nOKa3bIBaeT B 06weM, KaK npOTOKOJl MapwpyrH3aUHH MO>KeT 3aCTaBHTb MapwpyrH3aTop Y3HaBaTb HOBbIe MapwpyrbI npHMep. nOKa3bIBalOWl1H Ha3Ha'leHHe H npOllecc DNS-npeo6pa30BaHI1H I1MeH npHMep, nOKa3bIBalOwHH Ha3Ha'leHHe H npouecc npOTOKOJIaARP HaH60Jlee Ba}l(HiU! HH<!>opMaUHH, KOTOpylO nOJlyqaeT Y3eJl, pa60TalOllII1H KaK D HCP-KJIl1eHT HOMep cTJIaHHIlbI 154 155 156 157 159 160 160 161 161 163 166 169 169 171 3anonHMTe Ta6J1Mbl M cnMCKM no naMstTM cSj Pane'laTaJiTe npHJlO)I(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIU ero pa3.n:en, OTHO- (A. U.Uil1CfI K 3TOH rnaBe, U 3anOJlHHTe Ta6nHl.{bl H cnHCKH no naMfiTU. B npUJIO)l(eHUU 11 ppendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6J1I1Ubl U Cnl1CKH llJIfI caMoKOHTpOJlfl. I(rUO'teBble TepMMHbl rJ1aBbl It L{athe onpe.n:eJleHHfI nepe'lUCJ1eHHbIX HI1)Ke TepMItHOB U npOBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX anl1CaHI1f1 B cnHCKe TepMUHOB:
174 YaCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM npOTOKOJI ARP. CTaHJIapTHbIH IIIJII03/CTIlHllapTHbIH MapIIIpyrH3aTOp. DHCP, DNS, Y3- JIOBafi 'laCTb a.n:peca, IP-a.n:pec, JIOrH'leCKHH a.n:pec, ceTeOOH IIIMpOKOBeIl{aTeJlbHbIH a.n:pec, HOMep cern/a.n:pec cern, CeTeBafi 'laCTl> a.n:peca, Ta6JIHUa MapIIIpyrU3auuM, IIIUPOKOBe- Il{aTeJIbHblH a.n:pec no.n:ceTU, HOMep no.n:CeTM/a.n:pec no.n:ceTU. no.n:ceTeBafi 'laCTb a.n:peca.
"I. I ""- l i ( B :nOH fJIaBe... . npOTOKOJIbi 4-ro ypOBHJI CTeKa TCP/IP: TCP H UDP. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle onHCbIBalOTCfI $YHKUHH H MexaHH3MbI, HCnOJlb3yeMbIe npOTOKOJlaMH TCP H UDP, BKJIIO'lafi BOCCTaHOBJleHHe .n:aH- HbIX nocJle OUIH60K nepe.n:a'lH H HCnOJlb30BaHHe HOMepOB nopTOB. . TCP /IP-npHJIoJKeHHJI. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHCbIBaeTCfI Ha3Ha'le- HHe npOTOKOJlOB TCP/IP YPOBHSI npHllO:>KeHHH; B Ka'leCTBe npHMe- pa 60Jlee no.n:p06Ho paCCMaTPH- BaeTCfI npOTOKOJI HTTP. . Ee30nacHocTb ceTH. B 3TOM pa3- .n:eJle paCCMa'TpHBaIOTCfI B03HH- KalOIllHe B HaCTOflIllee BpeMfi yr- p03bI 6e30nacHocTH ceTH; onH- caHbI HeKOTopble Ba:>KHeHWHe MepbI.lI)UI npe.n:OTBparueHHfI T3- KHX yrp03 H YMeHbIIleHHfI }IX no- CJle.n:cTBHH.
rJ1ABA 6 OCHOBbl npOTOKOl1a TCP/IP: nepeAa"la AaHHbIX, npMI10>KeHMJI M o6eCne"leHMe 6e30naCHOCTM ceTM Ha CepTH$HKaUHOHHOM 3K3aMeHe CCNA OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe y.n:eJIfleTCH ymy6JIeH- HOMY H paCIIIHpeHHOM)' H3yqeHHIO TeM, paCCMOTpeHHbIX paHee B maBe 3 (JIOKaJJbHbIe ce- TU LAN), maBe 4 (pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIe ceTH WAN) H B maBe 5 (MaprnPYTH3aUHfI). B Ha- CTOHIIIdi rJlaBe pacCMa'TpHBalOTCfI 6a30BbIe nOJIO)KeHHH HeCKOJIbKHX TeM, KOTOpbIM y.n:e- JlHeTCH MeHbIIIe BHHMaHHH Ha 3K3aMeHe: 'TpaHCnOPTHbIM ypOBeHb npOTOKOJIa -TCPjIP, ypOBeHb npHJlO)KeHHM npOTOKOJla TCPjIP H 06ecne'leHHe 6e30nacHocTH CeTH. XOTH 3TH TPIt TeMbl BXO.n:HT B nporpaMMY KYPca CCNA, BonpOCOB no HHM B 3K3aMeHe 3HalJHTeJlbHO MeHbwe, lJeM no LAN-, WAN-ceTHM H MaprnpYTH3aUUH. KOHTpo.nbHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe .nM Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl r.naBbl :)TOT pa311eJl npellHa3Ha'leH ,l{JIfi Taro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJlb Mor npe.n:BapHTeJlbHO oueHHTb CBOu 3HaHUH H peIIIHTb, H}')KHO JlH eMY lJHTaTb maBY UeJIHKOM. ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBHTb H3 lIeCHTH BonpOCOB llaHbI npaBHJIbHO, TO MO)KHO cpa3Y )Ke nepeMTH K nOCJIellHeMY pa3.n:eJIY .. OO.n:roToBKa K 3K3aMeHY". B rn6J1. 6.1 nepe'lHCJIeHbI OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH maBbI H HO- Mepa npe.n:BapHTeJlbHbIX KOH'TpOJlbHbIX BonpOCOB, OTHOCHmJtXCfI K COOTBeTCTByJOIllHM Te- MaM. I1cnOJlh3YH 3ry Ta6J1HUY H OTBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbI, 'lHTaTeJlb CMO)KeT IOCTaTOlJHO TOlJHO oueHHTb CBOH 3HaHHH B TOM HJIH HHOM 06J1aCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbI np l1Be lIeHbl B npHJIO)l(eHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH'TpOJlbHbIe Bonpocbl". T a6.11t1ta 6 I T _ .. eMbi KOHTpOJlbHblX BonpocoB OBHaH TeMa nX.roK O 4 JIb] -fO YPOBHII: TCP 11 UDP nplIJlO)l(eHHII TCP/IP E HOCTb ceTH HOMepa BOnpocoB 1-6 7,8 9,10 I. KOMnblOT OK fOB. OK ep I HCnOJlb3yeT npOTOKOJl TCP H HMeeT pa3Mep OKHa, paBHblM 4000 6aM- palM I nOCblJIaeT KOMnhlOTepy OK2 'leTblpe cerMeHTa, Ka)I(,llblM H3 KOTOpblX HMeeT KOM eD 10006aMTOB, C nOCJlellOBaTeJlbHbIMH HOMepaMH 2000, 3000, 4000 H 5000. An nhlOTep OK2 OTBe'laeT HOMepOM nOllTBep)l(,lleHHfI 5000. '-ITa llOJDKeH nocJle 3TOro aTh KOMnhlOTep OK I?
178 '-IacTb I. OCHOBbl CeTe - a) YBeJIH'lHTb pa3Mep cBoero OKHa 110 5000 HJlH 60Jlee cerMeHTOB. 6) OTnpaBHTb CJlellYIOIl{HH cerMeHT C nOCJlellOBaTeJIbHbIM HOMepOM 6000. B) nOBTOpHO OTnpaBHTb cerMeHT C HOMepOM 5000. r) nOBTOpHTb OTnpaBK)' Bcex 'leTblpex paHee OTnpaBJleHHbIX cerMeHTOB 2. KaKHe H3 nepe'lHCJleHHblX HH)Ke <l>YHKllHH He flBJlSlIOTCfI He06xo.n:HMbIMH .lIJ1S1 npOTO- KOJIa, KOTOpbIH C'IHTaeTCfI COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHM 4-MY YPOBHIO 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJlH OS I? a) BOCCTaHOBJleHHe nocJle OIl{H60K nepella'lH. 6) YnpaBJIeHHe nOTOKOM. B) CerMeHTaUHSlllaHHbIX npHJIO)KeHHH. r) npe06pa30BaHHe H3 6HHapHOH <l>OPMbI B <l>opMaT ASCII. 3. KaKHe H3 npHBelleHHbIX HH)I(e nOJIeH 3arOJlOBKa YKa3bIBaIOT, KaKOMY H3 npHllmKeHl1ti TCP lIP CJle.n:yeT nepellaTb .n:aHHbIe, nOJlyqeHHbIe KOMnbIOTepoM? a) THn CeTH Ethernet (Ethernet Type). 6) THn npOTOKOJla SNAP. B) nOJIe npOTOKOJIa IP. r) HOMep nopTa TCP. .n:) HOMep noprn UOP. e) H.n:eHTH<l>HKaTOp (I 0) npHllO)KeHHfI. 4. KaKHe H3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX HH)Ke <l>YHKUHH He flBJlfllOTCfI THnH'lHbIMH .lIJ1f1 npOTOKO- Jla TCP? a) HCnOJlb30BaHHe OKOHHoro MeXaHI13Ma (windowing). 6) BocCTaHOBJleHHe .n:aHHbIX nOCJIe oum60K. B) MYJlbTHllJIeKCHpOBaHHe C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM HOMepOB nopTOB. r) MaprnpYTH3aUHSI. .n:) lllH<l>poBaHHe .n:aHHbIX. e) YnopSl1l0'leHHafi nepe.n:a'la .n:aHHbIX. 5. KaKafi H3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX HH)Ke <l>YHKllHH no.n:.n:ep)l(JtBaeTCfI KaK npOTOKOJlOM TCP TaK H npOTOKOJlOM UOP? a) HcnOllb30BaHHe OKOHHOro MexaHH3Ma (windowing). 6) BocCTaHOBJleHHe nocJle ornH60K. B) MYJlbTHnJIeKCHpOBaHHe C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM HOMepOB nopTOB. r) MaprnpYTH3aUHfI. .n:) lllH<l>poBaHHe llaHHbiX. e) YnopSl1l0'leHHafi nepella'la .n:aHHbIX. ]1a 4-ro 6. KaK Ha3bIBalOTCSI .n:aHHbIe. KOTopbIe BKJIlO'lalOT B ce6S1 3aroJlOBOK npoTOKO tt e ypOBHfI, H .n:aHHbIe, nepe.n:aHHbIe 4-MY ypOBHIO BbIrneJIe)l(aIllHMH YPOBHflMH. 1-10 BKJIlO'lalOT B ce6S1 3arOJlOBKH 11 KOHueBHKH YPoBHeH 1-3? a) DHTbI.
6 OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAa..a AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 179 r11 8B8 . - 6) 6JlOK (chunk). B) CerMeHT. .n:) naKeT. e) <PpeHM. )K) L4PDU. 3) UPDU. 7. KaKafi '1aCTb allpeca URL http://www.fredsco.com/name . html yJ<.a3bIBaeT HMfI Be6-cepBepa? a) http. 6)www.fredsco.com. B) fredsco. com. .n:)http://www.fredsco.com. e) I1MR $afuIa name. html BKJIlO'laeT B ce6R HMfI Y3JIa 8. nplt cpaBHeHuH VoJP-npHJIO)KeHHfI C KpHTH'leCKH BmKHblM KOMMep'leCKHM HTTP- nplL10)KeHUeM KaKoe 113 npHBelleHHblX Hl1)I(e YTBep)K,lleHHH TO'lHO xapaKTepH3}'eT Ka- '1eCTBO 06CJ1Y)(}BaHHfI, 'Tpe6yeMoe aT ceTH? a) VolP Tpe6yeT MeHblllero ypOBHfI YTepl1 naKeTOB. 6) npOTOKOJ1Y HITP Tpe6yeTcR MeHblllaH nOJ1oca nponYCKaHUR. B) npOTOKOJl HTTP 'Tpe6yeT 60J1ee HU3KOro ypOBHfI $JlYKTYaUuH 3allep)KKH. ll) Vol P Tpe6yeT MeHbIIIeH BeJ1H'IHHbI 3allep)KKH. 9. lJro 1t3 nepe'lI1CJIeHHoro HH)Ke RBJ1f1eTCfI YC'TpOHCTBOM HJIH $YHI<UHeH, BmKHeHIIIeH 3aIla'leH KOTOpOH RBJ1ReTCR OTCJ1e)KHBaHHe BO BpeMeHH TeH.n:eHI.{HH C UeJIblO pacno- 3HaTb pa3J1 U'I Hble 113BeCTHbIe aTaKH no cnHcKY 06111HX cHfHaTYP aTaK? a) VPN. 6) 6paHAMaY3p. B) IDS. ll) NAC. IO.fuR KaKoro H3 nepe'lI1CJ1eHHbIX HH)Ke YCTpOitcTB HJIH $YHKUHH Ba)KHeHllleH 3alla'leH JlBJIJleTCfI IIIIt$pOBaHue naKeTOB nepe.n: nepe.n:a'leH HX 'lepe3 ceTb I1HTepHeT? a) VPN. 6) 6paHAMaY3p. B) IDs. I)NAC.
180 LfaCTb I. OCHOBbi Ce Te'1 - BaeAeHMe - - .lI.aHHafi fJIaBa Ha'lHHaeTCH C paCCMOTpeHHfI <l>YHKIlHH npOTOKOJIa ynpaBJIeHlIfI nepe_ .n:a'leH (Transmission Control Protocol - TCP), KOTopbIe BeCbMa MHo£O'lHCJleHHbI no cpaBHeHHIO C <l>YHKIllIflMH npOTOKOJla nOJlb30BaTeJIbCKHX .n:eHTarpaMM (User Datagram Protocol- UDP). Bo BTOpOM pa3.L1.eJIe fJIaBbI paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI ypOBeHb npHJIO}!(eHltij npOTOKOJIa TCPjIP, B 'laCTHOCTH 06Cy)K,l{aeTCH pa60Ta CJI6bI DNS. B TpeTbeM pa311,ene 06Cy)K,l{aIOTCfI Ba}!(HOCTb CeTeBOH 6e30nacHocTH H MeTo.n:bI ee 06ecne'leHHfI, BKJlIO'IaH He- KOTopbIe 6a30Bbie KOHl.{enl.{HH, TepMHHOJIOrHIO H <l>YHKIlHH, Ba)KHbIe Mfl cOBpeMeHHoro no.n:xo.n:a K 06eCne'leHHIO 6e30nacHocTu. npOTOKOllbl 4-ro YPOBHJI CTeKa TCP/IP: TCP M UDP TpaHcnopTHbIH ypOBeHb 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJIH OSI (4-H YPoBeHb) OnpelleJUleT HeCKonb- KO <l>YHKIlHH, HaH60JIee Ba)l(HbIMH H3 KOTOpblX flBJIfllOTCfI BOCCTaHOBneHHe .n:aHHbIX nplt OllIH6Kax nepe.n:a'lH H ynpaBJIeHHe nOTOKOM. npOTOKOJIbI TCPjIP TpaHcnopTHo£O ypOBHH peaJIH3yJOT 3TH <l>YHKIlHH. CJIe.n:yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'lTO KaK B 3TaJlOHHOH MO- .n:eJlH OSI, TaK H B Mo.n:eJlH TCPjIP 3TOT ypOBeHb Ha3bIBaeTCfI 'TpaHcnOpTHbIM. OllHaKo, KaK 06bI'lHo, Kor.n:a pe'lb u.n:eT 0 Mo.n:eJIH TCPjIP, HMfI Ii HOMep ypOBHH 6a3HpyJOTcH Ha 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJIH OSI, n03TOMY Bce npOTOKOJIbI TCPjlP TpaHcnOpTHo£O ypOBHH pac- CMaTpHBalOTCH KaK npOTOKOJIbl 4-£0 ypOBHfI. npHHUHnHaJIbHOe pa3JIH'lHe Me)l(Jly npOTOKOJIaMH TCP H UDP COCTOUT B TOM, 'ITO no cpaBHeHHIO C UDP npOTOKOJI TCP 06eCne'lHBaeT npHJIO)l(eHHHM 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 6011ee lIHI- POKHH .n:Hana30H CJI6. HanpHMep, MapllIpYTH3aTopbI no MHOrHM npH'lHHaM MOryr OT- 6paCbIBaTb naKeTbI, BKJIIO'lafi 6HTOBbIe OllIH6KH, nepenOJlHeHHe H CH"ryaUHH, B KOTOpblX npaBHJlbHbIH MapIIIpYT HeH3BeCTeH. KaK e rOBOpHJIOCb, 60JlbllIHHCTBO npOTOK0110 B Ka- HaJIbHOro ypOBHfI <l>HKcHpyeT <l>aKT OllIH6KH npH nepella'le (3TOT npOl.{eCC Ha3bIBaeTCH 06- HapY:JK:eHUeM OUlu6oK (error detection), a 3aTeM OT6paCbIBalOT <l>peHMbI C OIIIH6KaMH. npo- TOKOJI TCP 06eCne'lHBaeT nOBTopHyJO nepella'lY (BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe nOCJIe OIIIH60K nepe- .n:a'lH) H nOMoraeT H36e)KaTb nepenOIlHeHHfI (ynpaBJIeHHe nOToKoM), B TO BpeMH Kat{ npOTOKOJl UDP TaKlIX <l>YHKIlHH He HMeeT. BCJIe.n:CTBHe 3TO£O BO MHOruX npOTOKOJIa X npHJIO)l(eHHH npe.n:nO'lTHTeJIbHbIM OKa3blBaeTCfI HCnOJIb30BaHHe npOTOKOJla TCP. o.n: I.JTO O.n:HaKo H3-3a He.n:ocTaTKa CII6 B npOTOKOJle UDP He CJIe.n:YeT .n:eJIaTb BbiB , 3TOT npOTOKOJl YCTYllaeT npOTOKOIlY TCP. MeHbllIee KOJlH'IeCTBO CJI}')K6 n03BOMeT npo- npH- TOKOJlY UDP HcnOIlb30BaTb MeHbllIe 6aHToB B 3arOIlOBKe, 'IeM npOTOKOJIY TCP, 'ITO OTO- BO.n:UT K YMeHbllIeHHIO CJI}')Ke6HoH HarpY3KH B ceTH. npOrpaMMHOe 06ecne'leHue np Tep KOJIa UDP He BbI3bIBaeT 3aMeMeHHfI nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX B Tex CJIyqaHx, Koma pa60 Ta o)ICe- UeJIeHanpaBJIeHHO 3aMe,lIJUIeTCH. K 3TOMY CJIe.n:yeT .n:06aBHTb, 'ITO HeKOTOpbIe npHJI IP HHfI, oc06eHHO COBpeMeHHbIe TeXHOJIOrHH nepe.n:a'lH roJIOca U Bu.n:eo no npOTOK01lY..1/ . 6 Ii n0 3TO .... (vOice over IP - VoIP), He'Tpe6yJOT BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH llaHHbIX nOCJIe OIIIH OK M B HUX HcnoIlb3yeTcfI npOTOKOJl UDP. BCJIe.n:CTBHe 3Toro npOTOKOJI UDP no-npe)l(tt e HrpaeT 60JlbIIIYIO pOIlb B COBpeMeHHbIX CeTfiX TCPjIP. ..c n p OTO.. B Ta6I1. 6.2 nepe'lHCJIeHbl OCHOBHble <l>YHKUUH, KOTopbIe no.n:.n:ep)l(UBalOTCH ra 110M TCP HfH11H UDP. CJIe.n:yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'lTO JIUIIIb nepBbIH nyHJ<"f
6 OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAa..a AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 181 rl1a Ba . - O ""e p )I(HBae-rcfI npOTOKOJlOM UDP, B TO BpeMfi KaK npOTOKOJIOM TCP no.n:.n:ep)KH- nHUbI n -- B ce ne p e4UCJIeHHbIe B Ta6J1Hue <PYHKI.{HH. BaIOTCH Ta6JlltU a 6.2. <l>yHKUHH TJlaHcnopTHoro ypOBHJI npoTOKOJlOB TCP lIP B8R eMa OnHcaHHe Cl>yHKUHH M vnbTlUL1eKCl1pOBaHI1e c I1cnonb30BaHl1eM nopTOB BOCcTaHORl1eHl1e nocne OWI160K (HalleJKHOCTb) YnpaRl1eHl1e nOTOKOM c I1cnonb30BaHl1eM OKOH YCTaHOBKa 11 npeKpallleHlte coenltHeHItH YnopHnO'leHHaH nepena'la naHHblX 11 ItX cerMeHTIlUItH <1>YHKUlliI, nOJBOnHlOlllaH Y3Jly-nOJly<JaTeJlIO no HOMepy nOPTa Bbl6paTb npKlIO>KeHlte, AnH KOToporo npenHa3Ha'leHbl nOJly<JeHHble naHHble HYMepaultH (numbering) It nOnTBep>K.lleHlte nOJly<JeHItH JlaHHblX c nOMolllblO noneH 3arOJlOBKa Sequence (nOCJlenOBaTeJlbHbIH HOMep) It Acknowledgment (nonTBep>K.lleHlte) J.1cnOJlbJOBaHlte paJMepOB OKOH AnH 3alllltTbl OT nepenOJlHeHItH 6y4>epa B MapwpyrltJaTopax It Y3JIax npouecc ItHitUitaJIlt3aUltit HOMepOB nOPTOB It nOJleH Sequence (nOcnenOBaTeJlbHblH HOMep) It Acknowledgment (nOJlTBep>K.lleHlte) HenpepblBHblH nOTOK 6aHToB OT npouecca 60nee BblCOKOro ypOBHH "cerMeHHlpYCTCH" AnH nepena'llt It nepenacrcH npOlleccaM BepXHItX ypoBHeH npltHItMalOlllero YCTjJOHCTBa C TeM >Ke caMblM nopHllKoM cnenOBaHI1H 6aHToB lla.rree B HaCTOflIIleM pa31leJ1e onHCbIBalOTCH <PYHKUHH npOTOKOJIa TCP H BbInOJIHfleTCH ItX cpaBHeHHe C <PYHKUHflMH npOTOKOJIa UDP. npOTOKOI1 ynpaBl1eHMfI nepeAaeM B KIDK.lJ.OM npHJlO)l(eHHH TCPjlP 06bI'lHO BbI6HpaeTCH npOTOKOJI TCP HJ1H UDP, B 3a- BItCItMOCTU aT Tpe60BaHHi1 npHJIO)l(eHHfI. HanpUMep, npOTOKOJI TCP 06eCne'lUBaeT BOC- "TaHOBJ1eHUe nOCJ1e OIIIH60K, o.n:HaKO .lU1f1 3TOro Tpe6yeTcfI 60JIbIIIafi nOJIOca nponYCKaHHH It ItCn0J1b3yeTcfI 60J1bIIIee KOJIH'leCTBO UHKJlOB o6pa6OTKH. OpOTOKOJI UDP He OCYIIIeCTB- J1J1eT KOppeKI.{UIO OIIIH60K, HO Tpe6yeT MeHbIIIyJO n0J10cy nponYCKaHHfI H HCnOJlb3ye-r MeHbwee K0J1114eCTBO UHKJlOB 06pa60TKH. He3aBHCHMO OT TOro. KaKOH H3 .lJ.BYX npOTOKO- J1')B TpaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI TCPjlP BbI6paH.lU1f1 HCnOJIb30BaHHH npHJIO)l(eHHeM, -rpe6y- .CJI nOHItMaTb 6a30Bbie npHHUHnbI pa60Tbi Ka)l(.lJ.oro H3 3THX npOTOKOJlOB TpaHcnopT- HOro ypOBHfI. OPOTOKOJI TCP, onHcaHHbIH B RFC 793, BbmOJlHfleT CBOH <PYHKllHH, nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe B .a6J1 62 . . ,uCnOJ1b3YfI MexaHH3MbI KOHe4HbiX KOMnbIOTepOB. Pa60Ta npOTOKOJ1a TCP 6a- ;PyeTcfI Ha IP .lU1f1 CKB03HOH (end-la-end) .n:OCTaBlGl .n:aHHblx, BKJlIO'lafi BonpocbI Map- . PYfIt3aUItU. I1HblMH CJlOBaMU, TCP BbInOJlHfleT JlUIIIb 'laCTb <PYHKUHH, Heo6xo.n:HMbIX - JlllOCTaB 11M KJ1 llaHHblX OT O.n:HOro npHJIO)l(eHHfI K .n:pyrOMY. KpOMe 3TOro, BbmOJlHfleMafi Ha POJlb HanpaBJIeHa Ha 06eCne'leHUe CJI6 .lU1f1 npHJIO)l(eHUH, KOTopble paCnOJIaralOTCfI KOHe4HO LlbHO M KOMnbKITepe. He3aBHCHMO OT Taro, HaxO,l{flTCfI JlH 06a KOMnblOTepa B JIO- Tc p It ceTU Ethernet HJlH pa3.n:eJ1eHbI OrpOMHbIMI1 yqacTKaMH B I1HTepHeT, npOTOKOJl BblnOJlH lia $leT CBOH <PYHKUHU O.n:HHM U TeM)I(e 06pa30M. 1'-11 Pltc. 6.1 nOKa3aHbI nOJ1f1 3ar0J10BKa npOTOKOJla TC P. XOTfi HeT He06xOllltMOCTH 3a- ..." HaTb Bce HMeHa nOJ1eH HJlU HX pacn0J10)KeHUe, B OCTaBIIIei1cfI 'laCTH pa3.n:eJla 6y.11YT '''I1HaTb B CJI HeKoTopbIe H3 3THX nOJ1ei1, n03TOMY B CnpaBO'lHbIX l.{eJlflX HU}I(e npHBOllUT- "CI, 3ar0J10ROK.
182 LfaCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTe.::i -- 6TO I I 6T151 I 6T16 I I 6T 31 nOpT OTnpaBTeml (16) nOpT nOJlyyaTeJlSl (16) nOpSlAKOBblVi HOMep (32) HOMep nOATBep>KAeHSI (32) AIlIo1Ha 13ape3ePBIo1-1 6Tbl OKHO (16) 3aronoBKa (4) pOBaHo (6) KOAOB (6) KOHTpOJlbHaSl CYMMa (16) CpOYHOCTb (16) Onu, (0 Jl 32, eCJl eCTb) AaHHbie (nepeMeHHoVi AJlHbl) Puc. 6.1. flOJ/R 3Qi!OJ/06KQ npomOKOJ/Q TCP 1 20 6aVlToB j MynbTMnneKCMpOBaHMe C MCn0J1b30BaHMeM HOMepoB nopToB npOTOKOJ1a TCP npOTOKOJI TCP npe.n:OCTaBJlfleT nplIJlO)KeHHflM MHO)l(eCTBO <l>yHKllHH, XOTH .lIJUI :noro Tpe6yJOTcfI HeCKOJlbKO 60JIbllIHH 061>eM 06pa60TKH .n:aHHbIX H YBeJIH'-IeHHafi no cpaBHe- HHIO C UDP CJI}')Ke6Hafi HarpY3Ka. O.n:HaKo 06a npOTOKOJIa - TCP H UDP - HcnOJlb3Y- lOT MeTO.n:, Ha3bIBaeMbIH MYJ/bmUflJ/eKCUpOeGHUeM (multiplexing). n03TOMY llaHHbIH pa3neJI Ha'lUHaeTCH C onucaHHfI MYJIbTUnJleKCHpOBaHHfI B npOTOKOJlaX TCP H UDP. .l1aJ1ee 6ynyr paCCMOTpeHbI yHHKaJlbHbIe (npHcywHe TOJIbKO TCP) <l>yHKUHH. MYJIbTHllJIeKCHpOBaHHe B TCP H UDP BKJllO'laeT B ce6f1 npouecc npHHflTHH peIIIeHHII KOMnblOTepOM npH nOJlyqeHHH llaHHbIX. B03MO)l(HbI cHryaUHu, Koma Ha KOMnblOTepe pa- 60TaeT HeCKOJlbKO npHJIO)l(eHHH, TaKHX KaK Be6-6paY3ep, 3JIeKTpOHHafi nO'lTa HJlH HH TepHeT-nplIJlO)KeHHe VoIP (HanpHMep, Skype). MYJIbTHllJIeKCHpOBaHHe B TCP H VD n03BOJIfieT nOJIy'IaIOIlleMY .n:aHHbIe KOMnblOTepy onpe.n:eJIflTb, KaKOMY H3 pa60TalO Ill !1). nplIJlO)l(eHHH CJIe.n:yeT nepe.n:aTb nOJlyqeHHbIe .n:aHHbIe. npHBe.n:eHHbIe HH)I(e npHMepbI nOMOryT nOHflTb He06xollHMOCTb MYJIbTHJ1JIeKCHP°s.. nbl O - HHfI. B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM HH)I(e npHMepe CeTb COCTOHT H3 .n:BYX nepCOHaJlbHbIX KoM TepOB (nK), C HMeHaMH XaHHa H !bKeccH. KOMnblOTep XaHHbl HCnOJIb3yeT npHJlO)l(eH He . fI Ha 31{ npellHa3Ha'leHHoe ,l{JIfi paCCblJlKH peKJIaMHbIX co0611IeHHH, KOTopbIe nOflBJIHIOTC (I paHe KOMnblOTepa !bKecCH. 3TO npHJlO)KeHHe KIDK.llbIe 10 ceKYH.l{ nOCbIJIaeT .l1)1(eC CH H I e JlO)l(eH} Boe peKJIaMHoe coo6weHHe. Ha KOMnblOTepe XaHHa HcnOllb3yeTcfI .n:pyroe npu K MI OCYllIeCTBJlflIOllIee nepeBO.n: lleHer ,l{JIfi nepeCbIJIKH .n:eHer KOMnblOTepy .l1)1(eCCH. ( Taro, Ha KOMnblOTepe XaHHbl pa60TaeT Be6-6paY3ep, ucnoJlb3yeMblH ,l{JIfi .n:ocT)'Tla K :»-e cepBepy, pa6OTalOllieMY Ha KOMnblOTepe !bKecCH. PeKJIaMHOe nplIJlO)KeHUe H np}tJ1 Be HHe nepeBo.n:a lleHer HCnOJlb3yJOTCfI B .n:aHHOM npltMepe JlHllIb .lI)UI UJIJIIOCTPauHH. npHJlO)KeHHe pa60TaeT TO'lHO TaK }l(e, KaK 3TO 6blJlO 6bl B peaJIbHOH )l(H3HH.
a 6 OCHOBbl npoToKol1a TCP/IP: nepeAa..a AaHHblX, npMI10>KeHMft... 183 rnaB . - Ha pHC. 6.2 nOKa3aH npHMep TaKOH ceTH, B KOTOpOH Ha KOMnblOTepe .LJ)KeccH pa60Ta- lOT -rpu npHJlO)l(eHHfI. . PeKJJaMHOe npUJlO)l(eHHe Ha OCHOBe npOTOKOIla UDP . npHJlO)l(eHHe no nepeBO.n:y lleHer Ha OCHOBe npOTOKOJla TCP . Be6-cepBep Ha OCHOBe npOTOKOJla TCP XaHHa A>t<ecclo1 Eiblnl1 non}"<eHbI Tpl1 mU(eTa C O,[lHI1M 11 TeM )l(e MAC- I1IP-a.o.pecoM. KaKOMY 113 npl1nO)l(eHI1i.i npeAH!I3Ha'leHbI AaHHble KaJK,I1oro naKeTa? Be6-cepBep PeKllaMHoe nplo1J10>KeHlo1e npl1J10>KeHl1e 6aHKOBcKlo1xTpaH3aKIo1 » » IP TCP » I ,l{aHHble Be(j-cTpaHI1Ubl Eth Puc. 6.2. KOMnblOmep XaHHbI omnpaBIIRem naKembi KOMnblOmepy j!,JlCeccu c UCnOIlb30BaHUeM mpex npWIOJlCeHUU KOMnblOTepy .LJ)KeccH 'Tpe6YeTcfI 3HaTb, KaKoMY npUJIO)l(eHHIO cJIellYeT nepe.n:aTb .n:aH- Hble, OllHaKO Bce 'TpH naKeTa npHIllJIH C O.n:HlIX H Tex )l(e Ethemet- u lP-aopeco6. MO)l(eT nOKa3aTbCfI, 'ITO KOMnblOTep .LJ)KeccH MO)KeT pelllUTb 3-ry np06I1eMY Ha OCHOBe 3aroIloBKa UDP HJlIt TCP B naKere, ollHaKo, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHcYHKe, .n:Ba H3 'Tpex npHJIO)l(eHHH ItCnOJlb3YIOT OllHH H TOT)I(e npOTOKOJl TCP. npOTOKOJlbl TCP H UDP pelllalOT 3T)' np06I1eMY, HCnOJlb3Yfl nOIle HOMepa nopTa B Taro.loBKe npOTOKOJIa TCP HJlU npOTOKOJIa UDP COOTBeTCTBeHHO. Ka)K)1bIH H3 cerMeHTOB LP It UDP KOMnblOTepa XaHHbI HCnOJlb3yeT OTJIH'lHbIH OT .n:pymx HOMep nopma nOAY'Ia- 11/IlR (destination port number), n03TOMY KOMnblOTep .LJ)KeccH 3HaeT, KaKOMY npHJIO)l(eHHIO eT nepellaTb llaHHbIe. Ha pHC. 6.3 nOKa3aH npHMep TaKOH CH-ryaUHH. .... YJlbTUnJJeKCl1pOBaHHe 6a3HpyeTcfI Ha nOHflTUH COKema (socket). COKeT COCTOUT H3 >"oX'IacTeit: · IP-a.apec; · fpaHcnoPTHbIH npOTOKOIl; · HOMep nopTa. 1l03TOMY 1 ('p n llJIfi Be6-cepBepa Ha KOMnblOTepe J],)KeCCH COKeT 6y.n:eT HMeTb BHll (10.1.1.2, nplt° PT 80), nOCKOJlbKy cTaH.n:apTHO Be6-cepBepbI HcnOJlb3YlOT 06llleH3BecTHbIH nopT nOllcoellUHeHHI1 Be6-6paY3epa Ha KOMnblOTepe XaHHbI K Be6-cepBepy TalOKe HC- Il -.JeTCR COK ')( fo eT - BepORTHO, HMelOlllHH BHll (10.1.1.1, TCP, 1030). nO'leMY 1030? r "n nOTOMY, 'ITa KOMnblOTepy XaHHbI Tpe6YeTcfI HOMep nopTa, KOTOpblH 6bIJI 6bI ''''LHbIM llJI fI KOMnblOTepa XaHHbI, H, nOCKOJJbKy nopT 1030 1l0c-ryneH, HcnoJlb3yeT
184 LfaCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM ero. Ha caMOM .n:eJIe y3J1bl 06bI'lHO BbIAeJlfllOT ,l{JIfi HCnOJlb30BaHHflllHHaMH'leCKHe HOMepa nopTOB, Ha'lHHalOIl{HeCH C 1024, nOCKOJIbKY nopTbI C HOMepaMH, MeHbIIIHMH 1024, 3ape- 3epBHpoBaHbI ,l{JIfi 06meH3BecTHbIx npHJIO)l(eHHH, TaKUX, HanpHMep, KaK Be6-cJI}')K6bI. XaHHa r nOpT 80 - Be6-cepBep nOpT 800 - peKJ1aMHblj;1 cepBep nOpT 20100 - TpaH38KLlI10HHOe npl1110>KeHl1e .. nOpT n0I1Y'1aTel111 800 .. nOpT n0I1Y'1aTel111 20,100 IP .. TCP I Bef:;4 L nOpT nOI1Y'laTel1l1 80 PuC. 6.3. KOMnblOmep XaHHbl nocblJlaem nalCembl KOMnblOmepy .D.JlCea:u; npu 3mOM mpu npWIOJlCeHUR (JAR MYAbmUnAeKCUp08aHuR UCnOAb3YlOm HOMepa nopm08 Ha pHC. 6.3 XaHHa H .J])KeccH HCnOJlb3yJOT o.n:HOBpeMeHHO TpH npHJIO)KeHHfI, CJIe.n:OBa- TeJIbHO, npH 3TOM OTKpbITbI 'TpH COKeTa coellHHeHHH. nOCKOJlbKY COKeT Ha Ka)K,l{OM OT- .n:eJlbHOM KOMnblOTepe .n:OJDKeH 6bITb yHHKaJIbHbIM, coe.n:HHeHHe Me)K,l{Y .n:BYMfI COKeTaMIt .n:OJl)KHO yHHKaJIbHblM 06pa30M u.n:eHTH<l>Hl.{UpOBaTb coellHHeHHe Me)K,l{Y llByM5I KOMnblO- TepaMH. 3Ta yHHKaJIbHOCTb 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO MO)KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb HeCKOJlbKO npHJIO)l(eHItH o.n:HOBpeMeHHO, 06paIl{aficb K npHJIO)KeHHflM, pa6OTalOmHM Ha O.n:HOM H TOM )Ke KOMOblO- Tepe UJIH Ha pa3J1H'lHbIX KOMnblOTepax. MYJIbTHllJIeKCHpOBaHHe, OCHoBaHHoe Ha COKeTax, 06eCne'lHBaeT .n:OCTaBKY .n:aHHbIX 'Tpe6yeMbIM npHJIO)l(eHHflM. Ha pHC. 6.4 nOKa3aHbI TpH COKeTa coe.n:HHeHHH Me)K,l{Y KOMnbIOTepaMH XaHHbl H A)I(eCcH. HOMepa nopTOB flBJlfllOTCfI Ba)l(HeHIl{eH 'laCTblO KOHl.{enUHH COKeTOB. 06meH3BecTHbIe HOMepa nopTOB HCnOJlb3yJOTCfI CepBepaMH, OCTaJIbHbIe HOMepa nopToB HcnOJIb3yK>TCSI KJlHeHTaMH. npHJIO)KeHHfI, nOD)1ep)l(HBalOmHe CJI}')K6bI, TaKHe KaK FTP, Telnet H Be6- cepBepbI, OTKpbIBalOT COKeT, HCnOJlb3YfI 06meH3BecTHbIe nopTbI, H npoCJIyIIIuBalOT HX Ha npe.n:MeT 3anpOCOB Ha coeJIHHeHHe. nOCKOJIbK)' OT 3THX 3anpOCOB Ha coe.n:HHeHHe TPe6Y- eTCfI, 'lTo6bI OHH BKJllO'laJIH B ce6f1 HOMepa nOPTOB KaK oTnpaBHTeJlfl. TaK H nOJlyqaTeJlSl. HOMepa nopTOB, HcnoJlb3yeMbie cepBepaMH, .n:OJI)KHbI 6bITb 06Il{eH3BeCTHbIMH. n03ToMY CTaHAapTHbIe CJI}')K6bI HCnOJlb3yJOT 06IlleH3BecTHbIe HOMepa nOPTOB. 06Il{eH3BecTHbIe nopTbI nepe'lUCJIeHbI Ha C'TpaHHue caHTa http://www . iana. org/assignmen tS / port-numbers.
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCPRP: nepeAa..a AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 185 TpaH3aK- TpaH3aK- PeK11aMHOe LIOHHoe Be6- PeK11aMHOe LIOHHoe Be6- np110>KeHe np110>KeHe 6pOY3ep np110Jl(eHl1e np110Jl(eHe 6pOY3ep nOpT 1025 nOpT 1028 nOPT 1030 nOpT 800 nOpT 20,100 nOpT 80 -- - -- - - - UDP TCP UDP TCP IP-a.Qpe 10.1.1.1 IP-a.Qpec, 10.1.1.2 I (10.1.1.1, TCP, 1030) +----+ (10.1.1.2, TCP, 80) I (10.1.1.1, TCP,10281 +----+ (10.1.1.2 TCP, 20100) (10.1.1.1,UD P, 1025) +----+ (10.1.1.2, UD P,800) I XaHH8 AJKecc PUC. 6.4. CoeiJuHeHUR MeJICiJy COKemClMU Ha KlIHeHTCKJtX MaIIIHHax, me HHHI.{HHpYIOTCfI 3anpocbI, .lIJIfi COKeTa MO)ICeT 6blTb BbI- .n:eneH nlO60H HeHCnOJIb3yeMbIH nopT. B pe3YJIbTaTe K<UI([J,bIH KlIHeHT Ha O.n:HOM H TOM )ICe Y3JIe HCnOJIb3yeT OTJIH'lHbIH OT .D.pyrHX HOMep nopTa, o.n:HaKO cepBep HCnOJIb3yeT .lIJIfi Bcex coe.n:HHeHHH O.n:HH H TOT )ICe HOMep nopTa. HanpHMep, 100 Be6-6paY3epOB Ha O.D.HOM H TOM )ICe KOMnblOTepe MOryT HMeTb Ka)f(.lJ.bIH CBoe coe.n:HHeHHe c O.D.HHM H TeM )ICe Be6-cepBepOM, O.n:HaKO 3TOT Be6-cepBep C nO.D.coe.n:HHeHHbIMH K HeMY 100 KlIHeHTaMH 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30- BaTb TonbKO OllHH COKeT H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, TOJIbKO O.D.HH HOMep nopTa (B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae HOMep 80). CepBep MO)ICeT OTJIH'lHTb naKeTbI JII060ro H3 100 KlIHeHTOB .D.pyr OT .n:pyra, npocMaTpHBafi nopT OTnpaBHTeJIfi B nOJIyqeHHbIx TCP-cerMeHTax. CepBep MO)ICeT nOCbI- naTb .n:aHHbIe Tpe6yeMoMY KlIHeHl)' (6paY3epy) nYTeM OTnpaBKJt .n:aHHbIX Ha TOT HOMep nOPTa, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI YKa3aH B Ka'leCTBe nopTa nOJIyqaTeJUI. KOM6HHal.{Hfi COKeTOB OTnpa- BHTenSl H nOJIy'IaTeJIfi n03BOJIfieT BceM Y3JIaM, yqacTByJOIUHM B 06MeHe .D.aHHbIMH, OTJIH- '1aTb OTnpaBHTeJIeH OT nOJIyqaTeJIeH nepe.n:aBaeMbIX .n:aHHbIX. XOTfi B .D.aHHOM npHMe- pe KOHl.{enl.{Hfi MyJIbTHnJIeKCHpOBaHHfI 6bIJ1a npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHa Ha npHMepe 100 co- ellHHeHHH npOTOKOJIa TCP, 3TOT )ICe MeTO.D. H}'Mepal.{HH nopTOB OTHOCHTCfI paBHbIM o6pa30M H K ceaHcaM npOTOKOJIa UDP. BHHMAHHEI - ce D.OKyMeHTbl RFC BbI MO}KeTe HaHTIt Ha caHTe no a.upecy http://www.isi. edu/ n-notes/rfcxxxx. txt, mexxxx - HOMep RFC. ECJllt BbI He 3HaeTe HOMep RFC, TO MO}KHO hlOOJIHItT _ h b TeMaTIt'leCKIiIt nOIiCK Ha caRTe no a.upecy www.rfc-editor.org/rfcsearch.html.
I 186 aCTbl.OCHOBblceTeH nonYJ1f1pHble npMJ10>KeHMfI npOTOKOJ1a TCP/IP H3 npOTfI}I(eHHH BCeH nO.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeHY CCNA Bbl 6y.n.eTe CTaJIKHBaTbCfI C pfl- .n:OM nplIJlO}l(eHHH TCPjIP. BbI .n:OJDKHbI no MeHbIIIeH Mepe 3HaTb 0 Tex H3 HHX, KOTopbIe MOryT 6bITb HCnOJIb30B3HbI J])UI ynp3BJ1eHHfI H KOHTpOJIfl ceTH. nplIJlO}l(eHHfI World Wide Web (WWW) pa6OTalOT 'lepe3 Be6-6paY3epbl, nonyqasI Ta- KHM 06pa30M co.n:ep)KHMOe, .n:OCTYllHoe Ha Be6-cepBepax. XOTfi WWW 'laCTO paccMaTpH- BaeTCfI KaK npHJIO}l(eHHe KOHe'lHOrO nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, B .n:eHcTBHTeJ1bHOCTH B03MO)KH0 HC- nOJIb30BaHHe WWW D.J1f1 ynpaBJIeHHfI MaprnpYTH3aTopoM HnH KOMMYTaTopOM. .lIJ1f1 3TOro H3 M3pIIIpYTH3aTOpe lIJIH KOMMYTaTope BKJIlO'laeTCfI <}:>YHKI.{Hfi Be6-cepBepa, a 6paY3ep HC- nOJIb3yeTcfI D.J1f1 nOJIyqeHHfI .n:ocTYlla K 3THM YCTPOHCTB3M. CHcTeMa .n:OMeHHbIX HMeH (Domain Name System - DNS) .n:3eT nonb30BaTeJIIO B03- MO)KHOCTb HCnOJIb30BaTb HMeHa J])UI CCbIJIKH Ha KOMnblOTepbl, 3 cJ1}')K6a DNS Hcnonb3Y- eTCfI J])UI HaXO}l()leHHfI COOTBeTCTByJOIII:HX IP-a.n:pecoB. DNS TaIOKe HCnOJIb3yeT Mo.n:enb "KJIHeHT-CepBep"; npH 3TOM cepBepbI DNS ynpaBJIfllOTCfI ceTeBbIM nepCOHaJIOM, a KJIH- eHTCKHe <}:>YHKUHH DNS, KaK npaBlIJIO, flBJ1f1IOTCfI B HaCTOflIl.1ee BpeMfi 'laCTblO JlI06oro YCTPOHCTB3, HCnOnb3YIOIllero npOTOKon TCPjIP. KrmeHT npOCTO 3anparnHBaeT y cepBep3 DNS IP-a.n:pec, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.1HH YK333HHOMY HMeHH. npOCTOH npOTOKon ynpaBJIeHHfI ceTblO (Simple Network Management Protocol- SNMP) flBJIfleTCfI npOTOKOJIOM ypOBHfI npHJIO}l(eHHH, Cnel.{HaJIbHO npe.n:Ha3Ha1.JeHHbIM J])UI ynpaBJIeHHfI cereBblMH YCTpoHcTBaMH. HanpHMep, KOMnaHHfI Cisco nOCTaBJ1f1eT H3 pbIHOK pa3Ho06pa3HbIe npo.n.YKTbI ynpaBJIeHHfI ceTblO, MHorHe H3 KOTOpbIX flBJ1f1IOTCfI '13- CTblO CeMeHCTBa CiscoWorks - nporpaMMHbIX npo.n.YKTOB ynpaBJ1eHHfI ceTblO. OHH MOryr HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI J])UI 3anpoca, KOMnlIJlfll.{HH (c60pa), xpaHeHHfI H OT06pa)l(eHHfI HH<}:>OP- Mal.{HH 0 p360Te ceTH. .lIJ1f1 BbillOJIHeHHfI 3anpOCOB K CeTeBbIM YCTpoHcTBaM nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe CiscoWorks HCnOJIb3yeT maBHbIM 06p330M npOTOKOJIbI SNMP. )J,..ruI nepeMeIl.1eHHfI <}:>aHJ10B Ha MaprnpYTH3aTOp lIJIH KOMMYTaTOp lIJIH B 06paTHoM Ha- npaBJIeHHH nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe Cisco Tpa.n:HI.{HOHHO HCnOJIb30BaJIO TpHBHaJIbHbIH npOTOKOJI nepe.n:a1.JU <}:>ai1JJoB (Trivial File Transfer Protocol - TFfP). TFTP onpe.n:ensltT npOTOKOJI J])UI 6a30BoH nepe.n.a1.JH - 3THM H 061>flCHfleTcfI TepMHH "TPHBUaJIbHbIH" ("trivial"). AnbTepHaTHBHblM BapHaHTOM flBJ1f1eTCfI HCnOJIb30BaHHe MaprnPYTH33TopaMH H KOMMYTaTopaMu npOTOKOJIa nepe.n.a1.JH <}:>ai1JJoB (File Transfer Protocol - FTP), KOTOpbIH HMeeT 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO 60J1bIIIee KOJIH1.JeCTBO <}:>YHKUHH D.J1f1 nepe.n:a1.JH <}:>aHnoB. 06a npoTO- KOJIa ycnernHo BbIllOJIHflIOT 3a.n:a'lH nepe.n:a'lH <}:>ai1JJoB Ha YCTpoHCTBa Cisco H aT HHX. npOTOKOJ1 FTP HMeeT 3H31.JHTenbHO 60JIbrne <}:>YHKI.{HH, 'lTO .n:eJIaeT ero HaHnyqIIIHM BbI- 60POM D.J1f1 06bI1.JHOro (general) KOHe'lHoro nOJIb30BareJ1f1. KrIHeHTcKHe H cepBepHbIe npHJIO}l(eHHfI npOTOKOJI3 TFTP 01.JeHb npocTbI H n03TOM)' flBJ1f1IOTCH y.n:06HbIMH HHCTPY- MeHT3MH B Ka1.JeCTBe BCTpoeHHbIx 'lacreH ceTeBbIX YCTPOHCTB. O.n:HH H3 3THX nplIJlO}l(eHHH HCnOJIb3yJOT npOTOKon TCP, .n:pyrue - npoToKon UDP. KaK 6y.n:eT nOK33aHO .n:aJIee, npOTOKOJI TCP oCYIl.1eCTBJIfieT BOCCT3HOBJ1eHHe nocne OIIIH: 60K nepe.n:a1.JH, B TO BpeMfi KaK UDP He BbillOJIHfleT TaKOH <}:>ynKI.{HH. HanpHMep, npoCToli npOTOKOJI .n:OCT3BKU nO'lTbl (Simple Mail Transport Protocol - SMTP) H n01.JTOBbIH npo- TOKOJI BepCHH 3 (Post Office Protocol 3 - POP3), Hcnonb3yeMbIe J])UI nepe.n:31.JH 3neK- TpOHHOH n01.JTbI, Tpe6yJOT r3p3HTHpOB3HHOH .n:OCT3BKU, n03TOMY B HHX Hcnonb3yeTC npoTOKon TCP. He33BHcHMO OT TOro, KaKOH npOTOKon TpaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI Hcnon b - 3yeTcfI, nplIJlO)l(eHHfI Hcnonb3YlOT o6IlleH3BecTHbIH HOMep nopTa, n03TOMY KJlHeHTbI
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAa..a AaHHblX, npMnO>KeHMft... 187 3HaIOT, K KaKOMY nopry CJIe.n:yeT no.n:KJIIO'lHTbCfI. B Ta6JI.6.3 nepe'lHCJIeHbI HeKOTopbIe nonyJIflpHbIe nplIJlO}l(eHHfI H ux 06IlleH3BecTHbIe HOMepa nopTOB. :Ba Ta6J1Hua 6.3. nonyJlRpHble npHJlOJKeHHR H HX 06meH3BecTHbie HOMepa noproB eMa HOMep nopTa 20 21 22 23 25 53 67,68 69 80 110 6 443 6,384-32,767 npOTOKOJI TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP UDP, TCP UDP UDP TCP TCP UDP TCP UDP npHJIOJKeHHe nepeJla'la JlaHHblX npOTOKOJla FrP YnpaBJIeHHe npOTOKOJlOM FrP SSH Telnet SMTP DNS DHCP TFrP HTTP (WWW) POP3 SNMP SSL nepeJla'la rOJlOCOBblX It Bl1,lleOJlaHHblX Ha OCHORe RTP (VoIP) BOCCTaHOBJ1eHMe nOCJ1e OWM60K (Ha,qe>KHOCTb) OPOTOKOJI TCP 06eCne'lUBaeT Ha,n,e}l(HYJO nepe.n:a'lY .n:aHHbIx. B pa3J1H'lHbIX .n:OKYMeH- Tax OHa Ha3bIBaeTCfI HaOe:JICHOCmblO (reliability), lIJIU 6occmaH06J/eHueM oaHHblX nOCJ/e OlUU- 60K nepeda'lu (error recovery). ,lJ,JISI 06eCne'leHHfI Ha,n,e}l(HOCTH npOTOKOJI TCP HYMepyeT 6noKH .n:aHHbIX, HCnOJIb3Yfl }])IfI :noro nOJIfi nOCJIe.n:OBaTenbHoro HOMepa (SEQ) H no.n:- TBep)J(JleHHfI (ACK) B TCP-3aroJIoBKe. Ha pHC. 6.5 nOKa3aHa THnH4Hafi Onepal.{Hfi nepe- .n:a'll1.n:aHHbIX. Be6- cepBep Be6- 6paY3ep 1 000 6aTOB AaHHbIX, nopSlAKOBbl NQ= 1 000 - 1 000 6aTOB AaHHblX, nopSlAKoBbI NQ=20e O 1 000 6aTOB .QaHHblX, nopSlAKOBbI NQ=30eo .. AaHHblx HeT, NQ nOATBep)l(,lJ,eHHSI=4000 nOllY'leHbI 3000 6aHTOB, BblCblllaKJ nOATBep>KAeHHe! Puc. 6.5. flOOm6epJICOeHUe 6e30UJu60,tHou nepeoa'tu oaHHbIX 6 npOmOKO/le TCP (4 Ha pHc.6.5 none no.n:TBep)J(JleHHS! B 3aroJIOBKe TCP. oTnpaBneHHoM Be6-KJIHeHTOM 000), YKa3bIBaeT Ha rOTOBHOCTb npHHS!Tb cne.n:YIOIllHH 6aHT; TaKaS! cHryaUH5I Ha3blBaeT- c . npRMbiM nOOm6ep:JICOeHUeM (forward acknowledgment) nOCJIellOBaTenbHbIH HOMep YKa- 3blBaeT HOMep nepBoro 6aHTa B cerMeHTe. B llaHHOM cnyqae Ka}l(,!lbIH TCP-cerMeHT HMeeT
188 aCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM J])IHHY 1000 6aiiToB; KOllWIeCTBO 6aHTOB nOllC1.JHTblBaeTCfI B noJIfIX nOClle.n:OBaTeJIbHOrO HOMepa H no.n:TBep)f()l.eHHfI. Ha pHC. 6.6 oT06pa)l(eHa aHaJIOrH1.JHafi CHl)'aI.{HfI, o.n:HaKO BTOpOH cerMeHT TCP OKa- 3aJICS! YTepflHHblM lIJIH 6bIJI nepe.n:aH C oum6KaMH. B OTBeTe Be6-KJIHeHTa B nOlle no.n.- TBep)f()l.eHHfI co.n:ep)l(HTCfI 3Ha1.JeHHe 2000, YKa3blBalOLUee Ha TO, 1.JTO Be6-I<J1HeHT O)KH.n:aeT CllellYlOLUHH 6aHT C HOMepOM 2000. B 3TOM cllyqae <PYHKUHfi npOTOKOJIa TCP Ha Be6- cepBepe MO)KeT BOCCTaHOBHTb yrepflHHbIe .n.aHHbIe nYTeM nOBTopHOH OTnpaBKH BTOpOro TCP-cerMeHTa. npOTOKOJI TCP n03BOJIfieT nOBTopHO OTnpaBHTb TOJIbKO 3TOT cerMeHT 11 O)KH.n:aTb OTBeTa Be6-I<J1HeHTa C no.n:TBep)f()l.eHHeM, KOTopoe paBHo 4000. F:BaA "sMa Be6- CepBep Be6- 6paY3ep - OH nOTepsUl CerMeHT C HOMepOM = 2000. nepeCJ1aTb ellle pa3! 1000 6aHTOB JJ,aHHbIX, nopSlAKOBblH N2= 1 000 . 1000 6aHTOB JJ,aHHblX, nopSlJJ,KOBblH N2=2000 p 1000 6aHTOB A8HHblX, nopSlJJ,KOBblH N2= 3 00 AaHHblx HeT, N2 nOJJ,TBep)l(,lJ,eHI1S1=2000 B03MO>KHO, O.l1I1H CerMeHT nOTepRH. nO.l1TBepAI1M TO, TO nOJ1)"1eHO! c 1000 6aHTOB JJ,aHHblX, nopSlJJ,KoBblH N2=2000 . c AaHHblX HeT, N2 nOJJ,TBep)l(,lJ,eHI1S1=4000 TOJ1bKO TO nOJ1)"1eHbI 2000-2999, paHee !SblJ111 npl1HRTbi 3000-3999. 3anpoc Ha N 2 4000. Puc. 6.6. flOOm6ep.JICOeHUe npOmOKOJIa TCP 6 CJly'tae OUJU6KU nepeoa'tu XOTfi 3T0 H He nOKa3aHO Ha pI1CYHKe, OTnpaBHTeJIb TalOKe YCTaHaBJIHBaeT TaHMep no- BTOpHOH nepe.n:a'lH, O)l(Hllafi no.n:TBep)f()l.eHHfI, Ha CJIyqaH eCJIH no.n:TBep)f()l.eHHe YTepS!HO lIJIH YTepflHbI Bce nepe.n:aHHbIe cerMeHTbl. EClll1 BpeMfi TaHMepa UCTeI<J10, TO TCP-OT- npaBHTeJIb OTnpaBJIfleT Bce cerMeHTbI nOBTopHO. YnpaBJ1eHMe nOTOKOM C MCn0J1b30BaHMeM OKOH npOTOKOJI TCP BblllOJIHfleT ynpaBJIeHHe nOTOKOM C nOMOIllblO nOJIeH noclle.n.oBaTeTIb- HOro HOMepa H no.n:TBep)f()l.eHHSI B 3aroJIOBKe TCP, a TaIOKe nOllfl, Ha3blBaeMoro pa3MepoM OKHa. 3TO nOJIe YKa3bIBaeT MaKCHMaJIbHOe KOJIH1.JeCTBO Heno.n:TBep)f()l.eHHbIX 6aHToB, KO- Topoe .n.onYCKaeTCfI B ll1060H MOMeHT BpeMeHH. CHa1.JaJIa OKHO HMeeT He60JIbIIIOH pa3Mep H nOCTeneHHO YBellH1.JHBaeTCfI .n:o rex nop, nOKa He nOflBflTCfI oum6KH nepe.n:a1.JH. Pa3Mep OKHa H3MeHfleTCfI C Te1.JeHHeM BpeMeHH, n03TOMY OHO HHor.n:a Ha3blBaeTCfI iJuHaMU'IeCKu.M OKHOM (dynamic window). KpoMe TOro, nOCKOJIbKY nopfl.n.KoBblH HOMep 11 HOMep no.n:- TBep}I(.QeHHfI C Te1.JeHHeM BpeMeHH B03pacTaeT, 3TO OKHO HHoma Ha3blBalOT CKOJ/b3J114 UM OKH014 (sliding window), HOMepa KOToporo "CKOllb3f1T" B CTOPOHY YBeJIH1.JeHHfI. Kor.n:a OJ{HO 3anOJIHeHO, OTnpaBlHellb npeKpaLUaeT nepe.n.a1.JY, 'lTO n03BOllSieT ynpaBJIflTb nOToJ{Ord .n:aHHbIX. Ha pHc.6.7 nOKa3aHO HcnOllb30BaHHe OKHa C TeKYIllHM pa3MepOM. paBHbIrd 3000. KmK,lJ,bIH cerMeHT TCP co.n:ep)KHT 1000 6aHT .n:aHHbIX. CllellyeT 06paTHTb BHHM3HHe Ha TO, 1.JTO Be6-cepBep 1l01l>KeH nepeHTH B pe>KUM o)l(W - ---. .....ru....T nOCKOllbKY OKHO }'>Ke 3anOJlHeHO. CJlellYlOillee
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCPRP: nepeAa..a AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 189 OKHO MO}l(eT 6bITb OTnpaBJ1eHO nOCJIe nOJIyqeHHfI no.n:TBep}I(JJ.eHHSI. nOCKOJIbKY npH nepe- .n:a'le He 6blJl0 OUIH60K, Be6-KJlHeHT npe.n:OCTaBJIfieT cepBepy OKHO 60JIbIIIero pa3Mepa no- 3TOMY MO}l(HO OTnpaBHTb 40006aHT .n:o nOJIyqeHHSI cepBepoM no.n:TBep}I(JJ.eHHfI. HHbIMH CJ10BaMH, nOJIyqaTeJIb HCnOJIb3yeT nOJIe pa3Mepa OKHa JJ.JISI TOro, 'lT06bI C006Il{HTb OTnpa- BHTeJIIO, KaKoe KOJIH1.JeCTBO .n:aHHbIX nOCJ1e.n:HHH MO}l(eT oTnpaBHTb nepe.n: reM. KaK npe- KPaTHTb nepe.n:a'lY H O}l(HllaTb CJIe.n:yJOIllero no.n:TBep}I(JJ.eHHfI. C""A e..a re Be6-cepsep cQf$J. _?;Qr$) oo- 'O'O SEQ""2'Oa Be6-6paY3ep S. '0 'K.AQf$J r:>.C o tJ,QQQ 'O 'O'O s.SEQ""S'O'O'O 'EQ""6'O S. '0'0 Puc. 6. 7. JfcnoJ/b308aHUe OKOH 8 npomOKOJ/e TCP KaK H B OTHOIIIeHHH .n:pyrHX <PYHKI..{HH TCP, OKOHHbIH MexaHH3M nepe,lI,a1.JH HCnOJIb3Y- eTCfI B 060HX HanpaBJ1eHHSlx. 06e CTOpOHbI OTnpaBJIfllOT H nOJIyqaJOT .n:aHHbIe, It B Ka}l(JJ.OM CJ1Y1.Jae nOJIyqaTeJIb comaCOBbIBaeT KOJIHqeCTBO nepe.n:aBaeMbIX ,lI,aHHbIX, HCnOJIb3YSl nOJIe pa3Mepa OKHa. HCnOJIb30BaHHe OKOHHOro MexaHH3Ma He 06f13aTeJIbHO Tpe6yeT npeKpaLUeHHfI nepe- D.a1.JH llaHHbIX. ECJIH nO,lI,TBep}I(JJ.eHHe nOJIyqeHo ,lI,0 Taro, KaK OKHO OKa3aJIOCb 3anOJIHeH- HbIM, TO OTKpbIBaeTCfI HOBoe OKHO, H OTnpaBHTeJIb npo.n:OJUKaeT nepe.n:aqy .n:o Tex nop, no- Ka TeKylUee OKHO He OKroKeTCfI 3anOJIHeHHbIM. (lI.nfl onHcaHHfI <PyHKI.{HH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHfI nocne OIIIH60K H Hcnonb30BaHHfI OKOH, peaJIH3yeMbIx npOTOKOJIOM TCP, HHOr,D,a HCnOJIb- 3YeTcfI TepMHH "n03umU6Hoe nOOm6epJICOeHUe U n06mopHaR nepeoa'ta" (Positive Acknow- ledgment and Retransmission - PAR).) YCTaHOBKa &II pa3pblB COeA&IIHeH&IIft nepe.n: reM KaK Ha1.JHeT pa60TaTb KaKafl-JIu60 H3 <PYHKI.{HH npOTOKona TCP, npOHCXO- D.ltT YCTaHoBKa coe.n:HHeHHfI. Oo.n: YCTaHoBKoH coe.n:ItHeHHfI nOHHMaeTCfI npoLlecc HHH- l.(Ha.JJu3aI.{HH noneH nOCne,lI,OBaTeJ1bHoro HOMepa H no.n:TBep}I(JJ.eHHfI H comaCOBaHHe HO- t.!epOB HCnOJIb3yeMbIx nopTOB. Ha pHC. 6.8 npHBe.n:eH npHMep nOTOKa nepe.n:aBaeMbIX llaH- IibIX nplt YCTaHoBKe coe.n:HHeHH5I.
190 acTbl.OcHoBblceTeM 3TOT TPeX3TanHblH 06MeH .n:aHHblMH npH YCTaHOBKe coe.n:HHeHHfI .n:OJDKeH 3aKOH'lHTb- CfI, nepe.n. TeM KaK Ha'IHeTCfI nepe.n:a'la .n.aHHbIX. Coe.n:HHeHHe cywecTByeT Me)l(.lJ.y .n:BYMfI COKeTaMH, XOTfi B TCP-3aronoBKe HeT OT.n:eJIbHoro nOJIfi COKeTa. npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 1.JTO H3 TpeX 'laCTeH COKeTa IP-a.n:peca MOryT 6blTb nOJIyqeHbI H3 noneH IP-a.n:peCOB OTnpaBHTeJIfi H nonyqaTeJUI B 3aroJIOBKe npOTOKona IP. Oo.n:pa3YMeBaeTCfI npOTOKOJI TCP, nOCKOJIbKY HCnOJIb3yeTcfI 3arOJIOBOK npOTOKOJIa TCP. KOTOpbIH YKa3aH B none npOTOKOJIa B IP- 3arOJIOBKe. Oo:noMy e.n:HHCTBeHHOH 'laCTblO COKeTa. KOTopafl .n:OJUKHa 6blTb 3aKo.n:HpOBaHa B TCP-3aroJIoBKe, SlBJIfllOTCfI HOMepa nopTOB. r.;::'BaR e..a SEQ=200 SYN, DPORT=80, SPORT=1027 . - Be6-6paY3ep c SEQ=1450, ACK=201 SYN, ACK, DPORT=1027, SPORT=80 SEQ=201, ACK=1451 ACK,DPORT=80,SPORT=1027 Beo-cepsep Puc. 6.8. YcmaH06Ka coeouHeHwl npomOKOAa TCP npOTOKOJI TCP co06IllaeT 06 YCTaHoBKe coe.n:HHeHHfI, HCnOJIb3Yfl 2 6HTa B nonSix <pnaroB TCP-3aronOBKa. 3TH 6HTbI Ha3bIBaIOTC5I <pJIaraMH SYN u ACK H HMelOT oc060 BIDKHoe 3Ha'leHHe. A66peBHaTYpa SYN 03Ha1.JaeT "CHHXpOHH3HpOBaTb nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIb- HbIe HOMepa", 'ITa flBJIfleTCfI He06xOllHMbIM KOMnOHeHTOM HHHI.{HaJIH3aLlHH D.Jlfl npoTO- KOJIa TCP. A66peBHaTYpa ACK 03Ha1.JaeT "nOJIe no.n:TBep)l(.lJ.eHHfI B .n:aHHOM 3arOJIOBKe flBJIfleTCSI .n:eHCTBHrenbHbIM". .lJ.0 Tex nop nOKa nopSl.n:KOBbIe HOMepa He UHHI.{HaJIH3Hpo- BaHbI, nOJIe no.n:TBep)l(.lJ.eHHfI He npHHOCHT nOJIb3bI. OTMeTHM TaIOKe, 1.JTO B nepBOHa1.Janb- HOM cerMeHTe TCP Ha pHC. 6.8 HOMep no.n:TBep)l()1eHHfI He nOKa3aH; 3TO CBSl3aHO C TeM, 'lTO 3TOT HOMep nOKa He.n:eHCTBHTeneH. nOCKOJIbKY nOJIe nOllTBep)l(.lJ.eHHfI (ACK) .n:OJDKHO npHCYTCTBOBaTb BO Bcex nOCJIe.n:yJOIllHX cerMeHTax, 6HT no.n:TBep)l(.lJ.eHHfI 6y.n:eT YCTaHaB- JIHBaTbCfI .n:o Tex nop, nOKa coe.n:HHeHHe He 6y.n:eT npeKpaIlleHO. OpOTOKon TCP HHHLlHanH3HpyeT noJUI nopMKOBoro HOMepa (SEQ) H HOMepa nOll- TBep)l(.lJ.eHHfI (ACK) JII06bIM 1.JHCJIOM, KOTopoe YMeIllaeTCfI B 4-6aHTOBOM nOJIe; 3Ha'leHHfI, npHBe.n:eHHbIe Ha pHC. 6.8, 51BJISIIOTCfI npOH3BOJIbHbIMH H HCnOJIb3YlOTCfI J]Jlfl npHMepa. npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO B KmK.LI.OM nOTOKe npH HHHI.{HanH3al.{HH nepe.n:aeTcfI no O.n:HOMY 6aHTY .n:aHHbIX, KaK nOKa3aHO B noJI5IX HOMepOB nO,lITBep)l(.lJ.eHHH B npHBe.n:eHHoM npHMepe. Ha pHC. 6.9 nOKa3aH pa3pbIB coe.n:HHeHHSI npOTOKOJIa TCP. 3Ta 1.JeTbIpeX3TanHafi no- CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTb flBJ1f1eTCfI .n:OCTaT01.JHO npocToH H HCnOJIb3yeT .n:ononHHTeJIbHblH <p JIar , Ha3bIBaeMbIH FIN-6umoM (FIN bit) (KaK, 6epoRmHo, iJOi?aiJ(l//CR 'tumameJlb, COKpaw,eHue FIN R6JlJlemCR cOKpaw,eHueM om "finished"). XOTeJIOCb 6bI c.n.eJIaTb O.n:HO HHrepecHoe 3aMe1.Ja- HHe: nepe.n: reM, KaK YCTPOHCTBO, pacnOJIO)KeHHOe Ha pHCYHKe cnpaBa, OTnpaBHT TpentU TCP-cerMeHT B .n:aHHoH nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJ1bHOCTH, OHO YBe.n:oMJIHeT npHJIO)l(eHHe 0 TOM, 1.JTO coe.n:HHeHHe OTKJII01.JaeTCfI. nOCJ1e 3TOro OHO mKH.D.aeT no.n:TBep)l(.lJ.eHHSI OT npHJIO)l(eHI1 S1 11 JIHlIIb 3aTeM OTnpaBJIfieT TPeTHH H3 nOKa3aHHbIX Ha pHCyHKe cerMeHTOB. B CJ1yqae, eCJ111 npHJIO)KeHHIO TPe6yeTCfI HeKOTopoe BpeMfi D.Jlfl OTBeTa, KOMnblOTep 0 K cnpaBa OTnpaB: JIfieT BTOpOH H3 nOKa3aHHbIx Ha pHCyHKe nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX, nOllTBep)l(.lJ.aSl TO, 1.JTO .n:pyrol'l KOMnblOTep HaMepeH pa30pBaTb coe.n:HHeHHe. B npOTHBHOM CJI)"Iae KOMnbIOTep, noJ{a- 3aHHblH Ha pHCyHKe CJ1eBa. MO)l(eT nOBTopHO OTnpaBHTb nepBblH cerMeHT.
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCPRP: nepaa AaHHblx, npMnO>KeHMft... 191 r nK nK 1(IA' C, Puc. 6.9. P03Pbl6 coeiJuHeHUR 6 npOmOKOJle TCP npOTOKOJI TCP YCTaHaBJIHBaeT coe.n:HHeHHe Me)l()lY KOHe1.JHblMH T01.JKaMH H OTKJII01.Ja- eT ero, B TO BpeMfi KaK npOTOKOJI UDP :noro He .n:eJIaeT. MHome npOTOKOJIbI <}:>YHKlHO- HHPYIOT no.n:06HbIM 06pa30M, n03TOMY,l{JIfI 0603Ha1.JeHHSI Ka)l()loro H3 3THX .n:BYX no.n:xo.n:OB HCnOJIb3YJOTCfI Cnel.{HaJIbHbIe TepMHHbI: npomOKOAbi c ycmaH06AeHueM coeOUHeHUJt (connec- tion-oriented), U npomOKOAbi 6e3 ycmaHo6AeHWl coeouHeHuR (connection/ess). EOJIee <}:>op- MaJIbHO 3TH TepMHHbl MO)KJfO onpe.n:eJIUTb CJIe.n:YIOIllHM 06pa30M. · npOTOKOJl C YCTaHOBJIeHHeM COeJIHHeHIUI: npOTOKOJI, KOTOpOMy nepe.n: Ha- CesaR 1.JaJIOM nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX Heo6xo.lIHM 06MeH co06IlleHHflMH Me)l()ly YCT- eMa poi1cTBaMH. · npOTOKOJl 6e3 YCTaHOBJIeHHH coe.n:HHeHIUI: npOTOKOJI, KOTOpOMy He Tpe6yeTcfI 06- MeH co06LUeHHflMH Me)l()lY YCTpOi1:cTBaMH H He Tpe6yeTcfI 3apaHee YCTaHOBJIeHHOH CBfl3H Me)l()lY KOHe'lHbIMH TO'lKaMH. CerMeHTaLlMfI ,qaHHbIX M ynopfl,qO"leHHafi nepe,qa"la ,qaHHbIX npHJIO}l(eHHSlM Tpe6yeTcfI OTnpaBJIflTb .n:aHHbIe. I1Hor.n:a 3TH .n:aHHbIe HMelOT He60JIb- lUOH 061>eM - B HeKOTopbIX CJIY1.JaflX Bcero JIHIIIb O.n.HH 6aHT. B .n:pyrHX CJIyqaflx, HanpH- Mep, npH nepe.n.a1.Je <}:>aHJIOB, 061>eM .n.aHHblx MO}l(eT .n:OCTHraTb MHJlJIHOHOB 6aHTOB. Ka}l(.lJ.bIH THn npOTOKOJIa KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI 06bI1.JHO HMeeT orpaHH1.JeHHe Ha pa3Mep MGKCUMl1JlbHOi?O 6AOKa nepeoa'lu (Maximum Transmission Unit - MTU), KOTOpbIH MO}l(eT 6blTb OTnpaBJIeH BO <}:>peHMe KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMH, 6JIOK MTU onpe.n:e- lISIeT MaKCHMaJIbHbIH pa3Mep naKeTa 3-ro ypOBIDI, KOTOpbIH MO}l(eT 6bITh pa3MeIlleH B nOJIe lI.aHHbIX <}:>peHMa. .[{..rrn MHornx npOTOKOJIOB KaHaJIbHOro ypOBIDI, B 1.JaCTHOCTH D.J1f1 Ethernet, pa3Mep 6JIOKa MTU COCTaBJIfieT 1500 6aHToB. OOCKOJIbKY npHJIO}l(eHHIO MO}l(eT nOTpe60BaTbCfI nepe.n:a'la MHJIJlHOHOB 6aHToB, npo- tOKOJI TCP Cei?MeHmupyem .n:aHHbIe B 6JIOKH MeHbIIIero pa3Mepa, Ha3blBaeMbIe ce2MeHmaMU (segments). TaK KaK naKeT npOTOKOJIa IP MO}l(eT HMeTb pa3Mep He 60JIee 1500 6aHToB (H3- 3a orpaHH1.JeHHH MTU), a 3aroJIOBKH IP H TCP HMelOT pa3Mep 20 6aHToB Ka)l()lbIH, TCP 06bl1.JHO cerMeHTHPyeT .n:aHHbIe B 6JIOKH (chunks) pa3MepoM 14606aHToB. OPH nOJI}'1.JeJ-lHH cerMeHTOB TCP-nOJIyqaTeJIb OCYIlleCTBJIfieT c60PKY (reassembly) IJ.aHHbIX. J],.rm 3TOro npOTOKOJI TCP .n:OJDKeH BOCCTaHOBHTb YTepflHHbIe cerMeHTbI, KaK 3TO
....... 192 aCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM 6bIJIO OnHCaHO paHee. OllHaKO TCP-noJIYlJ.arenb .n:OJI}I(eH TalOKe BOCCTaHOBHTb nepBOHa- lJ.aJIbHbIH nOpflAOK cerMeHTOB, KOTOpbIH MO)KeT HapYIIIaTbCfI npH nepe.n:a'le. nOCKOJIbK)' npH IP-MapIIIPYTH3aI.{HH B03MO}l(HO 6aJIaHCHpOBaHHe nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX no HeCKonbKHM KaHaJIaM, Ha npaKTHKe cerMeHTbI MOryT .n:OCTaBJIflTbCfI He B TOM nOpflAKe, B KaKOM OHH 6bIJIH OTnpaBJIeHbI. no:nOMY nOJIyqaTeJIb npOTOKOJIa TCP .n:OJI}I(eH TaJOKe 06eCne'lHBaTb ynopJlOo'teHHYIO nepeiJa'ty iJaHHblX (ordered data transfer) nYTeM BOCCTaHOBneHHS! nepBOHa- 'laJIbHOro nOpflAKa CJIe.n:OBaHHfI cerMeHTOB. 3TOT npouecc JIerKO ce6e npe.n:CTaBHTb: eCJII1 cerMeHTbI nOCl)'nalOT B nocne.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTH 1000. 3000 H 2000 H KmK.LI.bIH H3 HHX co.n:ep- }l(HT 1000 6aHToB .n:aHHbIX, TO nOJIyqaTeJIb MO}l(eT H3MeHHTb HX nOpflAOK. H nOBTopHOH ne- pe.n:alJ.l1 He nOTpe6yeTCfI. C cerMeHTaUHeH TCP CBfl3aHbI HeKOTopbIe CneUHaJIbHble TepMHHbl. KOTopble pac- CMaTpHBalOTCfI HH}I(e. 3aroJIOBOK npOTOKOJIa TCP BMeCTe C nOJIeM .n:aHHbIX Ha3blBalOTCfI TCP-Cei!MeHmOM (TCP segment). 3TOT TepMHH aHaJIOrHlJ.eH nOHflTl11O <ppeHMa KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI HJIH IP-naKeTa B TOM CMbICJIe, 'ITa OH OTHOCHTCfI K 3arOJIOBKaM H KOHl.{eBHKaM COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHX ypOBHeH BMecre C HHKancynHpoBaHHblMI1 .n:aHHbIMH. BMeCTO TepMI1Ha "CerMeHT TCP" MO}l(eT TaJOKe HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI a66peBHarypa L4PDU, nOCKOJIbKY TCP flBnfleTCfI npOTOKonOM 4-ro ypOBHfI. npOTOKOI1 n0l1b30BaTel1bCKIIIX ,QeMTarpaMM npOTOKOJI UDP 06eCne'lHBaeT }])IfI nplIJlO}l(eHHH CJI}')K6y 06MeHa coo6LUeHHflMH. B OTJIHlJ.He OT npOTOKOJIa TCP, 3TOT npOTOKon He opHeHTHpOBaH Ha coe.n:HHeHl1e H He 06eCnelJ.HBacr Ha.n:e)KHOCTH, He HCnOJIb3Ycr OKOH H He BOCCTaHaBJ1HBaeT nOpflAOK nOJIY- 'leHHbIX .n:aHHbIX. OH TaIOKe He cerMeHTHpycr KpynHbIe 6JIOKH .n:aHHbIx B 6JIOKH nollXO,l{fl- Illero }])IfI nepe.n:a'lH pa3Mepa. O.n:HaKO npOTOKOJI UDP 06eCne'lHBaeT BbIllOJIHeHHe HeKoTopbIX <PYHKI.{HH npOTOKOJIa TCP, TaKHX KaK nepe.n:alJ.a .n:aHHbIX H MynbTUllJIeKCl1pOBaHHe C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM HOMepoB nop-roB. J].JJfI 3TOro eMY -rpe6yeTcfI MeHbIIIee KOJIHlJ.eCTBO 6aHToB CJI}')Ke6HOH Harpy3KH H MeHbIIIe BpeMeHIt llJUI 06pa60TKH, 'leM npOToKOJl)' TCP. nepe.n:aqa .n:aHHbIX no npOTOKoJl)' UDP OTJIHlJ.aeTCfI aT nepe.n:a'lH no npOTOKOJl)' TCP TeM, 'ITO npH 3TOM He npOHcxo.n:HT ynopflAOlJ.eHHfI .n:aHHbIX lIJIH HX BOCCTaHOBJIeHHfI. npl1- JIO}l(eHHS!, I1CnOJIh3y1OLUl1e npOTOKOJI U DP, .n:OJDKHbI 6blTb TOJIepaHTHbI K YTepe .n:aHHbIX RJIH HMeTb KaKHe-JIH60 C06CTBeHHbIe MexaHH3MbI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHfI YTepflHHblX .n:aHHbIX. Ha- npHMep, B TeXHOJIOrHH VoIP HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npOTOKOJI UDP, nOCKOJIbK)' B CJIY'-Iae yrepl1 na- KeTa K MOMeHl)' 06Hap}')KeHHfI 3TOH nOTepH H B03MO}l(HOH nOBTopHOH nepe.n:a'lH HaKonHTCS! 3a.n:ep)Kj(a H roJIOC CTaHcr nJIOXO pa3JIHlJ.HMb1M. B cJI}')K6e .n:OMeHHbIX HMeH DNS TalOKe HC- nOJ1b3yeTcfI npoTOKOJ1 UDP, nOCKOJIbK)' B cJIyY.ae Hey.n:alJ.HOH onepaUHH no npe06pa30Ba- HHIO HMeHH nOJlb30BareJIb MO}l(eT nOBTopHTb nonbITK)'. Ewe O.n:HHM npHMepoM MO)KeT CJIY- }l(HTb ccreBafi <pai1JIoBafi CHCTeMa (Network File System - NFS). npHJIO)l(eHHe y.n:aJIeHHO H <paHJIOBOH CHCTeMbI, KOTopoe BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeT .n:aHHbIe C nOMOIllblO Ko.n:a ypOBHS! npHJIO- }l(eHHH, n03TOM)' Ha60p <PYHKUHH npOTOKOJ1a UDP .lI.IUI NFS flBJIfleTCfI npHeMJIeMbIM. Ha pHC. 6.10 nOKa3aHbI <popMaTbI 3arOJIOBKOB}])IfI npOTOKonOB TCP H UDP. CJIe.n:yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'ITa nOJIfi nop-ra OTnpaBHTeAA (Source Port) 11 nopTa nonyqa- TeJIfi (Destination Port) npHcYTcTBYJOT KaK B 3ar0J10BKe TCP. TaK 11 B 3aronoBKe UDP. o.n:HaKO B 3aroJIOBKe UDP OTCYTCTBYJOT nonfl nOCJ1e.n:OBaTeJ1bHoro HOMepa H no.n:TBep)l(,ll,e- HHS!. npOTOKOJl)' UDP 3TH nOJI5I He Tpe6YIOTC5I. nOCKOJIbK)' OH He nbITaeTCS! npOHYMepO- BaTb .n:aHHble }])I5I nOllTBep)f()].eHH5I lIJIH ynOPflAOlJ.eHlt5l.
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAaa AaHHblx, npMnO>KeHMft... 193 He Hcnonb3YfI nOJIfi nocne.n:OBarenbHoro HOMepa H no.n:TBep)l()leHHfI, npOTOKOJI UDP nOJIyqaeT HeKOTopbIe npeHMyIUeCTBa B cpaBHeHHH C npOTOKOJIOM TCP. HaH60JIee BroK- HbIM H3 HHX flBJIfleTCfI TO, 'lTO UDP HCnOJIb3yeT MeHbIIIee KOnH'leCTBO 6aHTOB cJIy)Ke6HOH HarpY3KH. He CTOJIb 01.JeBHllHbIM flBnfleTCfI TO, 'lTO npOTOKOJl)' UDP He Tpe6yeTcfI O)l(HllaTb no.n:TBep)l()leHHH H .n:o HX nOJIY1.JeHHfI y.n:ep)i(HBaTb .n:aHHbIe B naMfiTH. 3TO 03Ha1.JaeT, 'ITa nplIJlO)i(eHHfI, HCnOJIb3YIOIllHe npOTOKOJI UDP, He HcnbITbIBalOT HCKYCCTBeHHOH 3a.n:ep)i(- KH, BbI3bIBaeMOH npOl{eCCOM no.n:TBep)l()leHHfI, H HX naMflTb 6bICTpee OCB060)l()laeTCfI. 2 6151'1TOB 6151'1TOB 2 2 TCP-3aronOBOK 2 2 2 UDP-3aronOBOK . Ecnl'l He YKB3aHO RBHO, TO JJ,J1I'1Ha nonR 1'13MepReTcR B l5ai;jTax Puc. 6.10. 3ai!oJlo6KU npomOKOA06 TCP u UDP TCP/IP-npM.nO>KeHMfI Bo06LUe roBOpfl, l{eJIblO nocTpoeHHfI cern npe.n:npHflTHfI, no.n:coe.n:HHeHHfI He60JIbIIIOH .n:oMaIIIHeH ceTU HJIH mpHcHoH CeTH K I1HTepHeT flBJ1f1eTCfI HCn0J1b30BaHHe nplIJlO)i(eHHH, TaKHX, KaK npocMoTp Be6-caHToB, 06MeH TeKCTOBbIMH C006Il{eHHflMH, 3J1eKTpoHHafi no'l- Ta, 3arpY3Ka <l>aifJIoB, nepe.n:a1.Ja roJ10COBbIX H BHlleo.n:aHHbIX. B HaCTOflIUeM pa3.n:eJIe pac- cMaTpHBalOTcfI HeKoTopble BonpocbI npoeKTHpoBaHHS! CeTH B CBeTe HCnOnb30BaHHfI npH- JIO)i(eHHH, KOTopble 6y.n:YT pa60TaTb B .n:aHHoH ceTH. ,lJ,aJIee 6y.n:eT 60JIee no.n:p06HO pac- CMOTpeHa pa60Ta O.n:HOro KOHKpeTHOrO nplIJlO)KeHHfI - Be6-6paY3epa, HCnOJIb3YIOIllero npOTOKOJ1 nepe.n:a'lH rHnepTeKCTa (Hypertext Transfer Protocol- HTTP). Ka'JeCTBO 06CI1Y>KIIIBaHIllSI B TCP/IP-npIll110>KeHIIISlX 3a nOCneL{HHe ro.n:bl nOTpe6HoCTH pa6OTalOIllHx FJ ceTH nplIJlO)i(eHHH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO B03PocnH. Koma B 70-x ro.n:ax XX BeKa CTaJIH nonYJIflpHbIMH CeTH npe.n:npHflTHH, rnnH'l- HWe ceTU nOllllep)i(HBaJIH TOJIbKO nplIJlO)KeHHfI, pa60TalOLUHe C 06bI1.JHbIMH .n:aHHbIMH, rnaBHbIM 06pa30M TeKCTOBble TepMHHaJIbI H npHHTepbI, KOTopbIe MomH pa60TaTb TOJIbKO C TeKCTaMH. B TaKHX cHryalHflX OT.n:eJIbHbIH n0J1b30BareJIb MO)KeT reHepupOBaTb}])lfl ne- Pe.n:a1.JU B ceTb HeCKOJ1bKO COT 6aHTOB .n:aHHbIX npH K3.)I(,l{0M Ha)KaTHH KJIaBHLUH < Enter> '1To n ' POHCXO.n:HT npHMepHO Ka)l()lbIe 10 ceKYH.n:. TepMuH Ko'tecmeo o6c/lYJICueoHuR (quality of service - QoS) onHcbIBaeT, B l{enOM, ;{'e60BaHHfI nplIJlO)i(eHHS! K pa60Te ceTeBOH CJI}')K6bl. K3.)I(,l{bIH THn npHJIO)KeHHS! MO)i(eT blTb npOaHaJIW'UpOBaH B OTHOIIIeHItH Tpe60BaHHH QoS, npe.n:1>flBJIfieMbIX HM K ceTH, H eCJIH ceTb YllOBJIeTBopS!eT 3THM Tpe60BaHHHM, TO nplIJlO)i(eHHe MO)KeT 3<t><l>eKTHBHO pa60- Tatb. HanpHMep, TUnH1.JHbIe }])IS! TOro BpeMeHH ItHTepaKTHBHble npHJIO)KeHHS!, pa60TalO-
aCTb I. OCHOBbl Ce Teij - IllHe TOJIbKO C TeKCTOM, Tpe60BaJIH He3Ha'lHTenbHOH nonOCbI nponYCKaHHfI, O.n:HaKo llJIjj HHX 6bIJIO BeCbMa )l(e.rraTenbHbIM YMeHbIIIeHHe 3a.n:ep)l(](H. EcnH Tor.n:aIIIHflSI CeTb non n ......ep- )l(HBaJIa nepe.n:a1.JY .n:aHHbIX K nOnY1.JaTenlO H 06paTHo (round-trip) C 3a.n:ep)l(](OH MeHee a _ .. :l. HOH CeJCyHAbI, TO nOJIb30BaTeJIb OCTaBaJICfI Y.n:OBnemopeHHbIM, nOCKOJIbKY eMY npI1XOIUt_ JIOCb )I(llaTb OTBeTa He 60nee O.n:HOH ceJCyHAbI. O.n:HaKo 3a npoIIIe.n:IIIHe ro.n:bI Tpe60BaHHfI K Ka1.JeCTBY 06CJ1}T)KJ1BaHHSI QoS 3Ha1.JI1Tenb_ HO H3MeHHnHCb. fOBOPfi B ueJIOM, npHJIO)l(eHHflM Tpe60BaJIaCb Bce 60nbIIIafi nOJ1oca npo- nycKaHHfI H Bce MeHbIIIafi 3a.n:ep)l(Ka. C Tex nop Ha pblHKe nOSlBHJIHCb CJIe.n:yJOWHe npl1J1o- )l(eHHSI, OKa3aBIIIHe CYIlleCTBeHHoe BnHflHHe Ha xapaKTep pa60TbI B ceTH. 194 . Pa6OTalOWHe C rpa<}:>HKoH TepMHHaJIbl H npHHTepbI, KOTopbIe no cpaBHeHUIO C aHa- nOrH1.JHblMH npe)f(HHMH TeKCTOBbIMH YCTpoHcTBaMH Tpe6YIOT 3Ha1.JI1TeJ1bHO 60JIb- IIIero KOJIH'leCTBa 6aHToB J])IfI BbmOJIHeHHfI rex)I(e .n:eHcTBHH. . npHnO)l(eHHfI J])IfI nepe.n:a'lH <}:>aHJIOB, KOTopble Hcnonb3yJOT 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO 6onbwI1e o6DeMbI .n:aHHbIX, o.n:HaKO He Tpe6yJOT 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO 60JIee 6bICTpOro OTBeTa . <I>ai1JIoBble cepBepbI, KOTopble n03BonfilOT nonb30BareJ11O xpaHHTb <}:>aHnbl Ha cep- Bepe - 3TH npHnO)l(eHHfI Tpe6yJOT nepe.n:a1.JH 60J1bIIIHX 061>eMOB .n:aHHbIX, HO He Tpe6YIOT 6bICTpOro OTBeTa. . Pa3BHTbIe TeXHOJIOrHH 6a3 .n:aHHbIX, .n:eJ1aIOIllHe .n:oc-rynHbIMH J])IfI 06bI1.JHbIX nOJIb- 30BaTeneH 60JIbIIIHe 06l>eMbI .n.aHHbIX, 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO YBeJIH1.JHBalOT KOnH1.JeCTBO nOJIb30BaTeJIeH, KOTopbIe O)l(H,l{aIOT B03MO)l(HOCTH .n:ocT)'na K.n:aHHbIM. . CMeweHHe 06bI1.JHbIX nplIJlO)l(eHHH B HanpaBneHHU pa60Tbi no npHHLlHny Be6- 6paY3epoB, KOTopoe YBeJ1H1.JHBacr KOJIH1.JeCTBO n0J1b30BaTeneH, )l(eJ1aIOIllHX nony- 1.JHTb .n:oc-ryn K .n:aHHbIM. . Bce06wee npH3HaHHe 3JIeKTpOHHOH n01.JTbl B Ka1.JeCTBe CJI}')K6bI KOMMYHHKamm KaK B paMKax O.n:HOH KOMnaHHH, TaK H C .n:PYrHMH KOMnaHHSlMH. . EblCTpaSi KOMMepl.{HaJIH3aUHfl HHTepHeT, n03B0J1f1lOwaSi KOMnaHHflM npe.n:OCTaBJUITb nOTpe6HTemIM .n:aHHbIe Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO, a He C nOMOWblO TeJ1e<}:>oHHbIX BbI30BOB. KpOMe BblIIIeynoMflHYTbIX H MHOrHX .n:pyrHx TeHAeHI.{HH B pa3BHTHH npHJ10)f(eHHii. pa- 6OTalOIllHX C .n:aHHbIMH, CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb TaIOKe TO, 1.JTO rOJIOCOBbIe H BHlleonpWIo HHfI TO)l(e HaxOAflTCfI B npol.{ecce nepexo.n:a B cerH .n:aHHbIX. D,o cepe.n:HHbI 90-x ro.n:O B BeKa rOJIOCOBbIe H BHlleOnplIJlO)f(eHHSI 06bl1.JHO HCnOJIb30BaJIH ceTeBbIe cpe.n:CTBa, nOJlH H BJt1le I B CTblO OT.n:eJ1eHHbIe OT ceTeH nepe.n:a1.JH 06bI'lHbiX .n:aHHbIX. nepeMeweHHe rDJIOca CcrH .n.aHHbIX eIlle 60JIbIIIe YBeJIH1.JHBaeT HarpY3KY Ha ceTH .n:aHHbIX, nOCKOJlbKY 11M -rpeu 60J1bIll Ii HCT eTCfI 06eCne1.JHTb Tpe6yeMoe Ka1.JeCTBO ceTeBOH CJ1}')K6bI. B HaCTOflwee BpeMfi B BO KOMnaHHH }')Ke Ha1.JaJIH lIJIH nJIaHHpyJOT nepexo.n: Ha Hcnonb30BaHHe IP_TeJle<}:>OHIiIi, IP eTax C Ii... KOTOpOH roJIOCOBbIe .n:aHHble nepe.n:alOTcSI no ceTH 06bl'lHbIX .n:aHHbIx B -naK ro nOJIb30BaHHeM npOTOKOJIOB npHJIO)KeHHH, B l.{eJIOM Ha3bIBaeMbIX "nepe.n: a 1.JeH rOJlOC a HII noc no I P-ceTflM" (voice over IP - VoIP). B .n:onOJlHeHHe K 3TOMY HeKoTOpble KOMO;Ht. npe.n:OCTaBJ1f1IOT TeJ1e<}:>oHHble YCJ1YIIIH no ceTH HHTepHeT, B KOTOpoH r0J10COBbIe lla of' nepe.n:alOTCfI C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM naKeTOB VoIP. Ha pHC. 6. I I nOKa3aHbI HeKoTOPbIe o lit! P06HOCTH TOro, KaK pa60TaeT TeXHonorHfI VoIP 1t3 .n:OMaIIIHero BbICOKOCKOpoCTHor ()lJ TepHeT-coe.n:HHeHH5I C 06WHM ronocoBbIM a.n:anTepoM (voice adapter - VA), ope 3YlOIllHM aHaJIoroBbIH CHrHaJI 06bl1.JHOro TeJ1e<}:>oHa B naKeTbI npoTOKona IP.
a 6 OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/lP: nepeAa'la AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 195 rna B . - CD '1el1oseeCKaSl peb @AHaIlOrOBbliii Cl-lrHaIl CODEC . VoIP-naKeT OI-I<I>poBaHHbliiirOl1oc f @ @ ----=- -- ---:;.. Ka6el1b R1 1-1111-1 DSL Tel1e<l>oH N!!1 Puc. 6. J J. flpeo6pa308aHue 38YKa 8 JP-naKembi C nOMOll{blO i!OAOC080i!O aiJanmepa OJlItH Bb130B VoIP, npoxo.n:flIllHM no ceTH WAN, 06bl'lHO 3aHHMaeT He 60nee 30 K6uT/C nonOCbI nponYCKaHHH, 'ITa He TaK }')K MHoro no cpaBHeHHIO co MHorHMU CO- BpCMCHHblMH npunmKeHUHMH .lIJIH nepe.n:a'lu .n:aHHbIX. <J>aKTH'IeCKH 60nbIIIUHCTBO npH- nO)l(CHUH, pa60TalOIl{HX C AaHHbIMH, nO'rpe6nHeT CTonbKO nOJIOCbl nponycKaHHH, CKOJIbKO ItM y.n:aeTCH 3aXBaTUTb. O.n:HaKo TCXHonorHfI VolP npe.n:1>HBnHeT K ceTU H .n:ononHHTcnbHbIe 'l'pC6oBaHufI, BblllonHeHHe KOTOpbIX 06eCne'lHBaeT y.n:oBneTBopuTenbHoe 3ByqaHHe rono- COBbIX AaHHbIX VoIP. . MaJIaH BeJlH'IHHa 3aL1.ep>KKH: VolP Tpe6yeT O'leHb HH3KOro ypOBHfI 3a-: CB8R nep)l(I(H Me)f(lly oTnpaBnHIOIl{HM H npUHHMalOIl{UM Tene<t>OHaMH - KaK eMa npaBuno, ::na 3a.n:ep)l(Ka He .n:on)l(Ha npeBbIIllaTb 200 MC (0,2 c). 3TOT ypo- BeHb 3aAep)l(KU 3Ha'iUTenbHO HH)Ke, '1eM TOT, KOToporo Tpe6yeT TUnH'IHOe npuno- )l(CHUe, pa60TalOIl{ee C .n:aHHbIMH. · "H3KH" ypOBeHb c!UlYKTYaUHH 3aL1.ep>KKH: no.n: <t>nYKryauHeH nOHHMaeTCH H3MeHeHHe (BapHaUUH) 3a.n:ep)l(J(H. TexHoJIorHH VoIP l"pe6YeT TaIOKe O'leHb HH3Koro ypOBHfI OTKJIOHeHUH 3aAep)l(J(U, B TO BpeMH KaK nplIJlO)l(eHHH 06bl'lHblX .n:aHHbIX .n:onycKalOT 3Ha'iUTenbHO 60JIee BbICOKUH ypOBeHb. HanpHMep, .lIJIfi nocne.n:OBarenbHbIX naKe- TOB VoIP BapuaUHH 3a.n:ep)l(I(H He .n:OJDKHa npeBbIIIIaTb 30 MC (0,03 c); B npOTHBHOM cnY'lae Ka'lCCTBO 3Byx:a 3Ha'lHTenbHO yxy.n:IllaeTCH. · YTePH naKeTOB: ecnH npu nepe.n:a'le naKeT VoIP TepfieTCH Bcne.n:CTBHe OIIIH60K ne- pClla'lu UJIU He.n:OCTaTl<a MeCTa Ha MapIIIpYTH3aTope npH O)l(H,l{aHHH nepeCbIJIKH, TO llOCTaBKH :noro naKeTa VolP He npOHcxo.n:UT. Bcne.n:CTBHe np06neM 3a.n:ep)l(KJt H llpc6e3)1(aHUH HeT He06xo.n:UMOCTH B BOCCTaHOBneHHH 3T()ro YTepflHHoro naKeTa. K MOMCHry, Korlla naKeT MO)l(eT 6bITb BOCCTaHOBneH, era Hcnonb30BaHue norepHeT CMblcn. YTepHHHbIe naKeTbl MOryr BocnpUHUMaTbCH KaK nepepblB B 3BYKOBOM no- TOKe Bb130Ba Vol P. nplt ncpella L 'Ie BUlleo.n:aHHbiX no Vol P B03HHKalOT TaKHe )Ke np06neMbi npOU3BO.n:U- DHOCTIt C TO 3 TeM OTnH'IHeM, '1TO BH,l{eo Tpe6yeT nu60 60nbIlleH nonOCbI nponycKaHHfI o B OT 00 llo 400 K6HT/C), nu60 3Ha'lHTenbHO 60nbIlleH (aT 3.n:0 10 M6HT/C.lIJIH Ka)l(- IUP"1anconOTOKa). B MHpe BUlleo no VolP TaIOKe npOHcxOllUT onpe.n:eneHHaH TpaHC- 'blIJc ItH, Bbl3BaHHaH nOHBneHHeM BH,l{eo BbICOKOro pa3peIlleHUH no VoIP, KOTopoe eIlle B TaBCIt'lItBaCT l"pe60BaHuH K nonoce nponYCKaHHH ceTH. O)f(eHIti1 ll . .4 o606Il{eHbl HeKoTopble .n:aHHble 0 nOl"pe6HoCTHX pa3nH'IHbIX TunOB npH- PAC(1t B OTHOIIIeHItH '1eTblpex rnaBHblX napaMel"pOB QoS - nonOCbl nponYCKaHHH, 3a- , llpe6e)f(a - 'ItULI - HItH H YTCPU naKeTOB. HeT Heo6xoAltMOCTU 3ayqltBaTb .n:aHHble 3TOlt bilJ' OllHaKo Ba)f(HO OTMeTHTb, 'lTO XOTfi TCXHOnOrltfi VolP Tpe6ycT OTHOCItTenbHO Olt nonoCbI nponycKaHuH, HO .lIJIfi .n:OCTlUKeHUfi BblCOKoro Ka'leCTBa OHa npCll1>HB-
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198 YaCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM B .n:aHHOM CJI)"-Iae UCnOJIb3yeTcH npomOKOA nepeda'tu i!UnepmeKcma (Hypertext Transfer Protoco/- HTTP), HMeHeM Y31Ia HBlIHeTCfI www.cisco.com. a HMH Be6-cTpaHHubI - go/prepcenter. 3TOT URL oc06eHHo nOJIe3eH, nOCKOlIbKY OH yx:a3hIBaeT Ha rlIaBHyJO Be6-crpaHHI.{Y yqe6Horo ueHTpa Cisco (Cisco CCNA Prep Center). nOMCK Be6-cepBepa C nOMOl.14blO cnY>K6bl ,tOMeHHbIX MMeH DNS KaK }')ICe roBOpHlIOCb B maBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a.n:peCaI.{HU H MaprnpYTU3aUHH", Y3eJ1 MO)l(eT ucnOlIb30BaTb clI}')IC6y DNS .lIJIH Taro. '1T06bl Y3HaTb IP-a.n:pec, COOTBeTCTByJOIl{HH KOHKpeTHOMY HMeHU Y3J1a. XOTH URL MO)l(eT BKJ1IO'IaTb B ce6f1 IP-a.n:pec Be6-cepBepa BMeCTO ero HMeHH, 06b1'lHO BURL YKa3bIBaeTcH UMfi Y3J1a. TaKJtM 06pa30M, nepe.n: TeM KaK 6paY3ep CMO)KeT oTnpaBHTb naKeT Ha Be6-cepBep, eMY 06bI'IHO Tpe6yeTcH npe06pa30- BaTb HMH cepBepa BURL B cooTBeTcTBYIOIl{UH 3TOMY UMeHH IP-a.n:pec. )],.Jrn Taro '1T06bI 0606Il{HTh BblIIIeH3JI0)l(eHHbIe KOHl.{enUHU, Ha pUC. 6.12 nOKa3aH npo- uecc CJ1}')IC6bI DNS, UHUI.{UHpOBaHHbIH Be6-6paY3epoM, a TalOKe npHBe.n:eHa .n:pyraH CBH- 3aHHaH C 3TUM npoueCCOM HH<popMauuH. B UeJIOM, MO)I(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITa nOlIb30BaTeJ1b BBO.n:HT URL (http://www.cisco.com/go/prepcenter). a6paY3ep npeo6pa3YeTHMH www.cisco. com B KOppeKTHbIH IP-a.n:pec U Ha'lHHaeT OTnpaBKY naKeTOB Ha Be6-cepBep. DNS-cepBep 3anpoc Ha pa3peWeHI-1e I-1MeHI-1 192.31.7.1 @ IP-3aroJlOBOK UDP-3arollOBOK DNS-3anpoc OmpaB.64.100.1.1 KaKoB IP-8.lPec n011Y. 192.31.7.1 www.cisco.com? CD OtBeT Ha 3anpoc pa3peweHI-1S! I-1MeHI-1 @ IP-3aroJlOBOK UDP-3aroJlOBOK DNS-3anpoc OmpaB. 192.31 7.1 IP-8.lPec nOJlY. 64.100.1.1 198.133.219.25. K11l-1eHT 64.100.1.1 @ YcraHOBKa TCP-COeAI-1HeHI-1R IP-3aroJlOBOK TCP-38roJlOBOK OmpaB. 64.100.1.1 OmpaB. 1035 nOJlY. 192.133.219.25 nOJl. 80, SYN Be6-cepaep www.cisco com 198.133.219.25 Puc. 6.12. Pa60ma CJIY:HC6b1 DNS u 3anpoc 8e6-cmpaHUb1 Ha pHCYHKe nOKa3aHbl ClIe.n:YIOIl{Ue :nanbl npOLlecca. 1. nOJIb30BaTeJ1b BBO.n:UT URL http://www.cisco.com/go/prepcenter B a.n:pec- HOH Cl'pOKe 6paY3epa. 2. KJIHeHT nOCbIlIaeT DNS-3anpoc Ha DNS-cepBep. KaK npaBUJIO, KJ1UeHT Y3HaeT IP- a.n:pec DNS-cepBepa C nOMOIl{blO npOTOKOJ1a DHCP. OTMeTuM, '1TO DNS-3anpoc HC- n0J1b3yeT 3aroJ10BOK npOTOKOJ1a UDP C nopTOM nOJ1)"-1aTeJ1f1, paBHblM 06Il{eH3BeCn lO -
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAa'la AaHHblx, npMnO)f(eHMft... 199 MY nopTY 53 (cnucoK nonynflpHbIX 06IlleH3BecTHbIx nopTOB npUBe.n:eH B Ta6n. 6.3 pa- Hee B aTOM rnaBe). 3. DNS-cepBep nOCbInaeT OTBeT, npHBOM IP-a.n:pec 198.133.219.25 B Ka'leCTBe IP- a.n:peca ,l{JIH http://www.cisco.com. OTMeTuM TalOKe, '1TO B OTBeTe co.n:ep)l(UTCfI a.n:pec 64.100.1.1 B Ka'leCTBe IP-a.n:peca nonyqarenH, T.e. I P-a.n:pec KJ1HeHTa. B HeM TalOKe co.n:ep)l(UTCH UDP-3aronoBoK C nopToM OTnpaBHTeJUI 53; ::no Bbl3BaHO TeM, 'ITa .n:aHHbIe nOCbInalOTCH DNS-cepBepoM. 4. 10meHT Ha'lHHaeT YCTaHOBKY HOBoro TCP-coe.n:HHeHHfI C Be6-cepBepoM. OTMeTUM, 'ITa IP-a.n:pecoM nonyqaTeJUI HBnHeTCH TonbKO 'lTO CTaBlIIHH H3BeCTHbiM IP-a.n:pec Be6- cepBepa. naKeT BKJ1IO'IaeT B ce6H TCP-3aroJIoBoK, nOCKonbKY HTTP ucnOnb3yeT npo- TOKOJI TCP. OTMeTUM TaIOKe, 'ITa TCP-nopToM nonyqaTeJUI HBnHeTCH nopT 80, T.e. 06Illeu3BeCTHbIH noPT HTTP. B 3aKJ1IO'IeHHe OTMeTHM, 'ITa Ha pHcYHKe nOKa3aH 6HT SYN - aTO HanOMUHaeT a TOM, 'ITa npouecc YCTaHOBKH coe.n:HHeHUH TCP Ha'lHHaeT- CH C cerMeHTa TCP, B KOTOpOM YCTaHOBneH 6HT SYN (6uHapHafi e.n:UHHua, I). Ha aToH CTa.n:HU npouecca Be6-6paY3ep nO'ITU nonHOCTbJO 3aKOH'IlIJI YCTaHoBKY co- e.n:HHeHHH TCP C Be6-cepBepoM. B cne.n:yIOIlleM pa3.n:ene nOKa3aHO, KaK Be6-6paY3ep no- nyqaeT 4>ai1JIbl, KOTopbIe 06pa3YJOT 3anpaIIIHBaeMYIO Be6-CTpaHHUY. nepe,qa..a a'II10B C nOMOl..l4blO npOTOKona HTTP nocne Taro, KaK Be6-KJlHeHT (6paY3ep) C03.n:aJJ coe.n:HHeHue TCP C Be6-cepBepoM, KJIHeHT MO)l(eT 3anpaIlluBaTb Y cepBepa Be6-cl'paHUl{bI. lJ:aIlle Bcero ,l{JIH nepe.n:a'lH Be6- CTpaHUl{ Hcnonb3yeTcH npOTOKOJI HTTP. 3TOT npOTOKOJI ypOBHfI npUnO)l(eHUH, onHcaH- HbIH B RFC 2616, onpe.n:enfieT cnoc06 nepe.n:a'lH 4>aHnoB Me)I(,JJy.n:BYMfI KOMnbIOTepaMU. npoTOKOJI HTTP 6bIn cneUHaJJbHO C03.n:aH .II.JUI nepe.n:a'lH 4>ai1JIoB Me)l(,JJy Be6-cepBepaMH U Be6-KJlHeHTaMH. B npOTOKone HTTP onpe.n:eneHbI HeCKOJIbKO KOMan.n: H OTBeTOB; npH 3TOM HaH60nee '1aCTO UCnOJIb3yeTcH HTTP GET -3anpoc. H nOJIY'leHHfI 4>ai1JIa C Be6-cepBepa KJIUeHT nOCbInaeT cepBepy HTTP GET -3anpoc C YKa3aHueM UMeHH 4>ai1JIa. EcnH cepBep npUHH- MaeT peIlleHHe nocnaTb 4>ai1JI, TO OH OTnpaBnHeT OTBeT Ha GET -3anpoc C KO.n:OM OTBeTa 200 (03Ha'iaIOIllHM "OK"), a TaIOKe co.n:ep)KHMOe 4>ai1JIa. BHMAHE! JJ.nSl HTIP-3anpocoB HMeeTCSI MHO}f(eCTBO KOllOB OTBeTOB. HanpuMep, Koma ceBep He HMeeT 3anpawuBaeMoro <pai1J1a, OH B03BpaIUaeT K01l404, 03Ha'iaIOIUUH "<paHJ1 He HaHlleH". 60J1bWHHCTBO Be6-6paY3epOB, nOJ1}"1<U1 B OTBeT Ha 3anpoc K01l404, OTo6pa}f(alOT n0J1b30BaTeJ11O He HTIP-KOll, a o6IUeHHe BpOlle "CTpaHHua He HaH.u.eHa". Be6-CTpaHHUbl 06bI'IHO COCTOfiT U3 HeCKOJIbKHX 4>ai1JIoB, Ha3bIBaeMbIX 06beKmllMu (objects). EOJIbIIIUHCTBO Be6-CTpaHUl{ co.n:ep)l(aT TeKCT, a TalOKe rpa4>H'IeCKHe u306pmKe- HHfI, aHuMupoBaHHYIO peKJ1aMY H, B03MO)KH0, 4>ai1nbI ronocoBbIX HnH BH,l{eo.n:aHHbIX. Ka)I(,JJbIH H3 <}TUX KOMnOHeHTOB xpaHHTCfI KaK oT.n:enbHbIH 061>eKT (4)ai1JI) Ha Be6- CepBepe. A nonyqeHuH Bcex 3TUX 4>aHJIOB Be6-6paY3ep CHa'laJJa nonyqaeT nepBblH $aiVI. 3TOT 4>ai1n MO)l(eT BKJ1IO'IaTb B ce6H (H 06bI'IHO BKJ1IO'IaeT) CCbIJIKU Ha .n:pyrue URL, 1103TOMY 6paY3ep nocne aToro 3anpaIIIHBaeT .n:pyrue 061>eKTbI. Ha pUC. 6.13 npOHJlJlIOCT- PHpoBaHa 06Il{afi KapTHHa 3Toro npOl{eCca, B KOTOpOM 6paY3ep nonY'IaeT nepBbIH 4>ai1JI, a 3aTeM .n:Ba .n:pyrHX 4>ai1JIa.
-- 200 YaCTbl.OcHoBblceTeM --f HTTP GET (fgojccna) WWN.cisco.com --f HTTPGET jgraphicsjlogo1.gif HTTP OK I A3HHble:jgojccna HTTP OK I A3HHble:log01.gif Be6- _ 6paY3ep (K1ll-leHT) --f HTTPGET jgraphicsjad1.gif HTTP OK l.naHHble: ad1.gif PUC. 6.13. HecKoJ/bKO Get-3anpoco8 U om8em08 npomoKoJ/a HTTP B .n:aHHOM cJIyqae nOCJIe nOJIyqeHmI nepBoro <paifJla - 0603Ha'leHHOrO BURL KaK .. /go/ccna", 6paY3ep '1UTaeT U HHTepnperupyeT 3TOT <paifJl. KpoMe 3neMeHTOB cl"paHH- I.{bI, nonyqeHHbIH <paifJI co.n:ep)KHT CCbIJIKH Ha .n:Ba .n:pyrux <paHJIa, n03ToM)' 6paY3ep C03.n:a- eT U OTnpaBJIfieT .n:Ba .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHbIX GET -3anpoca npOTOKOJIa HTTP. OTMeTUM, 'ITa XOTfi 3TO It He nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe, Bce aTU KOMaHllbI nepe.n:alOTCfI no O.n:HOM)' (HJIH HeCKOnbKltM) TCP-coe.n:HHeHItIO Me)f(lly KJIHeHTOM H cepBepOM. 3TO 03Ha- '1aeT, 'ITa npOTOKOJI TCP 06eCne'lHBaeT BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe nOCJIe 01lIH60K, rapaHTHpYfl .n:OCTaBKy.n:aHHbIX. B 3aKJIIO'IeHUe B .n:aHHOH rJIaBe npHBO.D>1TCH Ha'laJIbHbIe CBe.n:eHHfI no 06eCne'leHHIO 6e30naCHOCTU ceTH. 5e30naCHOCTb CeTM PaHbIIIe yrp03bI 6e30naCHOCTH ceTH npHxo.n:HJIU B OCHOBHOM OT reHueB lIJIH "60Ta- HUKOB", KOTopbIe He 3HaJIH, KaK y6HTb BpeMH. Hx KOJIH'IeCTBO 6bIJIO OTHOCUTeJIbHO HeBe- JIHKO. rJIaBHbIM HX MOTHBOM 6bIJIO )l(eJIaHHe .n:OKa3aTb, 'ITa OHH MOryT npoHHKHyrb B '1)'- )KyIO ceTb. C Tex nap KOJIU'leCTBO nOTeHI.{UaJIbHbIX B3JIOMIllHKOB H CJIO)KHOCTb aTaK pOCJIU 3KCnOHeHI.{HaJIbHO. ATaKlt, KOTopbIe HeKor.n:a l"pe60BaJIH OT B3JIOMIIlHKa BbICOKOro YPOB- HH BJIaAeHHH KOMnbIOTepoM, CeH'IaC COBepwalOTCfI C nOMOIllblO JIerKO 3arp}')KaeMbIX U CB06011HO .n:OCTynHbIX HHCTpYMeHTOB, BOCnOJIb30BaTbCfI KOTOpbIMH MOryT .n:mKe cry.n:eHTbI MJIaAIIIUX KypCOB. Ka)f(llafl KOMnaHHH U nO'ITH Ka)f(llbIH '1eJIOBeK no.n:coe.n:HHHIOTCfI K ceTit HHTepHeT, 'ITa, no CYIl{eCTBY, .n:eJIaeT Yfl3BUMbIM BeCb MUp. Hau60JlbwYJO onaCHOCTb, o.n:HaKO, npe.n:cTaBJIfllOT U3MeHeHUH B MOTHBal.{HH JIHU, co- BepWalOIl{UX aTaKlt. BMecTo 'leCTOJII06HBbiX nOMbICJIOB UJIH nOnbITKH YKpacTb MlIJIJII10HbI cOBpeMeHHble B3JIOMIllUKH MOryT 6bITb 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 60JIee opraHH30BaHbI H MOTHBItPO- BaHbI. OpraHu30BaHHaH npecTynHocTb nblTaeTCH YKpacTb MHJIJIHap.n:bI, 3aHUMafiCb Bbl- MOraTeJIbCTBOM y KpynHblX KOMnaHuH, yrpo)l(aH aTaKaMH Ha omKa3 6 06CJlYJICU6aH U U (denial of service - DoS) Ha ny6JIH'IHble cepBepbl KOMnaHHH. OHH MOryT noxHTUTb u.n:eHTu<pItKauuoHHYIO uH<p0pMaUItIO lIJIlt llaHHbIe Kpe.n:ItTHbIX KapTO'leK y COTeH TbICSlq mOIIeH llvreM O.n:HOH U30Il{peHHOH aTaKIt. ATaKIt MOryT HCXO.n:HTb OT rocy.n:apcTB WH oT ---. O<>VLl "'1'1 RoeHHhle lIJIH npaBItTeJlb CT -
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/lP: nepeAa<la AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 201 BeHHbIe ceTH, HO H nbITalOTCfI BbIBeCTH 113 CTPOfi UH<t>paCTPYKTYPHbIe CJIy)K6bI KOMMY- HaJIbHbIX npe.n:npHflTHH U TPaHcnopTa, a TalOKe HaHeCTU YIllep6 aKOHOMUKe. np06JIeMa 6e30naCHOCTH .n:eHCTBUTeJIbHO cepbe3Ha U Tpe6YeT npHCTaJIbHOro BHHMa- HUfi. B paMKax H3yqeHHH .n:aHHOH KHuru H no.n:rOTOBKH K c.n:a'le 3K3aMeHa ICND1 B npe.n:- CTOHIl{eM U3JIO)l(eHUH paCCMaTpHBalOTCH OCHOBbI TepMUHOJIOrHH, THnbI np06JIeM 6e30nac- HOCTH U HeKOTopbIe THnH'lHbIe cpe.n:C1'Ba, UCnOJIb3yeMbie .u.rrn YMeHbIlleHHH B03MO)l(HbIX pHCKOB }:IJIH 6e30naCHOCTH ceTH. C 3TOH ueJIblO B aTOM 3aKJIIO'lHTeJIbHOM pa3.n:eJIe npe.n:CTaB- JIeH 06Il{HH 0630p B03MO)l(HbIX aTaK, a 3aTeM onucaHbI 'leTbIpe KJIaCca cpe.n:CTB, UcnOJIb3ye- MbIX .lI)UI 3aIl{HTbl CeTU OT B03MO)KHbIX yrp03. KpOMe 3THX npe.n:BapHTeJIbHbIX CBe.n:eHHH B KHHre TalOKe paCCMaTpUBalOTCH BonpOCbI 3aIl{HTbI YCTPOHCTB, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae MapIIIpyTU- 3aTopOB H KOMMYTaTopOB, KaK 'laCTb MaTepHaJIa maBbl 8 "Pa6oTa C KOMMyTaTopaMH KOMna- HHH Cisco" H maBbI 13 "Pa60Ta C MapIllpyTH3:nopaMH KOMnaHHU Cisco". 0630p MCTOHMKOB M TMnOB yrpo3 ceTM Ha pHC. 6.14 nOKa3aHa THnH'lHaH TOnOJIOrUH ceTU C 6paHAMaY3poM. EpaHAMaY3p, Be- pOfiTHO, flBJIfleTCfI Hau60JIee H3BeCTHbiM YCTPOHCTBOM 3aIllUTbi ceTH, KOTopoe pacnOJIara- eTCH Me}!(,ll.Y ceTblO npe.n:npHHTUfi H He6e30naCHOH ceTblO HHTepHeT. 3a.n:a'la 6paHAMaY3pa COCTOHT B TOM, 'lT06bI OCTaHOBUTb naKeTbI, KOTopbIe ceTeBOH UH)I(eHep lIJIH. MeHe,l{)Kep 6e30nacHOCTH C'leJI He6e30naCHb1MH. EpaHAMaY3p maBHblM 06pa30M npOCMaTPHBaeT HOMepa nopTOB TPaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI H 3arOJIOBKH ypOBHfI nplIJlO)l(eHHH }:IJIH Taro, 'lTO- 6bI npe.n:OTBpaTHTb npOHUKHOBeHHe B ceTb npe.n:npHHTUfi naKeTOB, HCXOMIl{UX aT onpe- neJIeHHbIX nopTOB lIJIH nplIJlO)l(eHUH. IP-ceTb npeAnpl1S!TI1S! ......=-.--- WWN.example.com ......,- I J. EipaHAMaY3p T()'jKa Aoctyna ..... c. Puc. 6.14. HHmepHem-coeduHeHue cemu npednpuJ/muJ/ c 6paHoMaY3poM
. 202 YaCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM O.n:HaKO CUTyaUHfi. nOKa3aHHM Ha pUC}'HKe, MO)l(eT C0311aTb Y 06bI'IHOro CarpYllHHKa He- npaBHJlbHoe npellCTaR11eHHe a np06JIeMax 6e30nacHoCTH. EM)' MO)l(eT nOKa3aTbCfI, 'ITO 6pan.n:- MaY3P 06ecne'lHBaeT 3aIllHl)' OT Bcex yrp03, CBH3aHHbIX C no.n:coeAHHeHUeM K CeTIt HHTepHeT. rpaHH'IHbIH 6pan.n:Mayap ceTH npe.n:npHHTuH (6paH.n:MaY3p Ha rpaHHue HJIIt Ha nepu- Mel'pe ceTu) 3aIl{HIl{aeT He aT Bcex yrp03. CBfl3aHHbIX C nOllKJIlO'leHHeM K l1HTepHeT. 60- JIee Taro, 60JIbIIIafi '1aCTb yrp03 6e30naCHocrn B .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH UCXO.n:HT H3 caMOH ce- TU npe.n:npHHTHH, a 6paH.n:Mayap 3TltX naKeTOB .n:mKe He BH.n:HT. J],Jrn Taro 'IT06bI JIyqIlle oueHHTb yrp03bI, UCXO,l{flIl{ue H3 caMOH cern npe.n:npUHTItH, CJIe- .n:yeT HeCKOJIbKO no.n:p06Hee 03HaKOMHTbCH C pa3JIH'IHbIMH B03MO)KHbIMU THnaMH aTaK. . ATaKa THna "oTKa3 B 06CJIyJKHBaHHH" (Denial of service - DoS). UeJIblO CBa 3TOH aTaKH flBJIfieTCH B3JIOM. Dos-aTaKH Ha3bIBaeMbIe pa3pywumeJ/JIMu eMa (destroyers). nbITalOTCH nOBpe.n:HTb Y3eJI ceTU, yHU'lTO)l(afi .n:aHHbIe H npo- rpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHue. Dos-aTaKH. Ha3bIBaeMbie 63J/OMUJ,UKllMU (crashers), HaHO- CHT Bpe.n:, BbI3blBaH c60u Ha Y3JIe HJlH .n:eJIafi HeB03MO)KHbIM no.n:coe.n:HHeHHe YCT- pOHCTB K CeTIt. Dos-aTaKH. Ha3bIBaeMbie 3anOJ/HumeJ/JIMU (flooders), nepenOJIHHIOT ceTb naKeTaMH. .n:eJIaH ee Henpuro.n:HoH ,l{JIH HCnOJIb30BaHUH H JIHIIIaH nOJIb30BaTe- JIeH B03MO)l(HOCTH CBH3H C cepBepaMH. . Pa3Be.lIblBaTeJIbHble (reconnaissance) aTaKH. 3TOT Tun aTaKH MO)l(eT BbI3bIBaTb pa3- PYIlleHHfI B Ka'leCTBe n060'lHOrO 3<p<peKTa. o.n:HaKo OCHOBHOH uelIblO aTaKU flR11f1- eTCH c60p HH<popMaI.{HH ,l{JIfi noclIe.n:ylOIl{ei1 aTaKU .n:ocryna. npHMepoM TaKoH aTa- KU MO)l(eT ClIY)l(HTb nOnblTKa BbIHCHeHUH IP-a.n:peca C noclIe.n:yIOIlluM 06HapY)I(eHH- eM cepBepa. KOTOpbIH He l'pe6yeT llIH<PPOBaHHH npH no.n:KJlIO'IeHHU. . ATaKa .n:ocTyna. nOnbITKa BblKpaCTb .n:aHHble, 06bI'IHO OTHOCHIl{UeCH K <pHHaHCOBOH c<pepe, ,l{JIfi nOlIyqeHHH .n:PyroH KOMnaHueH npeUMYIl{eCTB B KOHKYpeHTHOH 60pb6e UlIH .n:mKe J])UI Me)l(J1YHapo.n:Horo IIInUOHmKa. KOMnblOTepHbIe BUpYCbI HBJUlIOTCfI lIHIllb O.n:HUM U3 cpe.n:CTB, KOTopbIe MOryT 6bITb HC- nOJIb30BaHbl J])UI ocyweCTBJIeHHfI TaKHX aTaK. no.n: BHPYCOM nOHUMaeTCH nporpaMMa, KOTO- pM He3aMeTHO npOHHKaeT Ha KOMnbIOTep, HanpHMep, '1epe3 npHJIO)l(eHUe K alIeKl'pOHHOM)' nHCbMY HJlU npH 3arpY3Ke <paHlIoB C Be6-caHTa. BuPYc MO)l(eT Bbl3BaTb HapyweHue pa60TbI KOMnbIOTepa HJlH nepeCJIaTb UH<popMaUHIO nOJIb30BaTeJIH JIHI.Y. COBepIIIHBIIIeM)' aTaKY. B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeMH 60JIbIIIHHCTBO KOMnblOTepOB HCnOlIb3yeT KaKOe-JIu60 aHTUBI1- PYCHoe nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHUe ,l{JIH 06Hap}')KeHHfI U3BeCTHbiX BHpYCOB H npe.n:OTBpa- IIleHHH 3apa)l(eHUfi ItMU KOMnblOTepa. KpOMe .n:pyrHX .n:eHCTBHH (<pYHKI.{HH), aHTHBHPYC- Hoe nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe 3arp}')KaeT 6a3Y .n:aHHbIx C xapaKTepUCTHKaMU Bcex 113- BeCTHbIX BHPYCOB; 3TH xapaKTepHCTUKH Ha3bIBalOTCH cumamypaMu (signatures). nepHo.n:l1- 'leCKH 3arp}')KaH H3 ceTH caMble nOCJIe.n:HHe cHrHarypbI BUpyCOB, aHTHBuPycHoe npo- rpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHUe HMeeT HH<popMauulO 060 Bcex nOClIe.n:HUX BHpyCax. npoCMaTPI1- Bafl naKeTbl. nocrynalOIl{He Ha KOMnblOrep, aHTUBHpYCHM nporpaMMa MO)l(eT pacn03HaTb U3BeCTHbIe BUpYCbI U He .n:onYCTHTb 3apmKeHHH UMU KOMnblOTepa. 3TH nporpaMMbI TaJOKe nepuo.n:H'IeCKH BbmOJIHHIOT aBTOMaTU'IeCKOe CKaHupOBaHue Bcex )l(eCTKHX .n:HCKOB KoM- nblOTepa C uelIblO nOUCKa H3BeCTHbiX BltpYCOB. Ha pHC. 6.15 npOHJlJlIOCTpUpOBaHbI B03MO)l(HbIe PUCKH H yrp03bI ,l{JIH ceTU npe.n:npl1- HTHfI, B KOTOpOH Y)I(e YCTaHOBJIeH rpaHit'lHbIH 6paHllMaY3p. nOClIe pltCyHKa npUBe.n: eH cnUCOK Tpex B03MO)l(HbIX curyaUltH, B KOTOpblX ceTb npe.n:npltfiTUfi OKa3bIBaeTCfI Yfl3BI1- ....-* TTno Q.TJ{"U M"l c.aMOH ceTH.
-- rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAa'la AaHHblx, npMnO)f(eHMft... 203 £'-:BSR eMa IP-ceTb npe,Qnpl1S1TI1S1 Kalj>e , , ----- -----=- CepBep e I C AaHHblMI1 o KIll1eHTax ) 6paHAMaY3p nK2 ------- -- --.£I , , Kp3AeT ' / ' cnCOK ,,' KIl:i:" I I I I -.J , , BI1PYc @ , I , , , , ,. , .r- BI1PYC /,' ' : DSL , .... .,,- , , + 3110YMblWl1eHHI1K nK4 nK3 (YcTapeBWl1e aHTI1Bl1pYCHbie 6a3b1) nK2 +EI1!!!<!!___ yrpOM @ AOMa (no B8'lepaM) nK2 PUC. 6. /5. PacnpocmpaHeHHble npo6J/eMbl6e30naCHOCmU 6 cemu npeonpWlmWl B TaKOH CeTH npe.n:npmITHH MOryT B03HUKHYTb CJle.n:YIOIllUe THnH'lHbIe np06J1eMbI. . .D:ocryn H3 6eCnpOBOJIHOit CeTH LAN. EeCnpOBO.n:Hble ceTU LAN n03BOJlHIOT nOJlb3O- BaTeJlIO nOJIyquTb .n:ocryn K .n:pyrHM YCTpOHCTBaM ceTU npe.n:npUHTHH. Pa.n:HOCUrHa- JlbI TaKOH ceTH BbIXO,l{flT 3a npe.n:eJlbl 3.n:aHHH, noaTOMY B TaKYIO He3alllHIlleHHYJO ceTb MO)l(eT BOHTH nOJlb30BaTeJlb, HaXO,l{flIl{HHCH, HanpHMep, B Ka<pe Ha .n:PyroH CTopOHe YJlUl.{bl, 'ITa n03BOJlHeT 3J10YMbIIlIJIeHHHKY (KOMnbIOTep nKI) nepeHTU K CJle.n:YJOIlleMY 3Tany - nonblTKe nOJlyquTb .n:OCTyn K KOMnblOTepaM KOMnaHUU. · HHcJ>HQHPOBaHHbIe BHPYCOM nepeHOCHbIe KOMnblOTepbI. Kama COTpy.n:HUK KOMnaHUH npHHOCHT CBOH nepeHocHoH KOMnblOTep (n K2) .n:OMOH, 6e3 6paHAMayapa H .n:pyrux cpe.n:CTB 6e30nacHocTu. era KOMnblOTep MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH 3apa)l(eHHbiM BHPYCOM. Kama COTpy.n:HUK B03BpaIl{aeTCH Ha pa60ry B o<puc, era KOMnblOTep no.n:coellUHH- eTCH K ceTH npellnpHHTUH H BHPYC pacnpOCTpaHfleTCH Ha .n:pyrHe KOMnblOTepbl, Ha- npUMep Ha KOMnblOTep nK3. KOMnblOTep nK3 MO)l(eT 'lacrH'lHO OKa3aTbCH YH3- BHMbIM, nOCKOJlbKY nOJlb30BaTeJlU MOryT He .n:eJlaTb e)l(e.n:HeBHora aHTUBupYCHOro CKaHHpOBaHHH, KOTopoe, XOTH H nOJIe3HO, MO)l(eT pa3.n:pmKaTb. · 0610KeHHbIe COTpYJIHHKH. nOJlb30BaTeJlb KOMnblOTepa nK4 llJ1aHHpyeT nepexo.n: B .n:pyryJO KOMnaHHIO. OH Kpa.n:eT HH<popMallUIO U3 ceTU npe.n:npHHTHH U 3arp}')KaeT ee B M P3-nJlellep lIJIU BO <pJl31ll-naMHTb. 3TO n03BOJUIeT eMY BBeCTH BCIO 6a3Y .n:aH- HbIX nOJIb30BaTeJIeH B ycrpOHCTBO, KOTopoe MO)l(eT JIerKO 6bITb CKpblTO U BbIHeceHO H3311aHHH. BbIwe 6bIJIIt onucaHbl HeCKOJlbKO OCHOBHblX BU.n:OB aTaKH Ha ceTb; B .n:eHCTBUTeJIbHO- CTu CYlJJ.eCTByeT 60JIbIIIOe KOJIU'leCTBO HX BapHaUHH H .n:pyrux MeTo.n:OB. ,!:{JJH peIIIeHHSI no- D. 0 6HbIX np06JIeM KopnopauuSI Cisco npellJlo)l(uJla Mo.n:eJlb 06eCne'leHUSI 6eJOnaCHOcTH Cetlt B v , KOTOpOU HCnOJIb3YlOTCSI pa3JIU'lHble cpellCTBa, 3BTOMaTU'leCKU npellnpuHHMalO- I.UHe Mepbl no 3aIl{HTe ceTU. a <PYHKUItIt 6e30nacHocTIt pa60TalOT BO BceH ceTU. B Mo.n:eJIH
204 acTbl.OcHOBblceTeM Cisco ItCnOlIb3yeTcfI TepMHH aweAoHupOeaHHa5l 6e30nacHocmb (security in depth), KOropbIH OTHOCHTCfI KO BceM HCnOJIb3yeMbIM B ceTH cpe.n:CTBaM 3aIllHThI, BKJIIO'lM <PYHKllHH 3aIl{H- TbI Ha MaprnpyrH3aTopax It KOMMyraTopax. Cisco TaIOKe UCnOlIb3YeT TepMHH CaM03aw,u- w,alOw,aRcR cemb (self-defending network), no.n: KOTOpblM nOHHMaeTCfI aBTOMaTH3aUHfi 3a- IllUTbI, Kor.n:a ceTeBbIe ycrpoHcTBa aBTOMaTU'IeCKlI pearupYIOT Ha np061IeMbI B ceTH. HanpHMep, ynpaBJIemte .n:OCrynOM K ceTH (Network Admission Control - NAC) SIB- lIfleTCfI cpe.n:cTBoM 3aIllHTbI. KOTopoe nOMoraeT npe.n:oTBpaTHTb .n:Be H3 onHcaHHbIX BbIrne aTaK. KpoMe Bcex npO'lHX <PYHKllHH, NAC MO)l(eT perucTpHpOBaTh nepBoe no.n:coe.n:HHe- HHe YCl"pOHCTBa K JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH LAN. He3aBUCHMO OT TOro. flBJUleTCSI OHO npoBo.n: HbIM lIJIH 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIM. 3Ta <PYHKUHSI NAC, 'laCTH'lHO peaJIU3yeMM Ha LAN-KoMMyraTo- pax. He .n:onYCKaeT no.n:coe.n:HHemm KOMnblOTepa K ceTH LAN .n:o Tex nap, nOKa He 6y.n:eT 06HOBJIeHa era aHTHBHPYCHM 6a3a (onpe.n:elIeHHfI BItPYCOB). H l"pe6yeT nOlIHoro CKaHU- pOBaHUSI )l(eCTKlIX .n:UCKOB Ha HaJIH'lHe BHpyCOB. NAC TaIOKe l"pe6yeT, '1T06bI nOlIb30Ba- TelIb BBelI CBoe UMSI It napOlIb nepe.n: TeM, KaK OH CMO)KeT nOCbIlIaTb .n:pyrHe .n:aHHbIe B LAN-ceTb, 'ITa npe.n:OTBpaIl{aeT nOlIyqeHHe .n:ocryna 3JIOYMbllII1IeHHHKOM, CH.lJ.SIIl{HM B CO- ce.n:HeM Ka<pe. O.n:HaKO NAC He MO)l(eT npe.n:OTBpaTHTb HaHeceHHe YIllep6a 061t)KeHHbIM COl"py.n:H HKOM , nOCKOlIbKY 06bl'lHO Y Hero eCTb HMSI H napOlIb, KOTopbIe npoxo.lJ.Sl T ayreH- TH<pHKaUHIO CHCTeMOH NAC. KpoMe BupyCOB cYIllecTByeT MHoro .n:pyrHx cpe.n:cTB, KOTopbIe MOryr 6bITb HcnOlIb30- BaHbI ,l{JIfi cOBepllIeHltfi aTaKH. . CKaHep CeTH (scanner). l1HCl"pYMeHT, KOTOpbIH nOCbIlIaeT 3anpocbI Ha coe.n:uHeHHe Ha nopTbI UDP H TCP ,l{JIfi pa3JIU'lHbIX npHlIO)l(emlH. nbITaSiCb BbISICHI1Tb, KaKHe IP-ClI)')K6bI pa60TalOT Ha pa31IIt'IHbIX y31Iax, H no B03MO)KHOCTIt Y3HaTb Tltn onepa- I.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Ha Ka)l()l,OM Y3JIe. . llInHoHcKoe no (spyware). Bupyc, KOropbIH UIl{eT lIH'lHYJO lIJIlt KOH<pu.n:eHI.{HaJIb- HYJO HH<popMaUHIO, OTClIe)lCHBM .n:eHcTBHfI nOJIb30BaTelIfi Ha KOMnblOTepe H nepe- .n:aBM 'lepe311HTepHeT HH<popMaUHIO aTaK)'lOIl{eMY. . qepBb (worm). CaMopacnpocl"paHfllOIllaflcfI nporpaMMa. KOTOpM MO)l(eT 6b1Cl"p0 BocnpoH3Bo.n: HTb caMY ce6f1 B ceTH npe.n:npHflTHfi H B l1HTepHeT. 'laCTO cOBepllIaSl Dos-aTaKu, oc06eHHo Ha cepBepbI. . PemCTpaTop HIDKaTIUI KJlaBHm Ha KJlaBHaT)'Pe (Jlorrep - keystroke logger). BHPYC. KOTOpbIH 3anHCblBaeT Bce Ha)KaTHfI KJIaBHllI Ha KJIaBHa-rype, lIJIl1 TOlIbKO Ha)KaTHSl, C nOMOIllblO KOTOpbIX 06eCne'lHBaeTCfI .n:OCTYll K 6e30naCHbIM (3aIllHllIeHHbIM) caH- TaM, H nepe.n:alOllIHH 3TY HH<popMaUItIO lIHUY, COBepllIalOIl{eMY aTaKY. J10rrepbl B .n:eHCTBHTelIbHOCTH MOryr nepeXBaTHTb HM5I nOlIb30BaTeJUlIt era napOlIb ,l{JIfi .n:oC1)'I1a K 3aIllHIlleHHbIM caHTaM eIlle .n:o Taro, KaK UH<popMaumI nOKHHeT KOMnbIOTep, '1TO .n:aeT aTaK)'lOIl{eM)' .n:OCTYll K BarnHM HaH60JIee BffiKHbIM <pHHaHCOBbIM Be6-caHTaM. . MOmeHHH'IeCTBO (phishing). B3JIOMIllHK C03.n:aeT Be6-caHT, KOTOpbIH BHeIIIHe BbI- rJIMItT, KaK peaJIbHblH caHT 6aHKa HJlU Kpe.n:HTHOH KOMnaHuH. MorneHHUK paCCbI- lIaeT 3JIeKTpOHHbIe nHCbMa C )'Ka3aHHeM URL nOMeJIbHOrO caHTa, KOTOpblH, o,ll.- HaKO, BbIrlIMHT KaK HaCTOflrnHH URL caHTa KOMnaHHH (HanpUMep: "lll.eJIl(HI1Te 311eCb ,l{JIfi 06HOBJIeHI1f1 3anHceH BarneH Kpe.n:UTHOH Kap1'bI C ueJIblO nOBblrnt.HItSl ypOBHfI ee 3aIllHTbI"). MOIIIeHHUK Ha.n:eeTCfI, '1TO HaH.n:yrcfI nOlIb30BaTeJIH. KOTO- pbIe "npOrJIOT5IT Ha)KHBKY". nOllcoe.n:HHSITCSI K 3TOMY He3aKOHHOMY caHTY H BBe.n:Yf lIH'IHYIO HH<popMauulO: HM5I, a.n:pec, HOMep Kpe.n:ItTHOH Kap1'bl. KOll COUHaJIbHOr o
"T rnasa 6. OCHOSbl npoToKona TCPIIP: nepeAa'la AaHHblx, npMnO>KeHMft... 205 CTpaxoBaHHfI (social security number B CIlIA) HJIH .n:pyrOH COI.{HaJJbHbIH u.n:eHTH- <pHKaTOP ID. HaHJIyqUJeH 3aIllHTOH OT TaKoro po.n:a aTaK, BepofiTHO, flBJIfleTCfI 06y- 'leHHe nOJIb30BareJIeH 11 JIyqUJee nOHHMaHHe HMH np06JIeM OTKpblTOCTH ceTH. · Bpe.n:OHocHoe no (malware). 3TOT TepMHH OTHOCllTCfI K IIIHPOKOMY KJIaccy pa3PY- UJHTeJIbHbIX BHPYCOB, BKJIlO'lafi BHPYCbI-IIInI10HbI (spyware). PeUJeHHe 3THX H MHorHX .n:pyrHX, He ynOMflHYTbIX 3.n:eCb np06JIeM 6e30naCHOCTH, CO- CTOHT B 06eCne'leHHH MHoroypOBHeBOH 6e30naCHOCTH ceTH. B OCTaBUJeHCfI 'laCTH .n:aH- Horo pa3)],eJIa onHCblBalOTCfI HeKOTopbIe cpe.n:CTBa, KOTopbIe MOryr 6bITb UCnOJIb30BaHbI ,l{JIfi 06eCne'leHUfi TaKOH 3UJeJIOHHpOBaHHOH 6e30naCHOCTH. 6paH.QMaY3pbl H 3.QanTHBHble Cpe.QCTBa 6e30naCHOCTH Cisco (ASA) EpaHllMaY3pbI HCCJIe.n:YIOT Bce BXOAflIllJ1e B ceTb BbIXOAflIllHe H3 Hee naKeTbI, ,l{JIfi Toro 'lT06bl OT<pHJIbTpOBaTb He)f(eJIaTeJIbHbIH Tpa<pHK. 6paHllMaY3pbI OTlleJIfllOT 1l0nYCTHMbIe .n:aHHbIe OT He.n:onYCTHMbIX Ha OCHOBe MHOrJ1X xapaKTepJ1CTHK naKeTOB, B 'laCTHOCTH, IP- peCOB OTnpaBHTeJIfi H nOJIyqaTeJIfI, a TalOKe HOMepOB TCP- J1 UDP-nopToB (B KOTOpbIX KOCBeHHO yJ<a3aH npOTOKOJI npHJIO)f(eHHfI). 6paHllMaY3pbI TaIOKe aHaJJH3HpyJOT 3arOJIOB- KH ypOBHfI npHJIO)f(eHHH. TepMHH 6paHdMaY3p OTHOCHTCfI K 06JIaCTH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H apXUTeKTypbl. K 6paHll- MaY3PY 3.n:aHI1f1 npe)],1>flBJIflIOTCfI .n:Ba OCHOBHblX Tpe60BaHJ1f1: OH .n:OJDKeH 6bITb c.n:eJIaH H3 orHeynopHbIX MaTepHaJJOB, H apXUTeKTOp orpaHH'lHBaeT KOJIJ1'leCTBO npoeMOB B CTeHe (.n:BepH, KaHaJJbI,l{JIfi npOBo.n:KH H Tpy60npoBo.n:a), orpaHH'lJ1BafI reM caMbIM nYTH pacnpo- CTpaHeHHfI OrH$I. AHaJJorl1'lHblM 06Pa30M 6paHllMaY3p B ceTH .n:OJDKeH 6bITb «3aKaJJeHHbIM» npOTI1B aTaK Ha ceTb. OH .n:OJDKeH 3anpeIllaTb .n:OCTYll BceM naKeTaM, KpOMe Tex, KOTOpbIM .n:ocTyn 6bIJI pa3peIIIeH ceTeBbIM HIDKeHepHOM B COOTBeTCTBHJ1 C YCTaHOB- JIeHHbIMH B ceTH npaBHJIaMH. 3TOT npOl.{eCC no aHaJJOrHH C 6paHllMaY3pOM 3.n:aHHfI lJaCTO Ha3bIBaeTCfI "OTKpbITHeM .n:bIpbI". 6paHllMaY3pbI Haxo.n:flTCfI Ha nYTH nepeCblJIKI1 naKeTOB Me)K,l{y .n:BYMfI CeTflMH, npH 3TOM 'laCTO O.n:HH LAN-HHTep<peHC no.n:coe.n:HHeH K 6e30naCHOH JIOKaJJbHOH ceTU, a .n:py- roH HHTep<peHc - K MeHee 6e30nacHoH CeTI1 ('laCTO J1HTepHeT). KpoMe TOro, nOCKOJIbK)' HeKoTopbIe Y3JIbl npe.n:npHflTHfi .n:OJUKHbI 6bITb .n:OCTYllHbI H3 ceTH J1HrepHeT, no CYTH, HaH60JIee OnaCHafi cHTyaI.{H$I- 6paHllMaY3p 06b1'lHO HMeeT HHTepcpeHc, no.n:coe.n:HHeH- HbIH K .n:pyrOH He60JIbUJoH 'laCTH ceTH npellnpHflTI1f1, KOTOpafl Ha3bIBaeTCfI .n: eM HJIHTapl1- 30BaHHOH 30HOH (Demilitarized Zone - DMZ). DMZ-30Ha JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH npe.n:CTaB- MeT C060H MeCTO, r.n:e pacnOJIO)f(eHbI YCTpOHCTBa, KOTopbIe .n:OJI)KHbl 6bITb .n:OCTYllHbl H3- BHe, HO 3TOT .n:OCTYll no.n:BepraeT HX cepbe3HOMY pHCK)'. Ha pHc.6.16 nOKa3aH npH- Mep npoeKTHpoBaHHfI ceTH, HMelOIlleH O.n:HH 6paHAMay3p C TpeMfi J1HTep<p eHca MH. .lLnfl BbIllOJIHeHHfI CBOHX 3a'l 6paHllMaY3p .n:OJDKeH 6bITb CKOH<pHrypJ1pOBaH TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lT06bI OH "3HaJJ", KaKHe ero HHTepcpeHcbI no.n:coe.n:HHeHbI K BHYTpeHHeH, BHeIllHeH H .n:eMHJIHTapI130BaHHoH 'laCTfiM ceTH. KpoMe TOro, .n:OJI)KHbI 6bITb CKOHCPHry- PHPoBaHbI npaBHJIa, KOTopbIe yJ<a3blBalOT 6paHllMaY3py, KaKHe THnbI Tpa<p HKa flBJIfllOTCfI llonycTHMbIMH, a KaKHe - HeT. Ha pHCYHKe nOKa3aHbI .n:Ba THnH'lHblX .n:onYCTHMbIX no- TaKa H O.n:HH, KOTOpbIH 06bI'lHO flBJIfleTCfI 3anpeIlleHHbiM (nOTOKH nOKa3aHbI nYHKTHp- HhIMJ1 JIJ1HHflMH):
--- 4acTbl.OCHOBbiceTeM 206 DMZ maiUredsco.com www.lredsco.com Mail EXT I f( , , , , , , , , , , , , EipaH.o.Maysp PIX 1111 ASA ---------------------------------- 6paH,D.May3p PIX ra) ---,' ::-.:-.t />SA Puc. 6.16. 06W1 cxeMa cemu c 6paH(JMaY3poM . Pa3pellIHTb Be6-KJmeHTaM BHYTpeHHeil ceTH (TaKuM, KaK KOMnblOTep OK!) OT- npaBJUlTb naKeTbI Be6-cepBepy (B .n:aHHOM cnyqae cepBepy www.example. com ) . 3anpeTHTb Be6-lumeHTaM BHelliHeil cern (TaKllM KaK OKS) ompaBKY naKeTOB Be6- cepBepaM BHYTPeHHeit 'laCTH ceTH (TaKHM KaK BHYTPeHHHiI cepBep fredsco. com). . Pa3pellIHTb Be6-KJIHeHTaM BHellIHeH ceTH (TaKHM KaK KOMnblOTeP OKS) no.n:coe- .n:HHHTbCH K Be6-cepBepaM .n:eMHlluTapH30BaHHo H 30Hbl DMZ (TaKHM KaK Be6- cepBep www.fredsco. com ). PaHee KopnopauHH Cisco BbmycKaJIa 6paHAMaY3pbl no.n: ToproBoil MapKoH PIX. He- CKonbKO neT Ha3a.n: Cisco BbmycTHJIa Ha pbIHOK uenoe nOKoneHue HOBbIX annapaTHbiX cpe.n: cTB 06eCne'leHHH ceTeBoil 6e30nacHoCTIl, HcnOJIb3YH ToproBYIO MapKY ASA (Adaptive Security Appliance _ a.n:anTHBHbIe YCTpOilcTBa 6e30nacHOCTH). AnnapaTHble cpe.n: cTBa ASA MOryT HrpaTb ponb 6paHAMaY3pa Ii( BbmOJIHHTb .n:pyme <pyHKUHH 06ecne'leHH H 6e30- naCHOCTH, B TOM 'lHCne KOM6HHaUHH 3THX poneH. 003TOMY, Koma u.n:eT pe'lb 0 6e30nac- HOCTH ceTU, TepMHH "6paH.n: Ma Y3P" no-npe)l(l{eMY npHMeHfleTCfI K 3THM <pyHKUH HM , XOTSI B HaCTOSlIIlee BpeMH YCTpOHCTBO Cisco MO)((eT 6blTb YCTaHoBneHHblM paHee YCTapeBllI HM 6paHAMay3poM PIX MJlH 60nee HOBbIM ASA (B HIDKHeH 'laCTH pHC. 6.16 nOKa3aHa nHKTO- rpaMMa YCTpOHCTBa ASA).
rnaBa 6. OCHOBbl npoToKona TCPIIP: nepeAa'la AaHHbIX, npMnO>KeHMft... 207 AHTH-X BCeOmeMJ1IOIllHM nJIaH 3aIllHTbi ceTU Tpe6yeT HCnOJIb30BaHHfI HeCKOJIbKUX q,YHKlI.UH, KOTopbIe npe.n:OTBpaIllalOT B03HHKHOBeHHe H3BeCTHbiX THnOB np06JIeM. HanpHMep, YCTa- HOBJ1eHHOe Ha Y3J1e aHTHBHpYCHoe 06eCne'leHHe nOMoraeT npe.n:OTBpaTHTh 3apa)l(eHUe KOMnblOTepa BHpycaMH. Cpe.n:cTBa Cisco ASA 06eCne'lHBalOT lIJIH nOMoralOT C03.n:aTb my- 6HHHYlO 3aUlHT)', KOTOpaf! BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 PM Cpe.n:CTB, npe.n:oTBpaIllalOIllHX TaKHe npo- 6J1eMbI, KaK 3apa)l(eHHe BHpycaMH. nOCKOJ1bKY Ha:maHHfI HeCKOJIbKHX OT.n:eJ1bHbIX HHCT- pyMeHTOB Ha'lHHalOTCfI C npHCTaBKM "aHTH-", Cnel.{HaJIHCThI Cisco HCnOJIb3yJOT repMHH aHmu-x (anti-x) ,l{JISl 0603Ha'leHHSl l.{eJ10ro KJIacca HHcTpYMeHToB 3aIllHTbl. KOTopbIe npe- .n:oTBpaIllalOT B03HHKHOBeHHe pa3nHIJHbIX np06J1eM, BKJIlO'laSl CJIe.n:YIOIllHe. . AumUHPycHbIe Cpe.ll.CTUa (anti-virus): HCn0J1b3YIOTCSl .IJ.]UI cKaHHpoBaHHfI nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX B ceTH H npe.n:OTBpaweHHfI nepe.n:a'lH U3BeCTHbIX BHPYCOB Ha OCHOBe HX CHrnaT)'p. . AwrH-mnHoH (anti-spyware): cKaHHpyeT CeTeBOH nOTOK,l{JIfi npe.n:OTBpaweHHfI nepe- .n:a'lH nporpaMM-IIInHoHoB. . Aum-CDaM (anti-spam): aHaJIH3HpyeT nO'lTOBbIe coo6weHHfI .n:o Taro, KaK OHH non a- .n:yT K n0J1b30BaTeJIflM, YHHIJTO)l(af! lIJIH OT.n:eJIflfl He)l(eJIaTeJIbHYJO KoppecnOl-l,ll:eHI.{HIO. . AuTH-c!mmHHr (anti-phishing): OCYIl{eCTBJIfieT MOHHTopHHr URL, OTnpaBJIeHHbIX B coo6IlleHHflx no ceTH, ,l{JIfi nOHCKa URL, KOTOpbIM CBOMCTBeHHbI phishing-aTaKH. npe.n:OTBpaIllafi nOXHIlleHHe n0J1b30BarenbCKHX .n:aHHbIX. . <l>HJIbTpaU;HH URL (URL filtering): q,unbTpyeT Be6-Tpaq,HK Ha OCHOBe URL ,l{JIfi npe.n:OTBpallIeHHfI noCOeJIUHeHUH n0J1b30BareneH K "He)l(eJ1aTeJIbHbIM" caHTaM. . <l>HJIbTpalUUl 3JIeKTpOHHoH nOIJTbI (E-mail filtering): npe.n:OCTaBJIfieT aHTHcnaM- cpeCTBa. TaIOKe q,HJIbTPYeT nO'lTOBbIe coo6IlleHufI, co.n:ep)l(alliHe ocKop6HTeJIbHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, nOTeHI.{UaJIbHO 3aIllHwafi npe.n:npUSITHe OT cy.n:e6Horo npeCJIe.n:OBaHUSl. Cpe.n:crna Cisco ASA MOryT 6bITb Hcnonb30BaHbI ,l{JIfi Bcex nepelJHCJIeHHbIX BbIIIIe cl>YHKI.{HH "aHTH-x". 06HapY>KeHHe BTOp>KeHHH B ceTb H HX npeAOTBpaeHHe HeKoTopbIe THnbI aTaK Tpy.n:HO 06Hap}')KHTb cpe.n:CTBaMH "aHTH-x". HanpHMep, eCJIH M3BecTHbIH BHPYC 3apa)l(aeT KOMnblOTep TOJIbKO lJepe3 npHJIO)l(eHHe K '3JIeKTpOHHoMy nMCbM}' q,aitJIa this- is-avirus. exe, TO ASA lIJIH aHTHBupYCHoe nporpaMMHoe o6eCne'leHHe KOMnblOTepa CMO)l(eT JIerKO H.n:eHTHq,HI.{UpOBaTb H YHHIJTO)l(UTb 3TOT BHPYC. On.HaKo HeKoTopbIe BH,l{bI aTaK HMelOT 3Ha'lHreJIbHO 60JIee u30IllpeHHbIH xapaKTep. ATaKH MOryr .n:IDKe He BKJIlO'laTb B ce6f1 nepe.n:aqy q,aitJIoB, HCnOJIb3Yfl BMeCTO 3TOro MHO)l(eCTBO n.PyrHx, 60JIee CnO)KHbIX MeTo.n:OB, 'laCTO nOJIb3YflCb He.n:aBHO 06Hap}')KeHHbIMH JIeq,eKTa- MM B onepauuoHHOH CHCTeMe. B MHpe ceTeBOH 6e30nacHocTH eCTb .n:Ba THna cpe.n:CTB 3aIllHTbI, KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb MCnOJIb30BaHbI ,l{JIfi npe.n:oTBpaIlleHHSl H30IllpeHHbIx aTaK: CHCTeMa 06Hap}')KeHHfI BTOp)l(e- HMi1 (Intrusion Detection Systems - IDS) H CHCTeMa npe.n:OTBpaIl{eHHfI BTOp.>KeHHH (Intrusion Prevention Systems - IPS). Cpe.n:cTBa CHCTeM IDS HIPS o6Hapy.>KJtBalOT 3TH Yrp03bI, aHaJIH3upYfl TeH.n:eHI.{HH B noucKax aTaK, KOTopble HCnOJIb3yIOT oc06ble IIIa6nOHbI C0061l1eHHH H .n:pyrue q,aKTOpbl. HanpHMep. CHcreMbl IDS HIPS MOryT cnellUTb 3a nOCJIe- lI.OBaTenbHocTSlMH naKeToB. nepeCblJ1aeMbIX Me)l()1y Y3JIaMH B nOUCKax q,aitJIoB, oTnpaB-
208 YaCTbl.OCHOBblceTeM JIfieMblX Ha BCe 60JIbllIee KOJIH'leCTBO Y3JI0B, 'lTO MO)l(eT CBu.n:eTeJIbCTBOBaTb 0 HaJJH'IHH 'lepBfI, KOTOpblM nbITaeTCfI pacnpOCTpaHflTbCfI no ceTH. CHCTeMbI IDS HIPS pa3JIH'lalOTCfI maBHbIM 06pa30M reM, KaK OHH CJIeAflT 3a Tpa<pu- KOM B ceTH, H TeM, KaK OHH pearHpYIOT B cJlyqae no.n:03peHHM Ha yrp03bI. Cpe.n:cTBa IDS 06bI'lHO nOJlyqalOT KonHH naKeTOB 'lepe3 nopT MOHHTopHHra, He CTaHOBflCb 'laCTblO Map- llIpym nepeCbIJIKH naKeTOB. CHcTeMa IDS MO)l(eT nOCJIe 3Tora oueHHTb ypOBeHb Ka)l(J:(oM nOTeHUHaJJbHOM yrp03bI H B CJIyqae He06xo.n:HMOCTH 3anpOCHTb nOMoIllb B npe.n:OTBpalUe- HHH aTaKH y.n:pyrnx YCTpOMCTB, TaKHX KaK MapIIIpYTH3aTopbl H 6paHAMaY3pbI (eCJlH OHH B COCTOflHHH 3TO c.n:eJIaTb). Cpe.n:cTBa IPS 'laCTO HaXOAflTCfI Ha nYTH nepeCbIJIKH naKeTOB, 'lTO .n:aeT B03MO)KHOCTb IPS BbInOJIHSlTb TaKHe )l(e <PYHKI.{HH, KaK H <PYHKUMM IDS, HO B .n:onOJIHeHHe K HHM IPS HMeeT B03MO)KHOCTb pearHpOBaTb Ha Tpa<puK H <pHJIbTpoBaTb era. Cnoc06HocTb 6bICTpO pearHpoBaTb BeCbMa Ba)l(Ha AJIfI npe.n:oTBpaIl{eHHfI HeKOTopbIX aTaK, TaKHX, HanpHMep, KaK 'lepBb Slammer, nOflBHBllIHMCfI B 2003 rollY, KOTOpbIM y.n:BaHBaJJ 'lHCJIO 3apa)l(eHHbIX Y3JI0B npHMepHO KmK.LbIe 9 ceKYHJ], U CMor 3apa3HTb 75000 y3JI0B 3a nepBbIe 10 MHHYT aTaKH. npH TaKOM CKOpOCTH aTaKH Tpe6yeTcfI HCnOJIb30BaHue 6bICTpO pearHpyJOlUHX Ha yrp03Y cpe.n:CTB, BMeCTO O)KH.n:aHUfi npHXo.n:a UIDKeHepa, KOTOpblM npo- CMOTpUT OT'IeT H npe.n:npHMeT KaKHe- JIH60 .n:eMcTBHfI. BHp-ryal1bHble 'IaCTHble ceTH nOCJIe.n:HHM KJlaCCOM cpe.n:CTB 3aIllHTbI ceTH, KOTOpblM 6y.n:eT paccMoTpeH B .n:aHHoM rJIaBe, 6y.n:eT BHpTyaJJbHM 'laCTHM ceTb (Virtual Private Network - VPN), KOTOPyJO, B03MO)KH0, TO'lHee 6bIJIO 6bI Ha3BaTb BHpTyaJJbHOM 'laCTHOM pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOM ceTblO WAN. BbI,lJ;eJIeHHM JIHHHfI no CBoeH npHpo.n:e flBJlfleTCfI 6e30nacHoM H B .n:eMcTBHTeJlbHO- CTH BbICTyIlaeT B Ka'leCTBe 3JIeKTpH'leCKOM uenH Me)l(J:(y.n:BYMfI MapllIpYTH3aTOpaMH. CeTb VPN nepeCbIJIaeT naKeTbI 'lepe3 ceTb I1HTepHeT, KOTOpM SlBJISleTCfI 06Ille.n:ocTyIlHOM ce- TbIO. O.n:HaKo HCnOJIb30BaHHe BHpTyaJIbHOM 'laCTHOM ceTH VPN .n:eJIaeT TaKYIQ CBfl3b 6e30- nacHoM, KaK 'laCTHyJO BbI,l{eJIeHH)'lO JIHHUIO. Ee3 HCnOJIb30BaHHfI VPN-reXHOJIOrHH naKeTbl, nepeCbIJIaeMbIe Me)l(J:(y.n:BYMSl YCTPOM- CTBaMU, nOreHUHaJlbHO Yfl3BHMbI. npOXOAflIUHe no CeTH I1HTepHeT naKeTbI, MOryT 6bITb nepeXBa'leHbI aTaKYIQIUUMU. B peaJIbHOCTH C pOCTOM ceTH I1HrepHeT aTaKYIQIUHe HaIIIJIU cnoc06bI nepeHanpaBJIfITl> naKeTbI H HCCJle.n:OBaTb HX co.n:ep)KHMOe KaK ,l{Jm npocM01pa nepe.n:aBaeMbIX .n:aHHbIX, TaK H rom nOJIyqeHHfI nepCOHaJlbHOH HH<popMaUHH (TaKoM, KaK HMeHa nOJIb30BaTeJIeM H napOJIH), 'lTO MO)l(eT 6bITb 'laCTblO pa3Be.n:bIBaTeJIbHOM aTaKU. KpOMe Taro, nOJIb30BaTeJIH H cepBepbl MOryT OKa3aTbCSl Hecnoc06HblMH OTJIH'lHTb JIeru- THMHbIM naKeT .n:eMCTBHTeJIbHOrO nOJIb30BaTemI OT naKeTa aTaKYlOlUero, KOTOpblM nbITa- eTCfI nOJIyqHTb elUe 60JIbllIe HH<popMaUHH H B03MO)l(HOCTb .n:ocTyIla. CeTH VPN n03BOJIflIOT peIIIaTb 3TH np06JIeMbI, HCnOJIb3Yfl I1HTepHeT H He no.n:Bepra- SlCb npH 3TOM pHCKy cJlyqaMHo npHHflTb .n:aHHble OT aTaKyJOlUHX Y3JIOB HJIH .n:aTb B03MO}l(- HOCTb .n:pyrHM npO'lHTaTb BalliH .n:aHHbIe. CeTH VPN BbInOJlHfllOT aYTeHTu<pUKaI.{MIO KO- He'lHbIX TO'leK - 3TO 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO 06a OKOHe'lHbIX YCTpOMCTBa, yqacTBYlOlUHe B 06MeHe .n:aHHbIMH, npOBepHJlH u.n:eHTH'lHOCTb .n:pyr .n:pyra. KpOMe 3Toro, ceTH VPN IIIH<ppyiOT nepBOHa'laJIbHble IP-naKeTbl, n03ToMy.n:a)Ke eCJlH aTaKyJOIl{eMY y.n:acTCSl nOJlyqHTb KonM M naKeTOB BO BpeMSl HX npOXO)l(J:(eHHfI no ceTH, TO OH He CMO)l(eT npO'lHTaTb HX .n:aHHbIe. HI' pHC. 6.17 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHbl 06Il{He npHHI.{Unbl pa60TbI ceTH VPN, C HHTpaHeT- ceTblO VPN H ceTblO .n:ocTyna VPN.
rnasa 6. OCHOSbl npoToKona TCP/IP: nepeAa'la AaHHblx, npMnO>KeHMft... 209 Ha pUCYHKe npHBe.n:eH npUMep.n:BYX THnOB ceTeif VPN: VPN-cemb iJocmyna U UHmpa- Hem-cemb VPN Me)l(J:(Y .n:BYMfI no.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHflMH. VPN-ceTb .n:ocTyna nO.lI.ll.ep)KHBaeT pa60- Ty .n:OMawHero n0J1b30BaTeJUI HJIH nOJIb30BaTeJIfi <pHJ1HaJJa (MaJJoro o<pHca), a naKeTbI 06bl'lHO wH<ppyeT KOMnblOTep YllaJJeHHoro oqmca. I1HTpaHeT-ceTb VPN 06bI'lHO coe.n:H- HHeT Me)K,L[y c060if .n:Ba no.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHfI O.n:HOro H Taro )Ke npe.n:npHflTHfI, 3<p<peKTHBHO C03.n:aBafi 6e30nacHoe coe.n:UHeHHe Me)l(J:(Y .n:BYMfI pa3.IIH'lHbIMH 'laCrnMH BHYTPH HHTpa- HeT-ceTH O.n:HOro. ,lLrifi HRrpaHeT-ceTeif VPN WH<PPOBaHHe MO)KeT BbmOJIHflTbCfl ,l{Jm Bcex YCTPOHCTB C HCn0J1b30BaHHeM pa3.IIH'lHbiX annapaTHbIX cpe.n:CTB, TaKHX KaK MapllJpYTH3a- TOphi, 6paHllMaY3pbI, cneUHaJJbHO C03.n:aHHoe BCTpoeHHoe annapaTHoe VPN-06ecne- 'leHHe KOHl.{eHTpaTopa HJlH cpe.n:CTBa ASA (CM. pHC. 6.17). , , Wl1cjJpoBaHHble', , naKeTbf ''-...., " ", <PLoIlll1all AOMawHI1i1 O<!>I1C nK3 Puc. 6.17. llpUMepbl cemeii VPN Ha pMC. 6.17 nOKa3aHO, KaK ceTH VPN MOryr HCn0J1b30BaTb CKB03Hoe (end-to-end) IIIH<ppoBaHHe, npu HCn0J1b30BaHHH KOTOpOro .n:aHHble OCTalOTCfI B 3allJu<ppoBaHHoM co- CTOHHHH, nOKa OHH nepe.n:alOTCfI 'lepe3 O.n:HH HJlH HeCKOJ1bKO MapllJpYTH3aTopOB. KpoMe TOro, KaHaJJbHoe llJH<ppoBaHHe MO)KeT 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHO.lUlfi wu<ppoBaHHH .n:aHHbIX Ha KaHaJJbHOM ypOBHe, n03TOMY .n:aHHbIe llJU<PPyJOTCfI TOJIbKO npH npOXO)l(J:(eHHH no O.n:HOMY KaHaJJy.n:aHHbIX. npHMep KaHaJJbHoro IIIH<ppoBaHHH npUBe.n:eH B rJ1aBe 11 "EeCnpOBO,l{- Hble JIOKaJJbHbIe ceTH".
210 4aCTb I. OCHOBbl CeTeM nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe Bee KI1IO"IeBble TeMbl CJIe.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIIOIJeBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHoH rnaBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbl mucrorpaMMoH Ha nOJIHX. B Ta6JI. 6.5 nepe'lUCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHble KJIlO'leBble TeMbl H COOTBeTCTBYI01llUe UM CTpaHUl.{bl. CUR eMa 3J1eMeHT Ta6J1Hlta 6.5. KJIIO'IeRble TeML! maRL! 6 OnHcaHHe Ta6J1. 6.2 Ta6J1. 6.3 PHC. 6.6 PHC. 6.7 PHC. 6.8 CnHCOK CnHCOK CnHcoK PHc.6.15 <I>ytlKUHH npOTOKOJlOB TCP H UDP HOMepa 06w.eH3BecTHblx nop-roB npOTOKOJlOB TCP H UDP npHMep BOCCTaHORJIeHH" lIaHHblX npOTOKOJlOM TCP C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM onepe)KalOwero nOlITBep>K.1leHH" npHMep CKOJlbJKeHH" TCP-oKHa npHMep YCTaHOBKH coelIHHeHIUI npOTOKOJla TCP OnpelleJleHH" opHeHTHpOBaHHblX Ha coelIHHeHHe npOTOKOJlOB H npOTOKOJlOB 6e3 opHeHTallHH Ha coellHHeHHe Tpe60BaHH" Ka'leCTBa 06CJlY>KHBaHIUI QoS All" TeXHOJlOrHH VolP T pH TH na aTaK npHMepbl 06w.e" Y"3BHMOCrn cern npelInpH"TH" HOMep CTpaHHItbI 181 187 188 189 190 191 191 202 203 3an011HHTe Ta611Hbl H cnHCKH no naMJlTH PaCne'laTaHTe npHJIO}l(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH ero pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CHIl{HHCfI K 3TOH rJIaBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIuUbi H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO}l(eHHU 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbl 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHI.{bi H cnHCKH .IJ.]UI caMoKoHTPOJIfi. Kl1tO'IeBble TepMHHbl rl1aBbl .lI.aHTe onpe.n:eJIeHHH nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHoB U npoBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHoB: aHTu-x, YCTaHoBKa coe.n:HHeHUfI, aTaKa, DoS, 06Hap}')KeHHe 01llH60K, 6paH,lJ,MaY3P, yn- paBJIeHHe nOTOKOM, onepe}l(alOIl{ee no.n:TBep)l(J:(eHHe, npOTOKOJI HTTP, CHCTeMa 06Hap}')Ke- HUH BTop}l(eHHIl (IDS), CHCTeMa npe.n:OTBpaweHHSI BTOp}l(eHHH (IPS), ynopAAO'leHHM ne- pe.n:a'la .n:aHHbIX, nopT, n03HTUBHoe no.n:TBep)l(J:(eHHe H nOBTopHM nepe.n.a'la (PAR), cer- MeHT, CKOJIb3H1llHe OKHa, URL, BHP1)'aJIbHafi 'laCTHM ceTb, TeXHOJIOrHfI VoIP, Be6-cepBep.
E- B 3TOM ..aCTM paCCMOTpeHbl cneAYIOMe TeMbl 3K3aMeHa Cisco ICND1'... DpHHQHnhl pa60Tlol CeTeli nepea'IH ,WIHHhIX: . nOKa3aHO, KaK I1CnOJlb30BaTb MO.ll.eJlI1 OSI 11 TCP/IP, a TaIOKe CBH3aHHble C HI1MI1 npoTOKOJlbllllUl 061,HC- HeHI1H npOleCca nepea'iH nOTOKOB.lI.aHHhlX B cent; . paCCKa3aHO. KaK HHrepnpeTHpoBaTb.ll.HarpaMMbl cere"; . 06'bHcHeHo, KaK onpeeJlHTb MaplUPYT Me)l(,L{)' .lI.BYMH Y3JlaMI1 B CeTI1; . paCCKaJaHO, KaK npaBlUlbHO onpelleJIl1Tb HaH60Jlee pacnpOCTpaHeHHble ceTeBble npo6J1eMbl Ha ypOBHHX I, 2. 3 H 7 C I1CnOJlb30BaHI1eM MHoroypoBHeBoro nOllXOlla; . Onl1CaHhI pa3JII1'iI1H JlOKaJlbHblX (LAN) H paCnpelleJleHHblX (WAN) ceTei1 H I1X 4>YHKUI1". BHe.npeHHe He60Jlbwoli KOMMYTHPyeMoli ceTII: . onHcaH npouecc Bbl60pa npaBltJlbHO" Cpellhl. Ka6eJle". nopToB H pa:n.eMoB l.IIH nOllKJIIO'ieHI1H KOMMYTa- TOpOB K lIpyrHM ceTeBblM YCTpOikTBaM 11 Y3J1aM; . 06'bHcHeHbl TeXH0J10rl1H 11 MeTOllbl KOHTpOJIJI Cpellbl nepella'il1l1aHHblX l.IIH Ethemet-ceTei1; . 06'bslcHeHbi 4>YHllaMeHTaJlbHble KOHuenUl111 cerMeHTl1pOBaHI1H ceTei1 11 6a30Bbix CpellCTB ynpaBlleHI1H TJ}a- 4>11 KOM; . 06'bHcHeHbl 6a30Bbie KOHUenlHH KOMMYTaUHI1 11 npHHUl1n pa60Tbi KOMM)'faTopoB KOMnaHl111 Cisco; . paCCKa3aHO. Kat!. BblnOJlHHTb 6aJOBoe KOH4>HI)'pHpOBaHHe KOMMyraTOpOB Cisco. coxpaHHTb 11 npoBepHTb KOH4>l1l)'palHOHHble 4>afuIbl, a TaK>Ke KaK HCnOJlb30BaTb CpellCTBa Y.ll.aJIeHHOro aLlMHHI1CTpl1pOBaHI1H; . paccKa3aHO, KaK npoBepHTb COCTOHHHe ceTH H pa60T)' KOMM)'faTopa C nOMOlUblO 6a30Bb1X ceTeBblX YTI1J1I1T (ping, traceroute, Telnet, SSH, ARP, ipconfig), a TaK>Ke C nOMOUlblO KOMaHll rpynn show 11 debug; . nOKa3aHO, KaK BHellpHTb 6a30Bble cpellCTBa 6e30nacHocTI1 B KOMMYTaTope (rexHOJlOrHH port seCUrity, OT- KJIIO'ieHHe noproB); . paCCKa3aHO, KaK HlleHTH4>HlHpOBaTb, H30Jll1pOBaTb H pelUlITb Hal160Jlee pacnpocTpaHeHHble npo6J1eMbl C ceTeBoi1 Cpelloi1, KOH4>Hl)'paUHe". aBTOMaTI1'iecKHM COmaCOBaHlleM 11 I1CnpaBl1Tb cTaHllaJ)THbie annapaT- Hble OTKa3bl KOMMYTaropoB. 061.JlCHeHHe OCHOBHhIX 3a.WI'I npH nOC1]loeHHH 6ecnpoBOllHhIX ceTeii: . OrlHCaHbl CTaHllapTbi 6ecnpoBO.lI.HbIX ceTeit (B TOM 'iHCJle I1HcTIITyra IEEE, Wi-Fi-AnbHHca. COIOJa ITU II KOMl1reTa FCC); . paCCKa3aHO, llJIH 'iero HCnOJlb3ytOTCH OCHOBHble KOMnOHeHTbl He60JlbWI1X 6ecnpoBOJlHbiX cerei1 (B ToM 'iHCJle napaMeTpbl SSID, CeTH BSS HESS); . Onl1CaHbl Tl1nH'iHble napaMeTpbl KOH4>Ul)'palI1" 6ecnpoBO.ll.HbIX ceTe", KOTopble He06xolll1Mbll.llH B3all- MO.ll.ei1cTBI1H YCTpOHCTB; . npoaHaJlI1311pOBaHbi 4>YHKUHI1 6e30nacHOCTH 6ecnpoBOllHbiX ceTe", a TaK>Ke B03MO>KHOCTH TexHo.10nlil WPA (B TOM 'iI1CJIe OTKpblTble CeTI1 U CTaHllaJ)Tbl WEP 11 WPA- 1/2); . Onl1CaHbl OCHOBHble npo6J1eMbl npl1 pa3BepTbiBaHI111 6ecnpoBollHbiX ceTe". DOHCK HellOCTaTKOB B CHCTeMe 6e30nacHOCTH H pacnpOCT)laHeHHhle MeTOllbl HX YCT)laH eHHH: . npHBe.ll.eHO Onl1CaHl1e peKOMeHllYeMblX lleikTBI1" no YJI)"IweHI1IO 6e30naCHOCTI1 CeTl1 11 paccKa3aHo 0 Mil- HIIMaJlbHblX Mepax no 06eCrle'ieH 11 10 6e30naCHOCTI1 ycrpOACTB. Hau60Aee DKmYaAbHYIO UHtPoPMD14UIO 0 mOM, KDKue meMbJ HQ meKYuu MOMeHm BXOORm 8 cepmU,pUKD14UOHHbJU Jh. J(lJr4 rn"'Hn lUJumu Ha JJI!6-cajmu http; / Iwww.cisco.com.. - npHMe4. HBT.
4aCTb II. KOMMYTaLU1J1 B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJlX rIlasa 7. ca30sble KOHLlem-l Ethernet-KOMM}lTaLl rIlasa 8. Pa60Ta c KOMM}lTaTOpaM KOMnaH Cisco rIlasa 9. KOH<tmrypposaHe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTOpos rIlasa 10. nOCK YCTpaHeHe HecnpasHocTe s Ethernet-KOMM}lTaTOpaX rIlasa 11. DecnpOSOAHble IlOKaIlbHble ceT
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La-- ,- rIlABA 7 6a30Bbie KOHL-'enL-'MM Ethernet-KoM MYTaL-'M M B rnaBe 3 "OCHOBbl JIOKaJJbHbIX CITeH" 6bIJUt .n:OCTaTO'lHO no.n:p06HO paCCMOTpeHbl OCHOBHbIe KOHuenUHH H aTPH6YTbI reXHOJIOrHH Ethernet ,l{JIfi JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeM. B HeH 6bInH OmtCaHbI KaK OCHOBbI TeXHOJIOrHH, TaK It Ka6eJIbHafi CHCTeMa Ha OCHOBe UTP-Ka- 6eJISI, npHHI.{UnbI pa60TbI KOHl.{eHTPaTopOB H KOMMYTaTopOB, a TaIOKe 6bIJIO npHBe.n:eHO cpaBHeHHe pa3JIH'lHbiX CTaH.n:apTOB Ethernet, onHcaHbl MeXaHlt3MbI nepe.n:a'lH Ha KaHaJJb- HOM ypOBHe, a,Il,peCaUHfi H <ppeHMHpoBaHHe. Bo 3TOH 'laCTH npo.n:OJI)I(eHO OnltCaHlte JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeM (LAN) Ha OCHOBe TeXHOJIO- ntH Ethernet, a B rJIaBe 11 onHcaHbl 6ecnpoBo.n:Hble ceTH. B TeKymeH rJIaBe no.n:p06HO 061>SlCHeHbl TeMbl, OCTaBlllHeCfI 3a paMKaMH npe.n:bI.n:ymHx fJIaB, HanpHMep, rJIaBbI3 "Oc- HOBbl JIOKaJJbHblX cereH". B LJaCTHOCTH, B TeKYIII.eH rJIaBe HaMHoro 60JIee .n:eTaJJbHO onH- caHbI npHHUHnbI pa60Tbi KOMMYTaTOpOB. MeTo.n:bI nOCTPoeHHfI ceTeH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM KOHUeHTpaTopOB, MOCTOB, KOMMYTaTopOB U MapllIpYTH3aTopOB. B rJIaBaX 8-10 paCCKa3a- HO, KaK no.n:KJlIO'lHTbCSI K KOMMYTaTOpaM KOMnaHHH Cisco H KaK HX HaCTpOHTb. B rJIaBe 8 "Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco" no.n:p06HO onHcaH HHTep<peMc KOMaHllHoH CTpolO1 nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, B rJIaBe 9 "KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB" pac- CIOTpeHa 6a30Bafi KOH<pHrypaUHSI KOMMYTaTopOB, a B rJIaBe 10 "nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax" paccKa3aHo, KaK npoBepflTb ceTb H YCTPa- HSlTb HeHcnpaBHOCTIt B KOMMYTaTOpaX KOMnaHUH Cisco. B rJIaBe 11 "fiecnpoBo.n:HbIe JIO- KdJIbHble CeTH", 3aBepllIalOlI.{eH BTOpylO LJaCTb nepBoro TOMa KHltflt, onHcaHbI OCHOBHble KOHUenUHIt 6eCnpOBOAHbIX JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeH. KOHTPOI1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe I1H Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl r.naBbl ::trOT paJlleJI npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH ,l{JIfi Taro 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mar npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO oueHHTb 10H 3Ha ' lec Hltfl H pelliUTb, HY)KHO JIH eMY 'lHTaTb rJIaBY UeJIItKOM. EcJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBflTb 1t3 SlTH Bon p "0(' OCOB AaHbI npaBHJlbHO, MO)KHO cpa3Y )l(e nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:HeMY pa3.n:e.rry 'lrOTOBKa K 3 " 0 IiblX K3aMeHY. CHOBHbIe TeMbl 3TOM rJIaBbI H npe.n:BapHTeJIbHbIX KOHTPOJIb- BonpOCO 1 16nH B nepe'lHCJIeHbl B Ta6JI. 7.1. OTBe'laSi Ha KOHTPOJIbHbIe BonpocbI H HCnOJIb3YfI (,(jn a uY. 'lHTaTeJIb CMO)l(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO On p elleJIHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOM HJIH HHOH CTH 0 '')npOCb;'' TBeTbl Ha BonpOCbl npHBe.n:eHbl B npHJIO)l(eHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOHTPOJIbHbIe
216 aCTb II. KOMMyraL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX ce T)( --- Ta6J1HUB 7.1. TeMbi KOHTpOJlbHbIX BonpocoB KOHLlem.IHlf KOMMYTaLllfH B nOKaJlbHblX CeTHX npHHLllfnbl nOCTj)oeHlfH nOKaJlbHbIX ceTeR HOMepa BonpocoB 1-5 6-8 - OCHOBHaR TeMa -- 1. KaKoe H3 YTBep)J(,ll,eHHH npaBHJIbHO onHCbIBaeT npl1HI1MaeMOe KOMMYTaTopOM peWe- Hl1e 06 OTnpaBKe <t>peHMa .lI)UI H3BecTHoro eM)' o.n:HOa,Il,peCaTHoro (unicast) MAC- a,Il,peca nOJIyqaTeJUl? a) KOMMYTaTop cpaBHHBaeT a,Il,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi C Ta6JIuuei1 KOMMYTaUl111 (T.e. Ta6 JIHueH MAC-a,II,pecoB). 6) KOMMYTaTop cpaBHHBaeT a,Il,pec OTnpaBUTeJIfi C Ta6nHueH KOMMYTaUI1U (T.e. Ta6- JIHl.{eH MAC-a,II,peCOB). B) YCTPOHCTBO paCCbIJIaeT <t>peHM 'lepe3 Bce I1HTep<t>eHCbI B .n:aHHoi1 cent VLAN. KpOMe Taro, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIH OH 6b1.JI nOJIyqeH. r) KOMMYTaTOp CpaBHI1BaeT IP-a,II,pec nOJIyqaTenfi C MAC-a,II,peCOM n0JIY'IaTeml. .n:) YCTPOHCTBO CpaBHI1BaeT H.n:eHTH<t>UKarop BXO.n:Horo HHTep<t>eHca C MAC- a,Il,peCOM OTnpaBI1TeJIfi B Ta6JIHUe MAC-a,II,peCOB 2. KaKoe H3 YTBep)J(,ll,eHHH npaBHJIbHO onHCblBaeT npl1HI1MaeMOe KOMMYTaTopOM perne- HHe 06 oTnpaBKe <t>peHMa ,l{JIfi umpoKOBemaTeJIbHoro (broadcast) MAC-a,II,peca nOJf, 'laTeJIfI? a) KOMMYTaTOp cpaBHUBaeT a,Il,pec nonyqaTenfi C Ta6JIHueH KOMMYTaUUI1 (T.e. 1'36- JIHl.{eH MAC-a,II,pecoB). 6) KOMMYTaTOp cpaBHHBae-r a,Il,pec OTnpaBHTeJUI C Ta6JII1ueH KOMMyraUHI1 (T.e. Tar JIHl.{eH MAC-a,II,pecoB). B) YCTPOHCTBO paCCbIJIaeT <t>peHM 'lepe3 Bce HHTep<t>eHCbI B .n:aHHOH CeTI1 VLAN. KpOMe Taro, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIH OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH. r) KOMMYTaTOp cpaBHHBaeT IP-a,II,pec nOJIyqaTeJUI C MAC-a,II,peCOM nOJIyqaTenS1. .n:) YCTPOHCTBO cpaBHHBaeT u.n:eHTH<t>HKaTOp BXO.n:HOro I1HTep<t>ei1ca C MA( a,Il,peCOM OTnpaBUTeJIfi B Ta6JIHI.{e MAC-a,II,pecoB. 3. KaKoe H3 YTBep)J(,ll,eHHH npaBHJIbHO Onl1CblBaeT npUHI1MaeMOe KOMMYTaTOpOM peU1 HHe 06 OTnpaBKe <t>peHMa ,l{JIH HeU3BecTHoro eMY o.n:HOa,Il,peCaTHoro (unicast) MA a,Il,peca nOJIyqaTeJIfI? VL-N a) YCTPOHCTBO paCCbIJIaeT <t>peHM 'lepe3 Bce HHTep<t>eHcbI B .n:aHHoU ceTI1 KpOMe Taro, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIH OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH. 6) YCTPOHCTBO nepeCbIJIaeT <t>peHM 'lepe3 O.n:HH HHTep<t>ei1c, ,l{JIfi KOTOporo eCTb oTBeTcTBYlOmafi 3anl1Cb B Ta6JIHUe MAC-a,II,pecoB. B) KOMMYTaTOp cpaBHHBaeT IP-a,II,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi C MAC-a,II,peCOM nonyqa-reJlSI. r) YCTPOHCTBO CpaBHI1Bae-r HlleHTH<t>I1Karop BXO.n:HOro HHTeP<t>ei1ca C MAC-alIP- COM OTnpaBI1TenS1 B Ta6JIHue MAC-a,II,pecoB. 4. KaKl1e .n:eHcTBHfI BbmOJlHHeT KOMMYTaTOp, eCJIH eMY HY.>KHO npHHflTb peIIIel-we 0 }:I06aBJIflTb HJlH HeT HOBbIH MAC-a,II,pec B Ta6J1l1uy KOMMYTaUUI1?
a 7 6a30Bbie KOH,-,em"MM Ethernet-KoMMYTa'-'MM 217 rl1 aB . -- a) YCTPOHCTBO CpaBHI1BaeT o.n:HOa,Il,peCaTHbIH a,Il,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi C 3anHCflMH B Ta6- Jll1ue KOMMyraUUU (MAC-a,II,pecoB). 6) YCTPOHCTBO CpaBHI1BaeT o.n:Hoa,u,peCaTHbIH a,Il,pec ompaBHTeAA C 3anHCflMH B Ta6- Jll1ue KOMMyral.{l111 (MAC-a,II,pecoB). B) YCTPOHCTBO CpaBHI1BaeT It,LeHTH<pI1KaTOp CeTH VLAN (ID) C 3anHCflMH B Ta6JIu- ue KOMMYTaUHH (MAC-a,II,pecoB). r) YCTPOHCTBO cpaBHHBaeT IP-a,II,pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi H3 3anHCH B ARP-K31IIe C 3anH- CS1MH B TIl6JII1ue KOMMYTal.{l1H (MAC-a,II,pecoB). 5. nepCOHaJlbHbIH KOMnblOTep n KI C MAC-a,II,peCOM II I 1. II Il.lIII nO.lI.KJllO'leH K UH- Tep<p ei1c y FaOji KOMMYTaTOpa SWI. KOMnbKYfep nK2 C MAC-a,II,peCOM 2222.2222.2222 nO}1l(JIIO'JeH K HHTep<peHcy FaOj2 KOMMYTaTOpa SWI, a KOMnblOTep nK3 C MAC-a,II,- pecoM 2222.2222.2222 no.n:KJIIO'leH K HHTep<peHcy FaOj3 TOro )f(e KOMMYTaTOpa. H3Ha- 'laJ1bHO B TIl6JII11.{e KOMMYTaTopa HeT HHKaKHX .n:HHaMI1'leCKHX 3anHceH a MAC-a,II,pe- cax. OKI nepeCbIJIaeT <ppeHM C a,Il,peCOM n0JIY'IaTeJIfi 2222.2222.2222. ECJIH nOCJIe 3TOro OK3 nepeCbIJIaer q,pei1M KOMnblOTepy nK2 C a,Il,peCOM n0JIY'IaTeJIfi 2222.2222.2222, 'lTO 6y.n:eT npOHcxo.n:HTb B KOMMYTaTOpe? a) KOMMYTaTOp nepeIIIJIeT q,peHM 'lepe3 uHTepq,ei1c FaOji. 6) KOMMYTaTOp nepeIIIJIeT q,peHM 'lepe3 HHTepq,eHc FaOj2. B) KOMMYTaTOp nepeIIIJIeT <t>peHM 'lepe3 HHTepq,eHC FaOj3. r) KOMMYTaTOp OT6poCHT (HJIH OT<pHJIbTPyeT) TaKOH q,peHM. 6. B KaKOM CJIyqae .n:Ba KOMnblOTepa 6YllYT B OllHOM 11 TOM )Ke 1l0MeHe KOJIJII13Hi1? a) ECJIU KOMnblOrepbI pa3.n:eJIeHbI Ethernet-KOHl.{eHTPaTOpoM. 6) ECJIU KOMnblOTepbl pa3.n:eJIeHbI np03pa'lHbIM MOCTOM. B) ECJII1 KOMnblOTepbl pa3.n:eJIeHbI Ethernet-KOMMYTaTOpOM. r) ECJIH KOMnblOrepbI pa3.n:eJIeHbI MaplIIpYTH3aTopoM. 7. B KaKOM cJIyqae .n:Ba KOMnblOTepa 6yAYT B O.n:HOM H TOM )Ke lIIHpOKOBemareJIbHOM .n:o- MeHe? a) ECJII1 KOMnblOTepbI pa3.n:eJIeHbI Ethernet-KOHl.{eHrpaTopoM. 6) ECJII1 KOMnblOTepbl pa3.n:eJIeHbl np03pa'lHbIM MOCTOM. B) EcJII1 KOMnblOTepbI pa311eJIeHbI Ethernet-KOMMYTaTOpOM. r) ECJIH KOMnblOTepbl pa3.n:eJIeHbI MaplIIpYTH3aTopOM. 8. BKaKO E h 100 M? M 113 t ernet-CTIlHllapTOB MaKCI1MaJJbHafi .LUIHHa Ka6eAA He MO)f(eT npeBbIlIIaTb a) IOOBASE- TX. 6) IOOOBASE-LX. B) IOOOBASE_ T. r) 100BASE-FX.
218 '-IacTb II. KOMMyraL-'MR B nOKanbHblX ce TJlX - BBeAeHMe -- - 3Ta maBa Ha'll1HaeTCfI C Onl1CaHUfi KOHuenUI1t1 JIOKaJJbHblX cere" (Local Area Net- work - LAN), B 'laCTHOCTI1 no.n:p06Horo OnI1CaHI1S1 npouecca nepellaLJI1 Ethernet_ <ppeHMoB KOMMYTaTopaMH. B cepe.n:I1He maBbl no.n:p06HO paccMOTpeHbI OCHOBHble npl1H- I.{Hnbl .n:113aHHa ceTeH 11 npHBe.n:eHa COOTBeTCTBYIOIllaSi TepMHHOJlOrl1S1. B TeKylUeH rna- Be TalOKe npe.n:CTaBJIeH He60JIbIIIOH 0630p OnTOBOJIOKOHHblX Bapl1aHTOB reXHOJIOrl1U Ether- net, n03BOJIflIOLUeH peaJJI130BbIBaTb cerMeHTbI 60JlbIIIeH J]JII1Hbl, LJeM UTP-cpella. 5a30Bbie KOHenUt KOMMYTan1 B maBe 3 "OCHOBbl JIOKaJJbHblX ceTeH" 6bIJIa no.n:p06HO Onl1CaHa TeXHOJIorHfl Ethernet, a TalOKe npl1HUl1n pa60Tbi KOMMYTaTopOB U KOHueHl"paTopOB JIOKaJJbHblX ceTeH. 4T06bI pa- 306paTbcfI B npl1Hl.{l1naX pa60TbI LAN-KoMMYTaTopoB, CJIe.n:yeT XOpOIIIO pa3611paTbcSI B npUHUHnax 60JIee CTapbIX YCTPOHCTB: KOHl.{eHTpaTopOB (hub) 11 MOCTOB (bridge). B nep- BOH 'laCTH 3Toro pa3.n:eJIa paCCKa3aHO, 3aLJeM Bo06LUe 6blJII1 pa3pa60TaHbi KOMMYTaTopbI, a BO BTOpOH onHcaHbI l"p11 HX OCHOBHbIe <PYHKllI1U 11 HeKoTopble llPyrl1e .n:eTaJJl1 YCTpOHCTB. Pa3S...T...e ceTeSblX YCTPOaltCTS: KOHeHTpaTOpbl, MOCTbl ... KOMMYTaTOpbl KaK 6bIJIO paccKa3aHo BbIIIIe, B maBe 3, nepBbIM Bapl1aHTOM reXHOJIOfl1H Ethernet 6bI- JIa <pH3H'leCKafi lIIHHHafi TOnOJIOrl1f1 Ha OCHOBe KoaKCHaJJbHoro Ka6eJISi. CJIelly10IIIuM pac- npOCl"paHeHHbIM BapHaHTOM TeXHOJIorl1H 6bIJI CTaH.lI.apT lOBASE- T, Ha,ne)l(HOCTb KOTO- poro 6bIJIa 3Ha'll1TeJIbHO BbIIIIe 3a C'leT Taro, 'ITa np06JIeMbi B O.n:HOM Ka6eJle He BJII1ID1I1 Ha BCIO ceTb (xapaKTepHafi CHTYal.{Ufi J]JIfi ceTeH lOBASE2 H lOBASE5 C TOnOJIOmeH pa3lIe- JIfleMOH 1III1Hbl). B TeXHOJIOmU lOBASE- T HCnOJIb30BaJJaCb He3KpaHl1pOBaHHaSi BHTa5I napa (unshielded twisted-pair - UTP), KOTOpafl 3HaLJUTeJIbHO .n:eIIIeBJIe, 'leM KOaKCl1aJJbHblH K... 6eJIb. KpOMe Taro, BO MHorHX OpraHl13al.{Hf(X BHTafi napa HCnOJIb30BaJJaCb,l{JlH TeJIe<p OHI1H , n03TOMj' CTaH,lI.apT lOBASE- T OLJeHb 6b1Cl"p0 CTaJJ pa3YMHOH aJJbrepHaTI1BOH Ethemet- ceTfiM CTaH.lI.apl'OB lOBASE2 H lOBASE5. THnl1'lHbIe TOnOJIOfl1U J]JIfi cern cTaHllap'. lOBASE2 H CeTI1 lOBASE- T C I1CnOJIb30BaHHeM KOHueHl"paTopa nOKa3aHbi Ha pHC. 7.t. aJBH- HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa TeXHOJIOrHfI lOBASE- T 6blJla JaMeTHblM IIIaroM Bnepell B P THI1 ceTeBbIX TeXHOJIOrI1H, Y Hee Bce )l(e 6bIJIO HeCKOJlbKO cYLUecTBeHHbix He.n:ocTaTKO: CBfl3aHHbiX C UCnOJIb30BaHHeM KOHueHTpaTopoB: /lappl-1 ------ Ap'i1-1 1 OBASE- T C I-1Cn0J1b30BaHl-1eM KOHeHTpaTopa pa60TaeT KaK OAHa WI1Ha /lappl-1 .-J /Ip'i1-1 1 OBASE2, OAHa WI1Ha -----... ------ ------ ------ KOHeHTpaTop 1 606 )l(I1PHOi< J1I1Hl1ei< nOKa3aH KOaKCI1aJ1 606 )l(I1PHOi< I1I1Hl1ei< nOKa3aHa BI1TaA napa Puc. 7. J. C/)u3UlteCKUe mOnOAOi?UU OAR cemu WBASE2 U cemu JOBASE- T c UCnOJIb3080HUeM KOH/{eHmpamopa
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220 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'MR B nOKanbHblX CeTRX Ba, n03TOMY B paCCMOTpeHHOM npHMepe <paKTU'-IeCKH nOJIOCa npOnYCKaHI1f1 BbipaCTeT nO'lTH 110 20 M6HTfc no cpaBHeHl110 C ceTblO, nOKa3aHHOH B BepxHeH '-IaCTI1 pHC. 7.2. 4>pe)J. Ba.1I1Ma - ......... 1 )J.OMeH K0I1I1a.13a.1i1 Pa3)J.el1AeMbie 10 M6a.1T Ie eapHa.1 6eTrn MoeT 1 )J.OMeH K0I1I1a.13a.1i1 Pa3)J.el1AeMbie 10 M6a.1T/e ......... ......... 1 )J.OMeH K0I1I1a.13a.1i1 P33)J.el1AeMbie 10 M6a.1T/e Puc. 7.2. Mocm c03iJaem iJea iJoMeHa KOJUlU3UU U iJea pa3iJeAReMbIX Cei!MeHma Ethernet KOMMYTaTOpbl JIOKaJJbHblX ceTeH (LAN switches) BbmOJIHfllOT re )j(e caMbIe 6a30BbIe <PYHKUI1I1, 'ITa H MOCTbI, HO Y HI1X eCTb MHO)j(eCTBO .n:onOJIHI1TeJIbHbIX <PYHKUI1H. KaK 11 MOCTbl, KOMMYTaTopbl cerMeHTHpyJOT ceTb Ha pa3JIH'-IHbIe yqacTKI1, Ka)K,l{bIH cerMeHT npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H OT.n:eJIbHbIH 1l0MeH KOJIJIH3HH. B KOMMYTaTopaX MO)j(eT 6bITb O'-leHb 60JIblllOe 'lHCJIO HHTep<peHCOB, Cnel.{l1aJJbHO onTHMH3HpOBaHHoe annapaTHoe 06ecne- 'leHHe, n03TOMY Aa)j(e MJIa.l{IllHe Mo.n:eJIH Ethernet-KOMMYTaTOpOB MOryT KOMMYTHpO- BaTb MHJlJIHOHbI <ppeHMOB B ceKYHAY. 3a C'-IeT Taro, 'ITa KOMMYTaTopbl C03.n:a1OT OTlleJIb- HblH 1l0MeH KOJIJIl13HH .LI.JIfi Ka)l(}:loro cBoero HHTep<peHca H Bl1pTYaJJbHbIH MaplllPYT .LI.JIfi nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX Me)l(}:lY .n:BYMfI nopTaMH, OHI1 <paKTI1'leCKH YBeJIH'lHBalOT CKOpOCTb ne- pella'll1 .n:aHHbIX. KaK 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO B rJIaBe 3 "OCHOBbl JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeH", eCJII1 noPT KOMMYTaTopa no.n:KJIIO'-IeH K OAHOMY KaKoMY-JII160 YCTpOHCTBY, B TaKOM Ethernet- cerMeHTe 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI AynJIeKCHblH pe)j(UM (full-duplex), n03TOMY CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH llaHHbIX y.n:BOHTCfI. BHMMAHME! Pa36lteHUe ,aOMeHa KOJlJ]lt311H KOMMyraTopoM B nOKaJlbHOH cent H3 MeHbIlJlte ,aOMeHbI lJ)ISI K3)f(,!lOro I1HTepl}>eHca Ha3bIBaeTCfI MUKpOCei!MeHmau,ueu CeTIt. PaCCMOTpeHHbJe Bblllle KJIlO'leBble KOHUenUI1H npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaHbl Ha pl1c. 7.3. Ha HeM nOKa3aHbi Te)j(e caMble pa60'-ll1e CTaHUHI1, '-ITO H Ha pl1C. 7.2, HO renepb OHI1 Coe.n:H- HeHbI nocpellCTBOM KOMMYTaTopa, I1HTep<peHcbl KOTOpOro pa60TalOT co CKOpOCTblO 100 M6HTfc 11 C03.llaIOT '-IeTblpe .n:OMeHa KOJIJII13I1H. CJIe.n:yeT TaIOKe 3anOMHUTb, '-ITa see HH- Tep<pei1cbI pa60TalOT B ll)'JUIeKCHOM pe)j(I1Me, nOCKOJIbK)' TOJIbKO Olll1H KOMnblOTep BKJlIO'-IeH B K<UK.lI.bIH noPT, a TaK)Ke '-ITa B TaKoi1 CTpYKTYPe CeTI1 Bo06111e He 6YlleT KOJlJ]H3I1H.
rnaBa 7. 5a30Bbie KOHL-'em"MM Ethernet-KoMMyraL-'MM 221 Ka>K,lJ,as:l 3 OKpy)KHOCTe orpaHw.jBaeT 1 AOMeH KOJlJl3 co CKOpOCTblO 100 M6T/C 6apH FaO/2 0200.2222.2222 Puc. 7.3. KOMMymamop pa3deJUlem 'lemblpe Ethemet-Cei!MeHma U c03iJaem 'lemblpe iJoMeHa KOJUlU3UU B cJle.n:yJOIII.eM pa3.n:eJle onucaH npouecc nepeCbIJIKH Ethernet-<ppeHMoB KOMMYTaTopaMH. np"'H"'nbl KOMMYTa"'''' (j>peMOB BnOJlHe OlJeBHllHO, 'ITa OCHOBHafi 3a.n:a'la KOMMYTaTopa B JIOKaJIbHOH ceru COCTOHT B nepeCbIJIKe Ethemet-<ppeHMoB. LlrnI BbmOJIHeHHfI TaKOH <PYHKI.J:HH YC-rpOHCTBO HcnOJlb3Y- eT onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe aJIropHTMbI, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha aHaJIH3e MAC-a.n:pecoB OmpaBHTeJIfl H nOJlY4aTeJIfi B Ethemet-3aroJIoBKax <ppeHMoB. QT06bl nOHflTb, KaK HMeHHO pa60TaeT KOMM}'TaTop, CHa'laJIa CJIen.yeT 3anOMHltTb OCHOBHbIe TltnbI a.n:peCOB, HCnOJIb3yeMble B co- BpeMeHHbIX ceTfiX. CamaCHo CTaHAapTaM HHCTHryTa IEEE MAC-a.n:peca TeXHOJIOrHlt Ethernet MO)J(HO pa311eJlltTb Ha TPH KaTeropHH: · o.n:Hoa.n:pecaTHbIe (unicast addresses), HJIH Te, KOTopble It,LeHTu<pltl.{ltpyer O.n:HH ItH- Tep<peHc, ceTeByJO nJIary HJIH noPT JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH; · IUHpOKOBelliaTeJlbHbIe (broadcast addresses) - <ppeHM C llIltpOKOBeIllaTeJlbHbIM a.n:- peCOM B Ka'leCTBe nonyqaTenfi (FFFF.FFFF.FFFF) .n:OJDKeH 6bITb npHHflT H 06pa- 60TaH BceMH YCTpoi1cTBaMH B cerMeHTe JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH (LAN); · MHoroa.n:pecaTHbIe (multicast addresses) n03BOJIflIOT o.n:HOBpeMeHHO npltHltMaTb -rpa<PHK HeKOTopoH .n:HHaMH'leCKH H3MeHfllOIII.eHCfI rpynne ceTeBbIX YC-rpOHCTB B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH. BHMAHME! pPOTOKone IP nOII.LIep>KItBaeTCH MHoroa,apecaTHaH paCCbIJIKa naKeTOB. KOfla MHoroa,apecaTHIH M naKeT nepelIaeTCH B cpe.ne Ethernet, Hcnonb3YeTCH CneLiitaJIlt3ltpoBaHHbIH MHoroa.apecaTHbIH AC-a,apec onpelIeneHHoro <!>0pMam. An,pec BbIrml.lIitT TaKHM 05pa30M: 0 100.5exx.xxxx, me 3lia'leHlte OT OO.OOOO.no 7f.ftITMO:>KeT 6bITb ItCnOnb30BaHO BO BTOpOH nOnOBItHe a.apeca BMeCTO OJIOB "xu. MHoroa,apecaTHbIe MAC-a,apeca Cpe.n bI Ethernet BblXOlIHT 3a paMKIt .naHHoH KHltrlt. J,haK, OCHOBHaSi 3a.n:alJa JlI060ro Ethemet-KoMMYTaTopa 3aKJIIO'laercSi B nOJlY4eHItH I!>peHMoB 1t3 JIOKaJlbHOH CeTIt It nOCJlen.ylOlI.{eM npltWITItH perneHHfI: CJIen.yeT TaKa" <ppeHM
222 aCTb II. KOMMyraL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)( - nepeCJlaTb '-Iepe3 KaKOM-JlI160 nOpT (nOPTbI) HJlH npOUrHOpHpOBaTb (T.e. OT6pOCI1Tb) ero lJT06bl BbmOJlHHTb 3T)' 3a,u,a'lY, KOMMymTopbl (KaK, BnpO'leM, 11 np03pa'-lHble MOCTbI) BbI nOJIHfllOT CJle.n:yJOIllue .n:eMcTBHfI. 1. npHHHMalOT pellleHl1e a TOM, CJIe.n:yeT nepeCJIaTb <ppeHM 11J111 O1$HJlbTpOBaTb C (He nepeCblJIaTb) Ha OCHOBaHI1H MAC-a,u,peca YCTPOMCTBa-nOJIyqaTeJlfl. 2. l13yqalOT MAC-anpeca It CTPOfiT m6JII1UY KOMMYWUI1H Ha OCHOBaHl111 MAC-anpecoB YCTPOMCTB-oTnpaBHTeJIeH <ppeMMoB. 3. nO.n:.n:ep)!(HBaIOT TOnOJIOrl11O BTopora ypOBHSI 6e3 neTeJlb C llpyrHMI1 KOMMyraTopaMI1 Ja C'leT HCnOJIb30BaHI1S1 npOTOKOJla paCnpelleJleHHOra CBSl3YlOmera llepeBa (Spanning Tree Protocol - STP). nepBoe H3 yJ<a3aHHblx Bblille .n:eHCTBI1M - 3TO OCHOBHafi 3ana'la JII060ra KOMMyram- pa, .n:Ba OCTaJJbHbIX SlBJlSlIOTCfI BTopocTeneHHblMI1, HO He06xo.n:I1MbIMI1. B nOCJlellyJOWHX pa3.n:eJlaX no.n:p06HO Onl1CaHbI YKa3aHHbie Bblille rJlaBHble <PYHKI.{I1I1 KOMMyraTopoB. Cl>Ml1bTpaMs:I M nepeAaa 4>pe"'Ma lJT06bI npHHHTb peIIIeHHe a TOM, CJIe.n:yeT JIlt nepeCblJIaTb <ppeHM, KOMMyraTop HC- nOJIb3yeT .n:HHaMH'leCKH C03.n:aBaeMyJO Ta6J1l1l.{y KOM Myral.{U 11 , B KOTOpOH co.n:ep)!(aTCSI MAC-a,u,peca 11 u.aeHTI1<pI1KaTOpbI BbIXO.n:HbIX I1HTep<peMcoB. KOMMyraTop cpaBHUBaeT MAC-a,u,pec nOJIy'IaTeJIfi <ppeMMa C 3anHCblO B TaKOM Ta6JIHl.{e, '-IT06bI npl1HSlTb peIIIeHlte a TOM, cJlellyeT nepellaTb <ppeHM .n:aJJbllle HJlH npOl1rHOpHpOBaTb era. Hanpl1Mep, 06pa- THMCfI K CeTI1, npOHJlJlIOCTPHpOBaHHoit Ha pl1C. 7.4, 11 npe.n:CTaBHM, 'ITa KOMnblOTep <Dpe- lla nepeCblJIaeT <ppeHM KOMnblOTepy 6apHI1. Ha pl1C. 7.4 nOKa3aH KaK npHMep npHHflTI1f1 peIIIeHHfI a nepeCblJIKe <ppeMMa, TaK H 0 <pHJlbTPauuH. KOMnblOTep <1>pe.n:a nepeCblJIaeT <ppeHM C MAC-a,u,pecoM nOJl)"laTeJlSl 0200.2222.2222 (T.e. MAC-a,u,pecoM KOMnblOTepa 6apHI1); KOMMyraTOp CpaBHI1BaeT 1'3- KOM anpec nOJIy'IaTeJlfl co CBoeH Ta6JII1UeM KOMMyraUHl1, '-IT06bl HaHTI1 COBnaneHue. Ta- KUM 06pa30M, B paCCMaTPHBaeMOM CI1T)'aUHI1 6YlleT Hai1n.eH BbIXO.n:HOH I1HTep<peHc, '-IepeJ KOTOpblH MO)!(HO }:IOCTaBHTb <ppeMM nOJIy'IaTeJIIO C MAC-anpecoM 0200.2222.2222. no CKOJlbK)' I1HTep<peHc, 'lepe3 KOTOpblM 6bIJI nOJIy'IeH <ppeHM (FaO/I), OTJII1'-1aeTCfI aT Taro, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIM OH .n:OJDKeH 6bITb nepe.n:aH (FaO/2), YCTPOMCTBO npHHI1MaeT peIIIeHHe 06 oTnpaBKe <ppeMMa 'lepe3 ltHTep<peMc FaO/2, KaK nOKa3aHO B Ta6JIltue Ha pHC. 7.4. BHMMAHME! - Ta6J1ltI.{Y MAC-a.apecoB KOMMYTaTopa TalOKe Ha3bIBalOT Ta6J1ItI.leH KOMMYTaUItH (switching table). MOCTOBOH Ta6J1ItI.leH (bridging table), I1JIIt 113)1(e CAM-Ta6J1ltueH (Content Addressable Memory- a.apecyeMaSi no COllep>KItMOMY naMSlTb). nOCJlellHItH TepMItH 06bI'-IHO ItcnOJlb3yeTcSI, '1To6bI YKa..J Tb Tltn naMSITlt, ItcnoJlb3yeMoH lIJISi XpaHeHItSi KOMMYTaUItOHHOH ItH<!>opMaUItIt. __ . pocr.t ar - lJT06bl nOHflTb, Ky.n:a KOMMyraTop .n:OJDKeH OTnpaBHTb <ppeuM, H}')KHO YMeTb n ()l, pl1BaTb H aHaJJlt3HpOBaTb era Ta6JIHUY anpecoB. B w6J1l1ue COllep)KHTCSI HH<POPMaUHSl Ha anpecax H I1CnOJIb3yeMbix YCTPOHCTBOM HHTep<peMcax llJIfi OTnpaBKH naKeToB K HHO/ npHMep, B Ta6JII1ue 3anucaHO, '-ITa a,u,pec 0200.3333.3333 CBSl3aH C I1HTep<peucOM iff! CJlellOBaTeJlbHO, <ppeHM,l{JIfi TaKara nOJIyqaTeJlfl 6YlleT OTnpaBJIeH HMeHHO '-Iepe3 3TO T Tep<peHC (,l{JIfi KOMnblOTepa BHJlMbl).
7 Sa30Bbie KOHem"MM Ethernet-KoMMYTaMM rJ1 a sa . 223 - ""A eua nOlly<1aTellb (j>peMa 0200.2222.2222... nOlly<1eH FaO/1 nepecllaTb epe3 FaO/2 OT(j>a.111bTpOBaTb (He nepeCblllaTb)AI1A FaO/3. FaO/4 BI111Ma 0200.3333.3333 <l>peA I Dest 0200.2222.2222 I ._-----------------+. I J..--- -----:' FaO/1 I ,-----" ---r- , FaO/3 FaO/2 FaO/4 r -+-------------- 6apHI1 0200.2222.2222 6eTTI1 0200.4444.4444 1a611114a 8ApecoB 0200.1111.1111 FaO/1 0200.2222.2222 FaO/2 0200.3333.3333 FaO/3 0200.4444.4444 FaO/4 ---------------.. MapwPYT nepeCbl11KI1 <l>peMa Puc. Z4. flpUMep KOMMymau,uu u fjJUJ/bmpau,uu fjJpeuMo6 Ha pHC. 7.5 npOHJlJlIOCTPl1pOBaH llpyrOH BapHaHT pa3BHTI1S1 C06blTI1H - KOMMYTaTOp OTIj)I1l1bTpoBbIBaeT !j)peHM. B llaHHOM CJIyqae KOMnblOTepbI <1>pe.n:a H 6apHI1 no.n:KJIIO'leHbI K KOHueHTpaToPY, KOTOpbIH, B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b, no.n:KJIlOlJeH K nopTY KOMMYTaTopa. B Ta6- JIMue MAC-a.n:pecoB KOMMYTaTopa B 3TOM npHMepe 6YD:YT 3anUCH ,l{JIfi KOMnblOTepOB <1>peDa M 6apHH, CBfl3aHHbIe C O.n:HI1M H TeM )l(e HHrep!j)eHcoM, FaO/I, H YCTPoiicTBO DOll)KHO nepeCblJIaTb !j)peHMbl C COOTBeTCTBy1OlI.{HMI1 u.n:eHTI1!j)HKaTopaMH nOllyqareJIeH epe3 Hero. Kor.n:a KOMMYTaTop nOJIyqaeT !j)peHM, OTnpaBlIeHHbLH KOMnblOTepOM <1>pella ;.e. C MAC-a.n:pecoM OTnpaBI1TeJISI 0200.1111.1111) 11 npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHHbIH KOMnblOTepy H aHM (T.e. C MAC-a.n:pecoM no.rryqaTeJIfi 0200.2222.2222), OH 06HapY)l(HBaeT, lJTO BXO.n:- n a O M M BbIXOllHOH HHTep!j)eHcbl .lI.JUI TaKara !j)peHMa COBna.n:aIOT, CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, nepeCbJ- Th ero no .J.. p . BTOPHO B TOT UHTep!j)eHC, 113 KOTopora OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH, 6eCCMbICJIeHHO, II 'j.I eM1 6YlleT .t-. C OT't'HJlbTPOBaH (T.e. oT6pOIIIeH) YCTPOI1CTBOM. Ha B JIellYer nOMHHTb, 'ITa KOHueHTpaTOp npOCTO BocnpOU3Ro.n:I1T 3JIeKTpHlJeCKI1H CUrH311 <1> p cex BblXODHbIX HHrep!j)eHcax, CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, 611Tbl nepellaBaeMora KOMnblOTepOM t..I.a !j) p v M..... eMMa 6y.n:yr nona.n:aTb KaK B I1HTep!j)eHC KOMnblOTepa 6apHU, TaK U B nopT KOM- JI dTOpa K 8aHI1 . OMMyraTop npHHHMaeT perneHl1e a !j)I1JIbTpal.{l1l1 !j)peHMa (Le. 06 oT6pachI- oro' eOTOMY 'ITa MAC-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJISI CBfl3aH C BXOllHblM I1HTep!j)eHcoM .lI.JUIllaH- p I1Ma (T.e. C TeM )l(e caMbIM nopTOM - BbIXO.n:HbIM I1HTep!j)eHCOM.lI.JUI OTnpaBHTeJISI).
224 aCTb II. KOMMyraL-'MR B nOKanbHblX Ce TJlX - CsaA eMa nOJ1y>1aTeJ1b <l>pei1Ma 0200.2222.2222.. B MAC-Ta6J1l1ueYKa3aH FaO/1 ct>pei1M nOJ1y.<eH '4epe3 FaO/I, n03TOMY: OT<I>I1J1bTpOBaTb (He nepeCblJ1aTb HI1K)1A<1I ct>peA I Dest 0200.2222.2222 I -------------+ I BI1J1Ma 0200.3333.3333 ....---- -- _ 0/1 __ FaO/3 -'"'" FaO/4 r .. -- ......... 6apHI1 0200.2222.2222 6enl1 0200.4444 4444 Ta6J1l1ua aAPeCOB 0200.1111.1111 FaO/1 0200.2222.2222 FaO/1 0200.3333.3333 FaO/3 0200.4444.4444 FaO/4 -------------+ Mapwpyr nepeCbI11KI1 <l>pei1Ma Puc. Z5. flpUMep tPUJlbmpaUu tPpeiIMo6 KaK KOMMyraTop HaXOA..-.T MAC-aApeCa .lI.PYTOH BaJKHOH YHKI..{HeH KOMMYTaTOpa flBJIfleTCfI MexaHH3M 06Hap}')KeHltSi MAC- a.n:peCOB It nOCTpOeHHe Ta6JIHI.{bi KOMMYTaLU1H .lI.lliI HHX. ECJIH Ta6nHua KOMMyTaUltlt YCT- pOHCTBa npaBHnbHafi It TO'lHafI, KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:eT npHHltMaTb npaBHJlbHble U TO'lHbIe perneHUfi 06 OTnpaBKe HJlH HJlbTpaUHH peHMoB. KOMMyTaTOpbI CTpOfiT Ta6JIHUY a.n:peCOB, npOCMaTpltBafi BXOAflIllHe peHMbl U 3anlt CblBafi H3 HltX MAC-aopeca nOJ/y'tameJ/eu. Ecnlt Ha BXO.n: KaKoro-Jllt60 nopTa YCTpotiCTBa nonyqeH peHM H MAC-a.n:pec B nOJIe OTnpaBltTenSi peHMa OTCYTCTByeT B Ta6nltue KoM- MyTaUUIt, KOMMYTaTOp C03.n:aeT COOTBeTCTBYlOmyJO eMY 3anltCb B Ta6JIHl.{e. B Ta6.nltllY 00- MemaeTCfI a.n:pec H HlleHTUHKaTOp HHrepeHca. 'lepe3 KOTOpblH 6bIJI nonyqeH peHM. lIMe- Ha pltC. 7.6 nOKa3aHa ceTb, no.n:06Hafi npellCTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 7.4, HO B 3TOM np TPIt- pe KOMMYTaTOp eme He nOCTpOHn ce6e Ta6JIHllY KOMMYTallHH, aHa nYCTafi. B paCCMa BaeM Ha pHC. 7.6 CJIyqae nOKa3aHbi .n:Ba Ha'laJIbHbIX peHMa KOMMYHuKauHu Me)l(,!l)' JIByMSI YCTpoHCTBaMH, nepBblH peHM nepeCbIJIaeT KOMnblOTep <1>pe.n:a KOMnblOTepy EapHH. BTO- pOH npe.n:CTaBJISIeT C060H OTBeT aT KOMnblOTepa EapHH.
a 7 6a30Bbie KOH4em"MM Ethernet-KoMMY Ta 4 MM rl1aB . 225 ;.;;;::"". a CD nOl1)"1eH cj>peMM C a,o.peCOM OmpaBI1TeI1R: CJ>peA @ nOl1)"1eH cj>peMM C a.APeCOM OmpaBI1TeI1R: 6apHI1 I Ta6l1ML&B 8JU)8Coe: IJIJ nepec"'M 4tJ)eHMOB Q>peA 0200.1111.1111 +--------. Bl1l1Ma 0200.3333.3333 CD c1- CD - - - - - - -... ....---!- FaO/1 --,-r--:- , FaO/3 Tal5nML&B a"QpeCOB: eWe"M 1 ompaaneH (OT ctJsJeAa Ie 6apt-lM) AL1De c: HTe Dd>e Hc: 0200.1111 1111 FoO/1 FaO/2 FaO/4 +------- 6eTTI1 0200.4444.4444 @ 6apHI1 0200.2222 2222 , , , - - - - - - - - - -. @ Ta611"'L&B a.arp8COB: cl>peMM 2 OTnpS8118H (OT 6apt-lM I( 4>peJ1Y) A.D.Pec: L-tHTeDcbec: 0200.1111.1111 FaO/1 0200.2222.2222 FaOI2 -------------+ Mapwpyr nepecbll1KI1 cj>peMMa Puc. 7.6. CaMOo6ylteHue KOMMymamopa: nycmaJI ma6J/ulI,a U tJ6a HaltaJIbHbIX rPpeiLMa KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 7.6, nOCJ1e Taro KaK KOMnblOTep Cl>pe.n:a nepeCJ1aJJ nepBbIH 4>peHM (0603Ha'leH KaK "peHM I") KOMnblOrepy EapHH. KOMMYTaTOp .n:06aBJIfleT 3anHCb llJISi MAC-a.n.peca 0200.1111.1111 B Ta6J11.tl.{y KOMMYTal.{HU H CBfl3bIBaeT ee C HHTepeHcoM FaOjl. Kor.n:a Ha BTOpOM 3Tane KOMnblOTep EapHH nepeCbIJIaeT OTBeTHbIH peHM. era a.n.- pec. 0200.2222.2222, BMeCTe C u.n:eHTHHKaTOpoM HHTepeHca FaOj2, T.e. nopTa, 'lepe3 KOTOpblH nOJ1yqeH peHM, JI06aBJIfleTCfI B Ta6JIHuy KOMMYTal.{HH ycrpoHCTBa. KOMMYTa- TOp Bcer.n:a llJIfi nOCTpoeHHfI Ta6JIHI.{bI a.n:peCOB HCnOJIb3yeT MAC-a.n:pec oTnpaBHTeJIfi 4>peHMa. J1aBMHHaSi paCCblJ1Ka 4>peMMoB 06paTHMcSI CHOBa K pl-tC. 7.6 H npOHJIJIlOc-rpHpOBaHHOMY Ha HeM npOl.{eccy paCCbIJIKJt 4>peHMOB. KaK nOCT}'TIHT KOMMYTaTOp C nepBbIM peHMOM aT KOMnblOTepa Cl>pe.n:a, T.e. Ha nepBOM 3Tane 06MeHa JIaHHbIMH. eCJIH 3anHCH B Ta6J1Hue MAC-a.n.peCOB ewe HeT? Kor.n:a OJIY'JeH peHM C a.n.peCOM nOJIyqaTeJ1S1. OTCYTCTBYIOIllHM B Ta6JIHue, KOMMYTaTOp nepe- CblJIaeT TaKOH '" IA n 'i-'pel-tM 'lepe3 Bce HHTepeUCbI KpOMe Tara, OTKYJIa OH npurneJ1. t"lTaK, CJIe- It _'T 3anOMHl1Tb, 'ITa KOMMYTaTOp Bcer.n:a paCCbIJ1aeT oiJHoaiJpecamHblU rjJpeiiM, aiJpec nO/lY- ameJ/R Kom0 'P . 1 ' Oi!O omcymcmeyem e ma6/luu,e KOMMymau,uu (unknown umcast frame), 'lepe3 l_ l1HTep Iqk) el1CbI B Ha.n.e)t(,l{e, 'ITa HCKOMoe yc-rpol1:cTBO OKiUKeTCSI B KaKOM-JIH60 U3 nOJI- 'JeHHbIX K H E h , OJ!( eMY t ernet-cerMeHTOB H OTBeTHT Ha TaKOH peHM H. CJIeJIOBaTeJ1bHO, HHO 6Y.n:eT BHeCTI-t npaBlIJIbHYIO 3anHCb B Ta6J1Hl.{y MAC-a.n.pecoB YC-rpOHCTBa. VHTeMep, KaK nOKa3aHo Ha pHC. 7.6, KOMMyraTOp nepeCbIJIaeT nepBblH peHM 1.Jepe3 f)"1')O.222;Cbl FaOj2, FaOj3 H FaOj4, HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa MAC-a.n.pec nOJ1Y1.JaTeJ1S1 1 )p He .2222 (T.e. KOMnblOTep EapHH) Haxo.n:HTCfI 3a HHTepeHcoM FaOj2. KOMMYTa- Pl3 3T;TnpaBJIfieT peHM 06paTHo B HHTepeHc FaOjl, nOCKOJ1bKY OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH 'le- P.J Fa;PT. CJIe.n:YeT 3aMeTl-tTb, 'ITa Ha pHC. 7.6 He nOKa3aHbi petiMbI, nepeCbInaeMbIe cy c 3 11 FaOj4, nOCKOJ1bKY OCHOBHoe BHl-tMaHl-te Ha HJIJIIOCTpaUl-tH y.n:emIeTCSl npo- a M o o 6Y'JeHHSI KOMMYTaTopa. Kor.n:a KOMnblOTep EapHH OTBe1.JaeT KOMnblOTepy
..., 226 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTftx <1>pe.n:a, KOMMyrnTOp .n:06aBJIfl:eT 3anHCb MfI MAC-a.n.peca 0200.2222.2222 (H HHTepeika FaOj2) B Ta6J1I11.{y a.n.peCOB. Bce nOCJIe.n:yJOIllHe peHMbl. nepe.n:aBaeMbIe MfI a.n.peca nOJIY- 'laTeJ1f1 0200.2222.2222, He 6YJIYT nepeCblJ1aTbCfI B HHTepeHCbl FaOj3 H FaOj4, a TOJIb- KO B nopT FaOj2. npOl.{eCC nepeCbIJIKJt peHMOB 'lepe3 Bce aKTHBHbIe HHTepeHCbI KOMMyrnTopa, KpO- Me Taro. OTKY.n:a OH npHIIIeJ1. Ha3bIBalOT flaeUHHOU paccbUlKoU (flooding). KOMMYTaTOpbI C UCn0J1b30BaHHeM JIaBHHHOH paCCbIJIKH nepe.n:alOT KaK o.n:Hoa.n.pecaTHbIe pei1MbI, a.n.peca nOJ1yqaTeJ1eH KOTOpblX OTCYTCTByJOT B Ta6J1Hl.{e, TaK H umpOKOBeIllaTeJ1bHbIe. AHaJIOrH'lHO YCTpoi1CTBa nocrynalOT C MHoroa.n:pecaTHblMH (multicast) peHMaMH. KpOMe Tex CJ1yqaeB, Kama B KOMMYTaTopax flBHO CKOHHrypHpOBaHbl HeKOTopble cpe.n:CTBa onTHMH3aUHH MHoroa.n.pecaTHbIX nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX. MHoroa.n.pecaTHble TeXH0J10rHH BbIXO,l{flT Ja paMKH .n:aHHoi1 KHHrH H paCCMa-rpHBaTbCfI He 6YJIYT. KOMMYTaTOp OTClJHTblBaeT CneUHaJIbHbIH TaHMep ,l{JISi Ka)f()J,oi1 3anHCH B Ta6JIHUe MAC-a.n.peCOB. 06bl'lHO Ha3bIBaeMbIH maUMepOM 6e3iJeucmeuR (inactivity timer). Ll,.riSi KffiK- .n:OH HOBOH 3anHCH, T.e. HOBOro a.n.peca oTnpaBHTeJ1f1, TaKoH Tai1Mep BbICTaBJIfleTCfI B HOJ1b. KroKJIbIi1 pa3 npH nOJ1yqeHHH pei1Ma C TeM )l(e caMblM MAC-a.n.pecoM oTnpaBHTeJ1S1 TaH- Mep c6pacbIBaeTcfI B HYJ1eBOe 3Ha'leHHe. 3Ha'leHHe TatMepa nOCTOflHHO YBeJ1H'lHBaeTCfI, CJIe.n:oBaTeJ1bHO, YC-rpOHCTBO Bcer.n:a MO)l(eT OTCJ1e.n:UTb, KaKHe 3anHCH .n:aBHO He 06HOBJUl- JIHCb H aT KaKHX YCTPOHCTB .n:aBHO He npHxo.n:lIJIH peHMbl. ECJIH BJIPyr y KOMMyrnTOpa 3aKOHlJHTCfI MeCTO B onepaTHBHoH naMfiTH MfI a.n.pecHblx JanHceH, caMble cTapble MAC- a.n.peca MOryT 6bITb HaH,aeHbI no 3HalJeHHIO Tai1Mepa 6e3.n:eHcTBHfI H y.n:aJIeHbl H3 Ta6J1Hl.{bI. 3aUl.MTa OT KOJ1beBbIX MapWPYTOB c nOMOUl.bto npOTOKOJ1a STP TpeTbfl maBHafi YHKUHfi KOMMyrnTopoB J10KaJIbHbIX ceTeH JaKJIlOlJaeTCSI B npe.n:oT- BpaIlleHHH KOJIbl.{eBblX MaplllPYToB C nOMOIIIblO npOTOKOJ1a paCnpelleJ1eHHoro CBfI- 3YlOIllero .n:epeBa (Spanning Tree Protocol - STP). E)e3 npOTOKOJIa STP peHMbl MOryr 6eCKOHe'lHO JIOJIro KYpcHpoBaTb no KOJIbl.{eBOMY Maplllpyry, eCJIH B Ethernet-ceTH eCTb pe3epBHbIe KaHaJIbI. 4T06bI H36e)l(aTb 3al.{HKJIHBaHHfI peHMoB, npOTOKOJI STP 6JIOKJtpy- eT HeKOTopbIe nopTbl H OHH He MOryT nepeCbIJ1aTb .n:aHHble. npH 3TOM B ceTH Me)I()J.y cer- MeHTaMH (T.e. .n:OMeHaMH KOJIJlH3HH) CYlllecTByeT TOJ1bKO O.n:HH aKTHBHbIH MapIIIpYT .lIJ1S1. nepe.n:a'lH JIaHHbIX. Pe3YJIbTaT pa60TbI npOTOKOJIa pacnpe.n:eJIeHHoro CBfl3YlOIllero .n:epeBa O'leBu.n:eH H npOCT: B ceTH OCTaeTCSI OJIHH MapIIIpYT. 3al.{HKJIHBaHHfI peHMOB He npOHC- XO.n:HT, JIOKaJIbHafi ceTb pa60TaeT cTa6lIJ1bHO. HeCMo-rpfl Ha TO. lJTO B J10KaJIbHOH ceTH eCTb pe3epBHbIe KaHaJIbI, KOTopble CTaHYT aKTHBHblMU B CJIyqae OTKa3a OCHOBHOro coe.n:H He - HHfI, npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH npOTOKOJ1a STP HeJIb3f1 nOJ1yqHTb 6aJIaHCHpOBKY HarpY3KH. 4T06bI H36e)l(aTb KOJIbl.{eBbIX MaplllpYTOB Ha BTOpOM ypOBHe. Ha Bcex KOMMYTaTopax .n:OJI)I(eH 6blTb 3anYIlleH npOTOKOJI STP, KOTOpbIt KIDKllblH H3 nOPTOB KIDKllOro yc-rpoi1CTBa nepeBOJIHT HJIH B 3a6JIOKHpOBaHHbIH pe)l(HM (blocking state). HJ1H B pe)l(HM nepeJIa'lH .n:aH- HbIX (forwarding). no.n: 6f101WpOeaHueM (Blocking) nOHHMalOT TaKoe COCTOflHHe HHTep<lJe i1 - ca, B KOTOpOM OH He MO)l(eT nepe.n:aBaTb lIJIH npHHHMaTb peHMbI n0J1b30BaTeJ1bCKUX JIaHHbIX, HO MO)l(eT 06MeHHBaTbCSI TOJ1bKO CJIY)l(e6HblMH co06IlleHHflMH npOTOKOJIa STP. B pe.>K:UMe nepeiJaliu iJaHHbIX (forwarding) HHTepeHc MO)l(eT nepe.n:aBaTb H npuHHMaTb n0J1b30BaTeJ1bCKJte peHMbI C .n:aHHbIMH. ECJ1H npOTOKOJ1 3a6JIoKJtpOBaJI npaBlIJIbHbIH Ha- 60p HHTepeHcoB, B ceTH OCTaHeTCfI TOJ1bKO O.n:HH aKTHBHblH J10rHlJeCKUH MapIIIpYT Me)!(.- J.IY KroKJIOi1 napoi1 cerMeHTOB.
rnaBa 7. 6a30Bbie KOH4en4MM Ethernet-KoMMYTa4MM 227 BHHMAHME! npOTOKOll STP a6COlllOTHO OlIltHaKOBO pa60TaeT B KOMMYTaTopax It np03pa'lHbIX MOCTax, n03TOMY TaKlte TepMItHbl. KaK MOCT (bridge), KOMMYTaTop (switch) 11 MOCTOBoe yCTpoikTBO (bridging device) ItCnOllb3yJOTCSI KaK CItHOHItMbl B OnI1CaHI1S1X npOTOKOlla STP. npel1MYIlleCTBa npOTOKOJIa STP CTaHOBflTCfI O'leBH,l{HbIMU, eCJIH paccMoTpeTb TaKoM npocToM npHMep. BcnOMHHM, 'ITa KOMMYTaTopbl JIaBHHHO paCCbIlIalOT peHMbI C HeH3- BeCTHbIM HM MAC-a,u,pecoM nOJIyqaTeJIfi H umpoKoBelllaTeJIbHbIe co06IlleHHfI 'lepe3 Bce uHTepeMCbI. Ha pl1c. 7.7 npOHJIJIlOc-rpHpOBaHa CHTYaUHfI, Kama O.n:I1H peMM, OTnpaBJIeHHbIH KOM- nblOTepOM JIappl1 KOMnblOTepy 606a, 6y.n:eT 3aUHKJIHBaTbCfI, nOCKOJIbKY B CeTI1 eCTb pe- 3epBHbIM KaHaJI H HeT npOTOKOJIa STP. 606 :-- I ---.- - - - - +- - - - - - -- " II -H- ----- -- Ap'llt I I .., I I I BblK11IO'IeH! II ____ II _,.----.' I 1_ _ _ ..... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I_____----------- ---1llapPIt PUC. 7. Z Cemb C pe3ep6HblMU KaHll./IllMU 6e3 npOmOKO/la STP - ifJpeuM 3all,UIUIU6aemCJ/ KOMnblOTep JIappH OTnpaBJISIeT eJIHHCTBeHHbIi1 peHM KOMnblOTepy 606a, KOTOpbIH BbIKlIIO'leH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, MAC-a.n.peca Y3JIa 606a HeT B Tafumue KOMMYTal.{l1U y 060HX KOMMYTaTOpOB. nOCKOJIbKY 3TO nepBbIH peHM, TO OH npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H peHM C He- 113BeCTHbIM KOMMYTaTopaM MAC-a.n.pecoM nOJIyqaTeJUI (unknown unicast) U OH .n:OJDKeH 6bITb nepeCJIaH YC-rpOHCTBOM 'Iepe3 BCe nopTbl, KpOMe Taro, OTKY.n:a OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH. Ta- KOM peHM 6y.n:eT nona.n.aTb B 6eCKOHe'lHblH KOJIbueBOH MapIIIpYT BTopora ypOBHfI, TaK KaK KOMMYTaTopbl He MOryT HHKaKHMH cpe.n:CTBaMH 06Hap}')KUTb a.n.pec KOMnblOTepa 606a (nOCKOJIbKY OH BbIKlIlO'leH H a.n.pec era He H3BeCTeH YC-rpOHCTBaM). KOMMYTaTOpbI 6y.n:YT paCCbIJIaTb 3TOT peHM CHOBa H CHOBa H TaK .n:o 6eCKOHe'lHOCTH. AHaJIOrH'IHO KOMMYTaTopbI 6yJIYT nepeCbIJIaTb lllHpOKOBemaTeJIbHbIe peHMbl. EcJIH KaKOH-JIH60 H3 KOMnblOTepOB OTnpaBUT TaKOH pei1M, OH TaIOKe 6YJIeT KYPCHpOBaTb 6ec- KoHe'lHO no KOJIbl.{eBOMY MaplllpYTY. G.n:HH H3 BapHaHTOB pellleHI1f1 onHcaHHot BblIIIe np06JIeMbI - nOCTpOHTb JIOKaJIbHYIO ceTb 6e3 I1CnOJIb30BaHI1f1 pe3epBHbiX KaHaJIOB, TeM He MeHee, 60JIblllHHCTBO UHJKeHepOB npe.n:HaMepeHHO pa3pa6aTbIBalOT ceTH C H36blTO'lHblMH KaHaJIaMH D.JUI 06eCne'leHI1f1 OTKa- 30YCTOH'lI1BOCTU. Ha npaKTHKe, Kama KaKOH-JIH60 U3 KaHaJIOB OTKa3blBaeT, )l(eJIaTeJIbHO, 'n06bI ceTb Bce )l(e pa60TaJIa, n03TOMY npH ee pa3pa60TKe HCnOJIb3yJOT pe3epBHpOBaHl1e. OpaBHJIbHbIM peIIIeHHeM B TaKOM CJIyqae 6YJIeT TO, KOTopoe BKlIlO'laeT B ce6f1 KOMMYTH- PyeMyIO JIOKaJIbHylO ceTb C pe3epBHbIMU KaHaJIaMU 11 npOTOKOJI STP, B 3a.n.a'lY KOTOpOro BXOllJ,1T 6JIOIrnpOBaHHe HeKoTopbIX HHTepe"COB, 'lT06bI B CeTH Me)l(}:ly .n:B}'MSi KOHe'lHbI- Mit yc-rpoikTBaMI1 CYIlleCTBOBaJI TOJIbKO OllHH aKTHBHblM MapIIIpYT BToporo ypOBHSI.
228 '-IacTb II. KOMMyTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)( - MeTOAbl KOMMYTaMM B KOMM}'TaTopax Cisco BblIIIe 6billO paCCKa3aHO, KaK KOMMYTaTOp npHHHMaeT peIIIeHue a TOM, nepeCJIaTb JUIIt OT<pHJIbTPOBaTb <ppeMM. Kor.n:a KOMMYTaTOp KOMnaHHH Cisco npUHHMaeT pellleHHe 06 oTnpaBKe <ppeHMa, OH MO}l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTb O.n:HH H3 MexaHH3MOB nepecbillKH, KOTOPbIe onucaHbI HH}I(e. nO.n:aBJIfilOWee 60JIbIIIHHCTBO YCTPOHCTB Ha cero.n:HfllllHHH .n:eHb HCnOJIb_ 3yeT MeTO.n: KOMMYTaLlHH C 6y<pepH3aLlHeH <ppeMMoB (store-and-forward), TeM He MeHee Bce onHcaHHbIe HH}I(e MeTOJIbI BHyrpeHHeM 06pa60TKH nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX peaJIH30BaHbI' KaK MHHHMYM, B O.n:HOM H3 BbInycKaeMbIX KOMnaHHeM Cisco KOMMYTaTopOB. ' EOJIblllUHCTBO np03pa'lHbiX MOCTOB H KOMMYTaTopOB Ha cero.n:HfllllHHH .n:eHb HCnOJIb- 3yeT MeTO.n: KOMMymou,uu c 6yrjJepu3ou,ueii rjJpeiiMo6 (store-and-forward processing). B 3TOM MexaHH3Me YCTpOHCTBO .n:OJUKHO nOJIyqHTb <ppeMM nOJIHOCTblO, npe)l(l].e 'leM Ha'laTb OT- npaBKY era nepBoro 6uTa 'lepe3 BbIXO.n:HOH HHTep<peMc. CYIlleCTByeT eIlle .n:Ba MeTO./Ia BHyrpeHHeH 06pa60TKH <ppeHMoB: CKB03HaSI KOMMYTal.{Hfi (cut-through) H 6ec<pparMeHT- HaSI (fragment-free). MAC-a.n.pec nOJIyqaTeJUI pacnOJIO}l(eH B Ha'laJIe Ethernet-3aroJIoBKa, n03TOMY KOMMYTaTOp MO}l(eT Ha'laTb nepeJIa'lY 3a.n.OJIro .n:o Taro, KaK OH npHMeT BeCb <ppeMM. CKB03Hafi H 6eC<pparMeHTHaSI KOMMYTaLlHH pa60TalOT HMeHHO TaKHM 06pa30M. nepe.n:a'la Ha'lHHaeTCfI 3a.n.OJIro .n:o Taro, KaK 6y.n:eT npHHflT BeCb <ppeMM. CJIellOBaTeJIbHO. BpeMfi 06pa60TKH H OTnpaBKH (T.e. 3a.n.ep}l(Ka, delay) 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO YMeHbIIIaeTCfI. Memoo CIC603HOii ICoMMymou,uu (cut-through) - YCTPOHCTBO Ha'lHHaeT nepella'lY <ppeHMa KaK MO}l(HO paHbIIIe, T.e. KaK TOJIbKO npHHflTa 'laCTb 3arOJIOBKa, COJIep}l(awaSl a.II- pec nOJIyqaTeJISI. 3TOT MeTO.n: O'leHb 3aMeTHO YMeHblllaeT 3a.n.ep}l(l()' B ceTH, HO n060'lHbIM ero pe3YJIbTaTOM 6y.n:eT pacnpOCTpaHeHHe OlllH60K B ceTU. KOHTPOJIbHaSl CYMMa <ppel1Ma (frame check sequence - FCS) Haxo.n:HTCfI B Ethernet-KoHLleBHKe, CJIeJIOBaTeJIbHO, KOM- MYTaTOp He MO}l(eT onpe.n:eJIHTb, eCTb JIH OlllH6KH BO <ppeHMe, nepe.n: TeM KaK Ha'laTb nepe- .n:alfY. !1cnOJIb3YfI 3TOT MeTO.n:, CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb a .n:BYX OCHOBHbIX MOMeHTax: 3a.n.ep}I(Ka 3a C'leT 06pa60TKH <ppeMMOB YCTPOMCTBOM 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO YMeHbIIIaeTCfI, HO 3a 3TO npHXO./IHT- CfI nJIaTHTb CBOIO l.{eHY - <ppeMMbI C OlllH6KaMH MOryr 6bITb nepe.n:aHbl .n:aJIbIIIe. Memod 6ecrjJpo2MeHmHoii KOMMymOt(UU (fragment-free processing) pa60TaeT aHaJIOrH'l- HO MeTO.n:y CKB03HOH KOMMYTaLlHH, HO MeHbIIIee KOJIH'leCTBO OIIIH60K nepe.n:aeTCfI 'Iepe3 YCTPOHCTBO. G.n:Ha HHTepecHafi oc06eHHocTb TeXHOJIOrHH CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection - MHO}l(eCTBeHHbIH 1l0Cryn C KOHTPOJIeM Hecy- Illet H 06Hap}')KeHHeM KOJIJIH3HH) COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITa 60JIblllHHCTBO KOJIJIH3HH npOHCXO- .n:HT Ha nepBblX 64 6aHTax <ppeHMa. Eec<pparMeHTHafi KOMMYTaLlUSI noxo}l(a Ha CKB03HyJO B TOM nOHHMaHHU, 'ITa B HeH TalOKe npHHHMaeTCfI TOJIbKO 'IaCTb <ppeHMa, 646aHTa, H Ha- 'lHHaeTCfI nepe.n:a'la. 3a.n.ep}l(J(a 3a C'leT 06pa60TKH <ppeMMa KOMMYTaTopoM B TaKoM CJ1}"1ae M Me- 6y.n:eT 3aMeTHO MeHbllle, 'leM npu 6y«pepH3aLlHH, H 'lYTb 60JIbIIIe, 'IeM npH CKB03HO To.n:e. KOJIH'leCTBO npe.n:aBaeMbIX YCTPOHCTBOM OIIIH60K TalOKe 6y.n:eT HaMHoro MeHbIlIe. 'leM B MeTo.n:e KOMMYTaLlHH C 6y«pepH3aLlHeM. e- Ha cero.n:HSIIIIHHM .n:eHb 60JIblllHHCTBO pa60'lHX cTaHLlHH nO,l{l<JIIO'IeHO K ceTH coe.ll ltH It HHSIMH co CKOpOCTblO 100 M6HT/c, BbIllleCTOflIl{He KaHaJIbI 06bI'lHO pa60TalOT Ha CKO I f6HT/C. B KOMMYTaTopax HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI O'leHb 6blCTPO pa60TalOWHe CneLlUaJIH3ItPOaao HbIe MHKpocxeMbl (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits - ASIC) ,ZI)1SI annapaTJ-I H O mllecTBeH 06pa60TKH nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX, n03TOMY B cOBpeMeHHbIx KOMMYTaTopax npeuMJ 1(1 ItCnOJIb3yeTcfI MeTO.n: KOMMYTaLlHH C 6y<pepH3al.{HeM <ppeI1MOB, nOCKOJIbKY Ha TaKItX C pOCTSIX nepella'lU .n:aHHbIX 3aMeTHoro YMeHbllleHHfI 3a.n.ep}l(KH He npoucxo.n: HT .
229 a 7 6a30Bbie KOH4em"MM Ethernet-KoMMYTa4MM rl1a B . -- BHyTPeH Hl1e MeXaHI13Mbi 06p60TKH peHMoB B KOMMyTaTopax MOryr CHJIbHO OTJIH- n Y P a3HbIX npou3Bo.n:HTeJIel1, TeM He MeHee, Bce MeTo.n:bI MO}l(HO CBeCTH K TpeM OC- '1aTbC" bIM WlU K HeKOTopbIM I1X np0I13Bo.n:HbIM, KOTopble nepe'll1CJIeHbl B Ta6JI. 7.2. HOBH saR eMa Ta6J1Hua 7.2. MeTO.ll.bI KOMMyraUHH peftMoB Me-roJl KOMMyrailH H C 6ycpepH33uHeii !fJpeiiMOB (store-and-forward processing) CKBOJHaJI (cut-through) 6ec!fJpafMeHTHaJI (fragment- free processing) OnHcaHHe KOMMyraTop nOJl}"laeT !fJpeiiM nOJlHOCTblO,.nO nOCJle.nHefO 6HTa (coxpaHHeT - store), a nOTOM Ha'lHHaeT em nepe.na'lY (forward). ::hOT MeTO.n n03BOJlHeT npOBepHTb lleJlOCTHOCTb !fJpeiiMa nocpe.nCTBOM KOH'TpOJlbHOI1 CYMMbl (FCS).no em OTnpaBKH KOMMyraTOp OTnpaBJmeT !fJpeiiM KaK TOJlbKO nOJl}"leHa H}'JKHaJi HH!fJopMallHH - MAC-3.llpec nOJl}"laTeJlH. ::hOT MeTO.n 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO YMeHbwaeT 3aaep>KKY. HO !fJpeiiMbl C HenpaBHJlbHOii KOH'TpOJlbHOii CYMMOii (FCS) He 6y.nyr oT6poweHbI YCTpOiiCTBOM KOMMyraTop Ha'lHHaeT nepe.na'lY, KaK TOJlbKO nOJl}"lHT nepBble 64 6aiiTa !fJpeiiMa. ::hOT MeTO.n n03BOJlHeT HCKJlIO'IHTb 60JlbWHHCTBO OWH60'lHbIX !fJpeiiMoB npH KOMMyrallHH H pe3YJlbTaTOB KOJIJIH3Hii npelilMyecTBa iii HeAOCTaTKIiI MeXaHIiI3MOB KOMMYTa1iI1iI B ceTJ'X LAN B KOMMYTaTopax eCTb MHO}l(eCTBO JIonOJIHHTeJIbHblX YHKUHH. OTCYTCTByJOIllUX B yc- TapeBWI1X YCTpoi1cTBaX,l{JIfi JIOKaJJbHbIX cerei1 (LAN), TaKHX KaK KOHUeH1]JaTOp 11 MOCT. B'IaCTHoCTI1. K OCHOBHblM .n:OCTOI1HCTBaM KOMMYTaTopOB MO)KHO OTHeCTI1 nepe'lHCJIeH- Hble HlUKe. CUR eMa · ECJIH K nopTY KOMMYTaTopa no.n:KJIIO'leHO Bcero O.n:HO ceTeBoe YCTpOHCT- BO, TO OH BbmOJIHfleT MI1KpOCerMeHTaUHIO CeTH 11 npeJIOCTaBJIfleT BblAe- JIeHHYIO nOJIOcy npOnYCKaHIDI ,l{JIH YCTpoi1CTBa. · KOMMYTaTOpbl n03BOJIflIOT OCYIlleCTBJIflTb nepe.n:a'lY MHO}l(eCTBeHHbIX O.n:HOBpeMeH- HblX nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX Me)l(l].Y YC-rpOHCTBaMH, nOllKJIlO'leHHblMH K pa3HbIM I1HTep- eikaM. · ECJII1 K noPTY KOMMyraTopa nO.n:KJIIO'leHO Bcero O.n:HO ceTeBoe YC-rpOi1CTBO, pa6OTalO- wee B.l{ynJIeKcHOM pe)I(HMe, TO 3eKTItBHafi nOJIoca nponycKaHufi y.n:BaHBaeTCfI. · KOMMyraTopbl BbmOJIHfllOT comaCOBaHue CKOpOCTI1, 03HalJalOIllee, 'ITa YC-rpOi1CT- Ba, no.n:K.JIlOlJeHHbIe nocpe.n:CTBOM pa3HbiX no CKOpOCTU TeXHOJIOrl1i1 Ethernet, MO- Iyr B3aI1Mo.n:ei1cTBOBaTb 'lepe3 KOMMYTaTOp ('lepe3 KOHueH-rpaTOp - He MOryr). B KOMMyr TltpYiO aTopax UCnOJIb3yJOTCfI cneUHaJJbHbIe aJJropHTMbl BToporo ypOBHfI, UHcneK- Ma B wl1e 3arOJIOBKI1 KaHaJJbHoro ypOBHfI ,l{JIH npHHflTI1f1 perneHHfI a nepeCbIJIKe pei1- . 'IaCTHOCTI1 It!pelt ' KOMMYTaTopbI npUHI1MalOT peIIIeHHe 06 OTnpaBKe HJIH HJIb-rpaUI1H HYrb Kia, CTpOHT Ta6JIHI.{Y MAC-a.n.peCOB H HCnOJIb3YIOT npOTOKOJI STP, 'lT06bl pa30MK- ::tr OJIbl.{eBble MapIIIPYTbJ camaCHO npUBe.n:eHHoi1 HH}I(e nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTI1. an I. K OMMyraTopbl nepeCbIJIalOT <ppeHMbl TeJIfi B 3aroJIOBKe pei1Ma. Ha OCHOBaHI1H a.n.peca nOJIyqa- CsaR Ma
........ 230 .!aCTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX cenl)( - . ECJIH 3llpec nOJIyqaTeJIfl flBJIfleTCfI IIIUpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHbIM, MHOroa.ape_ caTHblM (multicast) HJIH o.n:H0311peCaTHbIM, KOTOpbIH OTCYTcTByeT B Ta6- JIUl.{e KOMMYTaI.{UH, TO YC-rpOMCTBO JIaBHHHO paCCbIJIaeT peHM (flood). . Kor.n:a 3llpec nOJIyqaTeJIfi H3BeCTeH (T.e. npHCYTCTByeT B Ta6JIHUe MAC- 3llpeCOB yc-rpOHCTBa): · eCJIH B Ta6JIHue MAC-311peCOB BbIXO.n:HOH HHTepeMC He COBna.aaeT co BXO.n:HbIM .rUIfI peHMa, KOMMYTaTOp nepeCbIJIaeT peHM 'Iepe3 HaM.n:eHHbIH B Ta6JIHue HHrepeHC; . eCJIH BbIXO.n:HOM HHTepeHC COBn311aeT co BXO.n:HbIM HHTep<)JeHCOM KOMMYTaTOp OTHJIb-rpOBbIBaeT peHM, T.e. npOCTO HrHopHpyeT er H HHK)'.n:a .n:aJIbllle He nepe.n:aeT. 3Tan 2. KOMMYTaTopbI HCnOJIb3yJOT CJIe.n:yJOIllHH aJIropUTM .D)UI 3anOJIHeHHfI Ta6JIHI.{b{ MAC-311pecoB. . )J.JIfI KaJKllOro npHHflToro peHMa C'lHTbIBaeTCfI MAC-311pec OTnpaBl1Te- JIfi H 3anOMHHaeTCfI HHTepeHc, oTKy.n:a OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH. . ECJIH napbI "311peC-HHTepeHc" HeT B Ta6JIHue YC-rpoHcTBa, OHH 1l06aB- JIfllOTCfI B Ta6JIHUY KOMMYTaUHH, TaHMep (inactivity timer) YCTaHaBJUlBa- eTCfI B H}'JIeBOe 3HalJeHHe. . ECJIH.lI.JIfi 06Hap}')KeHHoro MAC-311peca }')Ke eCTb 3anHCb B Ta6mlUe KOMMYTaUHH yc-rpoHCTBa, TaHMep c6paCbIBaeTCfI (YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI. B HYJIeBOe 3Ha'leHHe). 3Tan 3. KOMMYTaTopbI HCnOJIb3yJOT npOTOKOJI STP .lI.JIfi npe.n:OTBpaIlleHHfI 06pa30Bamm KOJIbl.{eBbIX MaplllpYTOB nYTeM 6JIOKHpOBaHHfI HeKOTopblX HHTepeMcoB, T.e. nepeKJIlO'leHHSI HX B TaKOH pe)KHM, lJTO OHH He MOryr npHHHMaTb H nepe.n:aBaTb nOJIb30BaTeJlbCKHe pei1MbI. OCHOBbl AM3aMHa 110Ka11bHbiX CeTeM no CHX nap B :noi1 KHHre B OCHOBHOM paccMa-rpHBaJIHCb OT.n:eJIbHble pa3p03HeHHbIe YHKI.{HH JIOKaJIbHbIX KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTei1. HanpHMep, BbIIIIe 6bIJlO paccKa3aHo a TO. KaK KOMMYTaTopbI nepeCblJIalOT peHMbI, 6blJIH onHcaHbI pa3JIH'lHbIe BapuaHTbI pacnaIf- KH UTP-Ka6eJIfI, paCCMo-rpeH aJIropHTM CSMA/CD H KaK OH cnpaBJISl.eTCfI C KOJIJlU311HMIf nepe.n:alJH peHMoB. BbIllle TaIOKe 6bIJIH onHcaHbI pa3JIHlJHSI. Me)K,II'y KOMMYTaTopaMIf If KOHl.{eHTpaTopaMH, OTJlH'lHfI B HX npHHI.{HnaX pa60Tbl, HanpHMep, lJTO KOHueHTpaToPbI C03.n:a1OT e.n:HHbIM .n:OMeH KOJIJIH3HH, a KOMMYTaTopbl - HeCKOJIbKO H T..n:. aJlb- B 3TOM pa3.n:e.ne npe.n:CTaBJIeH 60JIee KOHuenT)'aJIbHblM noJ1Xo.n: K np06J1eMaM JIOK HbIX cereH, .n:aJIbIIIe 6y.n:YT paCCMOTpeHbI npHHUHnbl .n:u3aHHa cpe.n:HHx H KpynHblX Jl0 t - - . 6 KaJIbHbIX ceTeH. npH noc-rpoeHHH ceTH MaJIOrO pa3Mepa MO)KHO J<yI1HTb YKBaJI b . T T p Oll C - KOMMYTaTOp, no.n:KJlIO'lHTb K HeMY npaBHJIbHblMU Ka6eJIflMH Bce He06xo.n:HMbIe yc e _ 60 p ceT - Ba, H ceTb roToBa. npH pa3pa60TKe .>Ke ceTeH cpe.n:Hero H KpynHoro pa3Mepa Bbi J( BblX np0.LIYKToB 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 60JIbllle H BapHaHTOB .n:H3aHHa TO)Ke 60Jl, bIIIe nOCKOJIb r MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb KOHl.{eH-rpaTopbI, KOMMYTaTopbI H MapIIIpYTH3aTOpbl. KpOMe BO_ npOlJero, HY)KHO TalOKe XOpOlllO 06llYMaTb CBOM Bbl60p, HanpltMep, Mo.n:eJleH KOMMyr tla- pOB, OHH OTJlUlJalOTCSI. no pa3Mepy, no KOJIHlJeCTBY nopTOB, npOH3BOllHTeJlbHOCTb,?, 6 0pO M <pyHKllHH H, B KOHue KOHUOB, ueHOH. Cpe.n:a nepella'lH .n:aHHbIX B JIOKaJIbHOH C
rnaBa 7. 6a30Bbie KOH4em"MM Ethernet-KoMMYTa4 M M 231 - TaIOKe MO)l{eT 6b1Tb pa3JlWIHoH. I1JUKeHepy npHAeTCfI B3BeCUTb Bce "3a" H "nponm" KaK .LIJUI UTP-Ka6eJlfl (HH3KafI I.leHa H npOCTOTa YCTaHOBKI1), TaK U, HanpHMep, A/lfl onTOBO- JlOKOHHOH cpe.n: bl (60JIbllle A/lUHa cerMeHTa H JlyqIIIafi 3aIl{I1Ta Ha H3HlJeCKOM YPoBHe). Hl1)1{e paccMoTpeHbl HeCKOJlbKO HaH60JIee BIDKHbIX TeM, HMelOWHX Henocpe.n:CTBeHHoe HOweHl1e K .n:113aHHY JlOKaJIbHbIX cereH. B 'laCTHOCTH, CHalJaJIa paCCMoTPeHo nOBe.n:eHHe OT ceTI1 npU HCnOJlb30BaHUH B HeH KOHI.leHTPaTopoB, KOMMYTaTopOB H MapIIIpYTH3aTopoB .DJUI 061>ellI1HeHI1f1 cerMeHTOB ceTH. .lI.aJIbllle onHcaHa OCHOBHafi TepMHHOJlOrl1f1 KOMna- HItI1 Cisco B 06JIaCTU cereBoro .n:u3aHHa. 3aBepIIIaeT pa3.n:eJl KpaTKoe onHcaHue HaH60Jlee nonYJlflpHbIX pa3HOBHAHOCTeH reXHOJloruu Ethernet H THnOB Ka6eJleH, a TalOKe nepelJHC- JIeHbl orpaHU'leHHfI Ha MaKCHMaJIbHYIO A/lI1HY A/lfl Krot<.lI.OH TeXHOJlOrHH. WlilpOKOBeaTe.nbHbIM AOMeH iii AOMeH KO.n.n1il3Ii1M C03.n:aBafi JIOKaJ1bHyJO Ethernet -ceTb, HH)I(eHep YCTaHaBJlHBaeT B Het HeKHe ceTeBbIe YCTPOHCTBa, Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb 06bIlJHO KOMMYTaTopbI, HeCKOJIbKO MapllipYTH3aTO- pOB U, B03MO)l(HO, HeCKOJlbKO KOHl.{eHTPaTopOB. Pa3HbIe yqacTKH CeTI1 MOryr 6blTb no- CTPoeHbl H BeCTH ce6f1 no-pa3HOMY, C TO'lKH 3peHI1f1 np0I13Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTH H BbmOJlHfle- MbIX yHKllHH, B 3aBI1CUMOCTH aT THna HCnOJlb3yeMblx YCTPOHCTB; pa3Hbie YHKI.{HI1 o6oPy.n:OBaHI1f1 H}')KHO yqHTblBaTb npH npHHflTUH peIIIeHI1f1 a .n:H3aHHe ceTH. TepMHHbl iJoMeH ICO/lJ/U3UU (collision domain) 11 UJupoKoeeU4omeJ/bHblu OoMeH (broadcast domain) onHCbIBalOT .n:Ba BIDKHbIX npHHI.{Hna cerMeHTaI.lHU JIOKaJIbHblX KOMnblOTepHblx ceTeH C nOMOWblO 060Py.n:oBaHHfI pa3Horo THna. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle Onl1CaHbl OCHOBHble KOHuenwm, CBfl3aHHble C 3THMH TepMHHaMI1 B .n:H3aHHe ceTeH, a OCHOBHafi I.leJlb 3aKJIIO- lJaeTCSI B TOM, lJT06bl 061>flCHHTb, KaK KOHI.leHTPaTopbI, KOMMYTaTopbl H MapIIIPYTU3aTopbl BJUtSIIOT Ha rpaHHUbI .n:OMeHOB KOJIJIH3HH H umpOKOBewaTeJIbHblX .n:OMeHOB. ,QOMeHbl K0l111M3MM KaK 6bIJIO 3aMe'leHO BbIIIIe, iJoMeH ICO/lJ/U3UU (collision domain) npe.n:cTaBJIfleT C060H Ha60p I1HTepei1coB JlOKaJIbHOH ceTH, peHMbI aT KOTOpbIX MOryr BCTYTIaTb B KOJIJIH311H ilpyr C .n:pyrOM, HO He c peHMaMI1 aT OCTaJIbHblX YCTPOHCTB B ceTH. Ha pUC. 7.8 npOUJI- JIIOClpl1pOBaH lJ,OMeHbl KOJIJII13HH. ,-- "I ' , , "'....... ,-, , , , , . , . , . , --............ : ...f ,- . . , ...............-... --... - -.. -- ......",,, , , , . , . . , '.........." , . , , , . . . . ' - "" ""' , , -'- , , , . . . . . . . . ..' Puc. 7.8.lloMeHbI KOJU/U3UU Orlle.TIbHbI elt.l(oMM e cerMeHTbI, HJIH .n:OMeHbI KOJIJIH3uH, nOKa3aHbI Ha pHC. 7.8 llyHKTItpHOH JlHHI1- .eli b YfaTop, t306pIDKeHHbIH Ha cxeMe cnpaBa, pa3JleJlfleT JlOKaJIbH)'lO ceTb Ha OTlleJlbHbIe I KOJIJIH .. 31111 Ha Ka)I(l],OM noP1Y. AHaJ10rH'IH0, MapIIIpYT"3aTOp 11 MOCT pa:311emllOT CeTb
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236 '-taCTb II. KOMMyYa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJlX - C....A eMa --,.---- ---.., AItHO , VLAN 1 I!>peA I , , :::.----=: I I . BItJlMa', I VLAN2 EeTTIt , I ----- Puc. Z 1/. Cemb c iJ8YMR UlupoKo8ew,ameAbHblMU iJoMeHOMu U iJ8yMR cemJIMu VLAN c UCnOIlb308aHUeM OiJHOi!O KOMMymamopa . 'lT06bI C03.n:aTb 60JIee ru6KYK> ceTeByJO HH<l>pacrpyKTYPY U crpynnupoBaTb Ha JlO- rH'leCKOM ypoBHe nOJIb30BaTeJIeH no no.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHflM, no BbInOJlHfleMbIM <l>YHK- UHfiM H pa60'lHM rpynnaM, a He Ha <l>u3H'leCKOM; . 'lT06bI pa36HTb ceTb Ha 60JIee MeJIKHe cerMeHTbI (T.e. IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHbIe .n:OMe- HbI) c ueJIblO YMeHbIIIeHUfi HarpY3KH Ha Y3J1bI B K:uK.lJ,OH ceTH VLAN; . 'lT06bI YMeHbIIIHTb HarpY3K}' ,/J.JIfi npOTOKOJIa STP, HanpHMep, orpaHJ.t'HtB ceTb VLAN O.n:HHM KOMMYTaTopOM .n:ocTYIIa K ceTH; . IjT06bI nOBbIcHTb 3aIl{Hl)' ceTH 3a C'leT Taro, 'ITa Y3J1bl, pa60TalOIl{He c KpHTH'lHbI- MH,/J.JIfi KOMnaHUH nOTOKaMH .n:aHHbIX, BbIHeceHbI B OTlleJIbHYIO CeTb VLAN; . 'lT06bI pa3.n:eJIHTb Tpa<l>HK aT IP-TeJIe<l>oHa H nOTOKH .n:aHHbIX aT no.n:KJlIO'leHHOrO K HeMY nepCOHaJIbHOrO KOMnblOTepa. KOH<l>HrypupOBaHue, a TaIOKe nOHCK H ycrpaHeHue HeucnpaBHOCTeH B ceTfiX VLAN no.n:p06HO onHcaHbI BO BTOpOM TOMe KHHrH. TepMH0I10rSI A3aHa TeppTOpaI1bHbIX ceTe LAN TeppumopuUIlbHbie (WlU KaMnycHbie) J/OKUIlbHbie cemu npe.n:CTaBJlflIOT C060H JIOKanbHbie ceTU, OXBaTblBalOIlll1e KpynHbIe 3.n:aHHfI lIJIU HeCKOJIbKO PflAOM pacnOJlO)KeHHbIX 3JIaH H i%, T.e. HeKOTOPYIO TeppHTOpUIO. TaK, HanpHMep, KOMnaHI1f1 MO)KeT apeH,ll,OBaTb HeCKOJlbKO O<l>HCHbIx nOMeIl{eHUH B pa3HbIX 3.n:aHHflX o.n:Horo 60JIbIIIOro O<l>HCHOro KOMllJIeKCa (office park). CeTeBble UH)KeHepbI TaKoH KOMnaHHH MOryT nOCTpOHTb ceTb C HcnOJlb30BaHlIeM MaruCTpaJIbHbIX KOMMYTaTopoB B K:uK.lJ,OM 3.n:aHHU, KOTopbIe coe.n:HHeHbI Me>K.lIY coGoil no- cpe.n:CTBOM Ethernet-JIHHHH, U C03.n:aTb TeppUTOpHaJIbHYIO JIOKaJIbHYIO ceTb. v HtDK e - B npouecce llJIaHHpOBaHHSI H pa3pa60TKH Teppl1TOpHaJIbHOH JIOKaJIbHOH CeTH KCH- HepbI .n:OJI)KHbI paccMoTpeTb pa3J1H'lHbIe BapHaHTbI TeXHOJIoruH Ethernet H yqecTb Ma CKO- MaJIbHyJO ,/J.JIHHy Ka6eJlfl B K:uK.lJ,OH U3 HHX. KpOMe Taro, CJle.n:yeT Y'leCTb pa3JIU'lHbIe pOCTH nepella'lH .n:aHHbIX B pa3HbIX TeXHOJlOrHSIX H no.n:YMaTb a TOM. IjTO K HeKOTOpbIM v n p ynfM KOMMYTaTopaM 6YllYT HanpflMyJO no.n:KJlIO'leHbI YCTpOHCTBa nOJIb30BaTeJIeH. a K ..... 0 6y.n:YT nOllKJIlO'leHbI TOJIbKO KOMMYTaTopbI .n:ocTYIIa K ceTH nOJlb30BaTeJIeH- KpoMe Bcef B npo'lero, B 60JlbIIIHHCTBe npOeKTOB HWKeHepy npHxo.n:HTCfI yql1TbIBaTb }')Ke UMelOIIIeec H ceTH 060py.n:OBaHHe H oueHHBaTb, H}')KHO JlH yBeJll1'leHHe nponYCKHOH cnoc06HOCTH CKOpOCTH cYIIIecTBYIOIIII1X cerMeHTOB 11 cJlellyeT JII1 nOK)'TlaTb HOBoe 060py.n:oBaHHe.
rJ1asa 7. 6a30Bbie KOHenMM Ethernet-KoMMyraMM 237 -- HanpHMep, 60JIbIIIHHCTBO }')Ke YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX B ceTH KOMnblOTepoB Ha cero.n:HSlIIIHHi1 b .nlOMnJIeKTOBaHO ceTeBbIMH KapTaMH co CKOpOCTflMH nepella'lU llaHHbIX 10/100, a DeH J .. BbIe KOMnblOTepbI HMelOT BCTpoeHHbIe ceTeBbIe Ka(ITbI co CKOpOCTSlMH 10/100/1000. 6 - npH HcnOJIb30BaHHu npaBHJIbHOrO THna Ka eJIeH TaKHe HOBbIe COBpeMeHHble pa60'lHe CTaHIlHH MOryr 3a C'leT aBTOCOfJIaCOBaHHfI HCnOJIb30BaTb pe)KHM 1 OBAS E- T ( 0 M6HT/C), 100BASE- TX (100 M6uT/C), HJIH 1000BASE- T (1000 M6HT/C, lIJIH f6HT/C) B Ethernet- ceTH. npHlJeM no TOMY)Ke caMOMY UTP-Ka6eJIIO. fl03TOMY nepell HH)KeHepOM 6y.n:eT CTO- SlTb 3a.lla'la, BbI6paTb KOMMYTaTop C nopTaMu, nOMep)KHBalOIl{UMH pe)KHM 10/100, UJIH YCTpOi1cTBO C uHTep<peHcaMH 10/100/1000. Ha MOMeHT HanucaHUSI 3TOH KHHrH (JIeTO 2007 ro.n:a) pa3HHI.{a B l.{eHe KOMMYTaTOpOB, nOMep)KHBaIOIllHX CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH .n:o 100 M6HT/C U .n:o 1000 M6uT/C, Bce eIlle 6bUia O'leHb cYIlleCTBeHHOH, 'lT06b1 03a.lla'lUTb pyKOBODCTBO KOMnaHHH, nJIaHuPYIOIlleH YCTaHOBHTb ce6e ceTb. TeM He MeHee npH HC- nOJIb30BaHHH KOMMYTaTopOB C pe)KHMOM pa60TbI HHTep<peHCOB 10/100/1000 MO)I(HO no- CTPOHTb 60JIee MaCIIITa6HPyeMoe perneHHe H no.n:KJlIO'lUTb npaKTH'leCKH JII060e nOJIb30Ba- TeJIbCKOe YCTPOHCTBO. KpOMe Taro, TaKafi ceTb 6y.n:eT roToBa K nepexo.n:y CO CKOpOCTH ne- pe.n:a'lU B 100 M6HT/C Ha pa60'lHe CTaHI.{UH C no.n:KJlIO'leHHeM B 1000 M6HT/C no Mepe nOKYTIKH HOBbIX pa60'lHX cTaHIlHit 4T06bI ynOPflAO'lHTb Bce Tpe60BaHHfI K TeppHTOpHaJIbHblM JIOKaJIbHblM ceTSlM, a TaK)Ke 06JIef'IHTb npOllecc o6ceHuSI npHHIlHnOB .n:H3aHHa ceTH Me)K,l{y CneIlHaJIHCTaMH, B ce- THX, nOCTpOeHHbIX Ha 060Py.n:oBaHHH KOMnaHHH Cisco, HCnOJIb3yeTCfI HeKOTOpafl 06rnafl TepMHHOJIOrHSI ,lI)I5I onHcaHHfI OCHOBHbIX npHHI.{HnOB H KOMnOHeHTOB. THnUlJHafI CTpyKl)'- pa KpynHOH TeppHTOpUaJIbHOH ceTH BMeCTe C OCHOBHbIMH TepMHHaMH npOlIJlJllOCTpupOBa- Ha Ha pUC. 7.2. PaCCMOTpHM KpaTKO npellCTaRJIeHHYJO Ha lIJIJIlOCTPaIlHH TepMUHOJIOrHlO. COrJIaCHO nO.lIXOn;y KOMnaHHH Cisco HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TpH OCHOBHbIX TepMHHa ,l{JISI onH- caHHSI pOJIU Ka)KJI,oro KOMMYTaTopa (lIJIH ceTeBoro YCTpOHCTBa) B ceTH: yp06eHb iJocmyna K cemu (access), YP06eHb pacnpeiJe.neHufl (distribution) H fldpo cemu (core). POJIb YCTPOHCTB on- pen;eJlSleTCSI HCXOAfl H3 .n:BYX OCHOBHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK: · no.n:KJIIO'leHbI JIH K KOMMYTaTopy YCTpOHCTBa KOHe'lHblX nOllb30BaTeJIeH; · .n:OJI)KeH JIH KOMMYTaTOp nepeCbIJIaTb <ppeHMbI Me)K,l{Y pa3HbIMU KOMMYTaTopaMH H nOllKJIIO'leH JIH OH K MHO)KeCTBY pa3JIH'lHbiX KOMMYTaTopOB. K KOMMymamoptlM yp06Hfl iJocmyna K cemu (access switches) Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO no.n:- KJIIO'ieHbl ycrpoHcTBa KOHe'lHbIX nOJIb30BaTeJIeH KOTO p bIM npe.n:ocTaBJISleTCfI .n:ocl)'n K JlO - ' <I> bHOH ceTH. B HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHflX TaKHe KOMMYTaTopbI TOJIbKO nepeCbl1lalOT peHMbI OT nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHX pa60'lHX cTaHIlHH H He .n:OJI)KHbI (no KpaHHeH Mepe, C TO'l- KH 3peHHH npaBlIJIbHOro .n:H3aHHa ceTH) nepe.n:aBaTb Tpa<p HK aT O.n:HOro KOMMYTaTOpa yPOBliH n;oCTVn Ii - 'J..a K .n:PyroMY. HanpHMep, B HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHflX pa60TbI ceTH, nOKa3aH- H Ha PHC. 7.2, KOMMYTaTOp Access) He 1l0JDKeH nepeCbIJIaTb Tpa<pHK .ll1l5I KOMnblOTe- KOM nOn;KJIlOlJeHHbIX K KOMMYTaTOPY Access3, 'lepe3 KOMMYTaTOp Access4. flOCKOJIbKY Tp '" YfaTopbI YPOBHfI .n:ocl)'na K ceTH .n:OJI)KHbI nepellaBaTb TOJIbKO nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHH a'i'ItK OH ere ' 11 MeHee BbICOKonpOH3BOmneJIbHbI H CTOSIT .n:eIIIeBJIe; 06bI'lHO aT HHX Tpe6y- SI TOJI bKO _ lia 3T . .n:OCTaTO'lHOe KOJIH'leCTBO nopTOB lVIfi nOllKJIlO'leHHSI OKOHe'lHblX YCTpmtCTB B e 11)]11 B 3D.amm. (dist .K b PHbIX TeppltTOpl1aJIbHbIX JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTfiX KOMMymamopbl yp06Hfl pacnpeiJeJ/eHUfl n titian s . t h KO MM WI C es) 06eCnelJHBalOT MapIIIpYTbI lVISI nepe.n:a'll1 nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX Me)K1ly YfaTOpaMU ypOBHSI .n:ocTYlla K ceTH. ComaCHO CTaHlIapTHblM Tpe60BaHUSlM .n:U3ai1Ha
238 YaCTb II. KOMM)'TaL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJlX - ceTeH Ka)K)J.bIH KOMMYTaTOp ypOBHflllOCTYlla 1l0JDKeH 6bITb nO.n:KJIIO'leH KaK MHHHMYM K O.n:HOMY KOMMYTaTOPY ypOBHfI paCnpe.n:elleHHfI. TeM He MeHee pa3pa60T'IHKH ceTeH 3a- 'lacl)'10 HCnOJIb3YIOT KaHaJIbI K ,nBYM pa3HbIM KOMMYTaTopaM BbIIlJeCTOfillIero ypOBHSI (CM. pHC. 7.12) 'lT06bI nOJIyqHTb ceTb C pe3epBHpoBaHHeM. K 6nOKaM ,l:pyrl1X 3,1:aHI1i1 KOMMyTaTOpbl ....::;"---" SI,I:pa cern --,.-.---. - ----- K 6noKaM ,l:pyrl1X 3AaHI1i1 KaHanbl .---------- :::--- ---:- --,.-.---. KOMMyTaTOpbl ypOBHSI pacnpe,l:eneHI1S1 ---=---- 6nOK 3AaHI1S1 KaHan Ha BepXHI1i1 ypOBeHb Accpss2 I AccPss3 Access4 KOMMyTaTOpbl ,l:ocTylla KceTI1 __r-'""" KaHanbl ,l:OCTyna KCeTI1 Acce"s1 I ------------------------------- Puc. 7. /2. TeppUmOpUl1/lbHble cemu u ux mepMUHOIl02Uf/ ECllH B cTpYKl)'pe ceTH HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMMYTaTopbI ypOBHfI pacnpe.n:eJIeHHSI, TO TaKO no.llXo.n: MO)l(eT npHBHecTH HeKoTopbIe npeHMYllIecTBa, KaK C TO'lKH 3peHHfI Ka6eJlbHO H cHcTeMbI, TaK H B nJIaHe nOBbIIlJeHHfI npoH3Bo.n: HTe JIbHOCTH HH<ppaCTPYKTYPbI B 6y.nyIIIeM. npe.n:CTaBHM ce6e ceTb, B KOTOpOH eCTb 30 KOMMYTaTopOB ypOBHfI .n:OCTyna K CeTH H .LIJl KOTOpOH pa3pa60T'lUK peIlJHJI nOCTpOHTb TaKYIO cxeMY, me Ka)K)J.bIH H3 KOMMyTaTOPOB 6 B Ta- ypOBHfI .n:ocryna K ceTH .n:OJI)KeH 6bITb no.n:K1lIO'leH K OCTaJIbHbIM HanpSlMYIO Ka eJleM. KOH cTpYKTYPe nOHa,l{06HTCfI 435 Ka6eJIeH TOJIbKO ,/J.JIfi Taro, 'lT06bI no.n:K1lIO'lI1Tb .n:Pyr K llPyry Bce KOMMyTaTOpbI! KaK BTOpOH CYIlleCTBeHHbIH He.n:OCTaTOK TaKOH cxeMbl M0)1010 YKa3aTb HaJIH'lHe TOllbKO o.n:Horo cerMeHTa ,/J.JIfi coellHHeHHfI .n:BYX KOMMyTaTOPOB. npo- 6 IBa- 6J1eMbI 6YllyT B03HHKaTb B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH KaHaJI Me)K)J.Y llBYMfI YCTpOHCTBaMH 0 pb eTCH H nOTOKH .n:aHHbIX HllYT 'lepe3 .n:pyrOH, HanpHMep, coce.n:HHH, KOMMYTaTOP. CJTe.lIY e ; yqecTb, 'ITa KOMMYTaTopbI ypOBHfI .n:ocTYlla K ceTH He npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHbI ,LI.JUI 06pa6o TK T rHraHTCKHX 061>eMOB ,naHHblx, OHU HMelOT MeHbTTfVJO n p ou3BOllHTeJIbHOCTb H 3a c'Ie J' TO- 3Tora - MeHbIIIYIO CTOHMOCTb. ECJIH )l(e no.n:K1lIO'lHTb paCCMaTpHBaeMbIe 30 KOMMyTa e- jJ<)B ypOBHH .n:ocTyna K .n:BYM BbICOKonpOH3Bo.n:UTeJlbHbIM KOMMYTaTopaM ypOBHH pacnp
a 7 Sa30BbIe KOH,-,en'-'MM Ethernet-KOMM)'Ta'-'MM rn aB . 239 - H "a TO nOHa.n:06HTcfI Bcero 60 Ka6eJIeM (T.e. KaHaJIOB). KpOMe Taro, npaBHnbHO no- JleJIe ¥Uh 6 p aH HbIe KOMMYTaTopbI ypOBH5I pacnpe.n:eJIeHHfI MOryT 06pa60TaTb 60JIbllIHe nOTOKH JIO 6 6 HblX aT YCTPOHCTB CMe)J(HbIX ypOBHeH H a bI'lHO n03BOJIflIOT .n:OCTHrHYTb OJIee BbICO- pH T J(JtX CKOpocTeM nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX. aKOH AH3aHH ceTH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM .n:BYX BbIllJe- CTOSlillltX KOMMYTaTopoB ypOBHfI paCnpelleJIeHHfI H .n:BYMfI KaHaJIaMH aT KOMMYTaTopOB ypOBWI .n:ocTYlla K ceTH .n:o HHX npe.n:OCTaBJIflIOT BbIC0KYK> CTeneHb Ha.n:e)J(HOCTH H n03BO- SlIOT nocrpOHTb peJepBHpyeMYlO HH<ppacTPYKTYPY. JI KOMMymamOpbl RiJpa cemu (core) .n:alOT eIl{e 60JIbllJHM BbIHrpbIllJ B nnaHe arperupoBa- HUSI KaHaJIOB, 'leM YCTPOMCTBa ypOBHfI pacnpe.n:eJIeHUfi. 3TH KOMMYTaTopbI pa60TalOT Ha eille 60JIee BbICOKHX CKOpOCTfiX H KOMMYTHpyJOT nOTOKH .n:aHHbIx eIlle 6blCTPee, Ha cero- JIWlIIIHHM .n:eHb HX THnH'lHafi npOU3Bo.n:I1TeJIbHOCTb COCTaBnfleT COTHH MHJIJlHOHOB <ppeM- MOB B ceK}'HAY. TeM He MeHee KOMMYTaTopbI flApa ceTH BbInOJIHfllOT npaKTMqeCKH Te )!(e caMbIe <PYHKUHH, 'ITa H YCTpOMCTBa ypOBHfI pacnpe.n:eJIeHHfI, HO C He60JIbllJHMH OTJIH- 'JItSlMI1. 3a'laCTylO B cpe.n:HHX, a 06bI'lHO B MaJIbIX TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX ceTfiX <PYHKIlHH 060- HX ypoBHeM, pacnpe.n:eJIeHHfI H flApa, 061>e.n:uHflIOT B O.n:HH. HIDKe npHBe.n:eHo KpaTKoe pe310Me no <PYHKlI.HflM KOMMYTaTOpOB B TeppHTOpHaJIbHblX ceTSIX. . YpoBeHb .n:ocTYIIa K ceTH npe.n:ocTaBJIfieT TO'lKH .n:ocTyna, HJIH no.n:KJIIO'leHUfI, YCT- poMCTB KOHe'lHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi. Ha 3TOM ypoBHe <ppeMMbI Me>K.lIY .n:BYMH KOMMY- TaTopaMH .n:OCTyna K ceTU B HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHflX HanpflMyJO He nepe.n:aIOTCfI, a .n:OJDKHbI 6bITb OTnpaBJIeHbI Ha ypOBeHb pacnpe.n:eJIeHHfI. . YpooeHb pacnpe.n:eJIeHHJI flBJIfleTCfI TO'lKOM arperHpOBaHHfI KaHaJIOB OT KOMMYTaTO- pOB ypOBH5I .n:ocTYlla K ceTU, nepeCbIJIaeT <ppeMMbI Me>K.lIY KOMMYTaTopaMH, HO He CJI}')KHT,l{JIfI no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI YCTPOMCTB KOHe'lHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfl. · YpooeHb B,lI,pa ceTH arperHpyeT KaHaJIbI aT KOMMYTaTopOB ypOBHfI pacnpe.n:eJIeHI1f1 B KpynHbIX TeppHTOpl1aJIbHbIX JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTfiX H 06eCne'lHBaeT O'leHb BbICOKHe CKOpocrn KOMMYTal{HH nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX. Ethernet-cpeAa 101 AIU1Ha Ka6enelll npOeKTHPYfI TeppHTOpHaJIbH)'JO JIOKaJIbHyJO ceTh, HIDKeHep .n:OIDKeH npe)!()1e Bcero OueHUTb He06xo.n:HMyJO JIJlHHY Ka6eJIeM H BbI6paTb Ha OCHOBe TaKOH HH<popMaUHH He06- XOJlH>..onn e ...J<V My TexnonorHIO Ethernet, no.n:.n:ep)!(HBaIOIllyJO CerMeHThI H)')KHOH )1.JlHHbI. Ha- npl1Mep KO n ,MnaHHfI apeH.n:yeT nOMeIUeHHfI B nfiTH pa3HbIX 3.n:aHHflX o<pucHoro KOMnJIeKCa, 03ToMy 11H)!( no 6 eHepy HO BbI'll1CJIHTb )1.JlHHy Ka6eJIbHoro MapIIIpYTa Me)!()1Y 3.n:aHUflMH H lIO paTb nO,l{XOllflIl{HM Ethernet-KaHaJI. Hal160JIe net: lOB e pacnpocrpaneHHbIMH Ha cero.n:H5IllJHHM.n:em flBJUIIOTCfI TPH TexnonoruH Ether- Ma" c ASE- T, 100BASE- TX, H 1000BASE- T. ,I:I,mI Bcex YJ<a3aHHbIX TexnOJIOrHM xapaI<TepHa HMaJIbHafi fie Accol{ .lIJIHHa Ka JUI B 100 M, HO OHH CJIerKa OTJIH'IaIOTCfI HCnOJIb3yeMbIM Ka6eJIeM. a I1Meli l1alUtH ElA(TJA CTaH,l{apnr3HpOBCIJIH H CTaH,l{apnr3HpYlOT HOBbIe TeXHOnOrHH Ethernet, 113 CTa.;:o Ka6eJIbHbIe CHCTeMbI.lIJUI HHX, B 'lacTHocTH, HanpHMep, Ka'leCTBO Ka6eJUI. B Ka)!()10M BaTh af)ToB TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet YJ<a3aHa KaTeropHfl Ka6eJUI, KOTOpyJO MO)KHO HCnOJIb30- , npl1'leM 3T Bali 11 60 0 MI1HHMaJIbHO Tpe6yeMafi KaTeropHfl, B CeTH BnOJIHe MO)!(eT 6bITb HCn0JIb30- nOJIh o flee Ka'leCTBeHHblM Ka6eJIb. HanpHMep, B CTaHAapre 10 BAS E- T peKOMeH.llYeTCSI uc- u.> BaTh J( 6 eTCH 6 a eJIb KaTeropHH 3 (Category 3 - CAT3), B TeXHOJIOrHH lOOBASE-TX HCnOJIb- Ka eJIb nmOM KaTeropHu (CATS), a B CTan.n:apre 1000BASE- TX H}')KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb
240 '-taCTb II. KOMM)'TaL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX Ka6eJIH KaTeropHH 5e HJIU 6 (CAT5e HJIH CAT6). Ec.riH)Ke HIDKeHep llJIanupYeT HCn0JIh30BaTb ('IT06bI He npona,aaJIa!) cymeCTBYJOlI.(yIO Ka6eJIbHYJO CUCTeM}', OH (HJIH OHa) .n:OJDKeH 3HaTb, Ka- KOM TUn UTP-Ka6eJIfi YCTaHORlIeH, a TaIOKe KaKHe orpaHH'IeHHfI no CKOpocTU .lI)UI COOTBeTCT- BYJOllleM Ethernet-TeXHOJIoruH H Ka6emI cymeCTByJOT. B HeCKOJIbKHX Ethernet-TeXHOJIorHflX HCnOJIb3YJOTCSI OnTOBOJIOKOHHble Ka6eJIH. B Ka- 6eJIe UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair - He3KpaHHpOBaHHaSl BUTaSl napa) B Ka'leCTBe cpe.n:bI nepe.n:a'lH HCnOJIb3YJOTCfI Me}:IHbIe npOBOllHHKH, no KOTOpbIM npoTeKaeT TOK; B OnTOBOJIO- KOHHbIX Ka6eJIfiX HCnOJIb3yeTcfI YJIbTPaTOHKoe CTeKJIflHHOe BOJIOKHO. 'lepe3 KOTopoe ne- pe.n:alOTcfI CBeTOBbIe UMnYJIbCbI. l{T06bI nepe.n:aTb 6HTbI, OnTHQeCKHe HHTep<peMcbI MOryr MeHHTb ypOBeHb CBeTa, .n:eJIaTb flp'le HJIH cJIa6ee, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, KOllHPYfI TaKHM 06pa- 30M 1 HOB Ka6eJIe. J],Jrn OmH'leCKHX Ka6eJIeM xapaKTepHa 60JIbIIIafi ,lJ.JIHHa Ka6eJIbHOrO cerMeHTa, KOTopaSl 3aMeTHO npeBbIlliaeT 100 M,l{]UI UTP-Ka6eJIeH B Me.n:HbIX TeXHOJIOrHflX Ethernet. B onTH- 'leCKUX Ka6eJIfIX npaKTU'leCKH HeT HHTep<pepeHI.{HH CHrHaJIa, BbI3bIBaeMOM BHeIIIHHMU UCTO'lHHKaMH nOMex H B 3aBUCUMOCTH aT TeXHOJIOrHH B OnTH'leCKHX KOMMYTaTopax B Ka- 'leCTBe HCTO'lHHKa CUrHaJIa MOryr 6bITb UCnOJIb30BaHbI KaK JIa3epbI, TaK H CBeTo.n:Ho.n:bI (light-emitting diode - LED). npH HCnOJIb30BaHHU JIa3epOB ,lJ.JIHHa Ka6eJIfi MO)KeT 6bITb OljeHb 60JIbIIIOM, HanpHMep, nOpflAKa 100 KM Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHM .n:eHb. J],JIfi CBeTo.n:Ho.n:OB, KOTopble HaMHoro .n:eIIIeBJIe, xapmcrepHbI MeHbIIIHe paCCTOflHHfI, BnOJlHe .n:OCTaTO'lHble ,lJ.JIfi no.n:KJlIO'leHUfi O<pHCOB H nOMeIlleHHM B paMKax TeppuropUaJIbHOM ceTH. J1 B 3aKJIlO'leHUe CJle.n:yeT Y"IeCTb, 'ITa HCnOJIb3yeMaSl TeXHOJlOrHfI TaIOKe onpe.n:eJUleT MaK- CHMaJIbHYJO ,lJ.JIHHY Ka6eJlfl. J],JIfi OnTOBOJlOKOHHbIX coe.n:HHeHHM CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 'ITa MHorOMo.n:OBoe OnTH'leCKOe BOJIOKHO nOMep)KlIBaeT MeHbIIIHe paCCTOflHHfI, HO 3aTO CTOUT .n:eIIIeBJIe U n03BOmIeT HCnOJIb30BaTb B Ka'leCTBe HCTO'lHHKa CHrHaJIa He.n:oporHe CBeTOllHO- ,l{bI. BroPOM THn OnTOBOJIOKOHHbIX KaHaJIOB, O.n:HOMo.n:OBoe BOJIOKHO, nOMep)KlIBaeT Ha- MHOro 60JIbIIIHe ,lJ.JIHHbI Ka6eJIeii, HO CTOHT .n:oporo. OlliITb )Ke, KOMM)'THPYJOIllee 060PY.n: 0 - BaHue Ha OCHOBe CBeTo.n:Ho.n:OB (T.e. ,l{]UI MHOroMO.n:OBOro OnTOBOJIOKHa) CTOUT HaMHOrO .n:e- IIIeRlIe, 'leM 060Py.n:oBaHue C JIa3epHbIMH HCTO'lHHKaMH (.lI)UI O.n:HOMO.n:OBOro OnTOBOJIOKHa). B Ta6JI. 7.4 nepe'lUCJleHbI Hau60Jlee pacnpocTPaHeHHbIe THnbI Ethernet-TeXHoJloruM H npHBe.n:eHbI HX orpaHH'leHHfI H THnbI Ka6eJIeH. Ta6JIHu.a 7.4. TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet, HX cpe.aa H MaKCHMaJIbHaSi MHHa cerMeHTa (comacHo CTaH1apTaM UHCTllT)'Ta IEEE) TeXHOJIOrHSi Ethernet IOBASE-T 100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX 1000BASE-CX 1000BASE- T Cpe.aa aKCHMaJIbHaSlMHHaCerMeHTa,M (cIIyr) 100 (328) UTP-Ka6eJlb CTaH)l,apTa TIA/EIA KaTeropHH CA T3 ItJIH JiY'lllle, ItCnOJlb3ytaTCH llile napbl UTP-Ka6eJlb CTaHllaPTa TIA/EIA KaTeropHH CA T5 ItJIIt Jly<lllle. HcnOJlb3YlOTCH llBe napbl MHoroMolloBoe OnTH'JeCKOe BOJlOKHO 62.5/125 MHKpOH STP-Ka6eJlb' UTP-Ka6eJlb CTaH.lI.apTa TIA/EIA KaTerOpl1l1 CA T5e HJlH Jly<lwe. HcnOJlb3YlOTCH .lI.Be napbl 100 (328) 400 (1312,3) 25 (82) 100 (328) l vnnUUnt1R llumaII naDO (shielded twisted pair). - npHMe'J. peA.
rnaBa 7. 6a30Bbie KOH,-,en'-'MM Ethernet-KoMMYTa'-'MM 241 OKOH'IaHUe ma6J/. Z 4 TeXHOJlorHJI Cpe.!I,a Ethernet MaKCHM3JlblUUI MHHa cerMeHTa, M (41yr) 1000BASE-SX MHo.-orOMooBoe OnTOBOJlOKHO 275 (853) lLTIH OnTOBOJlOKHa 62,5 MHKpOH 550 (1804,5).IIJU OnTOBOJlOKHa 50 MHKpOH 550 (1804,5) lLTIH OnTOBOJlOKHa 62,5 H 50 MHKpOH 10 000 (6,2 MItJIH) 1000BASE-LX MHororoMooBoe OnTOBOJlOKHO 1000BASE-LX OHOMooBoe OnTOBOJlOKHO 9 MHKpOH EOJIbIlJHHCTBO HH)KeHepOB 06bI'lHO nOMHflT TOJIbKO 06IIlHe TeHAeHwm, a KOHKpeTHbIe 'lUCJIa .lIJIfi MaKCHMaJIbHOM .lIJIMHbl Ka6eJIfl nOllfJIMbIBalOT B KaKoM-HH6y.n:b CnpaBO'lHUKe HJlH Ta6JIuI.{e B KHHre (HanpHMep, B Ta6JI. 7.4). CJleJIYeT TaIOKe npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe <pu3M'leCKMH nYTb, no KOTOPOMY 6y.n:eT npOJIO)KeH Ka6eJIb - OH MO)KeT 3Ha'lMTeJlbHO no- BJlHflTb Ha .lIJIHHY Ka6eJIbHoro cerMeHTa. HanpHMep, H}')KHO npOJIO)KJtTb Ka6eJIb U3 O.n:HOro KOHua 3.n:aHHSI B llPyroH. "HanpflMYIO" 3T0 MO)KeT 6bITb He TaK }')K H MHOro, HO H}')KHO }"IeCTb, 'ITa Ka6eJlb 6y.n:eT npOJIO)KeH no Kop06aM, T.e. CHa'laJIa 6y.n:YT BbIBe.n:eHbI cnYCKH, HanpHMep, M3-nOll <paJIbIIInOTOJIKa .n:o 060py.n:OBaHMfI Ka6eJlbHoro Y3J1a. nOTOM Ka6eJIb 6y.n:eT npOJIO)KeH no Kop06aM 3TIDKa, KOTopble MOryT 6bITb O'leHb .n:IDKe H3BHJlHCTbIMU H nOXO)KMMH Ha Jla6HpHHT - TaKOH MapIlJpYT, BnOJlHe O'leBHllHO, MO)KeT 6bITb He caMbIM KOpOTKHM. H TOJlbKO nOCJIe paC'leTa peaJIbHOH npOTIDKeHHOCTH Ka6eJIbHoro MapIlJpYTa CJle.n:yeT 06paTHTbCfI K Ta6JIHUe HJIM CnpaBO'lHHKY H BbI6paTb nO.llXO,l{flIl{YIO cpeJIY nepeJIa- '1M .n:aHHbIX.
242 '-taCTb II. KOMM)'TaL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX ceUix nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe Bee KnIO"IeBble TeMbl CJle.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI JIaHHOM maBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI nHl<TorpaMMoM Ha nOJlflx. B Ta6JI. 7.5 nepe'lHCJleHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI JI COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe JIM CTpaHHlI.bI. CBaR eMa 3JIeMeHT Ta6JIHIa 7.5. KrllO'leBble TeMbi fJIaBbi 7 OnHCaHHe CnHCOK PHc.7.4 PHc.7.5 PHc.7.6 Ta6J1.7.2 CnHCOK CnHCOK CnltCOK Ta6J1.7.3 PHc.7.11 YKa3aHbl npeHMyureCTBa KOMMyraTopoB npHMep aJIropHTMa KOMMyraUHH I!Jpei1MoB npHMep aJIrOpHTMa I!JHJlbTPaUHH I!Jpei1MoB npHMep nOCTPoeHIDI Ta6J1HUbl MAC-a,upecoB KOMMyraTopoM Pe310Me no TPeM aJIropHTMaM KOMMyraUHH I!JpdtMoB npeHMYlllecTBa KOMMyraUHIt Pe310Me no aJIrOpltTMaM KOMMyrauHH, I!JHJlbTPaUHH I!JpefiMoB H no nOCTPoeHlt1O Ta6J1HU MAC-a,upecoB OnpeeJleHHJlllIltpOKOBeIIlaTeJlbHOrO OMeHa H OMeHa KOJIJIH3ltfi '-IeTblpe oc06eHHOCTH H3ai1Ha JlOKaJIbHblX ceTei1 npH HCnOJlb30BaHItH KOHUeHTPaTopOB, KOMMYTaropoB H MapllIpyrlt3aTOpOB }1J1J1IOCTPaUHJI KOHuem.lHH ceTei1 VLAN HOMep CTpaHHlU>1 222 223 224 225 229 229 229 233 234 236 3anonHMTe Ta6nMLlbi M cnMCKM no naMJtTM PaCne'laTaMTe npHJIO)!(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa3.n:eJl, OTHO- CflIl{JIMCfI K 3TOM maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI H CnHCKJI no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)!(eHHH H (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta611HUbI H cnHCKH JIJlfI caMOKOHTpOllfi. KntOeBble TepMMHbl rnaBbl )J,aMTe onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)!(e TepMHHOB H npoBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb ux HanHCaHJIfi B cnHCKe TepMJIHOB: IIIHpoKoBeWaTeJIbHbIM .n:OMeH, IIIHpoKoBeIllaTeJIbHbIM <t>peMM, .n:OMeH KOJIJIH3JIi.:i, CKB03Hafi KOMMYTall.UfI, llaBHHHafi paCCblJIKa <t>pei.:iMoB, 6ec<t>parMeHTafi KOMMYTaUJIfI, MHKpocerMeHTal.{UfI, CerMeHTal.{HfI, npOTOKOJI STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), KOMM)'Ta- lI.HfI C 6y<t>epH3auHeit <t>peMMoB, o.n:Hoa.n:pecaTHbIi.:i <t>peMM C HeJI3BeCTHbIM nOJIyqaTeJleM, BH(1)'aJIbHaSl JIOKaJIbHaSl ceTb (VLAN).
..!. 11 ,i ..,..... B :nOH maDe... . .lI.oC1)'n K KOMaHlIHOH CTpOKe KOM- MyraTopa Catalyst 2960. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbl KOMMYTaTopbl KOMnaHHH Cisco cepUH 2960 H paCCKa3aHO. KaK nonyqHTb .n:OC- Tyn K HHTep<t>eHcy KOMaHAHOH CTpOKU. 'lT06bl BbmonHHTb 6a30- Bble HacTpoHKH. . KOHCIJltrypltpODaHlte onepauHoHHoH CItCTeMbI Cisco 10S. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHO. KaK HaCTpOHTb pa3nH'lHbIe napa- MeTpbl YCTpOHCTBa C nOMOllIblO HHTep<t>eHca KOMaH.n:HoH CTpOKJ1. (
rIlABA 8 Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco Bo MHorHX KOpnOpaTHBHbIX ceTflX, ceTfiX npe.n:npHflTHH H He60JIbIIIHX <PH pM CerO.n:HfI MO:>KHO HaHTH Ethernet-KOMMYTaTOpbI, nOCKOJIbKY 60JIbIIIHHCTBO COBpeMeHHbIX KOMnblO- TepoB KOMnJIeIcryeTCfI BCT}JOeHHOH ceTeBOH KaJ)TOH TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet. KOMMYTaTOpbI B ceTfiX BbIllOJIHflIOT <PYHKllUIO TO'lKH KOHl.{eHTpal.{HH coe.n:HHeHHH C Ethernet- YCT}JOHCTBaMH B JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH H 06eCne'lHBalOT B03MO:>KHOCTb I-1X B3aHMo.n:eHCTBI-1f1 .n:pyr C .n:pyrOM, C OCTaJlbHOH ceTblO H, 3a'laCTylO, co BceMHpHoH ceTblO I1HTepHeT: KOMan.n:Hafi CT}JOKa MaprnpYTI-13aTOIX)B KOMnaHI-1H Cisco BbIrJIfI,l{HT TO'lHO TaK )l(e, KaK U HHTeJXt>eHc KOMMYTaTopOB Catalyst, KOTOpblH onHcaH B 3TOH rJIaBe. HeCMOT}JfI Ha TO, 'lTO TeKYIllafi rJIaBa Ha3bIBaeTCfI "Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco", CJle.n:yeT nOMHUTb, 'ITa nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHH HHTep<peHC)JJIfi MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB BbIrJIfI,l{HT 1-1 pa60Ta- eT a6COJllOTHO aHaJlOrH'lHO. B rJlaBe 13 "Pa60Ta C MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaMI-1 KOMnaHHI-1 Cisco" npo.n:OJDKaeTCfI onHcaHue OCHOBHbIX <PYHKIII-1H H HaCTpoeK HO )')Ke B OCHOBHOM .lIJUI Map- IIIPYTu3aTopoB. KOHTPOI1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe I1H Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rI1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJ1 npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH )J.JUI Taro, 'IT06bI 'IJITaTeJ1b Mar npeABapHTeJ1bHO OueHHTb CBOH 3HaHlIfI H pernHTb, H)')KHO JIH eM)' 'IJITaTb rJIaBY l.{eJIHKOM ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBSITb H3 .n:ecfITH BonpoCOB .n:aHbI npaBHJlbHO, MO:>KHO cpa3Y)l(e nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:HeM)' pa.3,L'eJIy "nO.DJ'OTOBKa K 3K3aMeHy". OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH maBbl H npeABapHTeJ1bHbIX KOHTPOJIbHbIX BonpOCOB nepe- 'mCJ1eHbI B Ta6J1. 8.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOHT}JOJ1bHbIe BonpoCbI H HCnOJIb3Yf1 Ta6JIHUY, 'lHTaTeJ1b CMO)l(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJ1HTb CBOI-1 3HaHHfI B TOH HJIH UHOH 06JIacTH. OTBeTbI Ha BO- npOCbI npHBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)l(eHUI-1 A "OTBeTbI Ha KOHTpOJ1bHbIe BonpocbI". 6J]Hla 8.1. TeMbl KOHTpOJIbHbIX BonpOCOB CHoBHaH TeMa HOMepa BOnpocOB nOJl}"leHlie loc1)'Ila K I1HTep<PeMcy KOMaH,!U{OM CTpOKH KOMMYI'aTOpa Cisco Catalyst 2960 1-3 H <1mrypliPoBaH"e nporpaMMHoro o6eCne'leHlili Cisco (OS 4-7 1. Jtb KaKoro pe)KHMa MO:>KHO BbInOJ1HHTb KOMan.n:y show mac -address - table? a) 113 pe)KHMa 06bI'IHOro nOJlb30BaTeJ1f1 (User). 6) 113 pe)KHMa npHBHJIerupoBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJ1f1 (Enable).
246 "IacTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)( -- B) 113 pe)KHMa rJI06aJ1bHOH KOH<pHrypaI.{HH (Global configuration). r) 113 pe)l(HMa Ha'laJIbHOH HaCT}JOHKH ycrpoHCTBa (Setup). .n:) 113 pe)KHMa KOH<pHrypHpoBamuI HHTeP<l>eHca (Interface configuration). 2. B KaKOM H3 yx:a3aHHbIX HH)Ke pe)KHMOB KOMaH,l{HOH CT}JOKH MO)KHO BbInOJIHHTb 1<0- MaH,l{y nepe3arpY3KH ycrpoHCTBa? a) 113 pe)l(HMa 06bI'lHOro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi (User). 6) 113 pe)KHMa npHBHJIerupoBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi (Enable). B) 113 pe)l(HMa rJI06aJ1bHOH KOH<pHrypaI.{HH (Global configuration). r) 113 pe)KHMa KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTeP<l>eHca (Interface configuration). 3. KOMMyraTOpbl KOMnaHHH Cisco nOAllep)KHBalOT .n:ocTYn 'lepe3 Telnet- H SSH-ceaHcbI 1JeM OTJIH'lalOTCfI 3TH npOTOKOJIbI? a) B npOTOKOJIe SSH IIIH<PPYeTCfI napOJIb, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH npH aYTeHTH<pmGlUHH. OCTaJlbHOH T}Ja<pHK - HeT; B npOTOKOJIe Telnet HH'lerO He IIIH<ppyeTCfI. 6) B npoToKOJIe SSH IIIH<PPYeTCfI BeCb 06MeH .n:aHHbIMH, B TOM 'lHCJle Ii napoJIH llIUI ayreHTH<pliKaI.{HH; B npOTOKOJIe Telnet HH'lero He IIIU<PPyeTCfI. B) npoTOKOJI Telnet HCnOJIb3yeTcfI onepaUHOHHbIMH CHCTeMaMH aT KOMnaHUH Mi- crosoft; npOTOKOJI SSH MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb TOJIbKO B Unix-no.n:06HbIX onepaUI1- OHHblX cHCTeMax, B 'laCTHOCTIi B Linux. r) B npoToKOJIe Telnet IIIH<PPYeTCfI TOJIbKO napOJIb; B npoTOKOJIe SSH IIIH<l>pycrCH BeCb 06MeH .n:aHHbIMH. 4. B KaKOH naMHTH XpaHHTCfI HCnOJIb3yeMafi KOMMYTaTopOM KOH<pHrypaI.{Hfi B npol.{eCce era pa60TbI? a) RAM. 6) ROM. B) Flash. r)NVRAM. .n:) Bubble. 5. C nOMOIllblO KaKOH KOMaH.n:bI MO)l(HO CKonHpOBaTb KOH<pHrypaI.{UIO H3 onepaTI1BHOh naMfiTH RAM B 3HeproHe3aBHCHMyJO naMflTb NVRAM?? a) copy running-config tftp. 6)copy tftp running-config. B)cOPY running-config start-up-config. r)copy start-up-config running-config. .n:)coPY startup-config running-config. e) copy running-config startup-config. nfl 6a3 0 6. B KaKOM pe)KHMe KOMaH,l{HOH CT}JOKH YCT}JOHCTBO 3anpaIIIHBaeT Y nOJlb30BaTe ByJO KOH<pHrypal.{liOHHYIO HH<popMaI.{UIO? a) B pe)l(HMe 06bI'lHOro nOJIb30BaTeJIH (User). 6) B pe)KHMe npUBHJIerupoBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJUI (Enable).
rl1aBa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 247 - B) B pe)j(JtMe rJI06aJ1bHOH KOH<tmrypaI.{HH (Global configuration). r) B pe)l(UMe Ha'laJIbHOH HaCT}JOHKH ycrpoHCTBa (Setup). .n:) B pe)j(JtMe KOH4mrypHpoBaHHfI HHTepcpeHca (Interface configuration). 7. OOJIb30BaTeJIb HaxO.n:I.fTCfI B pe)I(HMe KOH4>HrypHpoBaHHfI KOHCOJIbHOH JII.fHUH B I.fH- Tep4>ei1ce KOMaHAHOH crpOKH. KaKafi nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTb .n:eHcTBHfI nepeBe.n:eT era B pe)j(JtM npUBHJ1erHpOBaHHora nOJIb30BaTeJIfI? a) CJIe.n:yeT o.n:HOKpaTHO HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaHllY exi t. 6) CJIe.n:yeT YKa3aTb KOMaHllY exi t .n:Ba pa3a no.n:PM B O.n:HOH KOMaHllHoH CTpOKe. B) H}')KHO Ha)l(aTb KOM6uHal.{HIO KJIaBUIII <Ctrl>+<z>. r) CJIe.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaHllY qui t.
-- 248 "IacTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTsI)( - BBeAeHMe - - nOCJIe nOKynKf.t KOMMYTaTOpa Catalyst KOMnaHUU Cisco. Kama BbI BblHYJIU ero H3 KO- p06KU. no.n:KJIIO'lf.tJIH nf.tTaHHe aT HaCTeHHOH p03eTICH H no.n:KJIIOIJUJIU K HeMY pa60'llte CTaHI.{UH npaBunbHbIM UTP-Ka6eneM. YCTPOHCTBO cpa3Y )Ke 3apa60TaeT. HHKal(Hx JIO- nOnHUTeJIbHblX .n:eHcTBHH MO)KHO He BbmonHflTb, HaCTpoeK He BBOllUTb H, TeM 60nee, He YKa3bIBaTb KOMMYTaTOpy. KaK nepe.n:aBaTb Ethernet-4>peHMbI. CTan.n:apTHbIe HaCTpOHKIt KOMMYTaTopa npe.n:nonaraIOT. 'ITa Bce HHTep4>eHcbl YCTpOHCTBa BKJIIO'leHbI, npe.n:nonara- eTCfI, IJTO f.tCnOJIb30BaHbl npaBltJIbHbIe Ka6eJIH f.t npaBf.tJIbHbIe YCTpOHCTBa no.n:KJIIO'leHbl K KOMMYTaTOpy, n03TOMY OH MO)KeT nepe.n:aBaTb f.t npUHUMaTb 4>peHMbl C .n:aHHbIMf.t. TeM He MeHee B 60nbIIIHHCTBe ceTeH aAMf.tHf.tCTpaTopbl XOTfiT f.tMeTb B03MO)l(HOCTb npOBepf.tTb COCTOflHue KOMMYTaTopa, npOCMOTpeTb uH4>0pMaI.{UIO a TOM, lJeM 3aHitMaeTCH YCTPOHCTBO B .n:aHHbIH MOMeHT, H, B03MO)KHO. CKOH4>f.trypupoBaTb HeKOTopbIe 1l0nonHU- TenbHble 4>YHKUItH. 3aIJacrylO TalOKe He06xo.n:f.tMO BKJIlOlJHTb onpe.n:eneHHble 4>YHKUUIt 6e30naCHOCTH, 'lT06bI n03BonUTb cereBblM UH)KeHepaM 6e30naCHO no.n:KJIIO'laTbCH K YCT- POHCTBY U KOHTponHpOBaTb nOBe.n:eHue nonb30BaTeneH B CeTf.t. lh06bI BbInOnHflTb Bce BbIIIIenepe'lf.tCneHHble .n:eHCTBHfI, Y ceTeBoro UIDKeHepa .n:omKHa 6blTb B03MO)KHOCTb nOJI- KJlIOIJf.tTbCfI K HHTep4>eHCY KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKU KOMMYTaTopa. B 3TOH rJIaBe paCCKa3aHO. KaK nonyqf.tTb .n:OCTYll K HHTep4>eHCY KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKIt KOMMYTaTopOB KOMnaHUH Cisco, KaKue KOMaH,l{bI Hcnonb30BaTb, IJT06bl npoBepuTb Te- KYWYIO pa60ry YCTpOHCTBa f.t KaK cKoH4>HrypHpOBaTb HeKOTopble 6a30Bble HaCTpOHKJ.I YCTpOHCTBa. B TeKymeH rJIaBe OCHOBHOH ynop c.n:enaH Ha npOl.{eCCbl KOH4>HrypupoBaHItH, a He Ha KaKHe-nf.t60 onpe.n:eneHHbIe Ha60pbl KOMaH,l{. B rnaBe 9 "KoH4>HrypupoBaHJ.le Ethernet-KOMMYTaropoB" 60nee nOllp06HO onHcaHbI pa3JIH'lHbIe KOMaH,l{bl AJlH HacTpOH- KH YClpOHCTBa nocpe.n:CTBOM HHTep4>eHca KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKH. Y KOMnaHHU Cisco eCTb .n:Be OCHOBHbIe 4>upMeHHbIe JIUHeHKH KOMMYTUPYIOIIIUX yCT- pOHCTB AJlfI nOKaJJbHbIX CeTeH. nepBbIH 6peH.n:, KOMMYTaTopbl Cisco Catalyst, BKJllOlJaeT B ce6f1 06IIIUPHblH .n:Hana30H npo.n:YKTOB. pa3pa60TaHHbIx AJlfI KpynHbIx f.t cpe.n:HuX npelI- npHflTuH (KoMnaHf.tH. rocy.n:apCTBeHHbIX cJlY)K6 H T.n.). JIHHeHKa KOMMYTaTopoB Cataly BKJllO'laeT B ce6f1 YCTpOHCTBa cywecTBeHHO pa3Horo pa3Mepa. npou3Bo.n:uTeJIbHOCTJ.I. pI. nUlJalOWf.tXCfI no 4>YHKUf.tflM U CKOpOCTfiM nepen.alJJI .n:aHHbIX. BTOpOH 6peH.n:. KOMMyraT0 pbI cepuH Cisco Linksys, BKJllO'laeT B ce6f1 pa3Ho06pa3Hble npo.n:yKTbI AJlfI .n:OMaIIIHlIX ct. TeH U MaJJblX 04>UCOB. Ha .n:aHHbIH MOMeHT B cepTH4>uKauHoHHoM 3K3aMeHe CCNA ()(. et.fil" HOBHoe BHUMaHue y.n:eJUleTCfI BHe.n:peHHIO KOMMYTaTopoB Catalyst B nOKaJlbHbIX OKe J.I Hc n03ToMY B TeKYweH rnaBe 6y.n:eT onHcaHO KaK nOJIy'IHTb .n:ocryn K KOMaHAHOU CTp v . ' 6 £"TI"IOHCTB<- CTpOUKaM TonbKO KOMMYTaTopOB CISCO Catalyst, 'lT06bl np<mepuTb pa my y",.t-' Il T He CKOH4>HrypHpOBaTb KOMMYTaTOp, a TalOKe HaHTf.t H ycrpaHHTb HeucnpaBHOCTU. eM 16 11 Hee. cne.n:yeT OTMeTHTb. 'ITa 06e nUHeHI(H npo.n:YKTOB. Catalyst U Linksys, co.n:ep)l(aT npa lJecl(H OmtHaKOBbIe 4>YHKUHf.t f.t rexHonoruH. KOTopble 6blnu onHcaHbI B fnaBax 3 J.I 7 0 ,1 IOTCH K CnellyeT nOMHf.tTb. 'ITa B 3TOH rnaBe. KaK U B nocne.n:y!oIl{HX. Koma ynoMUHa J 11' MYTaTopbl KOMnaHUU Cisco, aBTop no.n:pa3YMeBaeT ItMeHHO YCTpoHcTBa Cisco Catalyst. KOMMYTaTopbl Cisco Linksys.
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250 "IacTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX cent)!: - TaTope Mo.n:emt 2960 'lHCJIO nepe.n: KOCOH 'lepTOH (f) Bcer.n:a paBHO 0, CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, ne _ BbIH HHTep4>eHc co CKOpOCTblO 10/100 0603Ha'laeTCfI KaK 0/], BTOpOH - 0/2 H T.ll. Y _ }K)J.ora HHTep4>eHca TaIOKe eCTb Ha3BaHHe, CBfl3aHHoe C era TeXHOJIOrHeH pa6OTbl, HanpH_ Mep, nOJIHOe Ha3BaHHe HHrep4>eHca C HOMepOM BblrJIfI,l{HT KaK "interface FastEthemet 0/]", 03Ha'lalOwee nepBblH HHTep4>eHc 10/100. ]]1060H HHTeP4>ei1c, nOMep)l(UBaIOIl1Hi1 mra6HToByJO CKOpOCTb pa60TbI 0603Ha'meTcfI KaK "Gigabit Ethernet", HanpHMep, nep- BbIH HHTeP4>eHc co CKOpOCTflMH 10/100/1000 6y.n:eT 0603Ha'laTbCfI B uHTep4>ei1ce KO- MaHAHOH CTpOKH KaK "interface gigabitethernet 0/]". --- .... '. . ...... ..... .....' ...... ........ .. ..... ....... ...... I........ ..... .....-9.. .. .... ..... .. .. ..... ,.. ,.. I I eel, I I I'.' I .: .W: , III , ...:. - ....... . ill . ... ... . r. ... L.. .... .....1 m j .....J.m. .J.J..., '" ........ _ -' ... · ,.' ".w. ., Puc. 8.1. KOMMymamopbl cepuu Cisco 2960 CatalysT B KOMMYJ11PyJOI1lHX ycrpoHCTBaX KOMnaHHH Cisco BCTpe'laIOTCfI.IJ:Be onepauuoHHbIe CItC- TeMbl: MeJICCeme8aR onepau,uoHHaR cucme.Ma (Internetwork Operating System - IOS) U onepa- U,UOHHaR cucme.Ma KOMMymamopoe Catalyst (Catalyst Operating System - Cat OS). B 60JIbWHH- CTBe KOMMYTaTOpOB Catalyst KOMnaHHH Cisco Ha cera.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb ucnoJlb3YeTCSI CHCTeMa lOS, HO no HeKOTopbIM HCTOpH'leCKH CJIO)I(HBIIIUMCfI npH'lHHaM BbICOKoypOBHeBble KOMMY- TaTOpbI JIOKaTIbHbIX cereH KOMnaHHH nOMep)I(HBaIOT KaK CHCTeMY lOS, TaK U Cat OS.;J;uI CePTH4>HKauHoHHoro 3K3aMeHa CCNA Onepal.{HOHHyJO CHCTeMY Cat OS MO)i(HO nOKa npo- HrHOpHpOBaTb, nOCKOJlbKY BonpOCOB a HeH He BCTPe'IaeTCfI. TeM He MeHee a CyIIIeCTBOBc H lIO- HHH .n:BYX onepaUHOHHbIX CHCTeM CJIe.n:yeT 3HaTb, TaK KaK B aHrJIOfl3bI'IHOH JIHTepa-rype KYMeHTaUHH MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb 4>pa3Y "lOS-based switch" , KOTopafl 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO B KOMM TaTope HCnOJIb3yeTcfI HMeHHO Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa Cisco lOS, a He Cat OS. BHMMAHME! --- ypoatl Sl B HaltnonYJIHpHeHWeM Mamc-rpaJIbHOM KOMMyraTope KOMnaHHIt Cisco (T.e. B yc-rpOltcTBe BblCOKOCKOpocTHoro Hllpa JIOKaJlbHOH CeTIt), cepltlt 6500, MO)l(eT ItCnOJIbJOBaTbCH KaK onepaUItOHHM CItCTeMa Cisco lOS, TaK It Cat as. TaKlte YC-rpOHCTBa 06bI'IHO HaJblBalO T "'0 aUHOtl n i!U6pUOHblMU (hybnd), '1To6bl nOn'lepKHyrb, '1TO KOMMyraTop cepltlt 6500 pa6oTae-r C onep S CItCTeMOH Cat as, It roBOpHT, '1TO KOMMyraTop pa60TaeT B co6cm8eHHoM (native) pe>KItMe 10 , Koma ItCnOJlbJyeTcH onepaUItOHHaH CItCTeMa Cisco IOS. ____
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252 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX OKOH'taHue ma6A. 8.2 HOMep Ha3BaHHe H3 pHC. 8.2 4 DUPLX (duplex, IJ.YIl.TleKCHblH) OnHC3HHe 5 SPEED BKJlIO'JeHHoe COCTOHHHe (cBeTHTcH 3eJIeHb1M) CBl1JJ.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'JTO nopT pa60TaeT B IJ.YIl.TleKCHOM peJKHMe, BblKJlIO'JeHHoe - B nOJIYllY[]JIeKCHOM BblKJIIO'JeHHoe COCTOHHHe CBl1JJ.eTeJlbCTByeT 0 CKOpOCTH pa60Tbi 10 M6HT/c. BKJlIO'JeHHoe (CBeTHTCH 3eJIeHb1M) - 100 M6HT/c, MHralOlU"H 3eJIeHblH - I r6HT/C KHonKa nepeKJIIO'JeHHH peJKHMOB I1H.llHKaTOpbl YKa3blBalOT pa3Hbie COCTOHHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, KaKOH peJKHM Bbl6paH KHOIlKOn nepeKJIIO'JeHHH peJKHMOB 6 Mode 7 Port PaCCMOTpHM HeCKOJIbKO npl-lMepOB, 'IT06bI nOHSITb, 'ITa 03Ha'la1OT pa3JIH'lHbIe HH,IJ,HKaTO- PbI. HanpHMep, paJ6epeMcfI, a 'leM Cl-lrHaJIH3I-1PYeT HHllHKaTOp SYST B npol.{ecce pa60TbI YCT- pOHCTBa. .l].JuI KOMMyraTopa cepHH 2960 3TOT HHAHKaTOp MO)KeT pa60TaTb B -rpex pe)KHMax: . He ropHT - nl-lTaHUe KOMM)'TaTopa He BKJIIO'leHO; . ropHT 3eJleHbIM - nHTaHl-le YCTPOHCTBa BKJIIO'leHO U KOMMYTaTOp HOpMaJIbHO pa- 60TaeT (onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa Cisco IOS HOpMaJIbHO 3arpY3I-1JIacb); . ropHT OpaIDKeBblM - npol.{e.n:ypa caMoTecTupoBaHHfI YCTPOHCTBa (Power-On Self Test - POST) 3aKOH'lHJIaCb C OIIIH6KaMI-I 1-1 Onepal.{HOHHa51 CUCTeMa Cisco IOS He 6bIJIa 3arp}')KeHa. ECJlH 6poCHTb 6bICTpbIH B3rJIfl}:l Ha I-IHlI.I-IKaTOp SYST, cpa3Y )l(e CTaHOBHTCfI nOHSlT- HbIM, pa60TaeT YCTPOHCTBO HJIH HeT. ECJII-I He pa60TaeT, TO MO)KHO rpy60 onpe.n:eJIUTb npH'lHHY: HeT 3J1eKTPon1-lTaHHfI (HHlI.HKaTOp He ropUT) HJIU npoue.n:ypa caMOTeCTHpOBa- HHfI He 6bIJIa ycneIIIHo 3aBepIIIeHa (I-IHlI.HKaTOp ropHT OpaH)KeBbIM) 1-1 OTKa3aJI KaKOH-TO annapaTHbIH MO.n:YJIb. TaKHM 06pa30M, CHa'laJIa H}')KHO npOBepHTb H nepeKJIIO'lUTb mna- Hl-le; eCJIH CI-IMnTOMbI He H3MeHHJIHCb, CKopee Bcero, npu.n:eTCfI 06pawaTbCfI B CJI}')K6y TeXHH'leCKOH no.n:.n:ep)l(KU KOMnaHHH Cisco (Cisco Technical Assistance Center - TAC) JlI-I60 nOCTaBIllHKa 060py.n:oBaHHfI. KpoMe CHcTeMHoro UHlI.uKaTOpa YCTPOHcTBa, 4>YHKlXI-IH KOTOpOro .n:OCTaTO'lHO O'leBWI- HbI, Y KOMMYTaTopoB 06bI'IH0 eCTb HHllHKaTopbI JJ.JUJ KIDK.lI:oro nOpTa, pa3MeIlleHHbie cBepXY HJII-I CHI-I3Y pa3'beMa I-IHTep4>eHca. T-ITo OHH nOKa3blBalOT, 3aBHCHT aT pe)KHMa pa60Tb1 UWIH- KaTopOB, BKJIIO'leHHoro C nOMOIllblO KHOnKI-I nepeKJIlO'leHHfI pe)KlIMOB (CM. pHc.8.2). Ha- )KlIMafi TaK}'JO KHonKY MO)I(HO UHKJII-I'leCKH nepeKJIIO'laTb pe)KlIM pa60TbI HHllHKaTopoB Me- )KJIy COCTOflHHflMH STAT, DUPLX H SPEED (CM. Ta6JI. 8.2 H pHC. 8.2). lh06bi nepeHTIt B H}')KHbIH pe)KlIM, CJIe.n:yeT HIDKaTb KHonKY nepeKJIlO'leHHfI pe)KlIMOB pa3 HJIU .n:Ba. B KIDK.II,OM H3 Tpex pe)KlIMOB CBeTo.n:Ho.n:HbIX HHllHKaTopOB nopTOB 3Ha'lemie I-IHJIUKa- Tapa H3MeHfleTCfI. Hanpl-lMep, B pe)KlIMe STAT (status, COcToflHHe)AJlfI KmK,llOrO nopTa oT06pIDKaeTcSI ero COCTOflHHe: . BbIKJllOlJeH - coe.n:HHeHue He pa60TaeT; . ropHT 3eJleHbIM - coe.n:I-IHeHHe pa60TaeT, HO 'lepeJ I-IHTep4>eHc He nepe.n:aIOTCS! .lI.aHHbIe;
rnaBa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 253 . MHraeT 3eJleHbIM - coellHHemte pa60TaeT, 'lepe3 uHTep<PeHc nepellalOTCflllaHHbIe; . MHraeT opamKeBblM - HHTep4>eHc anMHHHcTpaTHBHo BbIKJIIO'leH HJlH 6bIJI .n:HHa- MH'leCKH OTKJllO'leH no KaKOH-Jlu60 npH'lUHe. .llnfl cpaBHeHUfI: eCJlH nepeKJIIO'lHTb uHlluKaTopbl B pe)KHM SPEED (CKOpOCTb nopm), TO OHH 6y.n:YT npOCTO nOKaJbIBaTb pa60'l)'10 CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX DJIfi UHTep4>eHca: BbIKJlIO'leHHbIH HHllHKaTOp CBu.n:eTeJlbCTByeT a CKOpOCTH 10 M6uTfc, ropflWUH 3eJIe- HblM - 100 M6uTfc, a MuralOIllUH3eJleHbiM - 1000 M6HTfc (T.e. I r6UTfc). B .n:eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH 3Ha'leHUe UHllHKaTopOB H 1l0CTYllHbie pe)KlIMbl pa60TbI DJIfi pa3- HbIX cepUH YCTPOHCTB MorYT 6b1Tb cywecTBeHHO pa3HblMH H COBnanaTb TOJlbKO .lIJUI YCT- pOHCTB BHYTPH cepHH. n03TOMY 3anOMHH3Tb Ha naMflTb 3Ha'leHHe onpe.n:eJleHHblX KOM- 6UHaUUH UHllHKaTopOB U pe)l(HMbl pa60Tbl, CKopee Bcero, 6eCnOJle3HO. MbI He 6y.n:eM no.n:p06HO OCTaHaBJIUBaTbCSI Ha Bcex B03MO)KHbIX BapHaHTax pa60TbI HHlluKaTopOB DJIfi KIDKllOH Mo.n:eJlU KOMMYTaTopa HJlU .n:a)Ke DJIfi l.{eJlblX ceMeHCTB ycrpOHCTB, eCJlH 'lHTaTeJIIO H}')KHa .n:onOJlHHTeJlbHafi HH4>opMauufI, OH MO)KeT 06paTHTbCfI K 1l0KYMeHTaUHu KOMna- HHU Cisco. TeM He MeHee, BIDKHO 3anOMHHTb OCHOBHYIO u.n:elO, T.e. DJIfi 'lero npe.n:Ha3Ha- 'leHbl HHllHKaTOpbI, a TaIOKe nOMHUTb a TOM, 'lTO KHonKa nepeKJIlO'leHHfI pe)KHMOB HC- nOJIb3YeTCfI DJIfi U3MeHeHUfi KJlacca oT06pIDKaeMOH uH4>opMaI.{UH. CJIe.n:yeT TaIOKe nOM- HUTb, DJIfi 'lero HY)KeH HHllUKaTOp SYST H 'lTO OH nOKa3bIBaeT. B no.n:aBJIfllOIl{eM 60JIbIIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB KOMMYTaTOp BKJlIO'laeTCfI, ycneIIIHo jarpY)l(a- eT onepaUHOHHYIO cHcTeMY Cisco lOS, llaJIee HH)KeHep nOJlyqaeT .n:OCTYll K I1HTep4>eiky KOMaHllHoH CTpOKH YCTpOHCTBa, 'lT06bl ynpaBJIflTb YCTpOHCTBOM H MOHHTOpHTb ero. B pa311eJle HU}I(e OCHOBHoe BHUMaHue 6YlleT y.n:eJIeHO TOMY, KaK nOJIY'lHTb .n:OCTYll K HH- Tep4>eHcy KOMaH.n:HoH CTpOKH. nonY'-IeHMe AocTyna K MHTep(jJecy KOMaHAHO CTpOKM CMCTeMbl 10S nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe IOS KOMnaHHH Cisco DJIfi KOMMYTaTopOB Catalyst peaJIH- lyeT aJIropuTMbI 06pa60TKu nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX U ynpaBJIfieT 4>YHKUHSlMU KOMMYTUPyJO- lUero YCTpoHcTBa. Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa He TOJIbKO KOHTpOJlHpyeT npOU3Bo.n:HTeJlb- HOCTb, <t>YHKllHH H nOBe.n:eHHe KOMMYTaTopa, HO U npe.n:OCTaBJIfieT .n:PY)KeCTBeHHbIH nOJlb- 10BaTeJIIO UHTep4>eHc KOMaHllHOH CTpOKH, 06bl'lHO 0603Ha'laeMbIH a66peBuarypoH CLI (Command Line Interface). I1HTep4>eHc CLI onepauHoHHoH CHCTeMbl Cisco IOS no.n:pa3Y- MeBaeT HCnOJIb30BaHUe KaKOH-Jlu60 nporpaMMbI 3MYJlfll.{UU TepMUHaJIa, KOTopaSi n03BOJIfieT nepellaBaTb BBO.n:HMbIH B HeH TeKCT YCTpOHCTBY. Kama nOJlb30BaTeJIb HIDKJtMaeT KJlaBUIIIY < Enter>, nporpaMMa nepeCbIJlaeT TeKCT, a KOMMYTaTOp 06pa6aTbIBaeT ero TaK, KaK eCJlH 6bI 3To 6blJla KOMan.n:a, H B03BpaIl{aeT HeKoTopblH OTBeT 06paTHo nporpaMMe-3MYJIfiTOPY. nOJIyqHTb 1l0CTyn K HHTep4>eHcy KOMaHllHOH CTpOKH MO)KHO C nOMOIllblO Tpex nony- JISlPHblX MeTo.n:OB: 'lepe3 KOHCOJlbHOe nOD.KJlIO'leHHe, nocpe.n:CTBOM npOTOKOJla Telnet U 'Iepe3 pa3JIH'IHble BapuaHTbl nporpaMMbl npOTOKOJla SSH (Secure Shell). D,Ba nOCJIellHHX MeTOJIa npe.n:nOJIaralOT, 'lTO KOMMYTaTOp YCTaHOBJIeH B }')Ke pa6OTalOIlleH, npH'IeM npa- i1JIbIiO, IP-cen1. 'lepe3 KOTOpylO ocyweCTBJIfleTCfI y.n:aJleHHoe ynpaBJIeHHe YCTPOHCTBOM. OIiCOJIbHoe no.n:KJl104eHHe - 3TO Cnel.{HaJIH3HpOBaHHblH 4>u3H'leCKUH nopT B YCTPOHCT- Be llJI SI 11 1l0CTYlla K HHTepcpeHcy KOMaHllHOH CTpOKU U KOH4>HrypHpoBaHHSI. Ha pHC. 8.3 "POHlIJIIOCTpHPOBaHbl pa3JIU4Hbie BapuaHTbI .n:ocryna K HHTep4>eHcy KOMaHLIHOH CTpOKU OMMYTaTopa.
254 "IacTb II. KOMMyYa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX KOMMyraTOp 2960 KOHCOl1bHbli1 Ka6e11b (KOpOTKI1i1) KOHCOl1b RJ-45/ n0I1b30BaTel1bCKI1i1 pe>KI1M HTep<l>ei1c Tr'(o :'1 RJ-45 RJ-45 Telnet 11 SSH Puc. 8.3. jl,ocmyn K uHmeprjJeucy KOMaH(}Hou cmpOKU BHMMAHME! AJUI KOHtl>l1rypUP0BaHItH KOMMyraTOpa MO}I(HO TaIOKe I1CnOJlb30BaTb Be6-I1HTeptl>eMc, KOTOPbIM He noxo}l( Ha ItHTePtl>eM:C KOMaHllHOM: C-rpOKI1. AJIH TaKoro KOHtl>ltrypIilPOBaHI1H ItCnOJlbJyeTcH CItCTeMa ynpaBJIeHItH YC-rpOM:CTBaMIt KOMnaHlt11 Cisco (Cisco Device Manager - COM) ItJIIt CI1CTeMa ynpaBJIeHI1H Maprnpyrlt3aTOpaMIt It YC-rpOM:CTBaMIt 6e30naCHOCTIt KOMnaHl111 (Cisco Security Device Manager - SDM). OCHOBbI nporpaMMHoro 06ecne4eHI1H Onl1CaHbI B rnaBe 17 "KoHtl>l1rypltpOBaHUe WAN-cOeIII1HeHUM:", B'IaCTHOCTit paCCKaJaHO ° Hac-rpoMKe MaprnpyrltJaTOpOB C nOMOllblO 3TOro npoIIYKTa. B nocJIe.n:ylOWHX pa3.n:eJIax TpH MeTo.n:a .n:ocryna K I1HTep<peHcy KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKH 6y- .n:yr Onl1CaHbI no.n:p06Hee. ,QOCTYn K MHTep4>eMCY KOMaHAHOM CTpOKM "Iepe3 KOHCOflb KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT UCnOJIb3yeTcfI .lIJIfi .n:ocTyna K HHTep<peHcy KOMaH.n:HoH CTpOKH KOMMyfaTOpa npe)l()1e Bcero B TOM cJly'-me, eCJlH YCTPOHCTBO ewe He no.n:KJI104eHO K JIO- KaJIbHOH ceTH. Y Bcex KOMMyraTopoB KOMnaHHI1 Cisco eCTb KOHCOJIbHblH I1Hrep<peHc, KO- TOpbIH Ha <pH3H'leCKOM ypOBHe npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H CTaH,l{apTHOe rHe3.n:0 RJ-45. nocJle- .n:oBaTeJIbHbIH nopT (serial port) 06b14HOro nepCOHaJIbHoro KOMnblOTepa no.n:KJIlO4aeTCfI I< TaKOMY KOHCOJIbHOMY HHrep<peHcy nocpe.n:CTBOM KOHCOJIbHOro (HHBepcHoro) UTP- Ka6eJUI. B KOHCOJIbHOM UTP-Ka6eJIe KOHTaJcr N2 I pa31>eMa RJ -45 Ha O.n:HOM KOHue Ka6eJUI no.n:KJIIO'leH K KOHTaKT)' N28 pa31>eMa RJ-45 Ha .n:pyrOM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO. KOHTaKT N22 no.n:KJIIO'IeH K KOHTaKT)' N27 Ha llpyrOM KOHue. KOHTaKT N23 - K KOHTaKTY N26 U T..n:.. no- 3TOMY TaKOH Ka6eJIb MHor.n:a Ha3bIBalOT HHBepCHbIM, I1JlI1 06paTHbiM (rollover). B 6oJIb- IIIHHCTBe nepCOHaJIbHblX KOMnblOTepOB .lIJUI nOCJIe.n:OBareJIbHOrO nopTa He HCnOJIb3yeTCSI pa31>eM RJ-45, n03TOMY H}')KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb cnemtaJIlt3HpOBaHHblH allanTep, HanpH-
rnasa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 255 MCP, KOHBCpTOp C .n:CBflTHKOHTaKTHbIM CTaHJJ.apTHbIM pa3'bCMOM nOCJ1c.n:OBaTCJ1bHOro nop- Ta B RJ-45 MJIH a,aanTCp USB-nop-ra B RJ-45. Ha pHC. 8.4 nOKa3aHa CXCMa no.n:KJlIO'lCHHfI nopTa OB-9 (.n:CBflTHKoHTaKTHoro) nop-raTHBHoro nCpCOHaJIbHoro KOMnblOTcpa K rnC3 RJ-45 KOHCOJIbHOro nopTa KOMMYTaTopa. Q [!;!] PUC. 8.4. KOHCO/lbHOe noiJKJ/IO'IeHUe K KOMMymamopy nOCJ1C Taro KaK KOMnblOTCp .pH3H'ICCKH no.n:KJlIO'lCH K KOHCOJIbHOM)' nopl'y YCTpOHCTBa, nporpaMMHOC 06CCnC'lCHUC 3M)'JIflI.{HH TCpMHHaJIa nCpCOHaJIbHoro KOMnblOTcpa .n:OJDKHO 6bITb YCTaHOBJ1CHO H HacTpocHo Ha TaKoH pa60'lCH CTaHI..{uu. COBpeMCHHOC nporpaMMHOc 06CCnC'lCHHC 3MYJIflI.{HH TCpMHHaJIa 3a'lacl)'IO TaIOKC nOMCp)KHBaCT npOTOKOJIbI Tclnct U Sccurc Shcll (SSH), KOTOpbIC MOryr 6bITb UCnOJIb30BaHbI JJ.]UI .n:ocryna K HHTCp.pCHCY KO- MaHAHOH CTpOKH 'lCpe3 KOMnblOTCpHYJO CCTb, a HC 'lCpC3 KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT. Ha pHC. 8.5 nOKa3aHO OKHO nporpaMMHoro 06CCnC'lCHHfI TCpMHHaJIa Tcra Tcrm Pro H cro HaCTpoHKu (3TOT 6CCnJIaTHbIH nporpaMMHbIH npo.n:)'KT MO}l(HO CKa'laTb C Bc6-caHTa pa3pa60T'IUKa http://www.ayera.com). 3MYJIfiTOP TCpMUHaJIa HHO CKOH.pHrypU- POBaTb TaK, 'lT06bI OH HCnOJIb30BaJI nOCJ1c.n:oBaTCJ1bHbIH nopT KOMnblOTcpa, a HacTpoHKIt cro .n:O.lDKHbI COBna,aaTb co CTaHJJ.apTHbIMH HaCTpoHKaMH KOMMYTaTopa. CTaHJJ.apTHbIc Ha- CTpoHKH KOHCOJ1bHOro nOPTa KOMMYTaTopa .n:OJI)KHbI 6b1Tb CJ1C.n:yroIllHMU: · CKOpOCTb 9600 60.n:jc; · 6C3 annapaTHOro KOHTpOJIfi nOTOKa (hardwarc flow control); · 8 6HT AaHHbIX; · 6C3 KOHTpOJIfi 'lCTHOCTH (no parity); · I cTonoBbIH 6HT. nOCJ1C.n:HHC TpH HaCTpotiKH no ncpBbIM 6}'KBaM napaMCTpoB,l{JIfi npocToro 3anOMHHa- lilts{ 3anUCbIBalOT KaK "8N] ". CB8A eMa
256 YaCTb II. KOMMyral.4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX a 1ft _a ' : _a : : ,: a c:: E_a E_a E....a E_a E-...a TrlYtSRt delay _a ro-..-Ichor ro---...... !;::i E_a Ter. Term. Serial port setup Port: IIGiIEJ 0 Baud rate: Date: Concel I party: Stop: Flow ccrtod: a's ow IINC address t:ill.ble d nll."'C Ian ftac Addre.s Type Port:. 1 IMIJ.197b.5111H DYIIA"'C Pall/1 1 IMIJ.197b.51126 DYIIA"IC PaB/2 ftac Addre.s..s fop t:hi. crit:erion: 2 < Puc.8.5. HaCmpOUKU npoi!paM.Mbl3MYIlJ//.(UU mepMUHQ//a OIlJ/ noOKJ/IO'IeHUJ/ K KOHCO/IU Ha pHC. 8.5 nOKa3aHO OKHO nporpaMMbI-3MYJIfiTOpa TCpMUHaJIa C PC3YJIbTaTOM Bbl- nOJIHCHHfI HCCKOJIbKHX KOMaHA H OKHO HaCTpOCK. KOropbIC 6blJIH nCpC'lHCJ1CHbl BbIIIIC. B BbIBO.n:HMOH B TCpMUHaJIC HH<p0pMaI.{HU BbI.n:CJICH TCKCT Emma#show mac address-table dynamic. B KOTOpOH 'laCTb CT}JOKU npHrJIaIIICHHfI, Emma#, 06bl4HO nOKa3bIBaCT Ha3BaHHC YCT}JOHCTBa (B .n:aHHOM cJIyqac Emma). CKOH<purypupoBaHHoc CUC- TCMHbIM a,aMHHHcT}JaTopoM. 3Ta cT}JoKa npc.n:cTaBJ1f1CT C060H KOMaHAY, BBC.n:CHHYIO CHC- TCMHblMU HIDKCHCpOM (show mac address-table dynamic), B OTBeT Ha HCC KOM- MYTaTOp nCpCllIJICT nporpaMMHoMY 06CCnC'lCHUIO 3MYJ1f1TOpa TCpMHHaJIa HCKOTOpyJO HH- <p0pMaI.{HIO. 3Ta HH<popMal.{Ufi Ha HJIJIIOCTpal.{UH H.n:CT cpa3Y )lCC nOCJ1C Bbl.n:CJ1CHHOH KOMaH.n:bI. BTOpOH 6J10K Bbl.n:CJ1CHHOro TCKCTa BHU3Y. T.C. cTpoKa npHmaIIIcHHSI Emma#. nOflBJ1f1CTCSI nOCJIC BbinOJIHCHUSI U BbIlla'lH PC3YJIbTaTOB KOMaHllbI KOMMYTaTopoM. OKHO TCpMHHaJIa 6y.n:CT OCTaBaTbCfI B TaKOM COCTOflHHH U C TaKHM npHrJIarnCHUCM UHTCP<P cHca KOMaH.n:HoH CTpOKH CKOJ1b yro.n:Ho .n:oJIro, nOKa nOJIb30BaTCJIb HC BBC.n:CT 'lTo-J1u60 CWC B KOMaHllHoH CTpOKC. ,QOCTYn K MHTep4>eMCY KOMaHAHOM CTpOKM C nOMOblO npOTOKo.nOB Telnet M SSH Tclnct-npIDIo)ICcHHC CTaHAapTHoro CTCKa npOTOK0J10B TCPjIP n03BOJlflCT 3MYJ1f1TOPY TCpMHHaJIa B3auMo.n:cHcTBoBaTb C YCT}JOHCTBOM U BblrJIflAUT O'lCHb noxo)ICc Ha KOHCoJIb- HOC no.n:KJlIO'lCHHC. B OTJ1H'lUC aT nOCJ1c.n:Hcro, B 3TOM npHJ10}l(CHHH UCnOJIb3ycTCSI I P- CCTb,l{Jlfl OTnpaBKH H nOJIyqcHufi .n:aHHbIX, a HC cnCI.{UaJIU3HpOBaHHblH Ka6cJ1b H <pH3U4C- CKHH noPT B YCT}JOHCTBC. B npOTOKOJ1C ypOBHSI npHJ10}l(CHUH Tclnct nporpaMMa 3MyJ1S1- I.{HI1 TCpMHHaJIa pa60'lCH CTaHI.{HH Ha3bIBaCTCSI Telnet-K/lueHmoM, a YCTPOHCTBO. npuHH- MalOWCC KOMaHllbl H OTBC4alOIl{CC Ha HUX, Ha3bIBaCTCfI Telnet-cepeepoM. Tclnct - 3TO oc- HOBaHHbIH Ha McxaHH3MC TCP npOTOKOJl ypOBHSI npHJIO}l(CHUH. ucnoJ1b3yJOIIII1i cTaH.n:apTHbli1 3apC3CpBupoBaHHbli1 noPT C HOMCpOM 23.
rnasa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 257 QT06bl HCn0J1b30BaTb CJIY}I(6y Tclnct, nOJIb30BaTCJIb .n:OJ1}1(CH YCTaHOBHTb Tclnct- KJIUCHT Ha CBOCH pa60'lCH CTaHI.{HH 1 . (KaK 6bIJIO CKa3aHO BbIIIIC, 60JIblllHHCTBO COBpC- MCHHbIX naKCTOB nporpaMMHoro 06ccnc'lcHHfI 3MYJIflI.{HH TCpMUHaJIa BKJIlO'laCT B cc6f1 Tclnct- H SSH-KJIHCHT.) Tclnct-ccpBCP B KOMMYTaTopC CTan.n:apTHO 3anYIllCH H pa60TacT BCcr.n:a, TCM HC MCHCC, 'lTo6bI OH Mar OTnpaBJ1f1Tb H npUHHMaTb IP-naKCTbI, ,l{JIfi YCT}JOH- CTBa H}')KHO cKoHqmrypHpOBaTb IP-a.n.pcc. (YcTaHoBKa I P-a.n.pcca no.n:p06HO onHcaHa B maBC 9 "KOH<f>HrypHpoBaHHc Ethcmct-KoMMYTaTopoB".) KpOMC Taro, tIT06bI pa60'lafl CTaHI.{Hfi CCTCBOro HH}I(CHCpa HJIH a.n.MUHUCT}JaTOpa U KOMMYTaTOp MomH 06MCHUBaTbCfI naKCTaMH. CCTb MC)l()J.Y .n:BYMfI YCT}JOHCTBaMH .n:OJDKHa npaBUJIbHO pa60TaTb. MHOruC U3 CCTCBbIX UH)KCHCPOB nOCToflHHO HCn0J1b3yJOT Tclnct-KJIHCHT, 'lT06bI MO- HUTOPUTb U HaCT}JaHBaTb KOMMYTaTopbI - UH}I(CHCP MO}l(CT Haxo.n:HTbCfI Ha CBOCM pa60- 'lCM MCCTC, CMY HC H}T)KHO H.LJ.TU B COCC.n:HCC 3.n:aHHC, a HHor.n:a U cxaTb B .n:pYfYlO 06JIacTh HJ1H B .n:PYryK> cTpaHy, TCM HC MCHCC, Y Hcro CCTb B03MO}l(HOCTb 'lTO-JIu60 BbillOJIHHTb B HHTCP<PCHCC KOMan.n:HOH CTpOKH YCTPOHCTB. npOTOKOJI Tclnct nCpCCbIJIaCT BCC .n:aHHbIC (B TOM 'lHCJ1C HMfI nOJIb30BaTCJ1f1 H napOJ1b,l{Jlfl .n:ocTYlla K YCT}JOHCTBY) B BH.LJ.C OTKpbITOro TCKCTa, 'ITa npc.n:CTaBllilCT C060H O'lCHb CCpbC3HyIO nOTCHI.{HaJIbHyJO 6pClllb B CHCTCMC 6C30naCHoCTu. Ee30nacHbiU npOmOKOJl SSH (Sccurc ShclI) BbIllOJ1HflCT TC }l(C caMbIe OCHOBHblC 3a.n.a'lH, 'ITa H Tclnct, HO C HaMHoro 60J1CC BblCOKHM ypOBHCM 3aWUWCHHOCTH. TO'lHO TaK -}I(C, KaK H B Tclnct-Mo.n:CJ1U, B npOTOKOJIC SSH CCTb KJIUCHTCKOe nporpaMMHOC 06ccnc'lcHHc, BbI- nOJ1HSlIOWCC 3MYJIflI.{UIO TCpMHHaJIa. AHaJIOrU'lHO UCn0J1b3YCTCfI npOTOKOJI TCP ,l{JIfi nc- pCCblJ1KH JIaHHbIX. HO 3apC3epBHpOBaH .n:pyrOH cTan.n:apTHbIH noPT - 22 (a HC 23. KaK B npOTOKOJIC Tclnct). B npOTOKOJIC TalOKC CCTb ccpBep (B .n:aHHOM CJ1yqac B KOMMYTaTopc), npHHuMalOIllHH KOMan.n:bI aT KJIHCHTa, 06pa6aTbIBalOIllHH ux TCKCT H OTnpaBJ1S1IOWHH OT- BeT 06paTHO. OCHOBHoe OTJ1H'lHC MC)l()J.Y npOTOKOJ1aMH Tclnct U SSH COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTO nOCJ1c.n:HUH lllH<PPYCT a6COJIIOTHO BCCb 06MCH .n:aHHbIMH, n03TOM)' OH 06CCnC'lHBaCT Ha- MHoro 60J1CC BbICOKHH YPOBeHb KOH<pH.LJ.CHUHaJIbHOCTU H 3aIllHTbI, 'lCM Tclnct. napo.nM Ha Aocryn K MHTep4>eMCY KOMaHAHOM CTpOKM KOMMYTaTOp KOMnaHHH Cisco 6y.n:CT YCT}JOHCTBOM C BblCOKHM ypOBHCM 6c30nacHocTH TOJlbKO B TOM clIy'-Iac, CCJlH OH 3aKpblT Ha 3aMOK B KOMHaTC HJIH B lllKa<p'lHKC. CTan.n:apTHO 110cTyn K KOMan.n:HOH CT}JOKC YCT}JOHCTBa CCTb TOJIbKO 'lCpC3 KOHCOJIbHbIH nOpT, HO HC 'IC- PC3 npOTOKOJ1bI Tclnct HJIU SSH. nOLIKJIlO'lUBIIIUCb C nOMOIllblO KOHCOJ1H, MO)I(HO noJIY- 'UtTb .n:OCTYll K KOMaH.l{aM JII060ro ypOBHfI H, CCJ1H CCTh Ha TO B.n:OXHOBCHUC, BbIKJIlO'lHTb Heo6xo.n:HMblC ,l{JIfi HOpMaJIbHOH pa60ThI <PYHKl{HH YCT}JOHCTBa. TCM HC MCHCC KOHCOJlb- HbIH l10CTYll Tpc6YCT <pH3H'lCCKOro .n:ocTYlla K KOMMYTaTOpy, n03TOMY TaKafi CTan.n:apTHafi HacTpOHKa BnOJIHC pa3YMHa: YCT}JOHCTBO KaK MUHUMYM H}T)KHO 6a30BO HaCTpOHTb, Kama ero TOJ1bKO BbIHYJ1H H3 Kop06KH. HC3aBHCUMO aT CTan.n:aPTHbIX HaCT}JOCK, HMceT CMbICJ1 3aIllHTHTb napOJ1S1MU KaK KOH- COJIbHblH .n:OCTYll, TaK H .n:OCTYll nocpc.n:CTBOM npOTOKOJIOB SSH U Tclnct. HH}I(CHCPY no- e6YCTCfI CKOH<pHI1'PHpoBaTb BCCro JIHIIIb HCCKOJ1bKO 6a30BbIx KOMan.n:, 'lTo6bI .n:06aBuTb a30ByIO aYTeHTH<pHKaUHIO no napOJ11O B KOMMYTaTOp. npol.{ccc KOH<pHI1'PUP0BaHHfI oOHcaH v v B 3TOU maBC HU)I(C, a Hc06xo.n:UMb1C KOMaHllbI nOKa3aHbI B KpaHHCM npaBOM CTOJI61.{e Ta6J1. 8.3. B Ta6J1HI.{C nOKa3aHbi HaCT}JOHKH ,l{JIfi aYTCHTH<pHKaI.{HU no napOJIIO --- I o B oeucm6ume.nbHocmu npocmeuwee Telnet-npU/103ICeHUe 6xoiJum npaKmU'IeCKU 6 JIIo6yIO onepall,U- ItliylO cUcmeMY. ziJe ecmb noiJdep3ICKa cmeKa TCP/IP. - npItMe<J. pe,n.
258 YaCTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX KOHCOJIU U BHPTYaJIbHblX TepMHHaJIOB (vty); nOCJIe Taro KaK yKa3aHHbIe KOMaHAbI 6y.n:YT BBe.n:eHbI. KOMMYTaTOp Ha'lUHaeT npH no.n:KJIIO'leHHU BbIllaBaTb 3anpoc Ha npocl)'IO ayreH- TH<pUKaI.{HIO (3TO pe3YJIbTaT KOMaHAbI login) H mKUllaeT OT nOJlb30BaTeJIfi BBo.n:a napoJIfi YKa3aHHoro B KOMaHAe password. Ta6J1Hua 8.3. KOHclJHrypHpoBaHHe napOJleH lJ.ocTylla K HHTepcIJeHcy KOMaH,lI,HOH CTpOKH AJlR KOHCOJIH H Telnet-nOlJ.KJlIO'IeHHH KOHCOJlb THn napOJlR KOHCOJlbHblH napoJlb npHMep KOHclJHrypaUHH MeTolJ.lJ.ocTylla T elnet -npIiJlO>KeHlte napoJlb vtY-TepMI1HaJla line console 0 login password faith line vty 0 15 login password love B KOMMYTaTOpaX KOMnaHUH Cisco KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT 0603Ha'laeTCSI KaK CneUUaJIH3H- pOBaHHafI JlUHHfI, a HMeHHO KaK KOHCOJIbHaSi JIHHUfi O. YC'rpoikTBO TalOKe nOAllep)KHBaeT 16 o.n:HOBpeMeHHbIX ceaHCOB npOTOKOJIa Telnet, Ha3bIBaeMbIX BHPTYaJIbHbIMH JIHHHflMU (vty) H HYMepyeMbIx C 0 no 15. KOMaHAa line vty 0 15 YKa3blBaeT KOMMYTaTopy, 'ITa CJIe.n:YJOIllHe 3a HeM HaCTpOMKH 6y.n:YT npHMeHeHbI KO BceM 16 B03MO)l(HbIM BUPTYaJIbHblM TepMHHaJIbHblM coe.n:HHeHUfiM C YCTPOMCTBOM, npH 3TOM TaKHe HaCTpoHKU 6y.n:YT UCnOJIb- 30BaTbCfI KaK,l{JIfi T elnet -, TaK H ,l{JIfi SS H -ceaHCOB. BHMMAHME! B CTapbIX BepCItSiX onepaUItOHHOH CItCTeMbl nO.QLIep.>KItBanOCb TOJlbKO nRTb OlJ.HOBpeMeHHbIX YllaneHHbIX ceaHCOB, ItJIIt vtY-JIItHItH: cO no 4. nOCJIe BBo.n:a KOH<pHrypaUHoHHbIX KOMaH.n:, nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX B Ta6JI. 8.3, y KroKlloro no.n:KJlIO'lalOwerOCfI C nOMOWblO KOHCOJIH K YCTpOJ1CTBY nOJIb30BaTeJISI 6y.n:eT 3anpoIIIeH napOJIb, H OH .n:OJDKeH 6y.n:eT BBeCTH CJIOBO fai th, camaCHO HaCTpOJ1KaM. LlJIfi KroKlloro HOBoro Telnet-ceaHca TaIOKe 6y.n:eT 3anpaIIIUBaTbCJJ napOJIb, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae - CJIOBO love. B paccMoTpeHHOJ1 KOH<pHrypaUHH He HY)l(HO BBO.n:HTb UMfi nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, TOJIb- KO napOJIb. '..lT06bI CKOH<pHrypHpOBaTb SSH-.n:ocryn K YCTpOHCTBY, nOHa.LI.06HTCSI .n:06aBHTb elI1e HeCKOJIbKO KOMaHA, KpoMe Tex, KOTOpbIe yKa3aHbi B Ta6JI. 8.3. npOTOKOJI Tpe6yeT mum- <IUfI OTKpblTOro KJllOtJa IIIH<ppoBaHHfI .lIJUI 06MeHa 06wuM KJlIO'lOM Me)l(,[lY cepBepoM H KJlUeHTaMH, KOTOpbIH, c06cTBeHHo, U 6YlleT UCnOJIb30BaTbCfI ,l{JIfi IIIH<ppoBaHHfI Tpa<p UKa . C HeKoTopoH TO'lKH 3peHHfI npOTOKOJI SSH O'leHb noxo)l( Ha npOTOKOJI 6e30naCHbIX cO- e.n:uHeHUJ1 (Secure Sockets Layer - SSL), no.n:p06HO onuCaHHblJ1 B maBe 6 "OCHOBbI npOTOKOJIa TCPjIP: nepe.n:a'la .n:aHHbIX, npHJIO)l(eHUSI H 06eCne'leHHe 6e30naCHOCTH ce- TH". KpoMe Taro, npOTOKOJI SSH Tpe6yeT 60JIee BbICOKOro ypOBHfI 6e30nacHocTU, n03TO- MY B HeM 3anpaIIIHBaeTCSI. KaK HMfI nOJIb30BaTeJIfl, TaK H napOJIb. nOJIe3HbIe npUMepbl. 3TanbI H KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHe HY)I(HbIX xapaKTepHCTHK U napaMeTpOB npOTOKOJIa SsH no.n:p06Hee paCCMOTpeHbl B maBe 9 "KoH<pHrypHpoBaHue Ethernet-KoMMYTaTOpoB".
rnasa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 259 nO.nb30BaTe.nbCKMM M npMBM.nerMpOBaHHbIM pe>KMMbl TpH paCCMOTpeHHblX BblIIIe MeTo.n:a .n:Ocma K YCT}JOHCTBY (KOHCOJIbHOe no.n:KJIIO'le- HHe, Telnet- H SSH-ceaHc) no.n:KJIIO'lalOT nOJIb30BaTeJIfi K pe)l(UMy uHTep<peHca KOMaHll- HOH CT}JOKH, Ha3bIBaeMOMY peJICUMOM 06b1'tH020 nOJ/b306ameJ/J/ (user mode), UJIH EXEC- peJICUMOM 06b1'tH020 nOJ/b306ameflJ/ (user EXEC mode). B 3TOM pe)l(HMe nOJIb30BaTeJIb npe- HM)'UlecTBeHHo MO)l(eT npOCMaT}JUBaTb pa3JIU'IHyJO HH<popMauulO, HO He HaCT}JOHTb HJIU "CJIOMaTb" 'lTO-TO. npUCTaBKa "EXEC" ucnOJIb3yeTcfI ,l{JISI Taro, 'lT06bI no.n:'lepKHYTb, 'ITa Kama nOJIb30BaTeJIb BBO.n:UT KaK)'JO-JIH60 KOMaHllY, KOMMYTaTOp ee BbInOJIHSleT H Bbl- BOlI.HT HeKOTopoe co06111eHue a pe3YJIbTaTaX pa60TbI. B onepauHOHHOH CHCTeMe Cisco 10S eCTb pacIIIupeHHblH pe)KHM, Ha3bIBaeMbIH npu- eUJ/e2upOeaHHbIM peJICUMOM (privileged mode), npU6UJ/e2upoeaHHbiM EXEC-peJICUMOM, UJIU enable-peJICuMoM. nOCJIe.n:HHH BapuaHT Ha3BaHUSI pe)KHMa B03HUK H3 cooTBeTcTBYIOIlleH pe)KHMY KOMaHllbI, UCnOJIb3yeMoH JJ.]UI nepexo.n:a B Hero - enable (pHC. 8.6). npHBH- JIerHpOBaHHbIM pe)KHM Ha3bIBaeTCfI nOTOMY, 'ITa n03BOJIfleT HCnOJIb30BaTb 60JIee "MolllHble", HJIH npl1BUJIerupoBaHHbIe, KOMaHllbI ,l{JIfi pa60Tbi C YCTPOHCTBOM. HanpH- Mep, B 3TOM pe)l(UMe MO)I(HO HCnOJlb30BaTb KOMaHllY reload, n03BOJlfllOlllYIO nepe3arpy- 3HTb YCT}JOHCTBO, H 3Ta KOMaHlla 1l0crynHa TOJIbKO H3 npUBHJIerupoBaHHoro pe)l(HMa. router>enable password: UZll. router# SSH . . TalOKe Ha3b1BaeTCR enable-pe)l("MoM KOHconb router# disable router> Puc. 8.6. 110/lb308ome.nbCKuu U npU8UJleZUp060HHblU peJICUMbi BHHMAHHE! CJJellyeT JanOMHItTb, 'no eCJJIt B npltrnaWeHlt1t KOMaHllHOH CT})OKH B KOHue HMeHIt YCTpOHCTBa CTOHT CItMBOJI yrnoBoH CK06KIt, ">", TO 3TO pe)l(ltM 06bl'lHoro nOJIb30BaTeJISI; eCJII1 B KOHue ItMeHIt Tp OHcTBa CTOItT CItMBOJI "peWeTKIt", "#", TO 3TO npltBltJIerltpOBaHHbIH pe.>KItM. npe.n:nO'lTUTeJIbHbIM MeTO.n:OM KOH<pHrypHpOBaHUfi napOJIfi JJ.]UI .n:ocTYlla K npHBHJIe- rltpOBaHHOMY pe)l(UMY flBJIfleTCfI KOMaHlla BHl(a enable secret rrapOJIb. CJIe.n:yeT nOMHI1Tb, 'lTO eCJIU napOJIb ,l{JISI npUBHJIerupoBaHHoro pe)l(l1Ma He YCTaHOBJIeH CTaH.l1aPTHOe COCTOflHHe), TO 113 Telnet- H SSH-ceaHCOB onepal.{ltOHHafi CHCTeMa Cisco Os He pa3peIIIUT nOJIb30BaTeJllO 3aHTH B npUBHJIerltpOBaHHbIH pe)KUM, a B KOHCOJIbHOM nOD.K.JJIO'IeHUH - pa3peIIIUT. TaKoe nOBe.n:eHue OT}Ja.>K.aeT onHcaHHblH BblIIIe nO)lXOll I<OMnaHuH Cisco K 6e30nacHocTH YCT}JOHCTB: cTaHllapTHO nOJIb30BaTeJIH 3a npeJIeJlaMH
260 "IacTb II. KOMMYTa!.-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX 3aUlHIllcHHOro CCTCBOro HJIH Ka6cJ1bHoro Y3JIa, annapaTHOH HJIU CCpBCpHOH KOMHaTbl HC MOryT nOJlyquTb .n:OCTYll K YCl'pOHCTBY 6C3 BMCIIIaTCJ1bCTBa CCTCBOro HWKCHCpa. BHi-1MAHi-1E! 3a'lacTYIO KOMatUJ:bl. KOTOpblC MOryT 6bITh ItCnOJIb30BaHbi KaK B 06bl'lHOM EXEC-pC.>KItMC, TaK It B npltBItJICmpOBaHHOM EXEC-pC.>KI1MC, Ha3blBalOT npOCTO EXEC-KOMatUJ:aMIt. BbIIIIC 6blJ1H OnUCaHbI OCHOBHblC OC06CHHOCTH CTaHJJ.apTHOH HaCl'pOHKH KOMMYTaTO- pOB KOMnaHUH Cisco, KOTOpbIC CJIC.uyCT yquTblBaTb, CCJ1H Bbl npu06pcJ1H H YCTaHaBJIHBaC- TC HOBOC YCl'pOHCTBO. KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:CT pa60TaTb 6C3 KaKOH-J1H60 KOHqmrypaI.{HH, .n:oc- TaTO'lHO npOCTO BKJllO'IHTb nHTaHHC H no.n:KJlIO'lUTb Ethcmct-Ka6cJ1u, U CCTb 3apa6OTaCT. TCM HC MCHCC PCKOMCH.n:YCTCfI no.n:KJlIO'lHTbCfI K KOHCOJ1bHOMY nopTY YCl'pOHCTBa H CKOH- <pHrypHpOBaTb napOJ1H,l{JIfi KOHCOJ1bHOro .n:ocTYlla, npOTOKOJIOB Tclnct H SSH, a TaIOKC YC- TaHOBHTb napOJIb,l{Jlfl npHBHJIcrupoBaHHoro (cnablc) pC}I(HMa. B pa3.n:CJ1aX HU}I(C onHcaHbI HCKOTOpbIC <PYHKI.{HH UHTcP<PcHca KOMaHllHoH CT}JOKH. HC 3aBUCSlWHC aT MCTo.n:a .n:ocTYna H pC)I(UMa pa60TbI. If1HTepaKTMBHaSi nO,QCKa3Ka ECJ1U paCnC'IaTaTb CnpaBO'lHHK no KOMaH.n:aM oncpal..{UOHHOH CHCTCMbI Cisco IOS (Cisco 10S Command Rcfcrcncc), TO nOJIy'IHTcfI CTOnKa 6}'MarH HC MCHbIIIC MCTpa BbICOTOH. HUKTO HC }I(,lI,eT, 'ITa CCTCBOH HH)KCHCP 6y.n:eT nOMHHTb BCC KOMaH.lI.bI, JIa H HHKTO HX HC CMO- )l(CT 3anOMHHTb. CYIllCCTBYCT HCCKOJlbKO npocThIX H y.n:06HblX MeTO.n:OB H HHCl'p}'MCHTOB}:IJIfI 3anOMHHaHHfI KOMaH.lI onCpal.{UOHHOH CHCTeMbI, TaIOKC nOMoralO1..I.{HX C3KOHOMHTb BpCMfI Ha nC'laTaHUU KOMaH.lI. no MCpe npo.ll:BIDKCHHfI KO BCC 60JIcc CJlO)I(HbIM 3K3aMCHaM H ccpTll<pu- KaI.{HflM KOMnaHUH Cisco KOJ1H'ICCTBO KOMaH.lI, KOTOpbIC H}')KHO 3anOMHHTb, 6y.n:CT paCTU, no- 3TOMY CJ1C.uyCT 3HaTh, KaK nOJIb30BaTbCfI BCTpOCHHOH B onCpal.{UOHnyJO CUCTeMY no.n:CKa3KOH. B Ta6J1. 8.4 ncpC'lUCJICHbI Onl.{HH HHTCpaKTHBHOH no.n:CKa3KH oncpauHoHHoH CUCTCMbI lOS, CBfl3aHHbiC C Bbl30BOM BBO.n:HBIIIHXCfI paHCC HH)I(CHCpOM KOMaHll. 06paTuTc BHHMa- HUC, 'lTO B ncpBoH K0J10HKC Ta6J1Hl..{bI CJ10BO KOMaHpa - 3TO KaKafi yroJIHO npOH3B0J1b- Hafl KOMaH.n:a, a HC KOMaH.n:a C UMCHCM KOMaHpa; aHaJIOrH'lHO, CJ10BO rrapaMeTp- JII060H napaMCTp KOMaH.n:bI. HanpHMcp, B TpCTbCH CTpOKC Ta6J1Hl.{bI nOKa3aH npH- MCp uHTcpaKTHBHoH no.n:CKa3KU B BHAC KOMaH):(a ?, KOTOpbIH MO}l(CT 03Ha'laTb KaK KO- MaH.n:y show ?, TaK KOMaH.n:y copy ? HJIU m06YJO .n:pyrylO KOMaH.l{y co 3HaKOM Bonpoca B KOHI.{C, B PC3YJ1bTaTC KOTOpOH 6y.n:CT BbIBc.n:CHa no.n:CKa3Ka no .n:ocTYnHbIM napaMCTpaM. Ta6J1Hua 8.4. HHTepaKTHBHaH no.nCK33Ka onepaQltOHHOH CHCTeMbi Cisco IDS BBo.nHMaH KOMaH.LI3 ? help KOMdH.rid? com? nO.nCKa3Ka Cnl1COK Bcex KOMaH,D;,lIoc1)'nHblx llJIH TeK}'IUero peJKI1Ma TeKcT. OnItCblB3IOWI1! KaK nOJJb30BaTbCH nOllcKa3Ko!. nOJlCKa3Ka.lJ.l!H KOMaH,D; He BbIBOllHTCH TCKCTOBaH nOJlCKa3Ka. Om1CblB3IOWaH nepBbI! napaMeTp KOMaH,D;bl KOMdH.rid Hd 'ldJIbHble _ t:5YKB1J_ rrdpdMeTpd? 3Ta KOMaH,D;a BblJlaCT cm1COK KOMaH,D;, Ha'lI1HaIOWI1XCH C CI1MBOJJOB com Cnl1COK napaMeTpOB. Ha'lI1HaIOWI1XCH C YKa33HHOH nOCJJellOB3TeJJbHOC TI1 CI1MBOJlOB (o6paTI1Te BHI1MaHl1e. 'ITO MeJK1lY napaMeTpOM 11 3HaKOM Bonpoca HeT npo6e.rra!) --
rnaBa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 261 OKOH'taHue ma6fl. 8.4 BRO)J)lMaH KOMan,aa nO.nCKa3Ka KOMaWia Ha ..a.nbH1Je _ t:5YK B b!.... Ecnlt H!UIGTb KJlaBltrny <Tab> B CepelU1He nlO60ro napaMeT»a KaKO- nH60 napaMeTpa<Ta1J> KOMaH.abl, ItHTeplj>eHc KOMaHllHoH CT»OKH ItJIH 3aKOH<IItT cnoBO KOMaHllbl, ItJIH Hlt'lerO He CllenaeT. EcnH HaJKaTHe KJlaBHWH He npHBOllHT K KaKoMY- nH60 pe3ynbT31)', 3Ha'lHT, Y KOMaHllbi eCTb HeCKonbKO napaMeT»OB, Ha'lHHaIOWHXcli C yJKe BBelleHHOH nocnelloBaTenbHocTH cHMBOnoB, H ItHTeplj>eHc He 3HaeT, KaKoll H3 HHX Bbl6paTb KOMaWia napaMeTpl? EcnH Me>Kl1Y napaMeTJ)OM KOMaH.abl H 3HaKOM Bonpoca CTOHT np06en, HHTeplj>eHc KOMaH.aHOH CT»OKIt BblBOllHT cnHCOK cnellytawero napaMeTJ)a KOMaH.abl H KopOTKoe TeKcToBoe onHcaHHe K3>Kl1oro CJIC.n:YCT nOMHUTb, 'ITa UHTCP<pCi1C KOMaH.n:Hoi1 CT}JOKU onCpal.{UOHHOH CUCTCMbI Cisco IOS pcarupycT Ha BBO.n: 3HaKa Bonpoca (?) MrHOBCHHO, HIDKUMaTb KJIaBHIIIy <Enter> HJlU KaK)'JO-JIH60 .n:pYfYlO HC HHO. OncpaUHoHHafi CHCTCMa nOCJIC BblBo.n:a no.n:cKa3KH nOBTopHO BbIBO.n:HT BCC, 'ITa 6bIJIO HanC'laTaHO B KOMaH,l{HOH CT}JOKC .n:o CHMBOJIa "?", 'IT06bI 06JICr'IHTb )l(H3Hb CUCTCMHOMY HH)lCCHCPY. ECJlH HIDKaTb KJIaBHIIIY <Enter> cpa3Y )lCC nOCJIC BBOJIa 3HaKa Bonpoca, CHCTCMa Cisco 10S nOBTOpUT KOMan.ay 6C3 3HaKa Bonpo- ca B KOHI.{C U BbInOJIHHT cc no HIDKaTHIO KJIaBUIIIU, T.C. TOJIbKO C TCMH napaMCT}JaMU, KO- TOpblC 6bIJII1 BBC.n:CHbI.n:O 3HaKa Bonpoca. Bu.n: no.n:CKa3KH 3aBUCUT OT Taro, B KaKOM pe}l(HMC UHrep<PCHca KOMaH.LI.HOH CT}JOKH HaxO- .1IJtTCS! nOJIb30BaTeJIb. HanpHMCp, CCJIH HIDKaTb <?> B PC)KlIMC 06bI'lHOro (HcnpHBHJIcruPOBaH- HOro) nOJIb30BaTC.TUI, 6y.nyr nOKa3aHbl KOMaHllbl, KOTOpbIC pa3peIIICHO BbInOJIHfITb H3 3TOro pe)l(JtMa, a KOMaHllbI H3 cnablc-pC}l(JtMa HC 6y.nyr oro6pIDKaTbCfI. nO-JIPyroMY TaIOKC 6y.n:cr BblrJIfIAeTb UHTCpaKTltBHafi no.n:CKa3Ka npH HCnOJIb30BaHHU ee B pC)KlIMe KOH<pHrypHpoBa- HitS! - KaK MHHHMYM, aHa 6y.n:cr nOKa3bIBaTb COBceM .n:pyruc KOMaH,l{bI. nO.n:p06HCC pe}l(JtM KOH<pHrypUPOBaHHfI onucaH HU}I(e. HTaK, CJIe.n:ycr 3anOMHHTb, 'ITa B JII060M H3 no.n:pe)KlIMOB MO)f(HO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCfI HHTCpaKTltBHOH no.n:CKa3KOH, HO ee pC3yJIbTaT 6y.n:cr pa3HbIM. Onepal.{UOHHafi CUCTeMa Cisco IOS coxpaHflCT BBo.n:HMble nOJIb30BaTeJICM KOMaH,l{bI B TaK Ha3bIBaCMOM 6ycpcpe HCTOpHH KOMaHll, CTaH,l{apTHO B HCM xpaHHTCfI .n:eCflTb 3anUCCH. I1HTcp<peHc KOMaHllHoH CT}JOKH n03BOJIflCT ncpCMcwaTbCfI Bnepc.n: H Ha3aA no TaKOMY cnl1cKy BBe.n:eHHbIX KOMaH,l{ H pc.n:aKTHpOBaTb "cTapbIe" KOMaHllbI nepe.n: ux nOBTopHbIM BBClleHucM. Hc06xo.n:HMbIC ,l{JIfi HaBHraUHH no 6y<pcpy UCTOPUH KOMaH,l{ KJIaBHIIIU 11 HX KOM6HHaUHu nOMoryT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 6bICT}JeC nCpCMCll.{aTbCfI no KOMaH,l{aM Ha 3K3aMeHC H B npaKTH'lCCKoi1 pa6OTe, n03TOMY HX H}')KHO 3anOMHHTb. B Ta6JI. 8.5 nCpe'lHCJlCHbI KJIa- BHUlH H KOM6HHal.{HH KJIaBHIII ,l{JIfi pa60TbI C 6y<pePOM. 6JIHlIa 8.5. KOM6HH8IUtH MaRHID A1IJI Rbl30Ra H peJI,aKTHpORaHHH KOMan,a H3 6ycJIepa 6HHall.HJl MaRHID BbinOJIHHeMoe .neHCTBHe CTpenKa BBepx ItJIIt Oro6paJKaeT nocnellHlO1O BBelleHHYIO KOMaH.aY, ecnlt HaJKaTb ee ewe pa3, <Ctrl>+< p > npellnocnellHlO1O H T.ll.AO Tex nop, nOKa He 3aKOH'lHTc1I6ylj>ep (CHMBon "p" 03Ha'laeT "previous" - aHrn. npellbIllYWHH) EcnH nOnb30BaTenb nepemen Ha KaK)'lO-nH60 1t3 paHee BBelleHHblX KOMaH.a, 3TH KJlaBHWH nepeMewalOT Bnepell no 6yIj>epy HCTOpHH KOMaHll (CHMBOJI "n" 03Ha'laeT "next" - aHrn. cne.nyIOWHH) CTJ>e!lKa BHH3 ItJIH <Ctrl>+<n> CTJ>e!lKa MeBO ItJIH <Ctrl>+<b> --- nepeMewaeT K)'pCOp MeBO ('lacm rOBopliT "HaJaJl.") no KOMaH.aHol! cT»OKe Ha OllHH CHMBon 6e3 YllaneHHII TeKCTa (CHMBon "b" 03Ha'laeT "back" - aHrn. HaJaJl.)
262 4aCTb II. KOMMYTa",Mft B nOKanbHblX CeT5IX OKOH'taHue ma6J/. 8.5 - -- KOM6HHalUtR oaBHm BblUOJlHReMOe .neHcTBHe CrpeJlKa BnpaBO ItJ1I1<Ctrl>+<f> <Backspace> <Ctrl>+<a> <Ctrl>+<e> <Ctrl>+<r> <Ctrl>+<d> <Esc>+<b> <Esc>+<f> nepeMelllaeT K)'pCop BnpaBo ("Bnepell") no KOMaHLIHoH cTpOKe Ha Olll1H CI1MBO Jl- 6e3 YllaJeHIDI TeKCTa (CItMBOJI "f' 03HaQaeT "forward" - aHfJI. Bnepell) OllHoKpaTHoe HIDKaTlte YllaJHeT nOCJlellHl11 BBelleHHblH CI1MBOJlI1 nepeMewaeT K)'jJCOp MeBO 3Ta KOM611HaUl1H KJlaBl1ll1 nepeMewaeT K)'jJCOp B HaqaJO CTpOKH Ha caMblH nepBblH CI1MBOJI KOMaHLIbl nepeMewaeT K}'!JCOp B KOHeu KOMaHLIHott CTjJOKI1 nOBTOpHO oTo6pIDKaeT KOMaHLIHyta CTpOK)'. 3Ta KOM611HaUl1H KJlaBI1W nOJleJHa Korlla BbiBOlll1Mble YCTpOICTBOM c006weHI1H MelllalOT BBOlll1Tb KOMaHLIY . 3Ta KOM611HaUitH KJlaBI1W YllaJUleT Olll1H CI1MBOJI nepeMewaeT K)'pCop Ha onHO CJlOBO Ha3a.I1 nepeMelllaeT K}'!JCOp Ha onHO CJlOBO Bnepell KOMaH,Qbl debug 1>1 show KOMaHlla show, HCCOMHCHHO, CaMaH nonYJUlpHaH B OnCpal.{HOHHOH CHCTCMC Cisco 105. Y HCC CCTb BCJIUKOC MHO)l(CCTBO pa3Ho06pa3Hbix napaMCTpoB H OnI.{HH, n03BOJUIlOIlllIX OT- CJIC.n:UTb COCTOflHHC npaKTH'-ICCKH BCCX <t>YHKI.{UH onCpal.{UOHHOH CHCTeMbI, annapaTHblX MO.uyJlCH H T.n. KOMaH.D.a show oT06pffiKacT TCKYIllCC COCTOSl.HHC KOMMYfaTopa, OCC 'ITa yCT- pOHCTBO .n:CJIaCT B ornCT Ha JII060H BapHaHT :noH KOMaH.lIbI - npocTo HaxOAHT H}')KHYJO ItH- <t>opMal.{HIO a COCTOflHHU 'lcro-JIH60 H OTnpaBJIS!cT CC B BH,l{C C006IllCHUH nOJIb30BaTCJIIO. MCHCC nonYJIflpHoH. HO HC MCHCC nOJIC3HOH flBJIflCTCfI KOMaH.lIa OTJIMKU debug. TO'lHO TaK)I(C KaK U Y KOMaH.n:bl show, Y HCC CCTb OrpOMHOC lJHCJIO napaMCT}JoB. HO, B OT- JIH'lUC aT ncpBOH KOMaH.D.bl, npHHI.{Un pa60Tbi nOCJIc.n:HCH CYIllCCTBCHHO OTJIU'laCTCS!. Ec- JIH KOMaH,l{a show Bbl,l{aCT HCKOTOpOC TCKYIllCC COCTOflHUC KaKOH-JIu60 <t>YHKUHU, .n:pym- MH CJlOBaMH, COCTOflHHC YCT}JOHCTBa B KaKoH-To onpc.n:CJICHHbIH MOMCHT BPCMCHI1, TO KOMaH.lIa debug n03BOJIfiCT OTCJIC)KHBaTb <t>YHKUUIO B npol.{cccc pa60Tbi B TClJCHItC npo- MCKa BpCMCHH. TaK, HanpHMcp, KOMMYTaTop MO)l(CT OTnpaBJIflTb C006IllCHHS! nOJIb3 0 - BaTCJIIO a KaKHX-JIH60 C06bITHflX, Kor.n:a OHH npoucxo.n:flT. KOMaH.lIbI show H debug MO)l(HO cpaBHuTb C <t>oTOrpa<t>ucH U C <t>HJIbMOM COOTBCTCT- BCHHO. KaK U Ha <t>oTorpa<t>HH, B BbIBO.n:C KOMaH.lIbI show nOKa3aHO lJTO-TO aK1YaJIbHoe. B onpc.n:CJICHHbIH MOMCHT BpCMCHH, .n:pyruMH CJIOBaMU, HCKOTOpaH "3aCTb1BIIIaH KapTItHKa , BI183- TaKaS! oncpaUHfi HC Tpc6YCT MHOro PCCypCOB. KOMaH.D.a debug nOKa3b1BaCT, KaK pa3 ccyp- CTCfI npouccc, 'lTO npOHcxo.n:HT H T.n.; TaKOH npol.{ccc Tpc6YCT HaMHoro 60JIbWC p B P CMCHI COB. BnOJIHC O'lCBH,l{HO, 'ITa KOMaH.lIa debug Tpc6YCT 3HalJHTCJIbHO 60JIbIIIC cWi otl I.{CHTpaJIbHOrO npol.{cccopa, B 3TOM COCTOHT cc OCHOBHOH Hc.n:OCTaTOK, B TO )lCC Bp nOKa3bIBaCT, 'ITa npOUCXOllUT B MOMCHT, Kor.n:a C06bITHC npOHcxo.n: HT . tIJloit OncpaUUOHHafi CHCTCMa Cisco 10S 06pa6aTbiBaCT C006IllCHHfI, c03.n:aHHbIC KoMa 83- debug ItHbiM 06pa30M, lJCM nOJIyqcHHblC aT KOMaH,l{bI show. Kama Jl1060" H3 nOJlb30UII_ TCJlCH, no.n:KJIIO'lCHHbIX K YCT}JOHCTBY, BBO.n:UT KOMan.n:y debug C napaMcTpaMU, oncpa "3 OHHafi CUCTCMa, HC3aBHCHMO aT Taro, KaKOH BapuaHT KOMaH.D.bl 6bIJI BBC.n:CH It KCM(IOt nOJIb30BaTCJICH, TpaIcrYCT dcbug-co06Il{CHUfi KaK coo6eHUR cucmeMHOi!O .JICypH(J./IO I mcssagc). Jl1060i1 U3 no.n:KJIIO'lCHHbIX K YCT}JOi1CTBY nOJIb30BaTCJICH, B TOM lJltCJlC "
a 8 Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco rJ1aB . 263 - JlCtItIbIlf (CCJlU BBCCTH KOMaHllY terminal monitor), MO}l(CT nOJIyqaTb TaKHC CHCTCM- coo6 IUcHHSI. KpoMc TOro, CUCTCMHblC co06IUCHUfi cTaH.n:apTHO aBTOMaTH'lCCKU BbI- tIC BOJIflTCfI B KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT. KOMaHlla show BbIBO.n:UT Ha60p C006IIICHHlf .1I.JUI ontIoro nOJlb30BaTCJlfI: debug. B OTJIH'lHC aT Hce, MO}l(eT BbIBO.n:HTb co06weHHfI BceM 3aUHTepe- COBaH HbIM nOJIb30BaTeJIflM, ,l{JIfi 'lero He06xo.n:UMO TOJIbKO BBeCTU KOMaHllY, n03BOJIfllO- ylO CMOTpeTb CHCTeMHbIe co06IlleHUfi. III ECJlU BbIBO.n: KaKOlf-JIH60 UH<popMaI.{UH 6bIJI BKJllO'leH KOMaH.n:oH debug C napaMeT- paMH. TO coo6IUeHUfi 6y.n:YT nOSlBJIflTbCfI .n:o Tex nap. nOKa nOJIb30BaTeJIb He OTKJlIO'lHT HX SlBHO lIJIU He nepe3arpY3HT YCTPOlfCTBO. nepe3arpY3Ka (KoMaHllolf reload) YCT}JOlfCTBa OTKJlI04aeT Bce BapuaHTbl OTJIa,aKU. lfT06bI OTKJllO'lHTb BbIBO.n: KaKUX-JIu60 onpe.n:eJIeHHblX OTJIaLIO'lHblX C006IllCHUlf, CJIe.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb 1)' }l(e caMYIO KOMaHllY debug C TeMH }l(e caMblMU napaMeT}JaMu H KJlIO'leBblM CJlOBOM no B Ha'laJIe KOMaH.n:HoH CT}JOKH. HanpH- MCP, nOJIb30BaTeJIb BBeJI KOMaHllY debug spanning-tree: 'lT06bI ee OTKJllO'lHTb, tI}')K- HO BBeCTU KOMaHllY no debug spanning-tree. MO}l(HO TaJOKe HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaH- lIbI no debug all H undebug all, 'lT06bl OTKJllO'lHTb a6COJIIOTHO Bce OTJIa,aO'lHbIe coo6weHHSI, KOTOpble 6bIJIH cKoHqJHrypHpoBaHbl paHee. CJle.n:yeT nOMHUTb, 'ITa HeKOTOpbIe Onl.{HH KOMaH.n:bI debug C03.n:a1OT orpoMHoe 'lUCJlO co06weHltlf OTJIa,aKU H, KaK CJIe.n:cTBue, CUCTeMa Cisco 10S He MO)l(eT HX 06pa60TaTb HJIU npOItCxo.n:HT aBapUlfHbIlf OTKa3 Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI. npOCMOT}JeTb 3arpY3KY npOl.{ec- copa YCT}JOlfCTBa MO)l(HO C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbI show process, 3TO peKoMen.n:yeTcSI BbI- nOJlHHTb.n:O 3anycKa KOMaHll OTJIa,aKH. l.h06bl 6bITb YBepeHHblM B TOM, 'ITa YCT}JOlfCTBO He "nOBHCHeT" UJIH B.n:pyr He nepe3arpY3HTCfI aT 60JIblllOlf HarpY3KH. peKOMen.n:yeTCSI CHa'la- 1a BBeCTH KOMaHllY no debug all, nOTOM BBeCTH KOMan.n:y debug C napaMeT}JaMu. Ec- lit B pe3YJlbTaTe BblllOJIHeHHfI BTOpOH KOMaHllbl YCT}JOHCTBO Ha'lHeT pa60TaTb HeYCTOlf'lH- BO, MO)I(HO C nOMOIllblO KJlaBUIIIH co CT}JeJIKOH BBepx UJIH KOM6HHaUHH <Ctrl>+<p> Bbl- JBaTb KOMan.n:y no debug all U3 6y<pepa H npHMeHuTb ee. ECJlu npou3Bo.n:uTeJlbHOCTb YCTpoikTBa U3-3a OTJIa,aKH 3Ha'lUTeJIbHO ynaJIa, KOMMYTaTop MO)l(eT 6bITb "CJIUlllKOM 3a- HSlT", 4T06bl OTCJIe}l(Jt:BaTb, 'ITa ne4aTaeTCfI B KOMaHllHOH CT}JOKe. n pueM, onHcaHHbIH B nOCJlelIHeM a63aue. C3KOHOMHT BpeMH CHCTeMHOMY a,aMUHHCT}JaTOPY H, HeCOMHeHHO, MO)l(eT nOMO'lb H36e}lffiTb aBapHlfHoro OTKa3a Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI U He3aT}Je60BaH- Ho' It nepe3arpY3KH YCT}JOHCTBa. KOHCPMryPMpOBaHHe OnepaHOHHOH CHCTeMbl Cisco IOS YT06hI CllaTb cepTH<pHKaI.{UOHHbIH 3K3aMeH H .n:OCTH'lb ycnexa B npo<peCCHOHaJIbHOH ..teSlTelIbHO . pa">'IelI CTH, H}'}I(HO YMeTb KOH<purypupoBaTb KOMMYTaTOp KOMnaHUH CIsco. B 3TOM 1J e onHcaHhI OCHOBHbIe nOCJle.n:OBaTCJIbHOCTU KOH<pHrypupOBaHHfI pa3JIH'lHbiX X p YHKlJ.ltii. B TOM 'lUCJIe 'lTO TaKoe KOtI<pHrypauHoHHblH <paHJI H me OH MO}l(eT 6bITh CO- aHCH H lJ.ltn . eCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'ITa B TeKYIlleM pa3.n:eJIe OCHOBHoe BHUMaHHe y.n:eJISleTCfI npHH- n plt aM KOH<pmYPHpOBaHHH YCT}JOiiCTB. a He KaKHM-JIH60 KOHKpeTHhIM KOMaHllaM, Bce BeneHHh l.e 6e Ie 3.n:eCb KOMaHllbI H}')KHO 3anOMHHTb Ha naMflTb,l{JlSl c.n:a'lH 3K3aMeHa U 'leTKO npeJ.J.CT Pe aBlIflTb npouecc KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHfI YCT}JOiiCTBa. lJ.1til.JIIt JlcUM KOH(jJU2ypUpOeOHWI (configuration mode) YCT}JOHCTBa npe.n:CTaBJISIeT c060ii cne- A(1tf1 oItPoBaHHbIii pe)l(UM HHTepcpeiica KOMaH.n:Hoii CT}JOKH. B 4eM-TO noxo)I(Hii Ha pe- I IOB;Horo HJ1H npHBHJlerUpOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi. Pe}l(UM npUBHJIerHpOBaHHoro ClIfi n03BOJJHeT UH)KeHepy BBO.n:UTb "HeonacHbIe" ,l{JISi pa60ThI YCT}JOilcTBa KO-
264 YaCTb II. KOMMYTa!.-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX MaHllbi H npOCMaT}JHBaTb pa3JIH'lHbIe XapaKTepHCTHKH U UH$OpMaUHIO a COCTOflHHH YCT- pOMCTBa. B npHBHJIerHpOBaHHOM pe)KHMe npHCYTCTByeT HaMHoro 60JIbIIIe KOMaH)l. no cpaBHeHHIO C nOJIb30BareJ1bCKHM, B TOM 'lHCJIe U KOMaH)l.bI, KOTOpbIe MOryT npHBeCTH K Hepa60Tocnoc06HOCTU YCT}JOHCTBa. TeM He MeHee HH B n0J1b30BaTeJIbCKOM, HH B npHBU- JIerUpOBaHHOM pe}l(HMe HeJIb3S1. U3MeHHTb HaCT}JOMKH KOMMYTaTopa. TOJIbKO B pe}l(HMe KOH$UrypUpOBaHHfI YCTpOHCTBa MO}I(HO BBeCTU KOHrjJU2ypou,UOHHble KOMOHiJbI, T.e. KOMaH- nbI, C006Il{aIOIllHe YCT}JOMCTBY, 'ITa H}')KHO npe.n:npUHflTb H KaK HY}l(HO 'lTO-TO c.n:eJIaTb. Ha pHc.8.7 npOHJIJlIOCT}JHpOBaHa B3aHMOCBfl3b Me pe}l(UMaMH KOH$HrypupoBaHufI, nOJIb30BaTeJ1bCKHM H npHBHJIerUpOBaHHbIM. RAM (AICTHBHaR KOH<I>HrypaR) enable Puc. 8. Z KOHifJUi!ypOU,UOHHblU U EXEC-peJICUMbi ycmpoucm6o BBo.n:UMbIe B KOH$urypaUHoHHoM pe)KHMe KOMaH)l.bl H3MeHflIOT aKTHBHbIH (Toe. TeKY- IllHM) KOH$urypaUUOHHblH $afuI. H3MeHeHUJI nonoiJOIom 6 KOHrjJU2YPOU,UIO CP03Y JlCe nOCAe HOJICOmUJI IUI06UlUU <Enter> 6 KOHu,e KOMOHiJbI, n03TOMY CJ1e.n:yeT 6bITb OCTOpO}I(HbIM H aKKypaTHbIM npH BBo.n:e KOMaH)l.! KOH<I>MrypaMoHHble nO,Qpe>KMMbl M KOHTeKCTbl B KOH$HrypaI.{UOHHOM pe)KHMe KOMMYTaTopa HJIH MapIIIpYTH3aTopa eCTb MHOro no.n:- pe}l(UMOB. KOHmeKcmHble KOMoHiJbI HocmpOUKU nepeBOJUIT nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHH UHTeP<t>eHC H3 O.n:HOro no.n:pe)KHMa KOH$HrypHpoBaHHfI, HJIH KOHTeKCTa, B .n:pyrOH. TaKHe KOMaHAbI yKa3bIBalOT MapIIIpYTU3aTOpy, C qeM 6y.n:YT CBSl.3aHbl BBO.n:UMbIe nOCJIe HHX KOMaHllbI. I.£TO eIlle 60JIee BIDKHO, TeKYIIlHH no.n:pe)KHM yKa3bIBaeT KOMMYTaTOpy, KaKHe HMeHHo KOMaH- .n:bI MOryT 6blTb BBe.n:eHbI, i103TOMY, HIDKaB 3HaK Bonpoca (?) Ha KJlaBua1)1Je, 'lT06bI nOJIY- 'lUTb no.n:CKa3KY, Bbl YBu.n:UTe KOMaHllbI, OTHOCSl.WHeCfI TOJIbKO K TeK)'llleMY KOHTeKcry HH- Tep$ei1ca KOMaHllHOH CT}JOKH. BHi-1MAHi-1E! KOHTeKCTHble KOMaHllbl HaCT))oi1KIt - :no He CT8Hl18pTHbIi1 TepMItH KOMn8HItit Cisco, 8 TepMItH 8BTOP8. 3.neCb OH ItCnOJIb3yeTcSI TOJIbKO lIJISi y.n06CTBa OnltC8HltSi pa3JI1t4HblX pe.>KItMOB KOH<!unypltpOBaHltfi. -- B Ka'leCTBe npHMepa KOHTeKCTHOM KOMaHAbl KOH$HrypHpOBaHI1f1 YCT}JOHCTBa pa c - CMOTpHM KOMaHAY interface. nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHM HHTep$eHC KOMMYTaTopa nepeKJIIO- 'laeTCSI B pe.>KUM KOH$urypltpOBaHUfi HHTepQ>eMca nOCJIe BBo,aa KOMaHllbl, HanpJ.1Mep. interface FastEthernet 0/1 B pe)KUMe rJl06aJIbHoi1 KOH$HrypaUHu YCTpOHCTaa. ECJIIt B TaKOM no.n:pe)KI1Me BbI3BaTb BCT}JoeHHyJO no.n:cKa3KY KaK 06bI4HO, B HeM 6YJlyT
-- rnaBa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 265 npHCyTCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO KOMaHAbI, xapaKTepHbIe,l{)Ul Ethernet-HHTePcPeHcoB. KOMaH.n:bI B TaKOM pe)KHMe HHor.n:a Ha3bIBalOT nOdICOMaHdllMu (subcommand), HJIH, B .n:aHHOM CJ1yqae, nOdICOMaHdllMu ICOH(jJU2YPupoBaHuR uHmep(jJeuca. 3a'lacTYIO TaIOKe Cnel.{HcPH'leCKHe pe)t(H- MbI KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI Ha3blBalOT nOOpeJICUMllMu. CTOHT nOnpaKTHKOBaTbCfI B KOHcPUry- pHpoBaHHH HaCTOflIllHX KOMMyTaTopOB H MapllIpyTH3aTopoB, TorD.a nepexo.n:bI Me)K,l{Y pe- )KlIMaMH CTaHyT 60JIee nOHflTHbIMH. Tenepb MbI paccMoTpHM He60JIbllIOH npHMep (CM. npHMep 8.1) KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI YCTpOHcTBa, B KOTOpOM nOKa3aHbI TaKHe MOMeHTbI: . nepeXOD. H3 npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoro pe)KHMa B pe)t(HM rJI06aJJbHOH KOHcPHrypal.{HH YCTpOHCTBa C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI configure terminal; . HCn0J1b30BaHHe KOMaHAbI hostname Fred pe)t(HMa rJI06aJJbHOH KOHcPHrypaUHH )J)IfI HaCTpOHKH Ha3BaHHfI YCTpOHCTBa; . nepexo.n: H3 pe)KHMa rJI06aJJbHOH KOHcPHrypal.{HH B pe)t(HM KOHcPHrypHpoBaHufi KOHCOJIbHOH JIHHUH C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI line console 0; . YCTaHoBKa npocToro MeTo.n:a ayTeHTucPHKal.{HH no napoJIIO C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbl password hope; . nepexo.n: H3 pe)KHMa KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI KOHCOJIbHOrO nopTa B pe)t(HM KOHcPHry- pHpoBaHHfI HHTePcPeHca C nOMOIl{blO KOMaHAbI interface; . YCTaHoBKa CKOpOCTH B 100 M6HT/C,l{)UI HHrepcPeHca FaO/1 C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbl speed 100; . nepexo.n: H3 pe)t(HMa KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI uHTePcPeHca 06paTHo B pe)t(HM npuBu- nerHpoBaHHoro n0J1b30BaTeJIfi C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI exi t. npMMep 8.1. nepexo,Qbl Me>K,QY pa3flM'fHblMM nO,Qpe>KMMaMM KOH4JMrypMpoBaHMR Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#hostname Fred Fred(config)#line console 0 Fred(config-line)#password hope Fred(config-line)#interface FastEthernet OIl Fred(config-if)#speed 100 Fred(config-if)#exit Fred (config)# TeKCT B CK06KaX B npHrJIaIIIeHHH KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH YCTpOHCTBa H.n:eHTHcPUUHpyeT TeI<yl.l{HH KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHbIH pe)t(HM, HanpHMep, nOCJ1e BBe.lleHHfI COOTBeTCTByJOIlleH KOMaHD.bI B nepBOH CTpOKe, BO BTOPOH CTpOKe npHMepa 8.1 BlI,l{HO, 'ITa pe)KHM nOMeHflJI- CSI. 0603Ha'leHHe "(config)" co06IllaeT nOJIb30BaTeJ1lO, 'lTO OH Haxo.n:HTCfI B pe)t(UMe rJ10- 6aJIbHOH KOHcPHrypaI.{HH. nOCJ1e BbInOJ1HeHHfI KOMaHD.bI line console 0 TeKCT B CI<o6Kax MeHfleTCfI Ha "config-Iine", 'ITa CHrHaJJH3HpyeT nOJIb30BaTeJIIO a TOM, 'ITa OH ne- PeUleJ1 B pe)t(HM KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI J1HHHH. B Ta6JI. 8.6 nepe'lHCJ1eHbI HaH60J1ee 'laCTO BCl'pe'lalOIllHecfI B pa60Te BapuaHTbI npHrJ1allIeHUfi KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH, Ha3BaHUfi COOT- BeTCTBYIOIllHx pe)t(HMOB H KOHTeKCTHbIe KOMaHAbI ,l{)UI nepeXOD.a B TaKHe pe)t(HMbl. KaIG!X-JIH60 OC06bIX npaBHJ1 .lIJ1f1 rJ106aJJbHbIX KOMaHA HJ1H no.n:KOMaHA He cymeCTBY- eT TeM I< He MeHee MO)t(HO 3anOMHHTb TaKoe npOCToe 3MnHpit'leCKOe npaBUJ10: eCJlH Ka- Ii-TO napaMeTp MO)t(eT 6bITb YCTaHOBJ1eH B KOMMyTaTope HeCKOJIbKO pa3, TO COOTBeTCT- BYIOIl{aSl KOMaHAa, BepOfiTHee Bcero, BBOllUTCfI B KaKOM-JlH60 nOllpe)KHMe. ECJ1U KaKafI-TO liac l'p OUKa MO}l{eT 6blTb BblCTaBJIeHa TOJlbKO OllltH pa3 .lIJ1f1 Bcero KOMMyTaTopa B UeJlOM.
266 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX ceTJIx CKopee Bcero, 3TO KOMaHlla m06aJJbHoro pe)KHMa KOHctmrypHpOBaHHfI. HanpHMep, KO- MaHlla hostname OTHOCHTCfI K mo6aJJbHoH HaCTPOHKe YCTPOHCTBa, nOCKOJIbK)' Ha3BaHHe (host name) , HJlIt HMfI Y3JIa. Y KOMMYTaTopa Mo)t(eT 6bITb TOJIbKO O.n:HO. Llrrfl cpaBHeHHfI: KOMaHlla duplex flBJlfleTCfI HaCTPOHKOH no.n:pe)t(HMa KOHcPHrypHpOBaHHfI HHTePcPeHca, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, Mo)t(eT 6bITb BBe.n:eHa HeCKOJIbKO pa3, H .lIJIfi pa3JIH'lHbIX I1HTePcPeHcoB MOryT 6bITb yKa3aHbI pa3Hbie HaCTPOHKH. CB8A Ta6J1Hua 8.6. KOHHrypallHoHHble pe)KHMbI KOMMyraTopa eMa npHrJlaWeHHe KOMall,lUlOH CTpOKH Ha3BaHHe pe)KHMa KOMaH,iI,bl.ZI.JIH nepexo.aa B pe)KHM hostname (config) # rJI06anbHO! KOHI}>mypaUl1l1 configure terminal hostname(config-line)# KOHI}>HrypaUHHJIHHHIt line console 0 line vty 0 15 hostname (config-if) # KOHI}>HrypaUHH HHTepl}>eiica interface Tun HOMep KOM6HHal.{Ufi KJlaBHIll < Ct r 1> + < Z > H KOMaHlla end HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI .lIJIfi nepexo.n:a H3 JII060ro KOHcPurypal.{110HHoro pe)KHMa HJIH nOllpe)KHMa B pe)t(ItM npHBHJIerupoBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfl. EIlle OllHa KOMaHlla, exit, nepeBollHT HHTepcJ>eHc Ha O.n:UH pe)t(HM Ha3a.n:, HanpHMep, H3 KaKOrO-JIH60 no.n:pe)KHMa B pe)KHM fJI06aJJbHOH KOHcPHrypal.{UU HJIH U3 o.n:- Ham no.n:pe)t(UMa B BbIIlleCTOflIllI1H. rAe XpaHflTCfI KOHcI>luypal.(lIIOHHble cl>ailtnbl? Kor.n:a CHCTeMHbIH HH)t(eHep KOHcPHrypHpyeT KOMMyTaTOp, OH HCnOJIb3yeT TeK)'IllYJO KOHcPHrypaI.{HIO. TeKYIllYlO KOHcPHrypaUHIO H}')KHO r.n:e-JIH60 coxpaHflTb, 'lT06bI npH npo- na.n:aHHH nHTaHHfI MO)I(HO 6bIJIO ee 3aHOBO 3arpY3HTb H HCnOJIb30BaTb. B KOMMyTaTopax KOMnaHHU Cisco eCTb onepaTHBHoe 3anOMHHalOIllee YCTPOHCTBO, 03Y (Random Access Memory - RAM), ucnOJIb3yeMoe .lIJIfi xpaHeHHfI .n:aHHbIX, KOTopbIe H}')KHbI onepaUHoH- HOH CHCTeMe Cisco IOS. Bce .n:aHHble B onepaTuBHoH naMfiTH (RAM) npona.n:alOT nocJle nepe3arpY3KH HJIH BbIKJllO'leHHfI nHTaHHfI YCTPOHCTBa. T-IT06bI coxpaHHTb uHcPopMauHIO, KOTopafl nOHa.n:06HTCfI nOCJIe BbIKJlIO"IeHHfI nHTaHHfI YCTPoHCTBa, B KOMMyTaTopax KOM- naHUH Cisco HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI HeCKOJIbKO pa3HOBHAHOCTeH nOCTOflHHblX 3anOMUHalOlliUX YCTPOHCTB, B KOTOpbIX HeT HHKaKHX .n:BIDKYIllHXCfI MeXaHU'leCKHX 'laCTeH. 3a C'leT Taro, 'ITa MexaHH3MOB B 3anOMHHalOIllHX YCTPOHCTBax HeT (KaK B )t(eCTKHX .n:HCKaX KOMnbIOTe- pOB, HanpHMep), OTKa30YCTOH'lHBOCTb YCTPOHCTB 3aMeTHO YBeJIH"IHBaeTCfI H BpeMfi Hapa- 60TKU Ha OTKa3 CTaHOBHTCfI HaMHoro 60JIbIIIe. HIDKe nepe'lUCJIeHbI 'leTbIpe OCHOBHbIe THna naMflTH, KOTOpble eCTb B KOMMyTaTopax KOMnaHUH Cisco, a TaIOKe onHcaHO npHMeHeHHe COOTBeTCTByJOlliero XpaHHJIHIlla. . naMHTb RAM (Random Access Memory - onepaTHBHafi naMflTb), HHor.n:a eIIIe Ha- 3bIBaeMafi .n:HHaMH'leCKHM onepaTUBHbIM 3anOMHHalOIllHM YCTPOHCTBOM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory - DRAM) HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B KOMMYTaTOpe TO'lHO TaK )l(e, KaK H B JII060M KOMnblOTepe: .lIJIfi xpaHeHHfI TeK)'IlleH pa60'leH HHcP0pMaI.{I1H. Te- KYUIafi lIJIH aKTHBHafi (running HJII1 active) KOHcPl1rypauHfi YCTPOHCTBa xpaHHTcfI B 3TOH naMfiTIt.
-- rnaaa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 267 . naMHTb ROM (Read-Only Memory - nOCTOflHHoe 3anOMUHalOIllee yC'rpoHcTBo) xpaHHT B ce6e nporpaMMY CaM03arpY3KH (bootstrap HJIH boothelper), KOTopafl OT- pa6aTbIBaeT npH BKJIlO'leHHU nUTaHHfI yC'rpoHcTBa. nporpaMMa caM03arpY3KH Ha- XO.n:HT 06pa3 Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS H ynpaBJIfieT npOl.{eCCOM ero 3a- rpY3KH B onepaTuBHYIO naMflTb, nOCJIe 'lero Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa nepeHanpaB- JIfieT ynpaBJIeHUe yC'rpoHcTBOM Ha ce6f1. . Flash-naMHTb npe.n:cTaBJIfleT C060H HJlU MHKpocxeMY BHyrpH KOMMYTaropa, UJIH C1>eMHbIH MO.n:yJIb naMflTH, B KOTOpOM xpaHUTCfI nOJIHo<t>YHKUHOHaJJbHbIH 06pa3 (HJlH 06pa3bI) Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI, H HMeHHO 3.n:eCb npol.{e.n:ypa caM03arpY3KH cTaHllapTHo uIlleT CHCTeMY. Bo flash-naMfiTH MOryT TaIOKe xpaHHTbCfI .n:pyrHe <t>aH- JIbI. HanpHMep. pe3epBHbIe KOnHIt KOH<t>HrypaI.{HOHHbIX <t>aifJIoB. . naMHTb NVRAM (Nonvolatile RAM - 3HeprOHe3aBHCHMafi naMflTb) UCnOJIb3yeT- CfI ,l{JIfi xpaHeHHfI Ha'laJJbHoH, HJlH cTapToBoH (startup), KOH<t>HrypaI.{HU YCTPOHCT- Ba, HCnOJIb3yJOIlleHcfI npH BKJIlO'leHHH nHTaHHfI KOMMYTaTOpa H npH nepe3arpY3Ke YCTPOHCTBa. Ha pHC. 8.8 npOHJIJIIOCTpUpoBaHa npe.n:CTaBJIeHHafi BblIlle HH<t>opMauufI B KpaTKoH <t>oPMe ,l{JIfi Taro, 'lro6bl ynpOCTHTb 3anOMUHaHHe MaTepHaJJa. RAM Flash ROM NVRAM C=MR T8M8 (Pa6CNaR (CHcTeMa (nporpaMMa (CTapTOBaR naMRTb, Cisco IDS) caMo3arpY3KH) KOH<t)HrypaHR) TeKYaR KOH<PHrypaHR) Puc. 8.8. Pa3J/U'IHble munbl ntlMJ/mu KOMMymamopa Cisco Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa Cisco 10S coxpaHfleT nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTb KOH<t>HrypaI.{UOH- HbIX KOMaHll B BMJIe KOHrjJU2ypOU,UOHHOi!O rjJoUilo. B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTU B KOMMYTaTope eCTb .n:Ba KOH<t>HrypaI.{HOHHbIX <t>aHJIa: <t>aiUJ CTapToBoH KOH<t>HrypaUHH, HCnOJIb3yeMoH npH 3arpY3Ke YCTPoHCTBa, H <t>aifJI .lIJUI TeKYIlleH KOH<t>HrypaI.{UH, xpaHHMbIH B onepaTHBHoH naMfiTU. B Ta6J1. 8.7 }'Ka3aHbI 06a KOH<t>urypaI.{HOHHbIX <t>aiUJa, HX MeCTOnOJIo)t(eHHe U np e .n:Ha3Ha'leHHe. CMR B"'-a-- Ta6JIHlla 8.7. Ha3BaHHH H npeJIHa3Ha'leHHe .llByx OCHOBHblX KOHCI)HrypaIlHoHHblX aHJIOB onepallHoHHoH CHCTeMbi Cisco IOS Ha3B3HHe KOHHry- I1HOHHOro aHJIa Slanup-config Ha3Ha'leHHe r.ae xpaHHTcH NVRAM - COJlep>KHT CTapTOByJO KOH<PHrypaulUo, HCnOJlb3yeMYIO K!I)I(,!lbIA pa3 npH JarpY3Ke H nepeJarpY3Ke onepauHoHHoA CHCTeMbI Cisco IDS COJlep>KHT TeK)'lllHe HacTpoHKH YCTpoiicTBa. 3TOT q,afu1 H3MeHJleTCJI, Korna lITO-TO BBOJlI1T KOMaHJJ.bJ B pe>KHMe KOH<PIU"ypHpoBaHHJI YCTpoiicTBa RAM Running-config no CYIIIeCTBY, Kama CHCTeMHblH HH)KeHep UCnOJIb3yeT JII060H KOHcpHrypal.{UOHHblH pe)f(HM, OH H3MeHfleT TeK)'Il{ItH <t>aHJI KOH<t>urypal.{ltlt (running-config). TaK. eCJIH BcnOM- IiHTb npHMep 8.1, TO Bce BBOllHMble B HeM KOMaHllbI MeHfllOT TOJlbKO TeJ<YlUyJO KOH<t>ltry-
268 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX paUHIO YCTPOHCTB, H eCJIH KOMMyTaTOp nocJle HX BBelleHHfI nepe3arpY3HTb (HJIH eCRH B.n:pyr npOnMeT 3neKrpOnHTaHHe), BCfI HOBafi KOHct>HrypaUHfi 6y.n:eT nOTepflHa. Ecnu )ICe T}Je6YeTcfI, 'lT06bI KOHcPHrypal.{Hfi COXpaHHJlaCb. TO cne.n:yeT CKonHpOBaTb TeKYIllyJO KOH- cPHrypal.{HIO (running-config) B 3HeprOHe3aBHCHMyJO naMflTb (NVRAM). T.e. nepe3anH- caTb CTapTOBYIO KOHcPHrypal.{HIO (startup-config) YCT}JOHCTBa. B npuMepe 8.2 npOHJIJIIOCT}JHpOBaHO, KaK KOMaH,l{bI pe)ICHMa KOHcPHrypauHH YCT}JOH- CTBa MeHfllOT TOJIbKO TeKYIllHH KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHbIH cPaifJI B onepaTHBHoH naMfiTH KOM- MyTaTopa. B 3TOM npHMepe npOHJIJIIOCT}JHpOBaHbI cne.n:yJOIllHe 3TanbI H KOHl.{enI.{HH. 3Tan 1. npOBepHTb, 'ITa CTapTOBafi (startup-config) H TeKYIllafi (running-config) KOH- cPHrypal.{HH COBnMalOT MO)K}{O no napaMeT}JY hostname. 3Tan 2. C nOMOlllblO KOMaH,l{bI hostname HH)lCeHep H3MeHfleT Ha3BaHue YCT}JOHCTBa, HO, camaCHO CTaHllapTHOMY nOBelleHHIO KOM, MyTaropa TOJIbKO B TeKYIlleM KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHOM cPaHJIe (running-config). 3Tan 3. Ha nOCJIe.n:HeM 3Tane nOKa3aH pe3YJIbTaT BbmOJIHeHHfI KOMaH}:I show running-config H show startup-config (noKa3aHa HaCT}JOHKa TOJlb- KO Ha3BaHHfI YCT}JOHCTBa). no BbIBO.n:HMOH Ha 3KpaH HHcPopMauuu MO)K}{O on- pe.n:enHTb, 'ITa llBa KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHbIX cPaifJIa OTnH'laIOTCfI. npMMep 8.2. KOHclJMrypa4MoHHbie KOMaHAbl MeHfllOT TonbKO c1JaMn TeKYeM KOHclJMrypa4MM (running-config), HO He CTapTOBOM (startup-config) ! nBe KOMaH He OTHOCRTCR K nepBOMY 3Tany ! hannah#show running-config ! (CTpOKH KOHHrypaHH oneH) hostnarne hannah ! (ocTanbHe CTpOKH TaK>Ke onyeH) hannah#show startup-config ! (CTpOKH KOHHrypaHH onyeH) hostnarne hannah ! (ocTanbHe CTpOKH TaKe oneH) He HYT KOMaH BToporo 3Tana. OOpaTHTe BHHMaHHe. TO npHrnaweHHe KOMaHHoH CTpOKH MeHReTCR cpa3Y e nocne BBeeHHR KOMaH hostname. hannah#configure terminal hannah(config)#hostname jessie jessie(config)#exit ! nBe KOMaH He OTHOCRTCR K TpeTbeMY 3Tany ! jessie#show running-config ! (CTpOKH KOHHrypaHH onyeH) hostnarne jessie ! (ocTanbHe CTpOKH TaKe onyeH) ! OOpaTHTe BHHMaHHe, TO B TeKyeH KOHHrypaHH ! oToOpaaeTcR H3MeHeHHoe Ha3BaHHe YCTpoHcTBa. jessie# show startup-config ! (CTpOKH KOHHrypaHH onyeH) hostnarne hannah ! (ocTanbHe CTpOKH TaKe onyeH) OOpaTHTe BHHMaHHe. TO B cTapToBoH KOHHrypaUHH Ha3BaHHe YCTpOHCTBa He nOMeHHnOCb.
rnaaa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 269 BHMAHE! CJIe,nyeT 3anOMHItTb, 'ITO B onepaultoHHoM CItCTeMe Cisco 10S ItCnOJIb3yeTCJI KOMaH)la reload JI.JIfi nepe3arpY3KIt onepaultoHHoM CItCTeMbl, B OTJIlt'Ilte OT ,npyrltX CItCTeM. B KOTOpblX 06bl'IHO ItcnOJIb3yeTCJI HanltCaHlte KOMaH)lbl B Blt1I.e reboot, a caM npouecc 'IaCfO Ha3blBaIOT pecTapToM. He3aBltCitMO OT Ha3BaHltJl KOMaH)lbI BbInOJIIDIeTCJI o,nItHaKOBOe lleMCTBlte: peltHitUitaJIlt3aUltJl nporpaMMHoro o6eCne'IeHltJl YCTpoMcTBa. KonMpOBaHMe M YAaneHMe KOHcI>Mrypal.(MOHHblX cl>aMnoB ECJIH 6bI B npHMepe 8.2 B caMOM KOHl.{e KOMMyrarop 6bIJI nepe3arpeH, TO Ha3BaHue Y3JTa CTaJIO 6bI "hannah", KaK B caMOM Ha'laJIe, nOCKOJIbKY TeKYIllHH KOHclmrypal.{UOHHblH <t>aHJI (running-con fig) He 6bIJI CKOnltpOBaH B CTapTOBbIH (startup-con fig). TeM He MeHee, eCJIH H}')KHO, 'IT06bI HOBoe Ha3BaHHe Y3JTa 6bIJIO "jessie", CJIe.nyeT BbInOJIHHTb KOMaHAbI copy running-config startup-config, KOTopafl nepenHIlleT <t>aifJI CTaPTOBOH KOH<t>HI"ypaUHH (startup-config) H 3aHeceT B Hero HH<t>opMaUHIO H3 TeKYIlleH. KOMaHAa copy HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ,l{JIfi KonHpoBaHHfI <t>ai1:JJoB B KOMMyraTope, 06bI'lHO KOH<t>HrypaI.{HM, HJIH 06pa30B, Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbl Cisco IDS. 3TO HaH60JIee npocToH cnoc06 nepe- na'lH <t>aHJIOB B KOMMyraTop H H3 Hero, npH'leM nepeMeIllaTb <t>ai1:JJbl MO)I(HO Me)l(,l{Y one- paTHBHOH H 3HeproHe3aBHCHMOH naMfiTblO. TFTP-cepBepoM H T.n. <1>ai1:JJbI MOryT 6bITb CKonHpOBaHbI Me)l(,l{Y pa3HbIMU yC'rpOHCTBaMH, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 8.9. c copy runOlng-conflg tItp copyrunning-config slartup-config c copy startup-conl1g running-conl1g NVRAM copy tItp runOlng-config copy !lip slartup-config copy slartup-config !lip Puc. 8.9. Konupo8aHue rjJailAo8 u pe3YJ/bmam 3mou onepauu 06Il{HM cl>opMaT KonupoBaHHfI cl>ai1:JJoB B onepauHoHHoH CHCTeMe Cisco IDS BbIfJIfI- Iun cnen:YIOIllHM 06pa30M. COpy {tftp I running-config I startup-config} {tftp I running-config I startup-config}. nepBbIM napaMeT}J B cl>HrypHbIX cK06Kax ({}) yICa3bIBaeT, OTKYn:a KonHpOBaTb cl>aHJI; BTOpOH - KYn:a. KOMaH.l1a copy Bcern:a 3aMeHfleT cymecTByJOIllHH cl>aifJI Ha KonHpyeMbIH npH nepeMe- lIleliHI1 cl>aAJIa B naMflTb NVRAM HJIU Ha TFTP-cepBep. .D.pyrltMH CJlOBaMH, aHa YllaJIfieT <t>afuI, B KOTOPbIH Konl1pyeTcfI HCTO'IHUK, H 3aMeHfleT ero HOBbIM. npH KonHpOBaHItU 4>aifJIa f3 KaKoro-nH60 HCTO'lHHKa B TeK)'llJ.yJO KOHqmrypaUHIO (running-config) B onepaTUBHOH naMJl1lt yCTpOHCTBa, <paifJIbl KOHcl>HrypaI.{HH He YJIaJIfllOTCfI H He 3aMeHflIOTCfI HOBbIMU. a 061>e.Ql1liJ1eTCfI, T.e. pe3YJlbTHPYIOIl{afI KOH<pltrypaI.{IDI 6y.n:er KOM6HHal.{lteM cTaporo H HO-
270 '-IacTb II. KOMMyTal-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX BOra KOHcPHrypaUHOHHbIX cPai1JIoB. B .n:ei1cTBHTeJIbHOCTH, KOMaH.ll.a copy npH KOnHpOBa- HUH cPai1JIa B OnepaTHBH)'IO naMflTb pa60TaeT TaK, KaK eCJIH 6bI HIDKeHep BBOllHJI no O'lepe- llU KOMaH.ll.bI U3 HOBOra KOHcPHrypal.{UOHHoro cPaitrIa B HHTepcPei1ce KOMaH.ll.Hoi1 CTPOKH. "Hy, H KaKafi pa3Huua, KaK pa60TaeT KOMaH.ll.a?" - no.n:YMaeT'lHTareJIb. O'leHb 60JIb- IIIafi. npe.n:CTaBUM ce6e, 'ITa TeKYIllafi KOHcPHrypaUUfI 6b1JIa H3MeHeHa, HO pe3YJIbTaT no- JIyqHJICfI Hey.n:OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM. I1mKeHep peIIIaeT BepHYTbCfI K CTapToBoi1 KOHcPHrypa- UHH H BbInOJIHfleT KOMaHAY copy startup-config running-config, 'lT06b1 y6- paTb HenpaBHJlbHble HaCTPOi1KH, HO B pe3YJIbTaTe llBa cPai1JIa KOHcPHrypaI.{HH, CTapToBoi1 H TeKYIllei1, Bce paBHO He 6YllYT COBnaaaTb. E.n:HHCTBeHHbIM rapaHTHpOBaHHblM MeTo.n:OM B03BpaTa KOHcPurypal.{HH B HCXOllHoe COCTOflHHe B 3TOM CJIyqae 6YlleT KOMaH.ll.a reload, B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHHfI KOTOpOi1 KOMMYTaTOp nepe3arpY3HTcfI, Bce H3MeHeHHfI B one- paTHBHoH naMfiTH 6YllYT nOTepflHbI, a npH 3arpY3Ke CTapTOBafi KOHcPHrypaUHfi 6y.n:eT CKO- nHpoBaHa B onepaTHBHyJO naMflTb, T.e. B cPaHJI TeK)'llIei1 KOHcPHrypaUHH. 4T06bI y.n:aJIHTb co.n:ep}l(HMOe 3HeproHe3aBHcuMoi1 naMfiTIt (NVRAM), MO}l(HO HC- nOJIb30BaTb l"pu KOMaH.ll.bI: write erase H erase startup-config (ycTapeBIIIHe BapHaHTbI KOMaHAbl), erase nvram: (peKOMeHAyeMbIi1 cOBpeMeHHbli1 BapHaHT KOMaH- llbI). Bce yJ<a3aHHbIe KOMaH.n:bI npocTo O'lUIllalOT naMflTb NVRAM H, CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, y.n:aJIfllOT CTapToBbIH KOHcPHrypauHoHHbli1 cPai1JI. ECJlH }l(e cpa3Y nocJle y.n:aJIeHHfI co.n:ep- )KHMOro 3HeprOHe3aBUCHMoi1 naMfiTH nepe3arpY3uTb KOMMYTaTop, cTapToBoi1 KOHcPUry- pal.{HIt He 6YlleT. CJIe.n:yeT TaIOKe 3anOMHHTb, 'lTO y onepal.{HoHHoi1 CHCTeMbI KOMnaHUH Cisco HeT KOMaHAbI .lIJUI y.n:aJIeHHfI TeKYIllei1 KOHcPurypal.{HH (running-con fig) , n03TOMY ,l{JIfi O'lUCTKH TeK)'IIIei1 KOHcPHrypal.{HH He06xollHMO y.n:aJIUTb cPai1JI CTapTOBoi1 KOHcPltry- pal.{HU (startup-con fig) H nepe3arpY3HTb YCl"pOi1CTBO (KoMaH.ll.oi1 reload). BHMAHEI TeKYIlll1e KOH(!JltrypaUItIt Bcex KOMMYTaTOpOB It MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpOB B ceTit n;OJDKHbI6bITb CKOnltpOBaHbl B 6e30nacHoe MeCTO: Ha ce-reBoi1 cepBep, pa6o'I)'lO CTaHUItIO CeTeBOro ltH>KeHepa It T.n. TaKoi1 no.llXo,n ,nOJDKeH 6blTb qaCTblO o6w.ei1 ClpaTernlt CeTeBoi1 6e30nacHocTit KOMnaHltlt, nOCKOJIbKY n03BOJIUT 6blClpO 3aMeHItTb KOH(!JltrypaUItIO ycrpOi1CTBa B CJIY'lae OTKa3a HJIIt nOCJIe xaKepcKoi1 aTaKH, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpOi1 6bIJIIt 1t3MeHeHbi HJIIt nOBpe>KlIeHbl HaClpoi1K11 o60py,nOBaHItJl. HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO,l{Jlfl KOHcPHrypal.{UOHHbIX cPai1JIoB 'laIlle BCero HCnOJIb3YlOTCfI .n:Ba Ha3BaHUfi startup-config H running-config (COOTBeTCTBeHHo, CTapTOBafi H TeKYIllafi KOH- cPHrypaI.{Hu), B onepal.{HoHHoi1 CHCTeMe Cisco IOS OnpelleJIeHbl llBa cPOpMaJIH30BaHHbIx Ha3BaHHfI. B YCTPOi1cTBax KOMnaHHH ,l{JIfi pa60Tbi C cPai1J1aMH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI CneI.{HaJIU3H- pOBaHHafI cPai1JIOBafi CHCTeMa, Ha3bIBaeMafi rjJoUilo8ou cucmeMOU IDS KOMnOHUU Cisco (Cisco IOS File System - IFS). B Hei1, HanpHMep, B KOMaHAe copy peKOMeHAyeTcfI uc- nOJIb30BaTb ,l{JIfi 06paIlleHHfI K cPaMJIy cTapTOBOi1 KOHcPHrypauHH He napaMel"p "startup- config" a cPopMaT "nvram:startup-config". B Ta6JI. 8.8 nepe"lHCJIeHbI aJIbTepHaTHBHbIe Ha- 3BaHUfi .lIJUIllBYX KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHbIX cPai1JIoB. T36JIHU3 8.8. H33B3HHH <lJ3iiJIOB CT3proBOH H TeKymeH KOH<lJHryp311HH B <lJ3iiJIOBOH CHCTeMe IFS 06111enpHHJlTOe H33B3HHe KOH<lJHryp311HoHHoro <lJ3HJI3 startup-confag ArabTepH3THBHOe H33B3HHe running-config nvram: nvram:startup-config system:running-config
-- rnaaa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 271 .QManor HaanbHoro KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMfI B onepauuoHHoi1 CHCTeMe Cisco J OS eCTb .n:Ba OCHOBHbIX MeTo.n:a C03.n:aHHfI Ha'laJJbHoi1 KOHctmrypal.{HU YCTPoi1cTBa: 'lepe3 pe)l(HM KOHcPHrypupoBaHHfI, KOTOpbIi1 6bIJI nOllp06HO onHcaH BbIIIIe B 3T0i1 maBe. H C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM .n:HaJJora, HJlU pe)KHMa HalJaJJbHoro KOHcPHrypHPOBaHHfI YCTPoi1cTBa (setup mode).lluaJJor Ha'laJJbHoro KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI B UHrepaKTHBHoi1 MaHepe 3anpaIllHBaeT Y CHcreMHoro MMHHuCTPaTopa 6a30BbIe napaMeT- pbl yC'rpoi1cTBa. nOCKOJIbKY ,l{)UI 60JIbIIIHHCTBa HaCTpoeK TPe6yeTcfI HMeHHO pe)KHM KOH- ctmrypal.{HH yC'rpoi1cTBa. 6oJIbIIIHHCTBO ceTeBbIX HH)I(eHepOB .n:HaJJOroM Ha'laJJbHoro KOH- ctmrypHpoBaHHfI He nOJIb3yJOTCfI. TeM He MeHee Ha'lHHalOIllUM CHCTeMHbIM MMHHHCTPa- ropaM 3a'lac'I)'lO HpaBHTCfI HCnOJIb30BaTb TaKoi16a30Bbli1.n:HaJJor, no Kpai1Hei1 Mepe.n:o rex nap. nOKa OHU He Ha6epyTCfI onblTa pa60TbI C HHTePcPei1coM KOMaH,l{Hoi1 CTPOKH YCT- pOi1CTB KOMnaHHH Cisco. Ha pHC. 8.10 U B npHMepe 8.3 npOHJlJIIOCTpHpOBaH llHaJJor Ha'laJJbHoro KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI KOMMyTaTopa. 3TOT .n:HaJJor 'laIlle BCero ucnOJIb3yeTcfI nOCJIe 3arpY3KH Onepal.{HOHHoi1 CHCTeMbI YCTPOHCTBa. Kama B naMfiTH NVRAM HeT KOH- cPHrypal.{HH. nepei1TH K .n:HaJJory Ha'laJJbHoro KOHcPUrypHpOBaHHfI MO)I(HO, BBCAfI KOMaH- .n:y setup B pe)l(HMe npUBHJlerUpOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTemI. HeT Copy startup-config to running-config HeT 3aBepweHHe HHHH8J1H3aHH 10S OTBeTI1Tb Ha Bonpocbl AH8J10ra 3anHcaTb HOBYIO KOH<t>HrypaHIO B naMRTb NVRAM Puc. 8.10. flepexod K iJu{JJ/Oi!Y Ha'l{JJ/bHOi!O KOHrPUi!YPupo6aHUR ycmpoucm6a
-- 272 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX npMMep 8.3. npMMep AManora HaanbHoro KOH4JMrypMpoBaHMfI ycrpoMcTBa --- System Configuration Dialog --- Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: yes At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help_ Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt. Default settings are in square brackets '[]'. Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity for management of the system, extended setup will ask you to configure each interface on the system Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: yes Configuring global parameters: Enter host name [Switch]: fred The enable secret is a password used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration. Enter enable secret: cisco The enable password is used when you do not specify an enable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images. Enter enable password: notcisco The virtual terminal password is used to protect access to the switch over a network interface. Enter virtual terminal password: wilma Configure SNMP Network Management? [no]: Current interface summary Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a valid con- figuration Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol VIanI unassigned NO unset up up FastEthernetO/l unassigned YES unset up up FastEthernetO/2 unassigned YES unset up up FastEthernetO/3 unassigned YES unset up up ! ! YacTb CTpOK onyeHa ! GigabitEthernetO/l unassigned YES unset down down GigabitEthernetO/2 unassigned YES unset down down The following configuration command script was created: hostname fred enable secret 5 $1$wNE7$4JSktD3uNIAf5FpctmPzll enable password notcisco line vty 0 15 password wilma no snmp-server ! interface VIanI shutdown no ip address ! interface FastEthernetO/l ! interface FastEthernetO/2 interface FastEthernetO/3
rnaBa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 273 interface FastEthernetO/4 interface FastEthernetO/S ! ! qaCTb nOXOHX CTpOK onyeHa interface GigabitEthernetO/1 interface GigabitEthernetO/2 end [0] Go to the IDS command prompt without saving this config. [1] Return back to the setup without saving this config. [2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit. Enter your selection [2]: 2 Building configuration... [OK] Use the enabled mode 'configure' command to modify this configuration. Press RETURN to get started! lIHaJJor Ha'laJJbHOrO KOHct>HrypHpoBaHUfi. nOKa3aHHbIH BbIIIIe, BblrJIHAUT o.n:HHaKOBO, He3aBHCHMO OT TOro. 6b1JIa ItCnOJIb30BaHa KOMaHlla setup npUBUJIerHpOBaHHoro pe)KH- Ma, HJIH yC'rpOHCTBO 3arpY3HJIOCb C nYCTOH naMflTblO NVRAM. Kor.n:a .n:HaJIOr 3anYCKaeT- CfI. ceTeBOMY HH)t(eHepy HJIH MMMHHC'rpaTOpy, npe}J()J.e Bcero, H}')KHO OTBeTMTb Ha BO- npoc. XO'IeT JIM OH HCnOJIb30BaTb .n:uaJJor Ha'laJJbHoro KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHfI. YT06bI npo- .n:OJDKHTb pa601)' C .n:HaJJorOM, CJIe.n:yeT HIDKaTb KJIaBHllIY <Y> HJIH Hane'laTaTb CJIOBO "yes". nOCJIe 3Toro B .n:HaJJore 6y.n:yT 3a.l{aBaTbCfI oonpOCbI, OTBe'lafi Ha KOTopbIe MO)t(HO C0311aTb npocTYIO 6a30BYIO KOHcPHrypal.{HIO YC'rpOHCTBa. nOCJIe TOro KaK Bce OTBeTbI .n:a- Hb!, T.e. Bee H}')KHbIe napaMeTpbl HaCTpoeHbI, nOJIb30BaTeJIb MO)t(eT BbI6paTb. KaK nocry- nHTb C nOJIyqeHHoH KOHcPHrypaI.{HeH. .1T06bI BbI6paTb .n:eHCTBue, H}')KHO Ha)t(aTb OllHY 1t3 nepe'IUCJleHHbIX HU)Ke UUcPP. . 0 - He coxpaIDITb KOHcPurypauulO H nepeHTH B UHTePcPeHC KOMaHllHOH CTpOKU. · 1 - He coxpaHflTb KOHcPHrypaUHIO H nepe3anYCTHTb .n:HaJJor Ha'laJIbHOH HaC'rpOH- KH KOMMyTaTopa. · 2 - coxpaHUTb KOHcPHrypal.{HIO KaK CTapTOByJO U TeKYIllYIO H nepdtTH B HHTep- cPeHC KOMaHllHOH C'rpOKH. Mo)t(HO npepBaTb .n:MaJJor Ha'laJJbHOH Hac'rpoHKH B JII060H MOMeHT BpeMeHH H nepeH- TI1 B HHTepcPeHc KOMaHllHoH C'rpOKU C nOMOIl{blO KOM6HHaUHH KJIaBHllI <Ctrl>+<c>. 06paTuTe BHHMaHHe, 'ITa B TpeTbeM BapHaHTe .n:eHCTBUfi (l.{ucPpa 2) B KOHl.{e .n:HaJIOra I(OHcPltIypal.{Hfi 3anUCblBaeTCfI U B CTapToBbIH, H B TeKYIl{HH KOHcPurypaUHoHHbIH cPaHJIbI; B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b, npu coxpaHeHUU pe3YJIbTaTa pa60TbI B pe)KHMe KOHcPurypHpoBaHHfI YCT- POHCTBa HHcP0pMaUHfi 3aHOCHTCfI TOJIbKO B TeKYIllYIO KOHcPHrypaI.{HIO.
274 "taCTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTsIX - - nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY - nOBToplllTe BCe Knto"leBble TeMbl CJIe.n:yeT nOBTOpHTb BCe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHOH rJIaBbI, KOTOpbIe nOMe'leHbI nHKTOrpaMMOH Ha nOJIfIX. B Ta6JI. 8.9 nepe'lUCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI U COOTBeTCTBYIOIllue HM CTpaHHlI.bI. c_ eMa - Ta6J1Hua 8.9. KrllO'leBbie TeMbi rJlaBbl8 3JIeMeHT OnHcaHHe HOMep CTpaHHI{bI 255 CnHCOK nepe'JI1CJleHbl cTaHllapTHble HacTpo!KI1 KOHCOJlbHOrO nOPTa KOMMyraTopa KOMnaHl111 Cisco Ta6J1. 8.6 npltBeleH Cnl1COK npl1rnarneHI1H KOMaHllHoH CTj)OKlt.lllUl paJHblX KOHI}mrypaLll10HHbiX pe>KI1MOB, HaJBaHIDI peJKHMOB H KOMliHllbl JlJUi nepeKJIIO'JeHHJI Me>Kll.Y peJKHMaMH PHC. 8.8 nepe'JI1CJ1eHbl Tl1nbl naMJlTIt KOMMyraTopa Ta6J1. 8.7 YKaJaHbl HaJBaHHJI 11 HaJHa'JeHHe lBYX KOHI}mrypaLll10HHbiX l}>aiUroB KOMMyraTopa I1JH Mapwpyrl1JaTOpa 266 267 267 3anonHMTe Ta6nMI.(bi M cnMCKM no naMTM PaCne'laTaHTe npHJIO}KeHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa3.n:err, OT- HOCflllUtHCfI K :nOH maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO}KeHItH H (Appendix I) npHBelleHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHlI.bI H cnHCKH .lI.1IfI caMOKOHTPOJIfi. KmoeBble TepMMHbl rnaBbl lIaHTe onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHOB H npoBepbTe npaBHJlbHOCTb HX HanucaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: HHTepcPeHc KOMaHllHoH CTPOKH (CLl), npOTOKOJI SSH, npHBHJlerHpOBaHHbIH pe}l(HM, pe)KHM 06bI'IHOrO nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, CTapToBbIH KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHbIH cPaHJI (startup-config). TeKYIllHH KOHcPHrypal.{UOHHblH cPaAJI (running-con fig), .n:HaJIOr Ha'laJIbHOrO KOHcPHI)'PH- pOBaHUfi YCTPOHCTBa (setup mode). CnMCOK KOMaHA B Ta6J1. 8.10 npHBelleH cnUCOK KOMaHll3TOH maBbI. a TaIOKe .l{aHbI HX KpaTKHe onHcaH HSI . Ta6J1Hua 8.10. CnHcoK KOMa rJIaBbl8 KOMaa - line console 0 Pe)KHM H HaJHa'leHHe __ nepeKJIIO'JaeT KOHTeKCT KOMaHllHOH CTpOKI1 B peJl(}lM KOHl}>mYPl1pOBaHHJI KOHCOJlbHOH JlI1HI1I1 OepeKJIIO'JaeT KOHTeKCT B peJKI1M KOHl}>l1rypl1poB<l HI1 11 vtY-JlI1HI1H lUIJI )'KaJaH HOro B KOMaHlle JlI1ana30H line vty I-H_ vtY_JlMHMH nOCJle.clHRH vty JlMHMH
- rl1 aBa 8. Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 275 npOOOnJICeHUe ma6n. 8. JO KOllaH,lla login password napOJIb interface Tun HOMep_nopTa shutdown no shutdown hostname MMH enable secret napOJIb enable password napOJIb exit end <Ctrl>+<Z> no debug all UIldebug all ahow process ler]llinal monitor reload COpy 0 ., V.lla lCY.lla Pe:IKHM H Ha3Ha'leHHe Pe>KHM KOHl!JmypltpOBaHHH KOHCOJlbHOH HnH vty-nHHHH. YKa3bIBaeT onepaUHoHHOH CHCTeMe lOS, 'ITO H}')KHO BblllaBaTb npHrnaweHHe lLlIH BBOlla napoJlH Pe>KHM KOHl!JmypHpoBaHHH KOHconbHoH ItJIH vty-nHHHH. 3aaaeT napOJlb, KOTOpblH 6YlleT 3anpawHBaTbCH npH nOl1l(JlIO'IeHHH K YCTpoHCTBY nepeKJIIO'IaeT KOHTeKCT KOMaHllHoH CTpOKH B pe>KJIM KOHl!JmypHpoBaHHH HHTepl!JeHca. B napaMeTpe THna HHTepl!JeHca 06bl'lHO }'Ka3blBalOT 3Ha'leHHe Fast Ethernet ItJIH gigabit Ethernet (lLlIH KOMMyraTopoB). B03MOJKHble HOMepa nopTOB 3aBHCHT OT MOlleJlH KOMMyraTopa H BblrnHIDIT, HanpHMep. TaK: 0/1,0/2 H T.n. Pe>KHM KOHl!JmypHpoBaHHH HHTepl!JeHca. nepBaH KOMaHlla aaMHHHCTpaTHBHO BbIKJlIO'IaeT HHTepl!JeHc, BTOpaH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BKJlIO'IaeT Pe>KHM rno6anbHoH KOHI!JHrypaUH"" 3auaeT ItMH y:JJJa lLlIH KOMMyraTopa, KOTopoe TaKJKe HCnOJlb3yeTcH B npHrnaweHHH KOMaHllHoH CTpOKH Pe>KHM rn06anbHoH KOHI!JHrypauHH. 3aaaeT napOJlb npHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro pe>KHMa, KOTOpblH xpaHHTCH B KOHI!JHrypauHH B 3allIHI!JpoBaHHoM BHlle Pe>KHM rno6anbHoH KOHl!JmypaUHH. 3aaaeT napOJlb npHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro pe>KHMa, KOTOpblH xpaHHTCH B KOHI!JHrypauHH B BHlle OTKpbITorO TeKCTa nepeBOllltT HHTepI!JeHc KOMaHllHOH CTpOKit Ha OllJ{H nOllpe>KHM Bblwe B pe>KJIMe KOHI!JHrypHpoBaHHH 'Iero-nH60 nepeBollHT HHTepI!JeHc KOMaHllHoH CTpOKH H3 nlO60ro nOllpe>KHMa KOHl!JmypHpoBaHHH B pe>KHM npHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTeJlH 3Ta KOM6HHauHH KJIaBHllI llenaeT TO >Ke caMoe, 'ITO H KOMaHlla end KOMaHllbl npHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro ypOBHH, OTKJlIO'IaIOWHe Bce aKTHBHble OTJlaaKlt B YCTpOHCTBe KOMaHlla HenpHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro ypOBHH, nOKa3b1BaeT cTaTHCTHKY 3arpY3KIt npoueccopa YCTpOHCTBa YKa3blBaeT onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMe Cisco lOS, 'ITO H}')KHO KonHH Bcex CItCTeMHbIX coo6weHHH, B TOM 'IHCJle H OTJlaaO'lHblX, nepeCblJlaTb B Telnet ItJIH SSH-ceaHC nOJlb30BaTeJlH Pe>KHM npHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTeJlH. KOMaHlla Bbl3blBaeT nepe3arpY3KY KOMMyraTopa ItJIH MapwpyrH33Topa Pe>KHM npHBltJlempOBaHHoro nOJlb30BareJlSI. KOMaHlla KonHpyeT l!JaitrJ H3 OllHOro MeCTOnOJlO>KeHHH B llpyroe. B Ka'leCTBe HCTO'lHHKa H npHeMHHKa (jJaitrJa MO>KeT HCnOJlb30BaTbCH TeJCYlUaH H CTapTOBaH KOHl!JmypauHH, TFfP- H RnK-cepBep, tlash-HaKOnHTeJlb
276 YaCTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJI)( OKOH'taHue ma6J/. 8./0 - KOMaH,ll,a copy running-config startup-config Pe)KHM H Ha3Ha'leHHe copy startup-config running-config show running-config write erase erase startup-config erase nvram: setup quit show system:running-config show startup-config show nvram:startup-config show nvram: enable disable configure terminal Pe>KI1M npl1Bl1JIerl1pOBaHHoro nonb30BaTenll. KOMaH.l1a coxpaHSIeT aKTI1BHYIO TeKylUYIO KOHltJl1rypaUl11O B CTapTOBOH, nepeJanl1CblBafi cooTBeTcTByJOllll1H <paHn. CTaPTOBafi KOH<pl1rypaUI111 I1cnOnb3yeTcII npl1 JarpY3Ke YCTPOHCTBa Pe>KItM npl1Bl1JIempOBaHHoro nonb30BaTenll. KOMaH.l1a 06'belll1HfleT <pai1.rI cTapToBOH KOH<pItI'YpaUI1I1 11 TeK}'lUel1 (B OnepaTI1BHol1 naMIITI1) nOKa3bIBaeT <pai1.rI TeK)'lllel1 KOH<pI1I'YpaUI1I1 YCTj)OI1CTBa Bce YKa3aHHble KOMaHllbl B npl1Bl1JIempOBaHHOM peJKI1Me n03BonllIOT nOJIHOCTblO Yllanl1Tb cTaPTOBYIO KOH<p l1 rypaUI1IO PeJKI1M npl1BIiJIempOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTenll. KOMaH.l1a 3anycKaeT I1HTepaKTIiBHbll111l1anOr Ha'lanbHol1 HacTpofhrn KOMMyTaTopa (11JI11 Mapwpyrli3aropa) KOMaHlla HenpliBl1JIerl1pOBaHHoro peJKliMa. Pa3pbIBaer ceaHC C I1HTep<pdcoM KOMaHllHol1 CTj)OKI1 AHanorKoMaHllblshow running-config nOKa3bIBaeT <pai1.rI CTaproBol1 KOH<pl1rypaUI1I1 YCTpoHcTBa AHanom KOMaHllbl show startup-config nepeBOlll1T 113 pe>KI1Ma 06bl'lHOro nOJIb30BaTeJUI B npl1Bl1JIerlipoBaHHbll111 3anpaWliBaeT naponb, ecnl1 OH CKOH<p l1 rypl1pOBaH nepeBOllliT 113 npl1Bl1JIerl1pOBaHHoro peJKliMa nOJIb30BaTeJUI B 06bl'lHblH KOMaHlla peJKI1Ma npliBlinempoBaHHoro nonb30BaTeJIfi. nepeBOlll1T B peJKliM KOH<pl1rypl1pOBaHI1f1 YCTpoHCTBa
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.Jl I , , ! I , ... 1 B :nOM maBe... . KOHlI)HtypHpoBaHHe o6utHX lVIH KOMMyraTopoB H MapmpyrH3aTo- pOB 4»YHKnHM. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe OnHCaHO, KaK KOHqmrypupoBaTb <PYHKI.{HH KOMMyraTopoB, KOTO- pbIe COBna.rraIOT C <PYHKUUflMU MapIIJpyrH3aTOpOB. . HaCTpOMKa KOMMyTaTOpOB H ynpaBJleHHe HMH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe OnHCaHO KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe YHHKaJIbHbIX <PYHKUUH KOMMyra- TOpOB, KOTOpbIe npucywH TOJlbKO HM. Y MapIIIpyrH3aTOpoB MOryr 6bITb HeKOTOpble aHaJIOrU'lHble <PYHKI.{HH, HO OHU KOH<pHrypU- PYIOTCfI COBCeM no-.n:PyrOMY.
rl1ABA 9 KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoM MYTaTopOB B rnaBax 3 .'OCHOBbI nOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH"' H 7 "Ea30BbIe KOHl.{enl.{HU Ethernet-KoMMY- TaUUU" 6bIJIU no.n:p06HO onHcaHbl KOHl.{em.{HH JIOKaJIbHbIX CeTeH Ethernet. BbI Y3HaJIH, KaK pa60TaeT TeXHOJlOrHfI Ethernet, KaK pa60TalOT KOMMYTaTopbI, KaK CTpOHTCfI Ka6eJIb- Ha51 CUCTeMa ceTU H KaK KOMMYTaTOpbI nepeCbIJIalOT Ethernet-<ppeHMbI Ha OCHOBaHHH MAC-a.apeca nonyqaTeJlfl. KOMMYTaTOpbl JlOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH KOMnaHHH Cisco BbInOJlHflIOT CBOH OCHOBHble <PYHK- liHU 6e3 KaKOH-nu60 KOH<pHrypaI.{HH. MO)KHO npOCTO KYllHTb TaKOH KOMMYTaTOp, no.n:- KJII04UTb Ka6enfiMu npaBHJIbHoro THna pa3JIH'lHbIe CeTeBbIe YCTpOHCTBa K era nopTaM, BKJII04HTb nHTaHHe U KOMMYTaTOp 3apa60TaeT. TeM He MeHee BO MHOfHX ceTfiX HmKeHe- paM H}')KHO 6y.n:eT CKOH<pHrypHpoBaTb pa3Ho06pa3HbIe .n:ononHHTenbHbIe <PYHKI.{HH KOM- MYTaTOpa HJlU UCKaTb H YCTpaHflTb HeucnpaBHOCTH B }')ICe pa6OTalOIl.{eH ceTH. B 3TOH ma- Be no.n:p06Ho onHcaHO. KaK KOH<pHrypHpyJOTCfI pa3nH'lHbIe <PYHKUHH KOMMYTaTopOB, a B maBe 10 "DOHCK U YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax" onHcaHbI MeTOIIHKH nouCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B KOMMYTaTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco. KOHTpo.nbHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe.n1rt Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl r.naBbl 3TOT pa311en npellHa3Ha'leH llJIfi TOro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJlb Mar npeD,BapHTeJIbHO OueHHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI U peIIIHTb, H)')KHO JlH eM)' 'lHTaTb maBY l.{enHKOM. EcnH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBflTb H3 IleC5ITH BonpocOB .n:aHbI npaBHJlbHO, MO)KHO cpa3Y)I(e nepeHTH K nOCJleAHeMY pa3.n:eny "no.n:- r<YrOBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHoBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH maBbI H npe.n:BapHTeJlbHbIX KOHTponbHbIX BO- npOCOB nepe4ucneHbI B Ta6J1. 9.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJlbHbIe BonpOCbI H HCnOJlb3YfI TaMH- 411TaTeJIb CMO)l(eT IIOCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJlHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOH HJIH HHOH 06JIaCTH. BeThI Ha BonpOCbI npHBe.n:eHbl B npHJIO)l(eHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI". Ta611Hua 9 I T _ .. eMbl KOHTpOJlbHblX BonpoCOB HTeMa I( O I1<!>HfYpH '" POBaHHe aH3../10rH'IHbIX I!JYHKUHH MapwpyrH3aTopOB H KOMMyraTOpOB 1-3 ,,"OI1<!>HfYp HpoBaHHe KOMMyraTopOB JlOK3../1bHbIX ceTeH H MOHHTopHHr HX pa60TbI 4-8 1. HOMepa BonpocoB o penn Ila onO)J(UM, 'ITa B KOMMYTaTope 6bIJIH CKOH<pHrypHpOBaHhI C KOHCOJIH KaK KOMaH- 4 enable secret, TaK H KOMaH,l{a enable password. BaM He06xo.n:HMO OTKJIIO- o u 111 T KOMMYTaTopa H onflTb no.n:KJIIO'lHTbCfI K He MY 'lepe3 KOHCOJlb. napOJlb KaKOH 3all.alilihIX KOMaH,l{ Hf)KHO 6y.n:eT BBeCTH?
280 YaCTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B 110Ka11bHbiX CeTsI)C - a) enab1e password. 6) enab1e secret. B) napOJIfi He 6y.n:eT. r) napOJIb KOMaH}:lbI password. eCJIH aHa 6bIJIa BBelleHa. 2. CeTeBoH HH)KeHep cKoHqmrypHpOBaJI KOMMYTaTOp Cisco 2960 TaKHM 06pa30M, '-ITa I( HeMY pa3perneH Telnet-.n:ocTYTI C napOJleM mypassword. n03)1(e HH)I(eHep H3MeHltJi KOHqmrypaUHIO, 'lT06bI .n:OCTYTI 6bIJI B03MO)l(eH nocpe.n:CTBOM 3aIllHIl.{eHHoro coe.n:HHe- HHfI SSH. KaKHe H3 YKa3aHHbIX HIDKe KOMaH}:l BOIIJJIH B HOBYIO KOH<t:>HrypaUHIO? a) username name password password B pe)l(HMe KOH<t:>HrypupoBaHHSI BHPTYaJIbHbIX TepMHHaJIOB (vty). 6) username name password password B pe)KHMe rJI06aJIbHOH KOH<t:>Hrypa- l{HU YCTpOHCTBa. B) transport input ssh B pe)l(UMe KOH<t:>HrypHpoBaHufi BHPTYaJIbHblX TepMIt- HaJIOB (vty). r) transport input ssh B pe)KHMe rJI06aJIbHOH KOH<t:>HrypauuH YCTpOMC'rBa. 3. CJIellyJOll.{afi KOMaH}:la 6bIJIa CKonHpOBaHa H3 6y<t:>epa B KOMaHAHYJO CTpOKY pe)f(HMa KOH<t:>HrypHpoBaHHfI KOMMYTaTopa KOMnaHUH Cisco B telnet-ceaHce banner 10gin this is the 10gin banner T..lTo H3 nepe'lHCJleHHoro HU)f(e npaBUJlbHO onUCbl- BaeT, KaK 6y.n:eT BbIrJIflAeTb 3KpaH npH nOCJlellYJOIlleM .n:ocTYne K KOHCOJIH YCTpOMCTBa? a) TeKcT co06weHHfI oT06pa)KaTbCfI He 6y.n:eT. 6) TeKcT co06weHHfI 6y.n:eT COCTOflTb H3 <t:>pa3bI "his is". B) TeKcT C0061l.{eHHH 6y.n:eT COCTOflTb H3 <t:>pa3b1 "this is the login banner" r) TeKcT co06weHHfI 6y.n:eT COCTOflTb H3 <t:>pa3bI "Login banner configured. no text defined" (co06IlleHufi CKOH<t:>HrypHpoBaH. HO TeKCT He 3a.n:aH). 4. KaKoe .n:eHCTBHe He flBJlfleTCfI 06f13aTeJlbHb1M npu KOH<t:>HrypHpoBaHHU 6e30naCHOCTH nOpTa (port security) 6e3 aBTOMaTH'IeCKoro 06Hap}')KeHHfI MAC-a.n:pecoB (sticky learning)? a) YKa3aTb MaKCHMaJIbHO pa3perneHHoe KOJIH'leCTBO MAC-a.n:pecoB llJIfi I-tHTep- <t:>eHca C nOMOll.{blO KOMaH}:lbI switchport port-security maximum B pe- )l(UMe KOH<t:>HrypHpOBaHHfI HHTep<t:>eHca. 6) BKJlIO'-IHTb pe)l(UM 6e30nacHocTH nopTa C nOMOll.{blO KOMaHAbl KOH<t:>urYPupoBa- HUfi HHTep<t:>eHca swi tchport port - securi ty. B) YKa3aTb pa3peIIIeHHbIe MAC-a.n:peca C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbl swi tchport port - securi ty mac -address B pe)KHMe KOH<t:>HrypupoBaHufi I-tHTep<t:>e»ca. r) Bce YKa3aHHbIe BblIIIe KOMaHAbI flBJlfllOTCfI 06f13aTeJlbHbIMH. :JaB- S. nepCOHaJIbHbIH KOMnblOTep ceTeBoro UH)I(eHepa no.n:KJlIO'-IeH K KOMMyrnTOPY B r. ] HaM o<t:>Hce. K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy rJlaBHOrO o<t:>Hca Bce <t:>HJIHaJIbI nonKJI',?'leHbl qe p ;_ nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHble UHTep<t:>ei1cbl, B Ka)I()J.OM <t:>HJlUaJIe eCTb MUHUMaJIbHbIlI MapwPbI 3aTOp H KOMMYTaTOp. KaKHe KOMaH.n:bl U B KaKOM pe)l(UMe KOH<t:>HrypauuH }:IOJl J(OW 6blTb BBe.n:eHbl B YCTpOHCTBa, 'lT06b1 UH)I(eHep Mar YCTaHOBHTb Telnet-ceaHcbl c MYTaTopaMU Bcex <t:>HJlHaJIOB?
a 9 KOHMrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB rl1aB . - a) H}')KHO BBeCTH KOMaH.n:y ip address B pe)l(HMe KOHqmrypHpoBaHHfI CeTH VLAN 1. 6) H}')KHo BBeCTH KOMaH.l{y ip address B pe)I(HMe m06aJIbHOH KOH<pHrypallHH yCTpOHCTBa. B) H}')KHO BBeCTH KOMaHAY ip default-gateway B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBa- HHfI ceTH VLAN I. r) H}')KHO BBeCTH KOMaH.l{y ip default-gateway B pe)l(HMe m06aJIbHOH KOH- <pHrypal.{HH YCTpoHcTBa. .n:) H}')KHo BBeCTH KOMaHllY password B pe)KHMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI KOHCOJIbHOH JIUHHU. e) H}')KHo BBeCTH KOMaHAY password B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI BHPTYaJIb- HbiX TepMHHaJIOB (vty). 281 6. KaKa H3 npHBe.n:eHHbiX HIDKe KOMaHA OTKJllO'laeT COfJIaCOBaHHe CKOpOCTH camaCHO cTaHAapTY IEEE llJIfi nopTa 10/100 KOMMYTaTOpa Cisco? a) negotiate disable B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHIDI HHTep<peHca. 6) no negotiate B pe)l(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHH HHTep<peHca. B) speed 100 B pe)l(UMe KOH<purypupoBaHHfI HHTep<PeHca. r) duplex hal f B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca. .n:) duplex full B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca. e) speed 100 H duplex full B pe)l(UMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca. 7. B KaKOM pe)I(HMe KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH (CU) MO)KHO CKOH<pHrypHpoBaTb HaCTpOHKH IIYTIJJeKCHocTH llJIfi uHTep<peHca fastethernet 0/5? a) nOJlb30BaTeJlbCKOM pe)I(HMe. 6) npHBlIJIerupoBaHHoM pe)l(HMe. B) B pe)f(HMe rJl06aJIbHOH KOH<pHrypallUH. r) B pe)l(HMe Ha'laJIbHOH HaCTpOHKH YCTpOHCrna (setup). II) B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHUH HHTep<p eHca . 8. KOMaH.D.a show vlan brief .n:aeT CJIe.n:yJOIllHH pe3YJIbTaT: 2 my-vlan active Faa/13, Faa/IS KaKafi HX yJ<a3aHHbIx HH)I(e KOMaHA Mama 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa,l{Jlfl KOH<pHrypHpO- Bal-HtSI KOMMYTaTopa B TaKOM cJlyqae? a) KOMaHAa vlan 2 B pe)I(HMe fJI06aJIbHOH KOH<pHrypauHH YCTpOHCTBa. 6) KOMaHAa name MY - VLAN B pe)I(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI CeTH VLAN. B) KOMaHAa interface range FaO/13 - 15 B pe)I(HMe rJI06aJIbHOH KOH<p H - IypaI.{HU. r) KOMali.n:a swi tchport vIan 2 B pe)l(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<p eHca .
282 YaCTb II. KOMMYTa4MfI B 110Ka11bHbiX CeTfI)( -- - BBe.QeHMe - B 60JlbIIIHHCTBe KOMMYTaTopOB Catalyst KOMnaHHH Cisco HCnOJlb3yeTcfI ellUHbIH HH- Tep<peHc KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH (Command-line interface - CLI), KOTOpbIH aHaJIOrH'IeH npHMeHfleMoMY B MapIIIpYTH3aTopax. TaKoH HHrep<peHc Bblmfl.n:HT U pa60TaeT B 060HX THnax YCTpOHCTB OlIHHaKOBO, KpoMe 3Toro OH no.n:.n:ep)l(J1BaeT npaKTH'IeCKH Te )l(e caMbIe KOH<pHrypauHoHHbIe KOMaHllbI H KOMaH.lIbI rpynnbI show. KaK 6bIJlO onHcaHO B rJ1aBe 8 "Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTOpaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco" 'laCTb KOMaHll H npoueCCOB, KOTopble MO)K- HO BCTpeTHTb B KOMMYTaTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco, pa60TalOT a6COJllOTHO aHaJ10rH'IHO B MapIIIPYTH3aTopax :nOH )l(e KOMnaHHH. B 3TOH maBe 061>flCHeHbl MHorue H3 CTaHAapTHO KOH<pHrypupyeMbix <PYHKI.{UH KOM- MyrnTOpOB KOMnaHHH Cisco. HeKoTopbIe H3 TeM O'leHb Ba)l(HbI, KaK, HanpuMep, KOH<IJH- rypHpoBaHHe HMeH nOJlb30BaTeJleH H napOJleH, n03BOJ1f1IOIl{HX 06eCne'IHTb 6e30nacHbIH .n:OCTYll K KOMMYTaTOpy. ,l],pyrHe <PYHKI.{HH He O'IeHb BIDKHbI, HO nOJle3HbI, KaK, HanpHMep, Ha3Ha'leHHe TeKCTOBbIX onHcaHHH HHTep<peHcaM YCTpOHCTBa, KOTopble ynpOCTfiT U Clle- J1alOT .n:0KYMeHTaI.{HIO H KOH<pHrypaUHOHHble <paHJlbI y.n:06Hee. 3Ta maBa COllep)l(UT npaK- TH'leCKH Bce TeMbI, CBfl3aHHbie C KOH<pHrypHpOBaHueM KOMMYTaTopOB, 3a UCKJllO'leHHeM KOMan.n: KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI npOTOKOJla 06Hap}')KeHHfI YCTpOHCTB KOMnaHUH Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol- COP), KOTOpbIH no.n:p06HO onHcaH B rJlaBe 10 "nOUCK H yCTpaHe- HHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH B Ethernet-KOMMYTaTopax". KOHcJ>lrtryplrtpOBaHlrte o6U4lrtX AI1S1 KOMMYTaTOpOB Irt MapWPYTlrt3aTOpOB cJ>YHKIrt B nepBOM H3 .n:BYX pa3.n:eJlOB :nOH maBbl nOllp06HO onHcaHO KOH<PHrYPHpoBaHHe <PYHKltHH, KOTopbIe o.n:HHaKOBO pa60TalOT H HaCTpaHBaIOTCfI KaK B KOMMYTaTopax, TaK H B MapIIIPYTH3aTopax. B 'IaCTHOCTH, no.n:p06HO 6y.n:YT paCCMOTpeHbl HacTpoHKH llJUI 06ecne- 'leHHfI 6e30nacHoro .n:ocT)'na K HHTep<peHcy KOMan.n:HoH CTpOKH (Command Line Interface - CLI), a TaIOKe HaCTpOHKa pa3JIH'IHbIX napaMeTpOB KOHCOJlbHOro no.n:KJlIO'le- HHfI K YCTpOHCTBY. 5e30naCHbiM ,AOcTYn K KOMaH,AHOM CTpOKe KOMMYTaTOpa '-h06bI BOCnOJlb30BaTbCfI pe)l(J1MOM npHBHJlerupoBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTeJlfl (enable) KOM- MYTaTopa, a.n:MHHHCTpaTop .n:OJDKeH CHa'laJIa nOJ1yqHTb .n:ocT)'n K KOMaHllHoH c-rpoKe C npa- BaMH 06bl'IHOrO nOJlb30BaTeJlfl 'lepe3 KOHCOJlbHOe coe.n:HHeHue, Telnet- HJlU SSH-ceaHC. a n01lb30 Ba - nocJle BBeCTH KOMan.n:y enable. Co CTaHAapTHbIMH HaCl"pOltKaMu YCTpOucTBa 6 a60TaTb TeJ1b, nOllKJIlO'IeHHbIH K KOHCOJlH, He 1l0Jl)l(eH BBOllHTb HMfI HJlH napOJlb, 'ITa bl P C 6e30 na - C 06bI'lHbIM HJlH npHBHJlerupoBaHHbIM pe)l(J1MoM. npH'lUHa TaKoro no.n:xo.n:a K " HOCTH 3aKJIlO'laeTCfI B TOM, 'ITa JII060H CneUHaJIHCT, HMelOIl{HH <pU3H'IeCKUH .n:OCT)'O 33 KOHCOJIH KOMMYTaTOpa HJlH MaprnpYTH3aTopa, MO)l(eT C6POCHTb Bce napOJlH MeHee 'le,.:: C OOy 5 MHHYT C nOMOIl{blO npoue.n:yp BOCCTaHOBJleHHfI nap01lfl, KOTopble KOMnaHUfi ISC naHI1I 1 JluKYeT B OTKpbITblX HCTO'IHUKax. IthaK, MapIIIpYTH3aropbl U KOMMYTaTopbl KOM rll' Cisco pa3pernalOT nOJlb30BaTeJ1f1M, nOllKJIlO'leHHbIM K KOHCOJlH, 06bl'IHblH U npUBlIJle pOBaHHblH 1l0cT)'n K uHTep<PeHcy KOMaHllHoH Cl"pOKH.
a 9 KOHMrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB rl1aB . 283 - B HVlMAHVlE! ::- 6bI HaHTI" npOue.lIYPbI BOCCTaHOBJleHHH ItJm c6poca napOJleH, 06paTitTeCb K Be6-caHTY -:lTO "''' d " ( ) cisco. com It BbInOJlHItTe nOItCK no 'Ppa3e passwor recovery BOCCTaHOBJleHlte napOJlH . n BbIH )Ke pe3YJlbTaT Ha CTPaHltue nOItCKa, BnOJlHe BepoHTHo, 6y.n:eT OTHOCItTbCH K CTPaHltue, me ep C . eCTb npoue.lIYPbI BOCCTaHOBJleHUH napoJlelt npaKTlt'leCKIt.lJJIH Bcex YCTPOItCTB KOMnaHUIt ISCO. QT06bI nonaCTb B pe)l(HM npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi 'lepe3 BHPTYaJIbHblH repMUHaJI vty (ceaHC Telnet HJIH SSH), B KOMMyraTope .n:OJI)I(HbI 6blTb KaK MUHHMYM CKOH<!mrypltpOBaHbI CJlellyJOIllHe HaCTpOHKH: . I p-allpec YCTpOHCTBa; . npoue.n:ypa ayreHTH<pHKauHH nOJlb30BaTeJlfl.LIJUI vtY-JIHHHH; . napOJIb npHBHJIerupoBaHHoro pe)l(HMa (enable). EOJlbIIIHHCTBO CeTeBbIX HIDKeHepoB 06bI'lHO XOTfiT HMeTb y.n:aJIeHHbJH 1l0CTYll K KOMMY- TaTopaM noCpeJICTBOM Telnet- HJIH SSH-ceaHcoB, n03ToMY HMeeT CMbICJI CKOH<pHrypHpO- BaTb YCTpoHCTBa C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM 6e30nacHoro .n:oCTyna. HeCMOTpSI Ha TO, 'ITa KTO- JI1t60, ItMelOIllUH <pH3H'leCKHH .n:ocTYll K YCTPOHCTBY, MO)l(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO JIerKO HCnOJIb30- BaTb npoue.n:ypbI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHfI napOJIeH H nOJIyqHTb nOJIHbIH KOHl"pOJlb Hall KOMMYTa- TOpoM, UMeeT CMbICJI TaIOKe CKOH<pHrypHPOBaTb <PYHKI.{HH 6e30naCHOCTH H ,l{JIfi KOHCOJlH 1 . B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe paCCMOTpeHO KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHe .n:ocTYlla K npHBHJIerupoBaHHOMY pe)l(J1MY (enable) KOMMyraTopa HJIH MapIIIpyrH3aTopa. O.n:Ha KJIIO'leBafi TeMa - KOH<pHry- pltpOBaHHe IP-anpeca - no.n:p06HO paccMoTpeHa HH)I(e B 3TOH )l(e maBe, B pa3.n:eJIe "KOH<!JHrypupOBaHHe IP-anpeca KOMMyraTopa". B 'laCTHOCTH, HIDKe no.n:p06HO paCCMOT- peHbI CJIe.lIYIOIl{He TeMbI: · HaCl"pOHKa ayreHTH<pHKauHH no napOJIIO,l{JIfi KOHCOJlbHbIX H Telnet-ceaHcoB; · HaCl"pOHKa 6e30naCHoro npOTOKOJIa SSH; · HaCl"pOHKa IIIH<PPOBaHHfI napOJIeH; · HaCl"pOHKa napOJIeH pe)I(HMa npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTeJIfi. HaCTpOHKa aYTeHTMcI>MKa4MM no napolUo HmKeHep MO)l(eT nOJlyqHTb .n:OCTYll K KOMaHAHOH Cl"poKe KOMMyraTopa HJIH Maprnpy- HnaTOpa KOMnaHHU Cisco 'lepe3 KOHCOJIbHOe no.n:KJIlOqeHHe, a TaIOKe Telnet- HJIH SSH- ceaHC. 06bIQHO KOMMyraTopbI H Maprnpyru3aTopbl cpa3Y )l(e nYCKalOT B pe)I(HM nOJIb30Ba- JIH 6e3 ayreHTH<pHKauHH, a Telnet-noJIb30BareJIfiM 3anpeIl{eH .nocTYll, nOCKOJIbKY B c/Hl1apTHOH KOH<pHrypauHH napOJIb Ha vtY-JlHHHflX He YCTaHOBJIeH. BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT aHl1apTHblX H HaCl"poeK peKOMeHAyeTcfI 3aIl{HTHTb napOAAMH Bce BapHaHTbI no.n:KJIIO'le- ItH 06bI'lHO v n ro nOJlb30BaTeAA KOMaHAHOH Cl"pOKH:,l{JIfi KOHCOJIH. Telnet- H SSH-ceaHCOB. n pa OJIb30BaTeJIb B HenpHBHJIerHpOBaHHOM pe)KHMe MO)l(eT nOJIY'lHTb .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe Ba I1cno 11M' JIb3Yfl KOMaH.l{y enable, HO pe3YJIbTaT ee BBo.n:a 6y.n:eT 3aBHceTb aT TOro, KaK eHHo OH nOllKJIIO'leH, 'lepe3 KOHCOJIbHOe coe.n:HHeHHe HJIH YllaJIeHHO. CTaHAapTHO, eCJIH --- I B iJeUcm6 . 'ax ILl UmeJIbHocmu 6ce ycmpoucm6o iJOAJlCHbi 6b1mb p03MeUJ,eHbl 6 meJIeKOMMYHUKO/{UOHHbIX Y3- U nOMe w PClHU'te ...eHbI 6 cne/{U{JJIbHble WKOrjJ'IUKU c 3llMKOM, eCAU OHU HaxoiJRmcR 6 ny6AU'IHbIX Mecmax, 02- OPI1Me Hue rjJU3U'IeCK020 iJocmyno K ycmpoucm6Y 3HO'IUmeAbHO YAY'lwum cucmeMY 6e30nocHocmu - 'I. peD,.
284 aCTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B 110Ka11bHbiX CeTftX napOJIb He CKOH(tmrypupOBaH, KOMan.n:a enable nepeBO.n:HT nOJIb30BaTeJIH B npHBHJIernpO- BaHHblH pe)l(UM 6e3 KaKoro-J1H60 napoJIfi B KOHCOJIbHOM no.n:KJlIO'leHUU, a nOJIb30BaTeJIflM, nbITalOIl{HMCfI no.n:KJlIO'lHTbCfI 'lepe3 Telnet-ceaHc, B .n:ocryne 6y.n:eT oTKa3aHo, npH'-IeM MrHOBeHHO, H napOJIb 3anpaIIIHBaTbCfI He 6y.n:eT. He3aBHCHMO aT Taro, KaKlte CTaHaapTHbie Hacl"pOHKH xapaKTepHbl D.JIfi YCTpoHcTBa, D.JIfi nOBbIIIIeHHfI ypOBHfI 6e30naCHOCTH ceTeBoro 060PYlloBaHHfI peKOMen.n:yeTcfI KOH<pHrypHpOBaTb napOJIb.lI.llil npHBHJIerupoBaHHoro pe)l(H- Ma C nOMOIl{blO KOMan.n:bI enable secret B pe)KHMe rJl06aJIbHOH KOH<pHrypaI.{HH. BHHMAHHEI Hlt)l(e B pa311eJle ".LJ.Ba BapitaHTa napOJleH npltBJU/erupoBaHHoro pe)l(ItMa" nOllp06HO OnltCaHbl llBa BapHaHTa KOH4>ItI"YPltpOBaHItH napOJleH npltBHJlerltpOBaHHoro pe)l(ltMa c nOMOlllblO KOMaHll, enable, enable secret It enable password, a TaK)I(e 06bHcHeHo. nO'leMY nepBblH BapltaHT HBJIHeTCH Halt60Jlee npellnO'ITItTeJlbHbIM. B npHMepe 9.1 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaH npol.{ecc KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI napoJIfl D.JIfi KOH- COJIbHOro (console) no.n:KJlIO'-ieHHfI, napOJIfi .lI.lliI vtY-JIHHHH (ceaHcoB Telnet), IIIH<ppoBaH- HOro napOJIfi npHBHJIerupoBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi (enable) H HaCTpOHKH Ha3BaHHfI Y3JIa (hostname) D.JIfi KOMMYfaTOpa. B npHMepe nOKa3aH npol.{ecc l.{eJIHKOM, B TOM '-iUCJIe H BHeIII- HHH BH}:I npHmalIIeHHfI KOMan.n:HoH CTpOKH, KOTopoe 6bIJIO no.n:p06HO onHcaHO B maBe 8 "Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTOpaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco". N Switch>enable Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#enable secret cisco Switch(config)#hostname Emma Emma(config)#line console 0 Emma(config-line)#password faith Emma(config-line)#login Emma (config-line) #exit Emma(config)#line vty 0 15 Emma(config-line)#password love Emma(config-line)#login Emma(config-line)#exit Emma(config)#exit Emma# ! YRa3aHHaR He ROMaHa nORa3BaeT TeRYYID ROHwrypaUID ROMMYTaTopa (running-config) Emma#show running-config ! npMMep 9.1. KOH(j>MrypMpoBaHMe OCHOBHblX naponeM M Ha3BaHMA YCTpoMcTBa Building configuration... Current configuration : 1333 bytes ! version 12.2 no service pad service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime ! hostname Emma enable secret 5 $1$YXRN$11z0e1LbOLv/nHyTquobd.
rl1aBa 9. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB 285 spanning-tree mode pvst spanning-tree extend system-id ! interface FastEthernetO/l ! interface FastEthernetO/2 ! HeKoTope CTpOK KOHrypa 6 onyeH, B qaCTHOCT, HacTpoMK HTepeMcoB FastEthernet c 0/3 no 0/23. interface FastEthernetO/24 interface GigabitEthernetO/l interface GigabitEthernetO/2 ! interface VIanI no ip address no ip route-cache ! ip http server ip http secure-server ! control-plane ! line con 0 password faith login line vty 0 4 password love login line vty 5 15 password love login B npHMepe 9.1 nOJlb30BaTeJlb CHa'laJla nepexo.n:HT B npHBHJlerHpOBaHHbIM pmKHM, nOTOM B pmKHM fJl06aJlbHbIX HaCTpoeK YCTpoMcTBa C nOMoIllblO KOMaH.n:bI configure terminal. B 3TOM pe)KHMe OH BBO.n:HT.n:Be KOMaHAbI rJl06aJIbHOH KOHq>HrypaUHH (enable secret H hostname), KOTopbIe TaK Ha3bIBalOT nOTOMY, 'ITa OHH 3a,l{a1OT napaMeTpbl, OTHOCflIllHeCfI K YCTPOMCTBY B ueJIOM, T.e. rJl06aJIbHbIe napaMeTpbI. HanpHMep, KOMaHAa hostname npoCTO 3a,l{aeT e.n:HHoe Ha3BaHHe .1VIfi YCTpOMCTBa (06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, KaK MeUSIeTCfI npHrJlaIIIeHHe HHTep<peMca KOMaHAHOM CTpOKH no- CJIe 3TOM KOMaH.n:bl). KOMaHl(a enable secret 3a,l{aeT e.n:HHCTBeHHbIM napOJIb, nocpe.n:- CTBOM KOTOpOro MO)l(HO nOJlY4HTb .n:ocTYll K npHBHJ1erHpOBaHHoMY pe)KHMY, onflTb )l(e, 3TO KOMaHAa fJl06aJIbHOro YPOBHSI. ,lImI cpaBHeHHfI: KOMaHAa login (KoTopafl HHCTPYK- TI1PyeT KOMMYTaTOp a TOM, 'ITa H}')KHO 3anpaIIIHBaTb TeKCTOBbIM napOJlb 6e3 HMeHH) H KOMaH.rr.a password (B KOTOpOM YKa3aH Tpe6yeMbIM napOJlb) BBO.n:HTCfI KaK B no.n:pe)KHMe KOH<p l1 rYPHpOBaHHfI napaMeTpoB KOHCOJlbHOro no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI, TaK H B pe)KHMe KOH<pHry- PI1POBaHHSI JlHHHM BHPTYaJIbHbIX TepMHHaJIOB (vty). TaKHM 06pa30M, 3TH KOMaH.n:bI flB- JISiIOTCfI no.n:KOMaHAaMU .n:BYX pe)l(HMOB KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHfI. C HX nOMOIllblO MO)l(HO 3a- lI.aTb pa3Hbie napOJlH, OllHH - llJIfi KOHCOJ1bHOrO nOllKJIIO'leHHfI, BTOpOM - llJISi BHPTY-
286 LlaCTb II. KOMMYTaMft B nOKanbHblX cen'l)C --- aJIbHbIX TepMHHaJIOB (vty), B COOTBeTCTBYIOIlleM nO.n:pmKHMe KOHqmrypHpOBamtSl, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO B npHMepe BbIIIIe. Ha)l(aB KOM6HHaUHIO KJ1aBHIll <Ctrl+<z> B JII060H MOMeHT (B pe)l(HMe KOH<PHIyPIt_ pOBaHItSl), nOJIb30BaTeJIb MrHOBeHHO B03BpaIllaeTCSI B pe)l(HM npHBHJIerUpOBaHHOro nOllb- 30BaTeJISI. TeM He MeHee B .n:aHHOM npHMepe nOKa3aHO HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHbIX KOMaHA exi t, KOTOpbIe nepeBollflT nOJIb30BaTeJIfi H3 onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO no.n:pe)I(HMa B pe- )KHM fJI06aJIbHOM KOH<pHrypaI.{HH yC'rpoHcTBa, a nOTOM It B pe)l(HM npHBUJIerUpOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi. KOMaHAa end, BBo.n:HMafi B JII060M H3 pe)l(UMOB HJIH no.n:pe)I(HMOB KOH- <pHrypHpOBaHltfi yC'rpoMcTBa, BbmOJIHfleT TO'lHO TO )l(e caMoe .n:eMCTBHe, LITO It KOM6I1Ha- UHfi KJ1aBHIII <Ctrl+<z> - aHa H3 JII060ro pe)KHMa nepeBo.n:HT nOJIb30BaTeJIfi npOCTO B npHBHJIerHpOBaHHbIM pe)KHM 2 . Bo BTOPOM nOJIOBHHe npHMepe 9.1 nOKa3aH pe3YJIbTaT BblnOJIHeHHSI KOMaHAbI show rwming-config. 3Ta KOMan.n:a nOKa3bIBaeTTeKYIllYlO KOH<pHrypal.{HIO KOMMYfaTOpa, B TOM 'lUCJIe H H3MeHeHHfI, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH ClleJIaHbI B nepBOM nOJIOBUHe npHMepa. BbllleJIeHHbIe CTpOKH SlBJUIIOTCSI pe3YJIbTaTOM KOMaHA, KOTOpble nOKa3aHbI B nepBOM nOJIOBHHe npUMepa. BHMMAHME! KOH<tJltrypaUItSI, nOJIyqeHHafi B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHltS1 KOMaHllbI show running-config. cOllep)l(ltT nflTb vtY-JIItHItH (c 0 no 4) H OTlleJIbHO erne HeCKOJIbKO JIItHItH (c 5 no 15). B CTapblX BepCltfiX onepaUItOHHOH CItCTeMbI Cisco IDS nO.lIllep)l(JtBaJIOCb TOJIbKO mlTb vty-JIItHItH, OHIt ItMeJlIt HOMepa C 0 no 4, CJIellOBaTeJIbHO. TOJIbKO lliITb Telnet-cOellltHeHItH MO)l(HO 6bIJIO YCTaHOBItTb C TaKItM ycrpOHCTBOM. n03)l(e KOMnaHltfi Cisco 1l06aBHJIa nO.lIllep)l(K)' 1l0nOJIHltTeJIbHblX JIItH It it , C 5 no 15. B COBpeMeHHbIX YCTpOHCTBaX TaKItM 06pa30M pa3perneHO 16 napaJIJIeJIbHblX Telnet-ceaHcoB K yCTpOHC"rBY. ,Altana30HbI JIItHItH }'Ka3aHbI pa31IeJIbHO DJlfI COBMeCTItMOCTIt KOH<t>ItI)'paUItOHHbIX <t>afuJoB co CTapbIMIt BepCltfiMIt onepaUItOHHbIX CItCTeM. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe MMeH n0J1b30BaTeJ1eM M npOTOKOJ1a SSH npOrpaMMa H npOTOKOJI Telnet nepecbIJIaeT Bce .n:aHHbIe. B TOM 'lHCJle H napOJIb nOJlb- 30BaTeJIfI, B BH.n:e OTKpbITOro TeKCTa. npOTOKOJI 6e30naCHoro coe.n:HHeHUSI SSH H COOT- BeTCTByJOIllHe eMY npltJIO)l(eHHSI BblnOJIHSlIOT Te )l(e CaMbIe <PYHKI.{UH. LITO H Telnet- 3MYJIHpyJOT OKHO TepMHHaJIbHOrO ceaHca H .n:alOT B03MO)l(HOCTb nOJIb30BaTeJIIO nO}:ll(JIIO- 'lHTbCfI K HHTep<peMCY KOMaHAHOM CTpOKH (CLI) YJIaJIeHHoro YCTpoMCTBa. KpOMe TorO. B npOTOKOJIe SSH IIIH<ppyJOTCH Bce .n:aHHbIe, nepeCbIJIaeMbIe Me)l(,l{Y KJ1HeHTOM It cepBepoM. n03TOMY 3TOT npOTOKOJI flBJIHeTCfI caMbIM npe.n:nO'lTHTeJIbHbIM Ha cero.n:HH HHCTpyMeHTOM y.n:aJIeHHOM pa60TbI C MapIIIpyrH3aTopaMH H KOMMyraTopaMH. Ih06bI 06eCne'lHTb no.n:.n:ep)l(J()' npOTOKOJIa SSH B MapIIIpyrH3aTope HJIU KOMMyraTOpe KOMnaHHH Cisco, H}')KHO BBeCTH HeCKOJIbKO .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX KOMaHA. TaK. HanpHMep. JIb a He npOTOKOJI SSH Bcer.n:a Tpe6yeT, 'lT06bI nOJIb30BaTeJIb BCer.n:a BBO.n:HJI HMSI It napa , rt-. It pO- TOJIbKO napOJIb, KaK cJI}')K6a Telnet, n03TOMY B YCTpOMCTBe .n:OJI)lrna 6bITb CKOH't'UryP v OCTOSi- BaHa, KaK MHHHM}'M, o.n:Ha napa COOTBeTCTByJOIllHX 3HaLleHUM. napa 3HaLleHH H , C .. H" lIMSi ... I.1.lafl U3 HMeHU 11 napOJIfi nOJIb30BaTeJISI, MO)KeT 6bITb nOJIyqeHa .n:ByMfI MeTOJIaM. e- napOJIb MOryT 6bITb CKOH<purypHpOBaHbI Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO B KOMMyraTope. 06a 3H1a'lW HHfI MOryT 6bITb nOJIyqeHbI OT YllaJIeHHOrO cepBepa, Ha3bIBaeMoro cepBepOM ayreH H <t> , d U Ko_,,6U- KOMOHOO exi t 6b1600Um HO oOUH ypo6eHb 6b1/Ue U3 KOKOi!O-Jlu6o peJK:UMO, KOMOHOO en HOUR KJl06UIU <Ctr/+Z> 6b1600Um U3 6Cex peJK:UM06 6 npU6Wlei!upo60HHblU. - npItMe'l. pell.
a 9 KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB rl1a B . 287 - " aBTOPH3aI.{HH H yqeTa (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting - AAA). KaUi-1.., B 3TOH J(HHre paccMa'l'pHBaeTCSI TOJIbKO MeTO.n: C ItCnOJIb30BaHHeM JIOKaJIbHbIX 3Ha'leHHIt HU 11 napoAA nOJIb30BaTeJIfi. Ha pHC. 9.1 npltBe.n:eHa .n:HarpaMMa, HJIJIIOCTpHpYIOIllafi i-1Me . npouec c KOH<l>m-ypupoBaHHfI cepBepa npOTOKOJIa SSH B YCTpOHCTBe KOMnaHHi-1 Cisco. KOMMyraTOp Cisco C""R eMa linevtyO 15 CD login local @transport input telnet ssh @ username wendell password hope @ ip domain-name example.com @ crypto key generate rsa (KnIO'U1, CreHepl-1pOBaHHble KOMMyraTopoM) I OTKpblTblH KIlIO" 3aKpblTblH KIlIO" ca--, ca--, SSH-KJ1l-1eHT r @ Puc. 9.1. flpou,ecc KOHrjJUi!YPUP060HUR npOmOKO/lO SSH 3Tanbl KOH<l>HrypupoBaHHfI, npellCTaBJIeHHble Ha pHC. 9.1, nOllp06HO onHcaHbI HIt)Ke. '3Tan I. CJIellyeT H3MeHHTb KOH<l>HrypaI.{HIO TaK, 'lT06bl npH no.n:KJIIO'leHHH no ""R vtY-JIHHHflM H}')KHO 6blJlO BBO.n:HTb HMfI nOJIb30BaTeJISI, JIOKaJIbHO "e..e cKoH<l>HrypHpoBaHHoe HJIIt nOJIy'IeHHoe OT AAA-cepBepa. B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae (CM. pHC. 9.1) KOMaH.n:a login local }'Ka3bIBaeT Ha HCnOJIb- 30BaHHe JIOKaJIbHO 3a,aaHHbIX HMeH. 3Ta KOMaHAa 3aMeHSleT no.n:KO- MaHAY login 1I.JUI vty-ceaHcoB. an 2. TalOKe He06xo.n:HMO }'Ka3aTb KOMMYTaToPY, 'lTO OH 1l0mKeH npHHHMaTb KaK Telnet-, TaK U SSH-ceaHcbl nocpellcTBoM KOMaHAbI transport input telnet ssh B no.n:pe)KHMe KOH<l>HrypHpoBaHHfI vtY-JIHHItM (CTaHAapTHaSl H3- CTpoMKa HCnOJIb3yeT KOMaH.n:y B BHAe transport input telnet 6e3 YKa- 3aHHSI napaMeTpa ssh). an 3. H}')KHO CKOH<l>HrypHPOBaTb HeCKOJIbKO nap i-1MeH H napOJIeH B pe)I(HMe rJIO- 6aJIbHOM KOH<l>HrypaI.{HH C nOMOI.1.lblO KOMaHAbI username UMH password napOJIb. an 4. D.aJIee Tpe6yeTcfI }'Ka3an .n:OMeHHoe HMSI YCTpoHcTBa (DNS-HMSI) C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI ip domain-name UMH B pe)l(HMe rJI06aJIbHOM KOH<l>HrypaI.{HH. 3Tan 5. H a 3TOM 3Tane H}')KHO UCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaH.n:y, reHepHpYIOIllyJO napy OTKpbI- TOro (public) H 3aKpblToro (private) KJIIO'leM, a TaJOKe 06I.1.lHH KJIIO'l (shared) C nOMOI.1.lblO KOMaHAbI crypto key generate rsa B pe)l(HMe rJI06aJIbHOH KOH<l>ltrypaI.{Hi-1.
288 LlaCTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX ceTSIX 3Tan 6. XOTfi HHKaJrnx .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX HaC'rpoeK .1VISI KOMMYTaTopa Ha 3TOM 3Tane BBO.n:HTb He HO, KIDK.l1bIH SSH-KJIHeHT .n:omKeH CKonHpOBaTb OTKPblTblH KJIIO'l KOMMYTaTopa ce6e B K3III, npe)lQJ;e <{eM OH CMO)KeT YCTaHOBHTb CoellltHe_ HHe C YCTPOHCTBOM. BHMAHE! B onltcaHHoi1 BbIIIIe KOHlf)ltrypaultit YKa3aHbI HeCKOJIbKO nanOB. KOTopbIe llOCTaTO<JHO cneUlt(f)lt<JHbI It OTHOCSITCSI K TeXHOJIOrltlt, BbIxollSlIIIei1 3a paM Kit llaHHoi1 KHltrlt, HanpltMep, Hacrpoi1KIt npOTOKOJIa SSH. 3anOMitHaTb TaKlte 3Tanbl JI)UI COOTBeTCTBYlOillero 3K3aMeHa He H}')KHO; TeM He MeHee, OHIt MOryT 6bITb nOJIe3HbI nplt 1t3yqeHItit MeTOllOB KOH!f>Itr)'pltpOBaHItSl ycrpOi1CTB - B <JaCTHOCTIt, OHU npitrollSlTCSI Ha npaKTItKe nplt KOH<f>ltrypltpOBaHItIt KaKoi1-JIIt60 <f>ynKUItIt UeJlItKOM. B npHMepe 9.2 nOKa3aHO HCnOJIb30BaHHe KOMaHA, nepe4HCJIeHHbIX Ha pHC. 9.1. npMMep 9.2. npoLlecc KOH4JMrypMpoBaHMJI npoToKona SSH Emma# Emma#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Emma(config)#line vty 0 15 ! He BBOATCR KOMaHAa 3Tana 1 Emma(config-line)#login local ! KOMaH 3Tana 2 Emma(config-line)#transport input telnet ssh Emma(config-line)#exit ! KOMaHAa 3Tana 3 Emma(config)#username wendell password hope ! KOMaHAa 3Tana 4 Emma(config)#ip domain-name example. com ! KOMaHAa 3Tana 5 Emma(config)#crypto key generate rsa The name for the keys will be: Emma.example.com Choose the size of the key modulus in the range of 360 to 2048 for your General Purpose Keys. Choosing a key modulus greater than 512 may take a few minutes. How many bits in the modulus [512]: 1024 Generating 1024 bit RSA keys ... [OK] 00:03:58: %SSH-5-ENABLED: SSH 1.99 has been enabled Emma (config) W"Z ! H>Ke nOKa3aHO cOAep>KMOe OTKpToro KnIDQa. MeHHO OH 6YAeT nepeA' SSH-KneHTaM ! Emma#show crypto key mypubkey rsa % Key pair was generated at: 00:03:58 UTC Mar 1 1993 Key name: Emma. example. com Usage: General Purpose Key Key is not exportable. Key Data: 30819F30 OD06092A 864886F7 OD010101 05000381 8D003081 89028181 00DB43DC 49C258FA 8EOB8EB2 OA6C8888 AOOD29CE EAEE615B 456B68FD 491A9B63 B39A4334
- rl1aBa 9. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB 289 86F64E02 18320256 01941831 787304A2 720A57DA F883E75A 94517901 7764C332 A3A48281 D84F154E A8477385 5337CE8C 81F5E832 8213EE68 73877006 8A8782DE 180966D9 9A6476D7 C9164ECE 1DC75288 955F58DE F828FC82 A273C58C 88020301 0001 , Key pair was generated at: 00:04:01 UTC Mar 1 1993 Key name: Emma.example.com.server Usage: Encryption Key Key is not exportable. Key Data: 307C300D 06092A86 4886F70D 01010105 00036800 30680261 00AC339C D4916728 6AC8627E A5EE26A5 00946AF9 E63FF322 A2D84994 9E378FDA AB1C503E AAF69F83 2A22A5F3 OAA94454 88242D72 A8582E78 0642CF28 C06E0710 80A06048 D90C8E9E F0888179 EC1C5EAC D551109D 69E39160 86C50122 9A37E954 85020301 0001 B npUBe.n:eHHOM BbIIIIe npHMepe BbI)J.eJIeHHbIe C'l'pOKH OTMe'lalOT KOMMeHTapUH K HC- nOJlb3yeMbIM KOMaH,l{aM. 06paTHTe TalOKe BHHMaHHe, 'lTO C03.n:aHHbIH KOMMYTaTOpOM OT- KpbITbIH KJlI04 .lIJm IIIH<l>poBaHHoro ceaHca TalOKe BbIlleJJeH B BbIBO.n:HMOn KOMaH.n:on show crypto key mypubkey rsa HH<l>opMaI.{UH. Ka)l(,[OMY SSH-KJlHeH1)' nO'l'pe6yetcfI KO- nitS! TaKoro KJlIO'la, 'lT06bI YCTaHoBMTb coellHHeHHe, n03ToMY KJlHeHT aBTOMaTH'leCKU 3a- npaIIIHBaer KJlIO'l Y YCTpoHcTBa, 3arpy)KaeT ero B Ha'laJIe ceaHca H B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe npo- rpaMM nepecnpaIIIHBaeT B llHaJIOroBOM OKHe Y nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, npHHHMaTb KJIIO'l HJIH HeT. lJ,mi HaHBbIcIIIero ypOBHS! 6e30nacHocTu Mml<eT nOHa.LI.06HTbCfI nOJIHOCTblO OTKJllO'lHTb Telnet-llOC1)'n. C.n:eJIaTb 3TO MO)l(}{O C nOMOI.1.lblO KOMaH,l{bI transport input ssh nOllpe)l(UMa KOH<l>urypHpoBaHHS! vtY-JIHHItH, ECJIH B TaKon KOMaH.n:e }'Ka3aTb TOJIbKO on- I.{ItIO ssh. TO KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:eT ompaCbIBaTb Telnet-coe.n:HHeHHfI. WM(j>pOBaHMe napOJ1eM HeCKOJIbKO KOH<l>HrypaI.{HOHHbIX KOMaH,l{ YC'l'pOnCTB KOMnaHHH Cisco HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI .IM YKa3aHItS! pa3JIH'IHbIX napoJIen; 06bI'IHO TaKHe napOJIH xpaHS!TCS! B KOH<l>HrypaI.{HH B BH- lle OTKPbl'roro TeKCTa. B 'laCTHOCTH, eCJIH .lIJIfi vtY-JIMHMn HCnOJIb30BaTb 06bI'lHyJO aYTeH- TIt<tJItKaI.{ItIO no napOJIIO, KOTopafl KOH<l>HrypHPyercfI c nOMOIIU>1O KOMaH.LI.bI password, a raK)j(e eCJlIt KOH<tJHrypHpoBaTb nOJIb30BaTeJIen nocpe.n:cTBoM KOMaH,l{bI username. TO O)l(HO 06Hapy)KHTb, 'lTO TaKHe napOJIH He IIIH<l>PyJOTCS!. I1CKJllO'leHHeM flBJIS!eTCS! KOMaH- a enable If secret, KOTopafl coxpaHfleT napOJIb B IIIH<l>poBaHHoM BH,l{e. fit T06bI nOBbICHTb ypOBeHb 6e30naCHOCTH U YC'l'paHHTb Yfl3BHMOCTH B ceTH, B 'laCTHO- -lle' eCJlIt ItCnOJIb3yeTcfI ne'laTHaS! KonHfI KOH$HrypaI.{Hn HJIH pe3epBHafi KonHfl xpaHHTCS! -JI1t60 Ha KI)M cepBepe, MO)KHO 3aIIIIt$pOBaTb, HJIH "3aKo.n:HpOBaTb", napOJIH C nOMOIllblO aH.n.hI s . "I'n erV1ce password-encryption pmKHMa m06aJIbHOH KOH$urypauHH J"'pOItCTBa B , JIlt 6 . 3aBHCHMOCTIt OT Toro, eCTb TaKaS! KOMaH,l{a B KOH$HrypaI.{ItH HJIH HeT, na- YllYr 3aWIt$pOBaHhl }'Ka3aHHbIM HH)I(e 06pa30M. · tCJlIt KOMaH,l{a service password-encr yp tion BBe.n:eHa B P e)l(HMe m06aJIb- HO- yt It KOH<tJurypaUHH YCTpOHCTBa, Bce cymecTByJOIl{He napoJlu - ,l{JIfi KOHCOJIH..lIJIH Y-JIItHItH. napaMe'l'pbI KOMaH,l{bI username - 6YllYT TOT'IaC)I(e 3aWHcppOBaHbI.
- 290 LlaCTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTsI)( - . ECJ1H KOMaH,l{a service password-encryption 6bIJIa BBelleHa paHee, lia- npHMep, eCTb B pe3epBHoM 3arpY304HOH KOHq>HrypaI.{UH, Bce HOBbie napomt, KOTo- pbIe .n:06aBJ1f1eT n0J1b30BaTeJ1b, 6y.n:YT cpa3Y )l(e IIIU<PPOBaTbCfI. . ECJ1H napOJlH 6bIJIH 3aUIH<PPOBaHbI yKaJaHHOM BbIIIIe KOMaH,l{OH, a nOCJ1e 6bIJIa BBe- .n:eHa KOMaH,l{a no service password-encryption, TO napOJ1H 6YllYT xpaHHTb_ CfI B 3aIIIH<PPOBaHHOM BHAe.n:o Tex nop, nOKa OHH He 6y.n:YT CMeHeHbl KeM-JIH60. B npHMepe 9.3 npOHJIJIIOC'l'pHpOBaHO onHcaHHoe BblIIIe nOBe.n:eHHe KOH<PltrypaI.{HIt YC'l'pOMCTBa. BHMAHEI nOKa3aHHIDI B npltMepe 9.3 KOMaHlla show running-config I begin line vty BbI.llaeT TeJ<yIIIYIO KOH!fnuypaultlO YCTpoHcTBa, Ha4ltHafi C TOH CTPOKIt, B KOTOpOH BCTPeqaeTCfI TeKCT line vty. 3To npocTo Yllo6HbIH MeTOll oTo6paJKeHitfi H}')KHOH qaCTIt KOH!f>ltfypaultoHHoro !f>aHlla. npMMep 9.3. WM4JpoaaHMe naponeM C nOMOblO KOMaH,qbl service password- encryption Switch3#show running-config I begin line vty line vty 0 4 password cisco login Switch3#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch3(config)#service password-encryption Switch3(config)#A Z Switch3#show running-config I begin line vty line vty 0 4 password 7 070C285F4D06 login end Switch3#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch3(config}#no service password-encryption Switch3(config)#A Z Switch3#show running-config I begin line vty line vty 0 4 password 7 070C285F4D06 login end Switch3#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch3(config}#line vty 0 4 Switch3(config-line}#password cisco Switch3(config-line}#A Z Switch3#show running-config begin line vty line vty 0 4 password cisco login
rnaBa 9. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB 291 BHIiIMAHIiIEI KOMaHlla service pas sword- encryption BKJI/O'laeT aJIrapltTM WI1!f>poBaHItSI C HOMepoM 7, J(aK BHJIHO 1t3 KOMaHllbI password B npltBelleHHoM Bblwe npltMepe. 31"0 OllltH 1t3 HeCKOJIbKItX 3MO)f(HbIX aJIrOpltTMOB WIt!f>poBaHItSi B onepaUItOHHoi! CItCTeMe Cisco. WIt!f>poBaHlte 7 Tltna :;nOJlb3yeTcSlItCKJIlO'lItTeJIbHO KOMaHlloi! service pas sword- encryption. SlBJISleTCSI CJIa6bIM aJIrOpltTMOM WIt!f>poBaHItSi It era O'leHb JIerKO paCWI1!f>poBaTb. ABa BapMaHTa napOJ1eM npMBMJ1erMpOBaHHoro pe>KMMa KOMaHlla enable nepeBo.n:uT nOJlb30BaTellil 113 06bI'lHOrO pe)KHMa (B KOTOpOM CTpOKa npltrllaIIIeHHfI BbIrJIflAHT TaK: Ha3BaHVte _YCTpOMCTBa» B npHBHJlempOBaHHblH (CTpOKa npltrllaIIIeHHfI HMeeT BH,l{ Ha3BaHVte_YCTpOMCTBa#). Pe)l(UM npUBHJlerHpOBaHHora nOJlb30BaTeJUI B MapwpYTIt3aTOpaX H KOMMYTaTOpaX MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aIlll1weH napOJleM CO- rnaCHO OllHOMY H3 YKa3aHHbIX HIDKe npaBHJI. . KOMaHlla pe)l(HMa rJl06aJIbHOn KOHqmrypal.{HH YCTponcTBa enable password napOJIb npl1MeUSIeTCSI.lIJISi KOHqmrypupOBaHHfI napOJIfi npu- BlIJIempOBaHHora pe)f(HMa enable. CTaHAapTHO TaKon napOJIb xpaHUTCfI. B BH,l{e omKpblmo2o meKcmo B KOHqmrypaI.{HH. . KOMan.n:a pe)l(HMa m06aJIbHOn KOH<t>HrypaI.{HH enable secret napOJIb TaIOKe 3a.n:aeT napOJlb npHBHJlerHpOBaHHoro pe)l(HMa enable. 3TOT napOJlb xpaHHTcfI B BH,l{e MD5-xeUlo B KOH<t>HI"ypaUI1H H Y3HaTb ero .n:encTBHTeJlbHOe 3Ha'leHHe He- B03MO)I(H0. CIlaA "'-8Ma · ECJIU npH KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHH YCTponcTBa 6bIJIH BBe.n:eHbI o6e KOMOHObl, napOJIb, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIn KOMaHAOn enable secret, 6y.n:eT HCnOJlb30BaTbCfI YCTpOncT- BOM, H HMeHHO era 6YlleT JanpaIIIHBaTb MapIIIPYTH3aTop HJlU KOMM)'TaTop. OPH I1CnOJlb30BaHHH KOMaHAbI enable secret MapIIIpYTHJaTOp HJlH KOMMYTaTop aBTOMaTIt'leCKH IIIu<t>pyeT (T.e. "npfl'leT") napOJIb. HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO 'laCTO rOBopflT, 'ITO napOJlb "JaIIIH<t>POBaH", B .n:enCTBHTeJIbHOCTH OH He WH<t>pyeTCSI. Onepal.{HOHHafi CItCTeMa Cisco IOS npHMeHfleT Cnel.{HaJIH3HpoBaHHyJO MaTeMaTH'lecKYIO <t>YHKUHIO K CItMBOJIaM napOJISI, Ha3bIBaeMYlO cBepTKon co06weHHSl N25 J (Message Digest 5 - MD5), ItJIIt n,pocTO X3IIIeM. Pe3YJIbTaT BbInOJlHeHHfI X3W-<t>YHKUHH 3aHOCHTCfI B KOH<t>urypaUH- <)HHbIIt '+-'a pO 5 'i' ItJl YCTpoHcTBa. B onepaUHOHHOH CHCTeMe 10S 3TOT MeTO.n: 0603Ha'laeTCflI.{H<t>- H (npltMep 9.4). CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO IIIH<t>POBaHHe C nOMOWblO aJIrOpUTMa MD5 B JlecJI 60JIee 6e30naCHbIM MeTo.n:OM XpaHeHHfI napOJIen, 'IeM HCnOJlb30BaHHe KOMan.n:bI ervJ.ce T a password-encryption. B npHMepe 9.4 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHbI npol.{ecc YC- HOBKIt n TalQc apOJISI C nOMOIllblO KOMaH.n:bI enable secret, <t>opMaT KOMaH.n:bI H napOJlfl, a e YllaJIeHHe napollil. --- CJlcam f1J, po aR mehCm06llJ/ cmpOKa, nOAY'teHHllJ/ U3 meKcma C00614eHUR 6 pe3YAbfTlame npUMeHeHUR 00- HHeUX ,I, . JUhpYHKUU (one-way hash/unctIOn). - npItMe'l. pell.
292 LlaCTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)( - npHMep 9.4. YCTaHoBKa wH4JpoBaHHoro napOI1J1 enable secret Switch3(config)#enable secret? o Specifies an UNENCRYPTED password will follow 5 Specifies an ENCRYPTED secret will follow LINE The UNENCRYPTED (cleartext) 'enable' secret level Set exec level password Switch3(config)#enable secret fred Switch3(config)#A Z Switch3#show running-config ! BCR KOHrypaUR KpOMe HYHO CTpOK onyeHa enable secret 5 $1$ZGMA$e8cmvkz4UjiJhVp7.maLEl Switch3#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch3(config)#no enable secret Switch3(config)#A Z Koma CKOH<tmrypHpoBaH napOJlb enable secret (4TO peKOMeHAYeTCfI), 3 He en- able password, OH aBTOMaTH4eCKH IIIH<}:JpyeTCfI. B npHMepe 9.4 BBO.n:UTCSI KOM3Hll3 enable secret fred, KOTOp3SI YCTaH3BJlHBaeT napOJlb fred. TeM He MeHee MO)KHO TalOKe BBeCTU KOMaHAY B BH,l{e enable secret 0 fred, B .n:aHHon KOH<}:JHrypaI.{HH 0 CBH,l{eTeJlbCTByeT 0 TOM, 4TO .n:aJIee u.n:eT HeIIIH<}:JpOBaHHafI CTpOK3. OnepaUHOHHafi CHCTe- Ma IOS npUHHMaeT KOMaHAY, npHMeHSIeT aJIrOpHTM IIIH<}:JpOBaHHSI, KOTopbIn YK33aH B KOMaHAe enable secret (Tun 5 B JIaHHOM cJlyqae, T.e. X3Ill M D5), H COXp3HSIeT IIIIt<}>- pOB3HHoe HJlU 3aKOllHpOB3HHoe 3Ha4eHue B TeKyuren KOH<}:JHrypauHH YCTpOHCTBa. nocJle T3KHX .n:eHcTBHn KOM3HAa show running-configuration nOKa)l(eT pe3YJlbTaT C ItC- nOJlb30BaHHeM IIIH<}:JpoBaHHfI 5 THna .lIJIfI napOJlfl - .lIJIHHHYIO CTpOK)', BbIrJl5I.IDlIllYJO KaK nOJlHaSI a6paKa.n:a6pa. K C4aCTblO, y.n:aJIHTb napOJlb npHBHJlerHpOBaHHoro .n:oc1)'na MO)l(}{O npOCTO C nOMO- IllblO KOMaHAbI no enable secret, nOJlHOe 3H34eHHe napOJlfl BBO.n:HTb He Tpe6yeTCSI. B npUMepe 9.4 KaK p33 H npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHa 3Ta CH1)'3I.{HfI: B KOHl.{e npHMepa napOJIb y.n:aJISIeTCfI. B03MO)l(HO, napOJlb H}')KHO 6y.n:eT y.n:aJIUTb, HO 'laIl{e ero npHxo.n:HTCfI MeHSITb H3 HOBoe 3Ha'leHHe. CMeH3 napOJlSI ocyureCTBJlfleTCfI C nOMOIIIblO Ton )l(e caMOH KOMaH- .n:bI, HO C HOBbIM napOJleM: enable secret HOBbM_rrapOJIb. HaCTpOallKM KOHCOl1bHOrO COeAMHeHMSI M vtY-I1MHMail B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle onHC3HbI HeKoTopbIe He3Ha4HTeJlbHbie HacTponKH, BJlHfllOIIIHe Ha no- BelleHHe uHTep<}:JeHca KOMaHllHon CTpOKH (CLI), H coe.n:HHeHHfI 4epe3 KOHCOJlb H/Wlli vty-ceaHcbl (Telnet H SSH). C006eHMfl, oT06pa>KaeMble npM nOAKntO"leHMM . 6 CKOJIbl{O MapIIIPYTH3aTOPbI H KOMMYTaTOpbI KOMn3HUU CIsco MOryr OTO pa)l(aTb He H<}>H- pa3J1H'lHbIX co06IlleHUH npH no.n:KJlI04eHUH K HHM, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, 4TO CKO 6Il1e- rypHpOBaJIU CHCTeMHbIe a.n:MHHUCTpaTOpbI. OT06pIDKaeMoe npH no.n:KJlIO'leHH H COO )!(IiO HHe (banner) - 3TO npOCTO TeKCT, KOTOpbIH BbIBO.n:HTCSI Ha 3KpaH nOJlb30B3TeJlSI. Mo 0- CKOH<}:JHrypUpOB3Tb MapIIIpYTU33TOp HJIU KOMMYTaTOp TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lTO OH 6YPCT B Ka3bIBaTb HeCKOJlbKO C006I1leHUH, HanpHMep, KaKOH-TO TeKCT JIO aYTeHTH<}:JHKaJlll Sill CHCTeMe, a K3KOH-TO nocne. B Ta6J1. 9.2 nepe4HCJIeHbI caMble nonYJlflpHbIe co06UlCHlI npHBe.n:eHbl npHMepbl HX THnU'lHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHfI.
rna Ba 9. KOHMrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB 293 - 6 ua 9 2 Coo6meHHR, OTo6pWKaeMbie npH nOD.K.1II0'leHHH f a JlH .' npHMep HCnOJlb30BaHHR coo6m eHHe coo 61lleH He lIHH (Message of the D3Y- MOTD) Coo61lleHHe nepell 3yreHTHIf!HK311I1e (login) Oro6p3)K3eTCH 1I0 TOro, K3K nOHBI1TCH npl1fJI3WeHI1e D.1IH ayreHTI11f!HK311HI1. J.1cnonb3yeTcH D.1IH HeKOTopbIX BpeMeHHblx co06weHH. H3npHMep, .. MaplllpyrH33Top 6YIIeT BbIKJlIO'IeH B nOnHO'lb D.1IH TeXOCMOTPa nO 3T0 coo6weHHe OTo6p3)K3eTCH n:o BbmonHeHHH ayreHTHIf!I1K311HH, HO nOCJIe coo6weHIDIlIHH. 06b1'1HO I1cnOnb3YeTCH D.1IH K3Koro-nH60 nOCTOHHHoro co06weHHH, H3npHMep: "HeaBTOpH30BaHHbIH n:OCTYIl K YCTPOHCTBY 33npeweH n 3T0 co06weHI1e OTo6p3)K3eTCH nocne ycnewHoH ayreHTI11f!HK311HH nOJIb30BaTeJIH. 06bI'IHO I1cnOJIb3yeTcH lUUI BbIB01l3 HHIf!OPM311HH. KOTOpaH I10n)l(H3 6bITb CKpbIT3 OT HeaBTopH3HpOB3HHbIX nOJIb30B3TeneH Coo61lleHHe nOCJIe 3yreHTHIf!HK311HH (exec) KOMaH.n:a banner pe)KHMa fJI06aJIbHOH KOH<t>urypaUHIt npltMeHfleTCfI .lIJISI HaCTpoHKu Bcex TPex nepe'lItCJ1eHHbIX BbIIIIe THnOB co06IlleHHH. <J>opMaT KOMaH,l{bI YHHBepCaJIeH - B Ka4eCTBe nepBoro napaMeTpa yx:a3bIBaeTcfI THn C006Il{eHHSI, eCJIH napaMeTp He yx:a3aH, onepal.{HOHHaSl CHCTeMa CTaH,l{apTHO HCnOJIb3yeT ero KaK MOTD-co06Il{eHHe. TeKcT co- o6weHHSI MO)l(eT COCTOflTb H3 HeCKOJIbKHX CTpOK, .lIJIfi 3TOro 1l0CTaT04HO Ha)I(aTb KJIaBHIIIY .Enter> H npo.n:OJDKHTb BBO.n: TeKCTa. I1HTep<t>eHc C'l'pOKH 06Hapy)KHBaeT, 'lTO BBO.n: co06- rneHItSl 3aKoH4eH, Kor.n:a nOJIb30BaTeJIb BBOllHT TOT )l(e caMbIH CHMBOJl-pa3.n:eJIUTeJlb, KO- TOpblH OH BBOllHJI B Ha'laJIe TeKCTa. B npHMepe 9.5 npOHJIJIIOC'l'pHpOBaH npOl.{eCC KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHfI Tpex C006I.JJ.eHHH, nepe4HCJIeHHbIX B Ta6J1. 9.2, a T3IOKe nOKa3aH npol.{ecc no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI nOJIb30BaTeJlfl. nepBoe C006III.eHHe. co06IlleHHe .n:HfI (MOTD), B KOH<t>HrypaI.{HIt npHBe.n:eHO 6e3 KJIIO'le- BOW CJIOBa motd. nOCKOJIbK)' 06bI'lHO, eCJIH He yx:a3aHbI napaMeTpbI, Onepal.{HOHHafi CHC- TeMa npltBSl3bIBaeT TeKCT K HeMY. B nepBblX .n:BYX BapHaHTax KOMaH,l{bI B Ka'leCTBe CHMBO- JIa-pa311eJIUTeJISI HCnOJIb3yeTcfI #. B TpeTbeM BapHaHTe KOMaH,l{bI HCnOJIb3yeTcfI CHMBOJI Z, 4To6bI npOHJIJIIOC'l'pupOBaTb, 'lTO MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb pa3HbIe CHMBOJIbI, rJIaBHOe, 'lTO- 6bI Ha43JIbHbIH H KOHe'lHbIH CHMBOJIbI 6bIJIH o.n:HHaKOBbIMH. KpoMe TOro, B nOCJIe.n:HeM BapuaHTe KOMaHAbI banner BBOAflTCSI HeCKOJIbKO C'l'pOK TeKCTa. npl1Mep 9.5. KOH4u1rYPl1pOB3HHe coo6eHHH I "e nOKa3aH npHMep KOHrYPpoBaHR OTOOpa>KaeMNX np aYTeHTKau '>l"eH . 1aTTe BHMaHe, qTO nIDOOM CHMBOn MO>KHO cnonb30BaTb B KaqeCTBe nTenR, rnaBHoe, Obi OH He 6 qaCTbID BBOHMOrO TeKCTa. "l(onfig)#banner # . er TEXT a_it h message. End with the character '#'. -WI O d?WD for maintenance at 11PM Today # - nfg)#banner 10gin # .!r TEXT Unautho' message. End with the character '#' . r1zed Access Prohibited I I I I Onfig)#banner exec Z -r TEXT message. End with the character 'Z' --- /(01( U 6 Af<);Jfc ce KOH(JJUi!ypaUOHHble KOMaHObl, onucaHUR uHmepfjJeuco6, KOMMeHmapuu, maKue coo614e- I/o I1Ucamb mOAblwAamuHueii. _ npI1Me'l. peli.
294 LlaCTb II. KOMMYTa'-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJlX -- Company picnic at the park on Saturday Don't tell outsiders I Z SWl (config) W"Z ! He nOKa3aHO, qTO nonb30BaTenb CHaqana OTKflIDqaeTCR OT YCTPOCTBa, nOTOM nOKflIDqaeTCR 3aHOBO. ! OH BT coo6eHe HR, nOTOM coo6eHe aYTeHTKau, nprnaweHe onepauoHHo CCTeMW ! nOTOM ee OHO cooOeHe. SWl#quit SWl conO is now available Press RETURN to get started. Switch down for maintenance at llPM Today Unauthorized Access Prohibited!!!! User Access Verification Username: fred Password: Company picnic at the park on Saturday don't tell outsiders! SWl> 6Y4>ep MCTOpMM KOMaHA Koma nOJIb30BaTeJIb BBO.n:HT HeCKOJIbKO KOMaH,l{ nOA}JM B HHTep<peHce KOMaHllHoH CTpOIGt (CLI), HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe.n:HHX KOMaJUJ: coxpaHfllOTcfI B 6y<pepe HCTopmt KOMan.n. KaK 6bIJIO paccKaJaHo B mare 8 "Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco" MO)I(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb KJIaBHIllY co CTpeJIKOM BBepx HJIH KOM6HHal.{HIO KJIaBHIll <Ctrl>+<p>, 4T06bl nepeMeCTHTbCfI BBepx no HCTOpHH KOMan.n: H BbI3BaTb O.n:HY H3 npellbI,l{yIIIHX Ha- CTpoeK. 3Ta <PYHKlI.HSI 3Ha4HTeJIbHO 06JIer4aeT npOl.{eCC BBo.n:a nOBTopSIIOIllHXCfI HJIIt no- 1l06HbIX KOMaH,l{. B Ta6JI. 9.3 nepe'lHCJIeHbI HeKOTopbIe H3 HaH60JIee nOJIe3HbIX KOMaHll }])IfI pa60TbI C 6y<pepoM HCTOpHH KOMan.n:. CBaR Ta6J1Hua 9.3. KOMaH.ro>l6YcIJepa HCTOpHH KOMall.l1 "8MB KOMall.l13 OnHcaHHe show history history size x terminal history size x Oro6pIDKaeT KOMaH.lJ.bl, HaXOlUlIl.l"eCA B 6y<!>epe "CTOP"" KOMaH.ll KOMaH.lJ.a BBOll"TCA B pe>K"Me KOH<!>"ryp"pOBaH"A KOHCOJlbHOrO nOl1l<JlIO'IeHlliI WI" vty-ceaHca " 3aaaeT KOJlIf'leCTBO KOMaH.ll (x), KOTOpoe 6YlleT coxpaHATbCA B 6y<!>epe "CTOP"" KOMaH.ll. cOOTBeTcTBeH HO lIJIA KOHCOJlbHOrO WI" vty-ceaHca KOMaH.lJ.a n03BOJlAeT 3aaaBaTb pa3Mep 6y<!>epa "CTOPIf" KOM8H.ll (x) ro D.1IA TeK)'lllero ceaHca nOJlb30BaTeJlA --- KOMaHAbllogging synchronous M exec-timeout IBo.lI5i"f L B KOHCOJIbHyJO JIItHHIO MapIIIpYTH3aTopa HJIU KOMMYTaTopa CTaH.n:apTHO Bb 0' Bce C006Il{eHHfI CItCTeMHoro )l(ypHaJJa (syslog). ::11)' <PYHKlI.HIO B YCTpOMcTBe HeJ1b3S1 I '" JlU J(Ot. 1" KJIIO'lHTb. npellnOCbIJIKOM TaKora nO.llXOlla SIBJISleTCfI TO, 'lTO MapIIIPYTH:xlTOP It cpoq- TaTOp 1l0JI)KeH co06IllaTb 0 KaKHX-TO BIDKHblX C06blTltfiX U 1l0CTaBJISITb HeJ<OTOPyIO li HVIO 11Hd:!oDMaUHIO ceTeBOMY a;J.MI1HHCTpaTOpy, a;J.MHHHCTpaTOp )l(e MO)i(eT CJ1}"1a
rl1aBa 9. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KOMM)'TaTOpOB 295 - uc yr CTBOBaTb Y KOHCOJIM YCTpOMCTBa H 3aMeTHTb CpO'lHOe co06IlleHHe. 06bI'IHO YCT- np C . 6 6 v OHCTBa KOMnaHHH ISCO BbIBOAflT TaKHe CHCTeMHbIe coo wemI Ha KOHCOJIb B JIIO OM OMeHT BpeMeHH, B TOM 'lHCJIe H B TOT MOMeHT, KOr.n:a CeTeBOH a.n:MHHHCTpaTOp BBO.n:HT KaK)'iO-TO KOMaH,L(Y HJIH npfiMO nOCpe.n:H pe3YJIbTaTa KaKOM-JIH60 KOMaH,L(bI show. QT06bI ynpOCTHTb p a6 <YIY C KOHCOJIblO, nOJIb30BaTeJIb MO)!(eT HacTpoHTb KOMMYTaTOp Ta- KJtM 06pa30M, 'lT06b1 OH BbIBO.n:HJI CHCTeMHbIe C006Il{eHHH B nO.lIXOAfllllHe MOMembI BpeMe- HU, HanpuMep, nOCJIe Toro KaK KOMaHAa show OTpa60HUla, HJIH TaK, 'lT06bI He pa3pbIBaTb BBO.n:UMbIM TeKCT KOMaH,L( B npOH3BOJIbHOM MeCTe. HM HaCTpOMKa OCYIlleCTBJmeTCfI C nOMOIIIblO KOMaHAbI logging synchronous B no.n:pe)KHMe KOHqmrypHpoBaHHfI JIHHHM. MO)!(HO TalOKe c.n:eJIaTb UCnOJIb30BaHHe vtY-JIHHHM 60JIee y.n:06HbIM 3a C'leT YCTaHoBKH pa3JIH'lHbIX TaHM-aYTOB,l{.JUI KOHCOJIH HJIH vty. 06bI'lHO MapIIIpYTH3aTOp HJIH KOMMYTaTop aBToMaTH'leCKlI OTcoe.n:HHfleT nOJIb30BaTeJIeM OT YCTpoMcTBa, nOCJIe 'lero OHH 5 MHHYT He BbInOJIHfllOT HHKaKlIX .n:eMCTBHM (idle). 3TOT HmepBaJI o.n:HHaKOB,l{.JUI KOHCOJIbHOro no.n:- KJllO'leHHfI H rom vtY-JIHHHM (T.e. Telnet- H SSH-ceaHcoB). C nOMOlllblO KOMaH,L(bI exec- timeout MUHYTbl ceKYH,lZbl pe)!(HMa KOH!tmrypHpoBaHHfI JIHHHM MO)!(HO 3a.n:aTb pa3- JIH'lHbIe BpeMeHHbIe HHTepBaJIbI ,l{.JUI pa3HbIx JIHHHM. ECJIH YCTaHOBHTb B TaKoM KOMaH,L(e TaHM-ayr, paBHbIM 0 MHHYTaM H 0 CeKYHAaM, MaplllPYTH3aTOp HJIH KOMMYTaTOp He 6y.n:eT OTKJlIO'laTb nOJIb30BaTeJIeM OT COOTBeTCTBYJOllleM JIHHHH HHKor.n:a. B npHMepe 9.6 nOKa3aH CHHTaKCHC 06eHx KOMaH,L(. nplllMep 9.6. HacTpoMKa TaMM-ayroB M nOBeAeHMfI CMCTeMHblX C006LL1eHMM line console 0 login password cisco exec-timeout 0 0 logging synchronous HaCTpOMKa KOMMYTaTOpOB M ynpaBl1eHMe MMM OllHa H3 HaH60JIee y.n:06HbIX oc06eHHOCTeM KOMMYTaTopOB JIOKaJlbHbIX ceTeM KOMna- HItIt Cisco COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTO OHH He Tpe6YJOT HHKaKoro Ha'laJIbHOrO KOHcpHrypHpOBa- HItH. KOMMYTaTopbI Ha 3aBo.n:e HaCTpaHBalOTCfI TaKlIM 06pa30M, 'lTO Bce HHTepcpeMCbI BI<JIIO'lelibI (T.e. .lI.JIfi HHX BBe.n:eHa KOMaH,L(a no shutdown), Ha HHX HacTpoeHo aBTOCO- rIlacoBaliHe xapaKTepHCTHK, T.e. HHTepcpeMcbI MOryT pa60TaTb Ha pa3HbIx CKOpOCTfiX H C :3HbIMH pe)KHMaMH .n:yIIJIeKcHoCTH (B CTaH,L(apTHOM KOHcpHrypal.{HH .lI.JIfi Ka)KJJ;oro nopTa . a3alibI KOMaHllbI duplex auto H speed auto). Bce, 'lTO Tpe6yeTcfI OT ceTeBoro HH- A<eHepa _ po 3TO no.n:KJIIO'lHTb Ethemet-Ka6eJIH H BKJIlO'lHTb wHYP nHTaHHfI B HacTeHHYIO a.n. JeTtey. YCTpOHCTBO roTOBO K pa60Te - KOMMYTaTOp Ha'lHHaeT 06HapBaTb MAC- peca npHH v BaTb' HMaTb peweHHfI 06 oTnpaBKe HJIH cpHJIbTpal.{HH cppeHMoB H .n:IDKe HCnOJIb30- B npOTOKOJI STP, ....OTOpbIM CTaH,L(apTHo BKJIIO'leH. o BTOpOM 'la v B GeL> CTH .n:aHHOH maBbI npo.n:OJDKeHO onHcaHHe KOHcpHrypaUHH KOMMYTaTopoB, QOBHOM 3.1I.ec Ho He.lI.lIR b paCCMaTpHBalOTCfI CPYHKlJ.HH, xapaKTepHbIe HMeHHO.lJ)Ul KOMMYTaTopOB, MapwpyrH3aTopoB. HH)!(e no.n:p06HO 6y.n:yr paCCMOTpeHbI CJIe.lIYlOlllHe BonpOCbI: · KOW+' 'PltrypHpOBaHHe IP-a.n:peca KOMMYTaTopa; . KOHCPHrypHpOBaHHe UHTepcpeMCOB (B TOM 'lHCJIe YCTaHOBKa .n:ynrreKcHocTH It CKO- POCTIt) ;
296 '-IacTb II. KOMMyYal..l.Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJU( . KOH<pHrypHpoBaHUe TeXHOJIOrHH 6e30naCHOCTH nOpTOB (port security); . KOHqmrypHpoBaHUe CeTeH VLAN; . KaK C.n:eJIaTb HeHCnOJIb3yeMbIe HHTep<peHCbI 6e30naCHbIMH. KOHcluuYPMpOBaHMe IP-aApeca KOMMYTaTOpa I.JT06bI B YCTPOHCTBO MO:>KHO 6bIJIO nonaCTb C nOMOIl{blO npOTOKOJIOB (U npOrpaMM) Telnet H SSH, a TaIOKe pa3peIllHTb .n:ocT)'n .n:pyrHM IP-npOToKoJIaM ynpaBJIeHHfI B3aHMO- .n:eHCTBOBaTb C YCTPOHCTBOM. HanpHMep. npOCTOMY npOTOKOJIY ynpaBJIeHHfI CeTblO (Simple Network Management Protocol - SNMP), lIJIH 06eCne'lHTb pa60T)' HHCTp}'MeH- TOB C rpa<pH'leCKHM HHTep<peHcoM )J.Jlfl nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, HanpUMep, MeHeJ],)Kepa YCTpOHCTB KOMnaHHH Cisco (Cisco Device Manager - COM), Y KOMMYTaTOpa .n:OJDKeH 6b1Tb CBOH c06cTBeHHbIH IP-a.n:pec. TaKoH a.n:pec He Hy:>KeH KOMMYTaTOPY.lUUl TOro, 'lT06bl nepeHa- npaBJIflTb Ethernet-<ppeHMbI Me)l(.Q)' nopTaMH, OH Hy:>KeH TOJIbKO )J.Jlfl TOro, 'lT06bI HMeTb B03MO)KHOCTb C nOMOIllblO pa3JIH'lHbIX cpe.n:CTB ynpaBJIflTb caMHM YCTPOHCTBOM, Hanpu- Mep. 'lT06b1 6bIJI B03MO:>KeH y.n:aJIeHHblH .n:ocT)'n K HeMY. KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHe I P-a.n:peca KOMMYTaTopa O'leHb nOXO:>Ke Ha HaCTPOHK)' Y3J1a C e,l{ltH- CTBeHHOH ceTeBOM KapToM Ethernet. B KOMM)'TIlTope H)')ICHO CKOH<pHrypHpoBaTb O.n:HH IP- a.n:pec H COOTBeTCTByJOIllYIO eM)' MacK)'. YCTPOHCTBY TalOKe Hy:>KHO yKa3aTb CTaH.1IapnibIH IIIJII03, HJlH, .n:PYrHMH CJIOBaMH, a.n:pec HeKoToporo 6JIIDKaMIllero MapIllpYTH3aTopa. TO'lHO TaK :>Ke, KaK H B 06bI'lHOM KOMnblOTepe, a.n:pec YCTpOMCTBa MO:>KeT 6bITb CTaTH'leCKH 3a.IIaH B KOH<purypaI.{HU (a.n:pec, MaCKa H IIIJI103) HJIH nOJIyqeH OT npOTOKOJIa .n:HHaMH'leCKoro KOH- <pHrypHpOBaHHfI Y3JIa (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol- DHCP). B KOMMYTaTope no.n: ynpaBJIeHHeM Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco 10S a.n:pec IP 11 MaCKa ceTH 3a.n:aIOTCH Ha cneu.HaJIbHOM BUpT)'aJIbHOM HHTep<peMce, Ha3bIBaeMOM UHmep- rjJeucoM cemu VLAN 1. OH HrpaeT T)':>Ke caMyJO pOJIb, 'lTO H Ethernet-HHTep<peMc nepco- HaJIbHOro KOMnblOTepa. B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH BHpT)'aJIbHbIM HHTep<peMc ceTH VLAN 1 co- e.n:UHfieT Bce nopTbI YCTpoHcTBa H caMO YCTPOMCTBO co CTaH,L(apTHOM BHpT)'aJIbHOH JIO- KaJIbHOM ceTblO, Ha3bIBaeMoM, 'lTO BnOJIHe O'leBHAHO, ceTblO VLAN I. 3Ta ceTb Bcer.na npHCYTCTByeT B YCTPOMCTBe H ee HeJIb3f1 y.n:aJIHTb. HU:>Ke nepe'lHCJIeHbI :nanbI KOH<PUry- pHpOBaHHSI I P-a.n:peca YCTPOHCTBa. 3Tan 1. nepeMTH B pe:>KHM KOH<pHrypUpOBaHHfI ceTH VLAN 1 C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,L(bI interface vlan 1 H3 pe:>KHMa rJI06aJIbHOro KOH<pHry- pHpoBaHHfI ycrpoMcTBa. 3Tan 2. npHCBOHTb IP-a,apec H MacK)' C nOMOIl{blO KOMaHAbI ip address ip-ap,pec MaCKa B no.n:pe:>KHMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<p eHca . 3Tan 3. BKJIlO'lHTb BUpT)'aJIbHbIM uHTep<peMc ceTU VLAN 1 C nOMOIllblO KOMaHJ1bI nO shutdown B no.n:pe:>KUMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<p eMca . ...",1-1- 3Tan 4. YKa3aTb CTaH.1IapTHbIH IIIJII03 YCTpoHcTBa B pe)KHMe rJI06aJIbHoro KOH<pJt1JI"' pOBaHHfI C nOMOIllblO KOMaH.1IbI ip default-gateway ip-ap,pec. Batl1-l Si B npHMepe 9.7 npOHJIJIIOCTPupOBaH onHcaHHblH BblIlle npou.ecc KOH<pHryPUPO a.n.peca. .... eM8
rl1aBa 9. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMyYaTopoB 297 - npMMep 9.7. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe CTaTM"IeCKOrO IP-AApeca KOMMyraTopa Emma#configure terminal Emma(confi9)#interface vlan 1 Emma(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.200 255.255.255.0 Emma(config-if)#no shutdown 00:25: 07 : %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interfce VIanI, changed state to up 00:25:08: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Lne protocol on Interface VIanI, changed state to up Emma(config-if)#exit Emma(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1 npUBe.n:eHHbIH BbIIIIe npHMep, CJ1en.ycr 3aMeTUTb, cnpaBeMHB)J)UI JII060ro HHTeP<t>eHca, B .n:aHHOM cJIy'Iae KOH<t>HrypHpycrCfI BHp1yaJIbHbIH HHTep<f:>eHc Cent VIAN I. 4T06bI aaMHHH- crpaTllBHO BKJlIO'-IHTb HHTep<f:>eHC Maprnpyrn3aTOpa HJIH KOMMYffiTopa, He06xo,l{HMO BBeCTH KOMaHllY no shutdown. QT06bI aaMHHHcTpaTHBHo OTKJIlO'lHTb - KOMan.n:y shutdown B no.n:pe)l(HMe KOH<t>HrYPHpoBaHHfI HHTep<t>eHca. Co06IlleHHfI. KOTopble nOflBJISIIOTCfI (CM. npHMep 9.7), cpa3Y )l(e nOCJIe KOMan.n:bI no shutdown, npe.n:CTaBJISIIOT C060H CHCTeM- HbIe coo6Il{eHHSI (syslog) H CHrHaJIH3Hpy1OT 0 TOM, 'lTO HHTepct>eHC ycneIIIHo BKJlI04HJICfI. 4T06bl npOBepUTb KOH<t>HrypaI.{HIO, MO)l(HO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCfI KOMaH.n:oH show running-config' H npocMOTpeTb, npaBHJIbHO JIH BBelleHbI KOH<t>HrypaUHoHHble KOMaH- D:bI, B 4aCTHOCTH, npaBHJIbHO JIH YKa3aH IP-a.n:pec, MaCKa H aapec cTan.n:apTHoro 1llJI103a. ECJ1H Tpe6yeTcfI CKOHct>HrypHpoBaTb KOMMyraTop B pe)l(HMe DHCP-KJIHeHTa. 'lT06bI ero aapec, MaCKa no.n:ceTH H aapec cTan.n:apTHoro IIIJII03a YCTaHaBJIHBaJIHCb aBTOMaTH4e- ClOt, TO H}')KH0 U3MeHHTb KOH<t>HrypauulO YCTpoHcTBa. npH KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHuH He06xo- D:HMO BbInOJIHUTb Te )l(e caMbIe nflTb :nanoB, KOTopbIe yxa3aHbI BbIIIIe, TOJIbKO 3TanbI 2 H 4 6y.n:yr OTJIH4aTbCSI. man 2. BMecTO KOMaHlIbI ip address a.npec CJIe.n:yeT MSI HHTep<t>eHca VLAN UCn0J1b30BaTb KOMaHlIY ip address dhcp. man 4. B pe)KUMe m06aJJbHoH KOH<t>HrypauHH YCTpOHCTBa KOMaH.a}' ip defaul t- gateway ip-a.npec BBO.n:HTb He H}')KHO. npHMep 9.8 HJIJllOcTpupyeT KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHe YCTpOHCTBa C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM npo- TOKOJIa DHCP. np"Mep 9.8. AMHaM""IeCKafi YCTaHOBKa IP-AApeca C nOMOLLlblO npOToKona DHCP Emma#configure terminal E lter c f . E. on guration commands one P er line. End with CNTL/Z. .'Ta (Conf' ) , E g #interface vlan 1 E.,::onfg-if)#iP address dhcp F Onf9-if)#no shutdown E. na(config_if)#AZ '1I!na# n 38: 20. % ):38:21: LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface VIanI, changed state to up an . %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface VIanI, ged state to up ----- JJY'tUJe ucn 'Ia dJ/u OJ/b306amb KOMaHiJy show running-config interface vlan 1 ClLMa KOMaH- HHee HO l111Je p .J. . ' OHa 6b/600um He 6CIO KOHrjJUi!ypau,ulO ycmpoucm6a, a mOJ/bKO KOHrjJu.?ypau,ulO HY:J/CHOi!O opeUC Q n . - pHMe'J. pen:.
.... 298 '-IacTb II. KOMMyTal.l.Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX Emma# Interface VIanI assigned DHCP address 192.168.1.101, mask 255.255.255.0 Emma#show dhcp lease Temp IP addr: 192.168.1.101 for peer on Interface: VIanI Temp sub net mask: 255.255.255.0 DHCP Lease server: 192.168.1.1, state: 3 Bound DHCP transaction id: 1966 Lease: 86400 secs, Renewal: 43200 secs, Rebind: 75600 secs Temp default-gateway addr: 192.168.1.1 Next timer fires after: 11:59:45 Retry count: 0 Client-ID: cisco-0019.e86a.6fcO-Vll Hostname: Emma Emma#show interface v1an 1 VIanI is up, line protocol is up Hardware is EtherSVI, address is 0019.e86a.6fcO (bia 0019.e86a.6fcO) Internet address is 192.168.1.101/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 OCTanbHaR MHopMauMR onymeHa nOCJ1e TOro KaK YCTpOi1:CTBO CKOHqJHrypHpoBaHO co CTaTH'leCKHM IP-aJIpecOM, aJIpec MO:>KHO nOCMO'rpeTb C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI show running-config. ECJ1u:>Ke KOMMYTa- TOp nOJIyqaeT aJIpec no npOTOKOJIY DHCP, TO B TeKYIllei1: KOHqJHrypaUHH OH He oT06pa- :>KaeTCfI. 4T06bI YBHAeTb TaKOH apeHAOBaHHbIH (BpeMeHHbIH) aJIpec H .n:onOJlHHTeJ1bHbIe napaMe'rpbl, H)')KHO BBeCTH KOMaHAY show dhcp lease. BHMMAHMEI HeKOTopbIe cTapbIe Mon:eJut KOMMYTaTOpOB C YCTapeBIIIeH onepamtoHHOH CUCTCMOH Cisco IOS MOryr He nOlI.llep:>KItBaTb <l>YHKUItIO DHCP-KJllteHTa Ha ItHTep<l>eHce VLAN I. B npltMepe 9.8 6bIJI UCnOJlbJOBaH KOMMYTaTOp MOlleJlIt 2960 C onepaUItOHHOH CItCTeMOH IOS BepC1t1t 12.2. B nOCJ1e.n:HeH 'laCTH npHMepa 9.8 nOKa3aH pe3YJIbTaT BbInOnHeHHfI KOMaH.n:bl show interface vlan 1, B KOTOpOM BbmeJ1eHbI .n:Be Hau60JIee BIDKHbIe C'rpOKH, cBfl3aHHbIe C aJIpeCaUHeH KOMMYTaTopa. B nepBoH BbmeJIeHHOH c'rpoKe oT06pa:>KaeTCfI COCTOflHHe ItH- Tep<t>ei1:ca VLAN I, B }:IaHHOM cJ1yqae 3TO "up and up" (aKTHBeH H aKTHBeH). ECJ1H HHTeP- <t>ei1:c BHPTYaJIbHOH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH HeaKTHBeH, KOMMYTaTOp He MO:>KeT OTnpaBJIflTb U npUHHMaTb 'rpa<t>HK nocpellCTBOM cBoero I P-aJIpeca. TaKafi CUTYaUltfi MO:>KeT 6blTb B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIU CHCTeMHblH aJIMHHHC'rpaTOp 3a6bIJI BBeCTH KOMaHlI)' no shutdown, a BUP- TYaJIbHbIi1: HHTep<t>ei1:c CTaHAapTHO Haxo.n:HTCH B BbIKJIlO'leHHOM COCTOflHHIt H B pe3YJ1bTaTe BbIIIIeyx:a3aHHOH KOMaHAbl 6y.n:eT oT06pa:>KaTbCfI HaJInHCb "administratively down" (aJIMUHHCTpaTHBHo BbIKJII04eH). 06paTHTe TalOKe BHHMaHHe Ha cJ1e.n:yJOIl{yJO BbmeJ1eH- HYIO C'rpOKY ('rpeTbfl CTpOKa BbIBO.n:HMOi1: KOMaHAOH HH<t>opMauHH). EcnH IP-aJIpec nO Ka- KOH-TO npH'lHHe He 6bIJI nOJIyqeH 'lepe3 npOTOKOJI DHCP, B 3TOH C'rpOKe BMeCTO aJIpeca 6YlleT npHCYTCTBOBaTb HaJInHCb 0 TOM, 'lTO "aJIpec 6YlleT Ha3Ha'leH npOTOKOJIOM DHCP". KaK TOJIbKO aJIpec ycneIIIHo nOJIy'IeH, pe3YJIbTaT BbInOJlHeHHfI KOMaHAbI 6y.n:eT noXO)f( Ha nOKa3aHHbIH B npHMepe 9.8. TeM He MeHee H3 oT06pa:>KaeMoi1: C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH.n: bI show interface vlan 1 HH<t>opMaUHH HeJ1b3f1 onpe.n:eJIHTb, 6bIJI YCTaHOBJIeH a,npec CTaTH'leCKH HJIH nOJIyqeH llHHaMH4eCKH OT DHCP-cepBepa.
.........- rnasa 9. KOH4>MrypMposaHMe Ethernet-KOMMyTaTOpOS 299 KOHcI>l>1rypl>1pOBaHl>1e I>1HTepcl>ecoB KOMMYTaTOpa B onepauHoHHoH CHCTeMe Cisco IOS HCnOJIb3yeTcfI Ha3BaHHe uHmeprjJeuc (interface) ,!IJlfl 0603Ha'-leHHfI JII060ro <pH3H'leCKoro nopma, nepeCbIJIalOIllero .n:aHHble OT O.n:HHX YCT- pOHCTB K .n:pyrHM. 06bI'lHO 06a TepMHHa HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI KaK CHHOHHMbl H B .n:aJIbHei1:IlleM TaK H 6yAYT HCnOJlb30BaTbCfI BO Bcei1: KHHre. )!nfl HHTep<peHcoB MOryr 6bITb 3a.n:aHbl pa3- HbIe HeCOBna.n:aJOIllue HaC'TpOHKH. B onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMe Cisco IOS Mfl KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<pei1:coB HCnOJIb- 3YeTCfI CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHblH pe)f(HM KOH<pUrypHpOBaHHfI HHTep<peHca, Ha3bIBaeMblH 06bI'lHO no.n:pe)f(HMOM HHTep<pei1:ca. HanpHMep, B TaKOM no.n:pe)f(HMe MOryr 6bITb HCnOJIb- 30BaHbI KOMaHAbI duplex H speed Mfl CTaTH'-IeCKOrO yJ<a3aHHfI HacTpoeK nopTa HJIH MO)f(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI aBTOMaTH'leCKOe OnpelleJIeHHe CKOpOCTH H .ayrrneKcHocTH (3TO CTaHAapTHafi HaC'TpOHKa). B npHMepe 9.9 npOHJlJIIOC'TpHpOBaH npouecc HaC'TpOHKH .n:yn- JIeKCHOCTH H CKOpOCTH, a TaIOKe HCnOJIb30BaHHe KOMaHAbI description (onHcaHHe), KOTOpafl npocTo 3a.n:aeT HeKoTopoe TeKCTOBOe onHcaHHe HHTep<pei1:cy, 'lT06bI 6bIJIO no- HS1THO ero Ha3Ha'leHue. npHMep 9.9. 6a30Bble HacTpoMKH HHTePcl>eMca Emma#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Emma(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/1 Emma(config-if)#duplex full Emma(config-if)#speed 100 Emma(config-if)#description Serverl connects here Emma (config-if) #exit Emma(config)#interface range FastEthernet 0/11 - 20 mma(config-if-range)#description end-users connect here Emma(config-if-range)#A Z Emma# Emma#show interfaces status Port Name Status Type FaO/1 Serverl connects h not connect 10/100BaseTX FaO/2 10/100BaseTX FaO/3 10/l00BaseTX FaO/4 10/100BaseTX FaO/S 10/100BaseTX FaO/6 10/l00BaseTX FaO/? lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/ a lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/9 10/100BaseTX FaO/lO O/lOOBaseTX Vlan Duplex Speed 1 full 100 not connect 1 auto auto not connect I auto auto connected 1 a-full a-IOO not connect I auto auto connected I a-full a-lOO not connect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect 1 auto auto
300 '-IacTb II. KOMMyTal.l.Mft B nOKMbHblX ceTSI)( -- FaO/ll end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/12 end-users connect not connect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/13 end-users connect not connect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/14 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/15 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/16 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/17 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/18 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/19 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/20 end-users connect notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/21 notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/22 notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/23 not connect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/24 not connect 1 auto auto lO/lOOBaseTX GiO/l notconnect 1 auto auto lO/lOO/lOOOBaseTX GiO/2 not connect 1 auto auto lO/lOO/lOOOBaseTX KaK HMeHHO CKOHqJM:rypHpOBaHbI HHTep<peMCbI, MO)f(HO Y3HaTb C nOMOIl{blO KOMaHlIbI show running-config (oHa B npHMepe He nOKa3aHa), a KpaTK)'IO HH<PoPMaUItJO MO)f(HO npOCMOTpeTb C nOMOlliblO KOMaH,l{bl show interfaces status. Pe3YJlbTaT BbmOJIHeHHfI nOCJIe.n:HeM - KopoTKafi cTpoKa HH<popMau.Hu npo Ka)I(,l{bIM HHTep<peHc. B nepBoM qaCTH KOTOpOM eCTb 'laCTb onHcaHHfI HHrep<peMca (eCJIH OHO BBe.n:eHo), BO BTO- pOH - OT06pIDKalOTCfI HaCTpOMKH llynJIeKCHOCTH U CKOpOCTH. 06paTHTe BHHMaHue, qTO B npHMepe 9.9 J].JIfi HHTep<peMca FastEthernet 0/1 (B BbIBo.n:e KOMaH,l{bI OH nHIIIeTCfI cOKpa- IlleHHO - Fa Oil) oT06paJKaeTCfI YCTaHOBKa CKOpOCTH 100 H .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH full (.n:YllJIeKCHbIM pe)l(HM), qTO COOTBeTcTByeT BBe.n:eHHbIM KOH<pHrypauHoHHbIM KOMaH1laM. MO)f(HO cpaBHHTb era HacTpOHKH C napaMeTpaMH HHrep<peMca Fa 0/2, KOTOpblH nOKa HHK}'.n:a He no.n:KJIlOqeH, H Mbl YBWIHM, 'lTO OT06paJKacrcfI B 060HX nOJlflX 3Ha'leHite "auto", KOTopoe 0603Ha'laeT aBTOCOrJIaCOBaHHe napaMeTpOB JIHHHH. AHaJlOrHqHO, MO)l(- HO cpaBHHTb nepBbIH H BTO p Oi1 HHTe p <peMCbI C no p TOM Fa 0/4, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJllOqeHO TOSl- KaKoe-TO YCTpOMCTBO H npouecc aBTocomaCOBaHHfI Y)I(e 3aBepIIIlIJICSI. no cTpOKe cOC ItJi HHfI HHTep<peHca MO)f(HO onpe.n:eJIHTb, qTO B pe3YJIbTaTe aBTOMaTHqecKoro comacOBaH I . P a60 Tb , napaMeTpOB 6bIJIH YCTaHOBJIeHbI CKOpOCTb B 100 M6HT/C H .n:ynJIeKCHbIH pe)l(}lM 1 06 3TOM CBH.n:eTeJIbCTByeT npHCTaBKa a- B COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{HX nOJIflx: a-100 11 a- fu1 U CJIe.n:ycr TaIOKe 06paTHTb BHHMaHlte, qTO B onepaUItOHHOH CHcreMe J].JIfi y.n:06HOll w 60JIee 3<p<peKTHBHOH pa60TbI eCTb B03MO)KHOCTb KOH<pHrypHpOBaTb cpa3Y .n:Hana30 H lite rep<peMcoB C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH,l{bI interface range. B npHBe.n:eHHoM BbIIIIe npllr.
- a 9 KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMyYaTopoB rl1aB . 301 e KOMaH.lla interface range FastEthernet 0/11 - 20 UHCTpYKTupyeT onepa- UOHHYJO cHcTeMY IOS 0 TOM, 'lTO Bce nOCJIe.n:YIOIl{He KOMan.n:bI 6y.n:YT npHMeHflTbCfI K HH- Tep4>eHcaM C Fa 0/1] no Fa 0/20. TeXHOnOn1S1 6e30naCHOCTM nOpTOB ECJIH ceTeooM UH)KeHep TO'lHO 3HaeT, KaKHe KOHKpeTHO YCTpofkTBa 6y.n:YT no.n:KJIIO'le- HbI Ka6eJIfiMU K KaKHM HHTep<peMcaM KOMMYTaTopa, OH MO)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTb peJICUM 6e30nacHocmu (port security).D.JIfi cooTBeTcTBYIOIl{HX nopTOB, TOJIbKO YKa3aHHbIe YCTpOHCT- Ba CMOryI' nepe.n:aBaTb .n:aHHbIe 'lepe3 TaKHe nopTbI KOMMYTaTopa. 3Ta TeXHOJIorHfI 3aMeT- HO CHU)I(aeT Yfl3BHMOCTb ceTH K onpe.n:eJIeHHbIM THnaM xaKepCKHX aTaK, KOma 3JIOYMbIIll- neHHHK no.n:KJlIO'laeT CBOM HOyroYK K HaCTeHHOH KOMnblOTepHOM p03eTKe H nOJIyqaeT .n:ocryn K CeTH KOMnaHHU. Kor.n:a TaKoe "HeJIeraJIbHOe" YCTPOHCTBO nona,aaeT B ceTb U nbITaeTCfI ompaBHTb <ppeHMbI 'lepe3 HHTep<peHC KOMMYTaTOpa, OH reHepHpyeT HH<popMa- UHOHHbIe co06IlleHUfI, oT6paCbIBaeT <ppeMMbI 3JlOYMbIIIIJIeHHHKa HJIH lla)l(e oT6paCbIBaeT a6COJIIOTHO Bce <ppeMMbI OT Bcex YCTpOHCTB, T.e. npOCTO BbIKJlIO'laeT COOTBeTCTBYJOIllUH nopT KOMMYTaTopa. KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe 6e30naCHoro pe)KHMa pa60TbI nopTa COCTOHT H3 HeCKOJIbKHX 3TanOB. npe)l(J]:e Bcero, H}')KHO nepeBeCTH nopT B pe)l(HM 1l0CTYlla (access, T.e. nopT CJIY- JlGiT IDIfi nOllKJIlO'leHHfI nOJIb30BaTeJ1eM), CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, nopT He 6YJIeT pa60taTb B pe- )l(HMe MaruCTpaJIbHOro KaHaJIa (trunk) .lI.JIfi coe.n:HHeHUfi CeTeH VLAN. D,aJIee. H}')KHO BKJIIO'JHTb 6e30nacHbIM pe)KHM pa60TbI nopTa 6e3 KaKHX-JIH60 HacTpoeK, a nOTOM - YKa- 3aTb MAC-a,apeca YCTpOMCTB, KOTopble MOryr HCnOJIb30BaTb 3TOT nopT .lUUI nepe.n:a'JH ,l{aHHbIX. B npuBe.n:eHHoM HH)I(e cnHCKe onHcaHbI OCHOBHble 3TanbI KOH<purypHpOBaHUS1 6e30nacHoro pe)KHMa pa60TbI H nOKa3aHbI KOMan.n:bI KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI KOMMYTaTopa. 3Tan l. :han2. 3Tan 3. :han 4. an Sa. npe)l(J]:e Bcero CJ1e.n:yeT nepeBeCTH HHTep<peHc B pe)l(UM .n:OCTYlla K t::.::..Ba ceTH (access) C nOMOIllblO KOMan.n:bl switchport mode access ,eMa no.n:pe)l(HMa KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI uHTep<PeHca. He06xo.n:HMo BKJllO'lHTb pe)l(HM 6e30nacHocTH nopTa C nOMOIl{blO KOMaHllbI switchport port-security B no.n:pe)l(HMe KOH<pHrypupoBaHHS1 HHTep- <peHca. YKa3aTb MaKCHMaJIbHOe KOJIH'leCTBO pa3peIIIeHHbIX MAC-anpecoB .D.JIfi HH- TeP<t>eHca C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH.LO>I switchport port-security maximum tIMCJIO B no.n:pe)KHMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca. CTan.n:apTHo pa3pe- IlleH O.n:liH MAC-a,apec. (He06f13arenbHbIH 3Tan.) YKa3aTb, KaKoe .n:eHCTBHe 6y.n:eT BbInOJIHflTb KOMMYTaTop npH HapYIIIeHHH pe- )l(HMa 6e30nacHOCTH (HanpHMep, <ppeHM nOJIy'leH OT MAC-a,apeca, KOTOpblH OT- cyrc-rnYeT B Ta6J1Hl.{e) C nOMOIl{b1O KOMaH1U>I switchport port-security violation {protect I restrict I shutdown} B no.n:pe)KHMe KOH- <PHrypHpOBaHHfI HHTep<peMca. CTan.n:apTHafi HacTpOMKa npe.n:nOJIaraeT BbIKJlIO- 'leHHe HHTep<peHca - shutdown. (He06f13aTeJIbHbIH 3Tan.) YKa3aTb MAC-a,apec (a,apeca), C KOTOpOro pa3peIIIeHo OTnpaBJIflTb <ppeHMbl 'lepe3 .n:aHHbIH HHTep<peHc C nOMOIllblO ICOKaH swi tchport port-security mac-address mac-a.zrpec. 3T)' KOMaHllY MO)l(HO BBO-
302 '-IacTb II. KOMMyTa4 Mft B nOKanbHblX ceTSIX .n:HTb HeCKOJIbKO pa3 C pa3HblMI1 a.n:pecaMH, eCJlH H)')KHO YKa3aTb 60Jlee 'leM O.n:HH a.n:pec. 3Tan 56. B Ka'leCTBe aJIbTepHaTHBbI 3Tany Sa MO)KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb aBTOMaTH'lecKQe 06Hap}')KeHHe MAC-a.n:pecoB (sticky learning) Mfl no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIX K KOMMy_ TaTOpy Y3JIOB C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbI swi tchport port - securi ty mac- address sticky no.n:pe)KJtMa KOH<pHrypl1pOBaHHfI HHTep<peHca. Ha pl1C. 9.2 npOHJIJlIOC'rpHpOBaHa cHlyauHfI, Koma TOJIbKO CepBep 1 U CepBep 2 MOryr no.n:KJlIO'laTbCfI K HHTep<peHcaM FastEthernet 0/1 H 0/2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. ECJlu CKOH<PI1IY- pHpoBaH pe)KJtM 6e30nacHocTH Mfl TaKHX HHTep<peHcoB, KOMMYTaTOp npOBepHeT MAC- a.n:pec OTnpaBHTeJIfi MH Bcex <ppeHMoB, KOTopble OH nOJIY'laeT Ha 3THX nopTax, H nponyc- KaeT TOJIbKO <ppeHMbI Mfl CKOH<pHrypHpoBaHHbIx B HHTep<peHce KOMaHllHoH C'rpOKH a.u- peCOB. B npHMepe 9.10 nOKa3aHa KOH<pHrypauHfi Mfl pHc.9.2; Mfl HHTep<peHca FaO/1 MAC-a.n:pec yJ<a3aH flBHO B KOH<pHrypauHH, a Mfl FaO/2 HCnOJIb3yeTcH aBTOMant'leCKOe 06Hap}')KeHHe. ..-.-- ----. - FaO/1 CepBep 1 0200.1111.1111 FaO 2 CepBep 2 0200.2222.2222 FaO 3 PeBI-I30p 1-13 - HaIlOroBOi1 FaO 4 . -J n0J1b30BaTeJ1b 1 PUC. 9.2. flpUMep UCnOAb306aHUJ/ pe:JICUMa 6e30naCHocmu npHMep 9.10.l>1cn0l1b30BaHHe pe>KHMa 6e30nacHocTH AI1f1 YKa3aHHfI pa3peweHHbix MAC-a,qpecoB AI1f1 HHTeP4>etllCOB fred#show running-config ! (QacTb KOHrypau onyeHa nnR KpaTKocT) interface FastEthernetO/1 switchport mode access switchport port-security switchport port-security mac-address 0200.1111.1111 ! interface FastEthernetO/2 switchport mode access switchport port-security switchport port-security mac-address sticky fred#show port-security interface fastEthernet 0/1 Port Security Enabled Port Status Secure-shutdown Violation Mode Shutdown Aging Time 0 mins Aging Type Absolute SecureStatic Address Aging Disabled Maximum MAC Addresses 1 Total MAC Addresses 1
a 9 KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KOMMyTaTOpOB rl1aB . 303 - f ' 9 ured MAC Addresses 1 con , ky MAC Addresses 0 StC S ource Address:Vlan 0013.197b.5004:1 Last , . rity Volaton Count : 1 Sec u ' t ' t f f h 0/2 fred#sho w port-secur1 y 1n er ace astEt ernet t S ecurity Enabled por port StatuS Secure-up Violation Mode Shudown Aging Time 0 mns Aging Type . solute secureStatic Address Agng Dsabled Maximum MAC Addresses 1 Total MAC Addresses 1 configured MAC Addresses 1 Sticky MAC Addresses 1 Last Source Address:Vlan 0200.2222.2222:1 Security Violation Count 0 fred#show running-config ! 4acTb KOHrypau onyeHa nnH KpaTKocT interface FastEthernetO/2 switchport mode access switchport port-security switchport port-security mac-address sticky switchport port-security mac-address sticky 0200.2222.2222 LlnSi HHTep<pei1:ca FastEthernet 0/1 MAC-a.n:pec CepBepa I 3a.n:aH C nOMOIllblO KOMaH- lIbI switchport port-security mac-address 0200.1111.1111 B npHMepe. lJT06bI pe)I(HM 6e30naCHOCTH 3apa6OTaJI, KOMMYTaTOp Mo.n:eJIH 2960 .n:OJl)f(eH HCnOJlb30- BaTh COOTBeTCTBYJOWHH HHTep<peHC B pe)f(HMe .n:OCTYlla K ceTH, T.e. .n:OlDKHa 6bITb yJ<a3aHa KOMaHAa switchport mode access. LI.aJIee, H}')KHO BKJIlO'lHTb pe)I(HM 6e30nacHocTH Ha ItHTep<pei1:ce C nOMOWblO KOMaH.lI.bI switchport port-security. YKa3aHHbIe TPH KOMaHAbl no.n:pe)I(HMa KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<pei1:ca BKJIlO'lalOT pe)I(HM 6e30nacHocTH l1.l1S1 KOHKpeTHora nopTa H pa3peIIIalOT nepe.n:aBaTb <ppeHMbI TOJIbKO C MAC-a.n:pecoM OT- npaBHTeJIfi 0200.1111.1111. Bce OCTIU1bHbIe HaCTPOHKH OCTalOTCfI CTaH.lI.apTHbIMU, CJIellO- BaTeJIbHO, TOJIbKO O.n:HH BHeUJHHH MAC-a.n:pec .n:OJDKeH 6bITb B Ta6JIHue HHTep<pei1:ca, H nopT 6y.n:eT BbIKJIIO'leH, eCJIH 6y.n:eT nOJIY'leH <ppei1:M C .n:pyruM a.n:peCOM OTnpaBHTeJIfi (T.e. B HeM 6YlleT CTOfITb JI1060i1: a.n:pec, KpOMe 0200.IIII.lIII). lJ)UI HHTep<pei1ca FastEthernet 0/2 ucnOJIb3yeTcfI <PYHKUHfI, Ha3bIBaeMafi 6e30nacHbIM aemOMamulteCKUM o6HapY:J#CeHueM MAC-aiJpeco8. B KOH<pHrypauHH OnfITb npHCYTCTBYJOT KOMaHlIbI . h . . SW1tC port mode access H sW1tchport port-secur1ty, nOCKOJIbK)' OHH H}')KHbI .lIJIR pa60Tbi TeXHOJIOrHH 6e30nacHocTH nopTa. KOMaH.lI.a swi tchport Port-security mac-address sticky UHCTpYKTHPye-r KOMMYffiTOP 0 TOM, 'lTO MAC- n 11 0 peca YCTpoikTB .n:01DKHbl 6bITb aBTOMaTH'leCIGt onpe.n:eJIeHbI H3 nepBoro npHIlle.n:IIIera B PT<p C Tp peHMa. TaKHe a.n:peca B .n:aJIbHei1:IlleM .n:06aBJIfl1OTCfI B Ta6JIHI.{y 6e30naCHbIX )])IfI OHCTBa u "n p .. B TeKYIl{YJO KOH<pHrypaUHIO. LI.pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, MAC-a.n:pec KaK 6bI HJJHnae " ( . ks liepy T stlC ) K HHTep<pei1cy H KOH<pHrypau.HU, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, ceTeBOMY HH)f(e- B lie H}')KHO era HCKaTb H BBO.n:HTb BpyqHYIO. bIBOll KO KOIiItJ MaHllbl show running-config B nepBoi1 'laCTH npHMepa 9.10 co.n:ep)f(HT Ie n p HTypal.{HIO.lIJUi HHTep<peHca FaO/2.n:0 aBTOMaTH'leCKoro 06Hap}')KeHHSI a.n:peca. B KOH- HMepa n aH . OKa3aHa Ta )f(e caMM KOMaH.lI.a, HO }')Ke nOCJIe 06Hap}')KeHHfI, co.n:ep)f(aIl{M llY sw 1tchport port-security mac-address sticky 0200.2222.2222
304 '-IacTb II. KOMMyYal..l.Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX no.n:pe)KHMa KOH(lmrypHpoBaHHfI HHrep<peHCa, KOTOpafl 6blJIa .n:06aBJIeHa KOMMYTaTOpOM aBTOMaTU'leCKH. ECJ1H H}')KHO, 'lT06bl B .n:aJIbHeHIIIeM HCnOJIbJOBaJICfI TOJIbKO MAC-a.apec 0200.2222.2222 Mfl .n:aHHoro HHreP<t>eHca, CJIe.n:yeT coxpaHHTb TeKyIUYIO KOH<pHrypaI.{HIO KaK pe3epBHYJO C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH,l{bI copy running-config startup-config. B npUMepe 9.10 TalOKe nOKa3aHO, 'lTO Mfl HHTep<peHca FastEthernet 0/1 npOH301IIJI0 HapYIlleHHe pe}K}fMa 6e30naCHOCTU (security violation), a C HHTepcpeHcoM Fast Ethernet 0/2 BCeBnOPflAKe.KoMaHAa show port-security interface fastethernet 0/1 nOKa3bIBaeT COCTOflHHe HHTep<peHca secure-shutdown. OH BbIKJIIO'-IeH pe)!(HMOM 6e30nacHocTH, 'lTO CHrHaJIH3upyeT 0 TOM, '-ITO B HHTep<peHce 6blJIa np06JIeMa C 6e30nac- HOCTblO H OH 6bIJI OTKJIlO'leH COOTBeTCTBYJOIlleH CJ1}')K60H. HanpHMep, B HHrep<peHC FaO/1 KOMMYTaTopa npHIIIeJ1 <ppeHM. MAC-a.apec OTnpaBUTeJIfi KOTOpOro 6blJ1 He paBeH 0200.1111.1111, H npOU30IIIJIO HapYIlleHHe pe)!(HMa 6e30nacHocTH. KOMMYTaTOp MO)!(eT BbmOJ1HflTb OllHO U3 'rpex lleHcTBHH B curyaUHH, Kor.n:a HapYIIIaeT- CfI pe}K}fM 6e30naCHOCTH Mfl nopTa. Bce 'rpH .n:eHcTBHfI npHBe.n:YT K TOMY, 'lTO KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:eT oT6pacbIBaTb no.n:03pHTeJ1bHbIe <ppeHMbI, HO C nOMOIllblO KOH<pHrypaUHoHHbIX KOMaH,l{ MO)!(HO YKa3aTb .n:onOJ1HHTeJIbHble B03MO)((}{OCTH. )],onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe <PYHKI.{HH BKJIlO'lalOT B ce6f1 B03MO)KHOCTb OTnpaBKH co06IlleHHfI B CHCTeMHbIH )!(YPHaJI (syslog) H KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT, a TalOKe OTnpaBKY C006Il{eHHfI SNMP-npepbIBaHHfI (trap) CTaHUHH ynpaBJIeHHfI ceTblO, KOma KOMMYTaTOp OTKJIlO'lacr HHTep<peHc-HapYIIIHTeJ1b (TaK Ha3bI- BaeMoe C06bITHe err-disable - OTKJIlO'leHUe no oIllH6Ke). B .n:eHcTBHTeJ1bHOCTH Onl.{HSI shutdown pe)!(HMa 6e30nacHoCTH nOp1'a nepeBo.n:HT ero B pe)l(HM err-disable, T.e. B HeHC- nOJ1b3yeMoe COCTOSlHHe. nOpT B COCTOflHHH err-disable 'rpe6yeT BBo.n:a KOMaH,l{bI shutdown, a 3aTeM no shutdown.lJ)Ul nepeKJIlO'leHHfI ero B pe)!(JtM HOpMaJIbHOH pa60TbI. B Ta6JI. 9.4 nepe'lHCJIeHbI napaMeTpbI KOMaH.n:bI swi tchport port - securi ty violation. a TaIOKe YKa3aHbI cooTBeTcTBYIOIllHe HM .n:eHcTBHfI KOMMYTaTopa. CB8 Ta6JIHua 9.4. )J,eHcTBHH KOMMyraTopa npH HapyrneHHH pe)KHMa 6e30nacHocTH eMa napaMeTp/)J,eitcTBHe YCl'pOHCTBa npH HapyweHHH pe1KllMa 6e30naCHOCTH OT6pacblBaHHe nOll03pHTeJlbHOrO TpaqmKa OrnpaBKa coo6lUeHHJI B CHCTeMHblit >K}'PHaJI H 'Jepe3 npOTOKOJl SNMP BbIKJIIO'JeHHe HHTep$dlca H 6J10KHpOBaHHe Beero Tpa$HKa 3auUITa (Protect) Lla HeT OrpaHlt'leHHe (Restrict) Lla Lla BblKJIIO'IeHHe (Shutdown, CTaapTHOelleHCTBHe) Lla Lla HeT HeT Lla KOHcI>l>1rypl>1pOBaHl>1e CeTeM VLAN I1Hrep<peHcbI KOMMyraTopoB KOMnaHHH Cisco MOryr pa60TaTb B .n:BYX pe)!(JtMax: B pe- )l(HMe .n:ocryna K ceTH (access) H B pe)!(JtMe MarHc'rpaJIbHoro nopTa (trunk). no onpe.n: eJle - HHIO HHTep<peHcbl B pe)!(JtMe .n:ocryna K ceTH MOryr npHHHMaTb H OTnpaBJIflTb <ppei1MbI TOJIbKO Mfl OllHOH ceTH VLAN, KOTOPYIO Ha3bIBalOT 6upmYaJIbHou /lOKaJlbHOU cemblO ooc- myna (access VLAN). MarHc'rpaJIbHbIe nopTbI MOryr npHHUMaTb H OTnpaBJIflTb <ppei1MbI Mfl MHorHX ccreH VLAN. KOHuenuHH H KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe MamC'rpaJIbHbIX coe.n:ItHe- HHH Mfl cCTei1 VLAN BbIXO.n:SlT 3a paMKH .n:aHHoH KHltm H no.n:p06Hee onHcaHbI BO BTO- pOM TOMe B maBax I H 3. B 3T0i1 KHHre OCHOBHOH ynop llenaeTCfI Ha KOH<purypHpOBaHlte
rnasa 9. KOH4>MrypMposaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopos 305 ceTeH VLAN B HHTep<peHcax .n:ocryna K ceTH. CTan.n:apTHo Bce HHTep<peHcbI npHBfl3aHbi K O.n:HOH BHpT)'aJIbHOH JlOKaJIbHOH ceTH. lJro6bI KOMMYTarop Mor OTnpaBJIflTb <ppeHMbI B KaK)'lO-JIH60 ceTb VLAN, TaKafi CeTb .n:oml<Ha cywecTBOBaTb. KpoMe 3Toro, KaK MHHHMYM O.n:HH HHTep<peHc .n:ocTyna K ceTH .n:OJI)I(eH 6blTb CBfl3aH C TaKOH ceTblO VLAN. CTan.n:apTHo BO Bcex KOMMYTaTOpax KOMna- HHH Cisco ceTb VLAN 1 e CKOH<Pl1rypHpoBaHa H Bce HHTep<peHcbl CBfl3aHbi c HeH. TeM He MeHee, eCJIH He06xo.n:HMO, MO)l(HO C03.n:aTb eIlle O.n:HY BHpT)'aJIbHyJO JIOKaJIbHyJO ceTb (VLAN) C .n:pyrHM HOMepOM H 1l06aBHTb B Hee HHTep<peHCbl. He06xo.n:HMbIe D,.1UI 3TOro .n:eHCTBHfI nepe'lHCJIeHbI HH)I(e. 3Tan I. lJT06bl CKOH<pMrypHpoBaTh HOByJO CeTb VlAN, BbInOJIHHTe CJIe.n:yJOllI.He .n:eHCTBHfI. CB8 eMa . B pe)l(UMe m06aJ1bHoH KOH<pHrypaI.{HH BBe.n:HTe KOMaH,lIy vlan HOMep. lIT06bI C0311.aTb BHpT)'aJIbHyJO ceTb 11 nepeHTH B COOTBeTCTByJOIllHH no.n:- pe)l(HM KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI. . C nOMOWblO KOMan.n:bI name UMR 3a,uaHTe y.n:06Hoe HMfI BHpT)'aJIbHOH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH. ECJIH UMfi He 3a,uaHO, Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa creHe- pHpyeT HMfI Bu.n:a VLANxxxx, r.n:e xxxx - 'leTblpeX3Ha'lHbIH .n:eCflTH'l- HblH HOMep-u.n:eHTH<pHKaTOp CeTH VLAN (VLAN ID). 3TO He06f13a- TeJIbHafi KOH<purypaI.{Hfi. 3Tan 2. lJT06bl npHBfl3aTb ceTb VLAN K uHTep<peHcaM, BbInOJlHHTe CJIe.n:yJOIllHe .n:eH- CTBHfI ,l{JIfi KIDK,[(OrO HHTep<peHca .n:ocT)'na K ceTH. . C nOMOWblO KOMan.n:bl interface nepeMHTe B pe)KHM KOHct>HrypH- pOBaHHfI HHOro HHTep<peHca. . B no.n:pe)f(HMe KOH<PHrypHpoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca BBellHTe KOMaH.n:y switchport access vlan HOMep-ceTu, 'lT06bI YKa3aTb, KaKafi ceTb VLAN CBfl3aHa 3THM HHTepct>dkoM. . lJT06bI OTKJIIO'lHTb B03MO)KH0CTb aBTOMaTWIecKoH YCTaHOBKH MarnCTpaJIb- HOro pe)f(JtMa HHTeP<l>eHca (trunking), BBe.n:11Te KOMaH,lIy switchport mode access B pe)l(HMe KOH<pHrypupoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca. B npHMepe 9.11 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaH npOl.{eCC .n:06aBJIeHUfi HOBOH ceTM VLAN H npH- Bfl3KH uHTep<peHCOB K HeH. CeTb, HCnOJIb3yeMafi B 3TOM npHMepe, nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 9.3; OHa COCTOUT H3 O.n:HOro KOMMyraTOpa (SWI) H .n:BYX Y3JI0B B 06eHX CeTIIX VlAN (1 H 2). B npM- Mepe 9.11 nOKa3aH .n:BYX3TanHbIH npOl.{eCC .n:06aBJIeHUfi uHTep<peHcoB B ceTb VLAN 2. npHMep 9.11. KOH4>l1rypl1pOBaHl1e ceTeM VLAN 11 npl1Bfl3Ka I1X K I1HTep4>eMcaM ! B OMMYTaTope CTaHapTHO eCTb 5 ceTeH VLAN. H Bce HHTepeHc npHBR- 3aHbI ceTH I SWI#show vlan brief VLAN Name Status Ports I default active FaO/I. FaO/2. FaO/3. FaO/4 FaO/5. FaO/6. FaO/? FaO/a FaO/9. FaO/IO. FaD/II. FaO/12
-- 306 '-IacTb II. KOMM)'Ta4Mft B nOKanbHblX cenl)( FaO/16 FaO/13, FaO/14, FaO/lS, FaO/l?, FaO/lB, FaO/19, FaO/2l, FaO/22, FaO/23, GiO/l, GiO/2 FaO/20 FaO/24 1002 fddi-default 1003 token-ring-default 1004 fddinet-default 1005 trnet-default ! CeTb VLAN 2 ewe He Ha3BaHa Freds-vlan, ! a TaKe Ba HTepeca npBR3aH K ceT VLAN 2. SWl#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. SWl(config)#vlan 2 SWl(config-vlan)#name Freds-vlan SWl(config-vlan)#exit SWl(config)#interface range fastethernet 0/13 - 14 SWl(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2 SWl(config-if)#exit ! He nOKa3aH pe3ynbTaT BnonHeHR KOMaH show running-config, co epaWY! ! HYHe KOMaH nR HTepecoB FaO/13 FaO/14. ! KOMaH vlan 2 H name Freds-vlan He nOKa3BaDTcR B TeKYWe ! KOHrypau YCTpocTBa, T.e. B running-config. SWl#show running-config ! YaCTb CTpOK onYWeHa interface FastEthernetO/13 switchport access vlan 2 switchport mode access ! interface FastEthernetO/14 switchport access vlan 2 switchport mode access ! SWl#show vlan brief VLAN Name act/unsup act/unsup act/unsup act/unsup cywecTByeT. He oHa oOaBneHa aMHcTpaTopoM Status Ports 2 1002 1003 1004 1005 Freds-vlan fddi-default token-ring-default fddinet-default trnet-default active act/unsup act/unsup act/unsup act/unsup FaO/l, FaO/2, FaO/3, FaO/4 FaO/s, FaO/6, FaO/?, FaO/ B FaO/9 FaO/lO, FaO/ll, FaO/ 12 FaO/lS, FaO/16, FaO/l?, FaO/e FaO/19, FaO/20, FaO/2l, FaO/ FaO/23, FaO/24, GiO/l, GiO/2 FaO/13 , FaO/14 1 default active
a 9 KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMyraTopoB rJ1aB . 307 - VLAN2 ...----- , , , , I ' , , , l : I " FaO/13 FaO/14 , I ".... ------ "--'.... ------ VLAN 1 ...------ FaO/11 , , , I I I , W1 FaO/12 , , ----- Puc. 9.3. Cemb, cocmORaJ/ U3 OOHOi!O KOMMymamopa U 06YX cemeu VLAN B Ha'laJIe npuMepa npuBe.n:eH pe3ynbTaT BbIllOJIHeHHfI KOMaHlIbI show vI an brief, B KOTOpOM Bu.n:HbI CTaH,l{apTHbIe HacTpOHKH KOMMYTaTOpa: cTaHlIapTHbIe nflTb ceTeH VL.AN, KOTopbIe Henb3f1 y.n:aJIHTb (VLAN 1 H C 1002 no 1005); Bce uHTep<peHcbl npHBfl3a- Hbl K ceTH VLAN I. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, 'lTO y KOMMYTaTopa Mo.n:eJIlf 2960 eCTb 24 HH- Tep<t>eHca FastEthernet (FaOjl- FaOj24) H .n:Ba rnra6HToBbiX Ethernet-nopTa (OiOjl H GiOj2), Bce OHH npHCYTCTBYIOT B KOH<pHrypaI.{HH H npUBfl3aHbI K ceTH VLAN 1. nocne nepBoH KOMaHAbI show vian brief B npHMepe nOKa3aH nOJlHOCTblO npol.{ecc KOH<t>m)'paUHu. CHa'laJIa C03.n:aeTCfI BHpTYaJIbHafi JIOKaIlbHafi ceTb VLAN 2, nOTOM eH 3a,aa- eTCfI HMfI "Freds-vlan", }:IaJlee K HeH npHBfl3bIBalOTCfI HHTep<peHCbI FaOjl3 H FaOj14. 06pa- H1Te BHI1MaHue Ha TO, 'lTO B.n:aHHOM npHMepe HCnOJIb3yeTcfI KOMaH,l{a interface range, n03BOJHlIOlIIa5I KOMaH.l{y swi tchport access vian 2 BBeCTH cpa3Y.lI)Ul .n:BYX HHTep- 4>eikoB (T.e. B YKa3aHHoM .n:Hana30He HHTep<peHcoB). Pe3ynbTaT :,HOro .n:eHCTBHfI BnOCJIe.n:CT- BI1I1 Bl11leH B BblBO.n:e KOMaH,l{bI show running-config B KOHl.{e npHMepa. OCJIe Toro KaK KOH<pHrypal.{ufi 6bIJIa H3MeHeHa, 'lT06bI npoBepHTb HOBYIO ceTb N, elIIe pa3 UCnOJIb3yeTcfI KOMaHlIa KOMaH,l{bI show vian brief. 06paTHTe BHH- MaHl1e, '1TO Tenepb B HeH nOfiBlIJIaCb ceTb VLAN 2 C HMeHeM "Freds-vlan" H K HeH npHBfI- ..aHbI.n:Ba HHTep<peHca: FaOj13 H FaOj14. OBblweHMe YPOBHSI 6e30naCHOCTM HeMcno11b3yeMbix HTepcI>elilcoB KOMnaH C . aKI1 HSI ISCO pa3pa60TaJIa CTaH,l{apTHbIe HacrpoHKH HHTep<peHCOB KOMMYTaTopOB H60 M 06pa30M, 'lT06bI OHH pa60TaJlH cpa3Y nocne BKJIlO'leHUfi YCTpOHCTBa 6e3 KaKOH- oKopo D.onOJIHHTeJIbHOH KOH<pHrypaI.{HH. HHTep<peHcbl aBTOMaTH'leCKH comaCOBblBalOT '1eHHO CTb It pe)KHM nynJIeKcHocTH, KpOMe TOro KIDK.1J.bIH uHTep<peHc Haxo.n:HTCfI BO BKJIIO- ij c M COCTOflHHH (no shutdown), H Bce OHH npuBfl3aHbi K CeTH VLAN I. Bce HHTep- bl TalOK Ma e ComacOBblBalOT .n:ononHHTenbHbIe napaMeTpbl CeTeH VLAN, HCnOJIb3yeTcfI fHC Tp a.n bHbIH pe)I(HM nopToB (trunking) H pa60TaeT JIH npOTOKOJI MarHcTpaJIbHblX
308 '-IacTb II. KOMM)'Ta4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTSI)( - coe.n:UHeHHft ceTeft VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol - VTP). KOTOpbIH nOllp06HO pac- CMOTpeH B rnaBe 2 BToporo TOMa KHHrH. Enanle HaMepeHUfi KOMnaHHH Cisco no C03.n:aHHIO CHCTeMbI "no.n:KJlIO'lu U pa60Taij" (plug-and-play) .lI.aJJH HeO)KH,l{aHHbIH n060'lHblH 3<p<peKT B BHlle np06neM C 6e30nacHO_ CTblO YCTpOHCTBa. n03TOMY AlIfi Bcex HeHcnoJlb3yeMbix HHTep<peHCOB KOMMYTaTopa KOM- naHHfI Cisco peKoMeHlIyeT CMeHHTh CTaHlIapTHble HaCTpOHKH, 'lT06b1 c.n:enaTb YCTpojlcTBo 60nee 3al.l.{Hl.I.{eHHbIM. PeKOMeH,l{yeTcfI BbInOJIHUTb cne.n:YIOIllHe .n:eHcTBHfI AlIfi Bcex HeHC- nonb3yeMbix HHTep<peHcoB: . a.n:MHHHCTpaTHBHO OTKJllO'lHTb HHTep<peHcbI C nOMOlilblO KOMaH.n:bl shutdown no.n:pe)l(HMa KOH<PHIYPHpoBaHHfI HHTep<peHca; C... eMa - . OTKJllO'lHTb aBTOMaTH'leCKOe cornaCOBaHHe MarHcTpaJJbHoro pe)KHMa (trunking) H npOTOKOJIa VTP, nepeBeAfl nopT B pe)l(UM pa60TbI .n:ocryna K ceTH (access) C nOMo- lllblO KOMaHlIbI swi tchport mode acces s no.n:pe)l(UMa KOH<pHrypup()BaHltJI HHTep<p eHca ; . npHBfl3aTh Bce HeHCnOJIb3yeMbIe nopTbl K HeHCnOJIb3yeMoH ceTU VLAN C nOMO- Il{blO KOMaH,l{bI switchport access vlan HOMep no.n:pe)l(HMa KOH<pHl)'pltpO- BaHHfI HHTep<peHca. OTKIX)BeHHO roBOpfl, MMHHHCTpaTHBHoe OTKJllO'leHHe HHTep<peHca flBnfleTCfI caMbIM HMe:>KHbIM MeTO.ll.OM H 3aKpbIBaeT Bce .n:blpbI B 6e30nacHocTH YCTpoHCTBa. TeM He MeHee .n:Ba nocne.n:HHX .lI.eHCTBHfI nOMOryT H36e)l(aTb MHO)l(eCTBa np06JIeM B TOM cnytJae, eCJIIt KTo-nH60 nepeKOH<pHrypHpyeT YCTpOHCTBO H BKJlIO'IHT UHTep<peHC C nOMOl.l.{blO KOMaHllbI no shudown.
- rJ18B8 9. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopoB 309 - nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY - nOBTOp..,Te BCe KnIO'-IeBble TeMbl CB8 "8MS CJIe.n:yeT nOBTOpHTb Bce KJllO'leBble TeMbl .n:aHHoH fJIaBbI, KOTopble nOMe'leHbI nltKTorpaMMoH Ha nOJUIx. B Ta6JI. 9.5 nepe'lHCJIeHbl Bce OCHOBHbIe KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbl H COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He UM crpaHHl.{bl. BHIo1MAHIo1E! PeKoMeHllYeTCSI JanOMItHaTb 3TanbI KOH«1mrypHpOllaHHSI YCTPoikTB, KOTopbIe nOMe"leHbI KaK KJlIO"IeBble TeMbl rnaBbl. 3TH cnHCKH TaIOKe H}')KHbI .lIJISi 1t3yqeHitSi TeXHOJIOrHHIt npHo6peTeHHSI HaBblKOB pa60Tbi C YCTPoikTBaMIt. Ta6J1HLUI 9.5. KrlIO"IeBbie TeMbi rJIaBbi 9 3J1eMem OnHcaHHe PHc.9.1 rlpHMep 9 rlpHMep 6a30Boll KOH<lmrypaultlt napOJlH 1 CnHCOK CnHcoK TauJL 9.3 CnHcoK CnHcoK Ta611.9.4 tnHcOK CnHcOK 1.1611.9.7 J.1J1J1lOc-rpaUHH npouecca KOHqmrypHpoBaHHH SSH-.locT)'na rlpouecc KOHqmrypHpoBaHHH SSH-.locT)'Ila KnIO'IeBbIe OTJlH'IHH KOMaHll enable secret H enable password CnHcoK KOMaHll Hac-rpollKH 6y<pepa HCTOpHH KOMaHll KOH<PHrypHpoBaHHe IP-aapeca H CTaHllaprHoro IIJ1103a KOMMyraTopa KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe pe>KHMa 6e30nacHocTH nopTa llellcTBHH npH HapyweHHH peJKHMa 6e30nacHocTH H HX nOCJle.lCTBlliI KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHe ceTell VLAN PeKoMeHlloBaHHbie HaCTjJOllKH HeHcnoJlb3yeMbIx nopToB KOMMyraTopa KOMdH.iJ.bl rpynn show H debug (B KOHue rnaBbI). B 3TOll Ta611Hue nOKa3aHbI HeCKOllbKO npocTbIX, HO O'leHb BaJKHbIX KOMaHll! HOMep C1'paHHIU>I 284 287 287 291 294 296 301 304 305 308 312 3anonHMTe Ta6nM'-'bl M cnMCKM no naMSlTM Pacne"l o aTaHTe npHnmKeHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa3.n:en, OTHO- -"UUHiCSI K (A p 3TOH rnaBe, H 3anOJIHUTe m6JIUI.{bi H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)l(eHHH H pendix I ) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHI.{bI U cnHCKH llJI5I caMoKoHTpOJIfi. 1< 1UO 'feBble TepMMHbl rnaBbl Llaihe 0 'I1HC npen.eneHHfI nepe'lHCneHHblx HH)I(e TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBHnbHocTb HX aHHfI B CnltCKe TepMuHoB: HIiTepcp eHC 1l0CTylla K ceTH (access), MarHCTpaJIbHbIH uHTep<peHc (trunk).
310 '-IacTb II. KOMM)'TaL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)( Cm1COK KOMaH,Q B TIl6JI. 9.6 npHBe.n:eH cnUCOK KOMaH,l{ 3TOH maBbI, a TIlJOKe .n:aHbl HK KopOTKHe onHcaHHSI. Ta6JIHua 9.6. CnHcoK KOMau.a rJlaB... 9 PeM/Ha3HaeHHe/onHcaHHe nepeKJIlO1JaeT KOHTeKCT KOMaHl!HOH C1pOKJ.I B pe)KJM KOHqmrypJ.lpoBaHJ.lH KOHCOJlbHOH J1I1HI1I1 nepeKJIlO1JaeT KOHTeKCT B peJKI1M KOHqmrypl1poBaHJ.lH vtY-J1I1HI1H l1JIH yxa3aHHoro B KOMaHl!e 1Il1ana30Ha Pe>KI1M KOHqmrypl1poBaHI1H KOHCOJlbHOH I1JII1 vtY-J1I1HI1I1. YKa3bIBaeT onepaUI10HHOH CI1CTeMe lOS, 1JTO H}'JKHO Bbl11aBaTb npl1rJIallleHl1e l1JIH BBOlia napoJUI Pe)KJM KOHqmrypl1poBaHI1H KOHCOJlbHOH I1JII1 vtY-J1HHI1I1. 33.LaeT napOJlb, KOTOpblH 6YlIeT 3anpallll1BaTbCH npl1 nOlIKJI101JeH1111 K YC1pOHCTBY KOH4JHrypHpoBaHHe HMeH, napoJleii H npOTOKOJla SSH KOMau.aa 6a30Boe KOHcjJHrypHpoBaHHe napoJIeii line console 0 line vty l-R_vtY_RuHuR nOCRe,nHRR _ vtY_RUHUR login password napoRb login local Pe>KI1M KOHqmrypl1poBaHI1H KOHCOJlbHOH I1JII1 vtY-J1I1HI1I1. YKa3bIBaeT onepaUI10HHOH CI1CTeMe lOS, 1JTO HY>KHO Bbl11aBaTb npl1rJIaWeHl1e l1JIH BBOlia I1MeHI1 nOJlb30BaTeJlH 11 napOJlH. KOTopble npoBepHIOTcH B J10KaJIbHOH 6a3e lIaHHbIX (T.e. 33.LaHHbIX C nOMOlllblO KOMaHl!bl username B peJKI1Me rJI06aJIbHOH KOHqmrypaU1111 Maplllpym3aTopa I1JII1 KOMMyraTopa) username nMR password napoRb Pe)KJM rJl06aJIbHoH KOHqmrypaul1l1. C nOMOlllblO 3TOH KOMaHl!bl MO>KHO 33.LaBaTb MHOJKeCTBO nap "11M51 nOJlb30BaTeJUl- napOJlb" l1JIH ayreHTI1I}JI1KaUI1I1. I-1MeHa 11 napoJlI1 J.lCnOJlb3ytOTcH KOMaHl!OH login local peJKI1Ma KOHI}Jl1rypl1pOBaHI1H J1I1HI1H crypto key generate rsa Pe>KI1M rJI06aJIbHOH KOHI}Jl1rypaUI1I1. C031IaeT 11 coxpaHReT (B 3aKpblToH 06J1aCTI1 4>J13111-naMHTI1) KJII01JI1 npOTOKOJla SSH transport input {telnet I ssh} PeJKI1M KOHI}Jl1rypl1pOBaHI1H vtY-J1I1HI1I1. YKa3b1BaeT. pa3peweH J111 K YC1pOHCTBY 1I0C1)'TI no npOTOKOJlaM Telnet, SSH 11 lip. ECJlI1 B KOMaHl!e YKa3aHbI 06a npOTOKOJla, 3Ha1JI1T, lIOC1)'n B03MO>KeH KaK C nOMOlllblO Telnet-ceaHca, TaK 11 SSH-ceaHca (CTBHl!aPTHo) KOHcjJHrypHpOBaHHe IP-a,apeca interface vlan HOMep ip address a,npec MacKa_no,nceTu ip address dhcp ip default-gateway a,npec nepeKJIlO1JaeT KOHTeKCT KOMaHl!HOH CTpOKI1 B peJKI1M VLAN KOHI}Jl1rypl1pOBaHI1H I1HTep!j>eHca CeTI1 VLAN. llJIH ceTI1 I YCTBHaRlIl1BaeTcH I P-3.Lpec PeJKI1M KOHI}Jl1rypl1pOBaHI1R I1HTep4>eHca. I-1cnOJlb3yeTC R .DJUI CTaTl11JeCKoro YKa3aHI1e I P-aapeca 11 MaCKI1 nOliCeTl1 Pe>KJ.lM KOHI}Jl1rypl1pOBaHI1H I1HTep4>eHca. KOHI}Jl1rypI1PyeT MaTH'Je' KOMMyraTOp KaK DHCP-KJIl1eHT, 1JT06bI OH Mor aBTO nOJlY1JI1Tb IP-3.Lpec, MaCK)' nOlicern 11 CTaHl!aPTHbl.1 WJl103 PeJllI1M rJl06aJIbHOH KOHI}Jl1rypaUI1I1. 3aaaeT aape c CTaHl!apTHOro 1lJJI103a JlJUI KOMMyraTopa. 3Ta KOMaHJIa He H}'JKHa, eCJlI1 KOMMyraTop I1cnOJlb3yeT npOTOKOJl DHCP
9 KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe Ethernet-KoMMyraTopoB rJ18B8 . - 311 OKOH'tOHue mo6A. 9.6 PeJKHM rJl06MbHOH KOHl}mrypaUHH. 3an:aeT na;JOJlb npHBHJlerHpOBaHHoro pe>KltMa Pe>KHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH J1HHHH. 3an:aeT 1JHCJlO KOMaHl, KOTopoe 6YlleT coxpaIDITbCH B 6yl}!epe HCTOpHH KOMaHl PeJKHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. .D,06aRlIHeT CTaTH1JecK)'IO 3anHCb lLIIH YKa3aHHoro MAC-an:peca B Ta6J1H1.J.Y pa3perneHHbiX JlJUIllaHHoro HHTepl}!ei1ca Pe>KltM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH ItHTep!j>eHca. Pa3pernaeT KOMMyraTOpy caMOCTOHTeJlbHO 06HapyJKIUb MAC-aapeca H llo6aBHTb HX B Ta6J11tuy 6e30naCHbiX lLIIH TeK)'llIero HHTepl}!eHca Pe>KltM KOHI}!Hrypl-lpOBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. YKa3blBaeT MaKCI-IMMbHOe pa3perneHHoe KOJlH1JeCTBO 6e30naCHbIX MAC- an:peCOB lLIIH llaHHoro HHTepl}!ei1ca Pe>KltM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. YKa3blBaeT, KaKoe llei1cTBHe llOJDKeH npellnpHHHTb KOMMyraTOp B TOM CJlY'lae, eCJlH HapyrneH pe>KHM 6e30naCHOCTI-I, 1-1 YCTPOi1CTBO C He6e30naCHbiM MAC-an:peCOM nblTIleTCH nOJlY'lHTbliOCTYn K CeTH 1Jepe3 6e30naCHblH nOpT B Ta6n 97 . . npl1Be.n:eH cnUCOK KOMaH.n: llJIfl nOHCKa H YCT}JaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocreH. KOlllaH.lla -;o HclJHI)'PHpOBaHHe HHTepcIJeifcoB interface Tun HOMep_nopTa interface range Tun ;. fana30H_nopTOB shutdown no shutdown speed {10 I 100 I 1000 I auto} duplex {auto I full I half} description TeKCT llono.1HHTeJlbHble HaCTpoihrn hostname UMH anable secret napob history size qUCo switch port port-security maC-address mac-appec .W:LtCh ma port port-security C-address sticky .WitCh . port port-security UIIu.m qeHue aWitchport Yiola t ' port-security :LOn { ahutdown} protect I restrict Pe>KHM/Ha3Ha1JeHHe/onHcaHHe nepeKJII01JaeT KOHTeKCT KOMaHlHOH C'rpOKH B pe>KltM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. B napaMeTpe THna HHTepl}!eHca 06bl1JHO YKa3blBalOT 3Ha1JeHHe FastEthernet HJI1-1 gigabit Ethernet (lLIIH KOMMyraTOpOB). B03MO>KHble HOMepa nopTOB 3aBHCHT OT MOlleJlH KOMMyraTopa H BblrJlHllJIT, HanpHMep. TaK: 0/1. 0/2 H T.n. nepeKJII01JaeT KOHTeKCT KOMaHlHOH C'rpOKH B pe>KHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH llHana30Ha I-IHTep!j>eHcoB. BBollHMble nocJle 3TOH KOMaHlbl Hac'rpoHKH npl-lMeIDIIOTCH KO BceM HHTepl}!ei1caM llHana30Ha Pe>KHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. nepBaH KOMaHla an:MI-IHHC'rpaTHBHO BblKJII01JaeT HHTep!j>eHc, BTOpaH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BKJlI01JaeT PeJKHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. 3an:aeT CKOpOCTb HHTepl}!eHca, eCJlH YKa3aH napaMeTp auto, BbInOJ1HHeTCH aBTocomaCOBaHHe CKOpOCTH J1HHHH Pe>KHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. 3aaaeT J1YTUIeKCHblH pe>KHM pa60Tbi I-IHTepl}!ei1ca, eCJ1H YKa3aH napaMe'rp auto. BbInOJ1HHeTCH aBTOCOrJIaCOBaHHe llyJlJleKCHOCTH PeJKHM KOHI}!HrypHpoBaHHH HHTepl}!eHca. YCTaHaRlIHBaeT TeKcToBbIH KOMMeHTIlpHi1-onHcaHHe lLIIH HHTepl}!eHca. !-1cnOJlb3yeTcH lLIIH ynpoweHHH nOHCKa H YCT)JaHeHHH HeHcnpaBHocTeH H Yll06cTBa B pa60Te Pe)l(HM rJl06MbHOn KOHI}!HrypauHH. 3a.u.aeT HMH Y3JIa JlJUI KOMMyraTopa, KOTopoe TIllOKe ItcnOJlb3yeTcH B npHrJlarneHHH KOMaHlHOH C'rpOKH
312 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4 Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)( -- Ta6J1HQa 9.7. CnHCOK KOMaH.1l.lLIIJl nOHCKa H ycrpaHeHHJI HeHcnpaBHocTeii KOMall,ll,a show mac address-table dynamic show dhcp lease show crypto key mypubkey rsa show interfaces status show interfaces vlan 1 show port-security interface Tun HOMep Ha3Ha'leHHe nOKa3bIBaeT llJ.lHaMI1'JeCKJ.le 3anJ.lCJ.I B Ta6Jmue KOMMyrauJ.lJ.l KOMMyraTopa nOKa3bIBaeT J.lHl}JopMauJ.IIO, CBH3aHHYIO C pe>KHMOM DHCP- KJmeHTII KOMMyraTopa. I-1HI}JopMaUJ.lSI COllep>KHT IP-aapec, ceTeByta MacK)' J.I aapec CTIlHllapTHoro UlJ1103a nOKa3bIBaeT ny6J1I1'JHbIi1 J.I 06IllJ.li1 KJlIO'JJ.I, KOTopbIe 6bIJIJ.l CreHepJ.lpOBaHbI JI)IH npOTOKOJla SSH C nOMOIllblO KOMaH.abl crypto key generate rsa peJKJ.lMa fJlo6anbHoi1 KOHI}JJ.II"ypaUJ.lJ.l ycrpoi1cTBa nOKa3bIBaeT KpaTKJ.li1 CnJ.lCOK J.I COCTOHHJ.le J.lHrepl}JeicOB (oliHa CTj)oKa Ha J.lHTep<Pei1c). BbIBOllJ.lMaH KOMaH.aoi1 J.lHl}JopMallifSl cOllepJKJ.lT OnJ.lCaHJ.le. COCTOHHJ.le, a TaKJKe HaCTj)oi1KJ.I .llYl1JeKcHocTJ.I J.I CKOpOCTJ.I JI)IH J.lHTepl}Jei1ca nOKa3bIBaeT COCTOIIHJ.le J.lHTepl}Jei1ca, I P-a.LI.pec KOMMyraTOpa, ero CeTeBYIO MaCK)' J.I eIlle MHOro nOJle3Hoi1 J.lHl}JopMaUJ.lJ.l nOKa3bIBaeT napaMeTpbI KOHI}JJ.ll)'paUJ.lJ.l pe>KHMa 6e30naCHOCTH nopTa J.I ero COCTOSlHJ.le
1 f I B 3TOii maDe... . npHHUltnLl npODepKH ceTeH, a TaK- )Ke nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaB- HOCTeH. 3TO nepBafi maBa, no- CBflweHHafi nOUCKY U yc-rpaHe- HHIO HeHcnpaBHocTei1 B KHHre; B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle onucaHbI OCHOB- HbIe KOHuenUHU np()BepKH CeTeH . nOCTpoeHHe TOnOJlOrHH ceTH C no- MOIIlbIO npOTOKOJIa 06Hap)"KeHHR YCTPOHCTD KOMnaHHH Cisco. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle nOllp06HO onHcaH nporo- KOJI COP, B '1aCTHOCTIt, paccKaJa- HO, KaK ero MO)l(HO ItCnOJlb30BaTb .llI1H npoBepKH cereBoH ,UoK)'MeHla- UItH. . AuaJIH3 COCTORHHR HHTepcjJeHc8 H8 I H 2 ypOBHRX. B 3TOM pa31I eJle 061>flCHfieTcH, KaK nOJlY'lHTb H H/i- TepnpeTHpoBaTb HH<t>opMall HIO 0 COCTOflHHH HHTep<t>eHca, a TaJOKe KaK 06HapY)l(HTb np06neMbl, eCJlH OHH C nepBoro B3rnMa He:3aMeTHbi. . AuaJIH3 Mapmp)'T3 KOMM)'T3IlHH cjJpeHMoB H3 OCHOBe Ta6J1HU MAC-aapecoB. B 3TOM pa3,UeJle Bbi Y3Haere, KaK KOHuenllHH KoM"'Y Talll1H <t>peHMoB accollIH1pOBaTb C BbIBO,UOM KOMaHll shoW H npo&e pl1Tb pa60TY YCTPOHCTBa.
- rI1ABA 10 noCK YCTpaHeHMe HecnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KOMMYTaTopax B 3TOH rJlaBe paCCMOTpeHbI .n:Be OCHOBHbIe TeMbI. OepBaSI - onHcaHbI Te TeXHOJlOfHU Ethernet, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH paHbIIIe onYIlleHbI, HanpUMep, OCHOBHbIe KOHl.{enl.{HH U KOMaH- .n:bl, CBfl3aHHbIe C npoBepKoH pa60Tocnoc06HoCTH KOMMYTupyeMbIx ceTeH LAN, a TaIOKe He06xo.n:uMble D.JIfi 3Toro KOMaHAbI. B 3TOH fJIaBe onHcaH He06xo.n:uMbIH Ha6dp cpe.n:CTB .LIJIfi LIuarnOCTUKU JlOKaJIbHOH ceTH B TOM cJlyqae, eCJlu OHa He pa60TaeT. BTopafl TeMa - onucaHue OCHOBHblX MeTo.n:OB nOUCKa U YCTpaHeHHfI HeucnpaBHOCTeH, a TaIOKe npaKTH- "IeclUte peKOMeH,l{aI.{UU, KOTopbIe nOMOryT nOJlyqHTb HeKOTopbIH Ha'laJIbHblH OnbIT npo- BeplUt ceTeH. HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO onbIT no noucKy H YCTpaHeHUIO HeucnpaBHOCTeH Ha- npSIMYIO Ha 3K3aMeHe He npOBepfleTCfI, 3Ta fJIaBa nOMO>KeT no.n:rOTOBUTbCfI K 60Jlee CJlO.>K- HblM TeCTaM H nOCJle.n:yIOIllHM 3K3aMeHaM. KOHTPOl1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl ::hOT pa3.n:eJl npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH D.JIfi TOro, 'IT06bI 'lHTaTeJlb Mor npe.n:BapUTeJlbHO Ol.{eHHTb CBOH 3HaHUfi U peIIIHTb, HY.>KHO JlH eMY 'lUTaTb fJIaBY l.{eJlUKOM. ECJlU OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBflTb H3 ecSITH BonpocoB ,l{aHbI npaBHJIbHO, MO)l(}fO cpa3Y .>Ke nepeHTH K nOCJle.n:HeMY pa3.n:eJlY nOLIroToBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHoBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH fJIaBbI H npe.n:BapHTeJlbHbIX KOHTpOJIb- HblX BonpoCOB nepe'lUCJleHbI B Ta6JI. 10.1. OTBe'Iafi Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbl H HCnOJlb- JYSI Ta6mtuy, 'lUTaTeJlb CMO.>KeT n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO on p e.n:eJlUTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOM HJIU HHO 6 H 0 JlaCTU. OTBeTbl Ha BonpocbI npUBe.n:eHbl B npHJIO.>KeHUH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- TpOJ1bHble BOnpocbI". 1a6.111u.a 10 1 T _ " eMbi KOHTJJOJlbHblX BonpocoB OCIIOBllaR TeMa --- nPliliullnbl n n POBepKI1 ceTel1, a TaKJKe nOI1CK 11 YC'TpaHeHl1e Hel1CnpaBHocTei1 OL I'J>oeHl1e Ton ...co (COP) onorl1l1 ceTl.f C nOMOlilblO npoTOKona 06HapyJKeHI111 YCTpoi1CTB KOMnaHl111 AI 1.JJ1l1COCT AH OIlIiI1I1I1HTep<peHca Ha 1 11 2 ypOBHIIX ilJII11 t.la PlUPYTa KOMMYTaJ..l1111 !jJpeHMoB Ha OCHOBe Ta6nl111 MAC-a.apeCOB HOMepa BonpocoB 1,2 3-6 7,8
316 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJlX -- I. npe.n:CTaBbTe ce6e KOMMYTaTOp, KOTOpblH Ethernet-Ka6eJIeM nO.n:KJlIO'IeH K MapIIlPYTH_ 3aTOpy; MapIIIpyTH3aTOpy B KOH(lmrypauHH 3a.n.aHO Ha3BaHue Hannah. C nOMOII.{blO Ka- KOH KOMaHAbI MO)I(HO Y3HaTb BepCHIO onepauuoHHoH CHCTeMbI YCTpoHcTBa Hannah, He YCTaHaBJIHBafi C HHM Telnet-ceaHca? a) show neighbor Hannah 6) show cdp B) show cdp neighbor r)show cdp neighbor Hannah )show cdp entry Hannah e) show cdp neighbor detail 2. C nOMOII.{blO KaKOH KOMaHAbI D.JIfi TOra}Ke caMora YCTpOHCTBa (Hannah) MO)I(HO YCTa- HOBHTb Mo.n:eJIb annapaTHoH llJIaT<}>opMbI? a) show neighbors 6) show neighbors Hannah B) show cdp r)show cdp interface .n:)show cdp neighbors e) show cdp entry hannah 3. BbIBO.n: KOMaHAbI show interfaces status AJIfi KOMMYTaTopa Mo.n:eJlU 2960 nOJ<a- 3bIBaeT B CTpOKe COCTOflHHfI CJIOBO "disabled" (oTKJlIO'leH) D.JIfi HHTep4>eHca FaO/1. KaKoe H3 yx:a3aHHbIX HH)Ke YTBep)K}:leHHH CnpaBeAJIHBO AJIfi TaKoro HHTep<}>eHca? a) B KOH<}>HrypaI.{HH HHTep<}>eHca yx:a3aHa KOMaHAa shutdown. 6) B BblBo.n:e KOMaHAbI show interfaces faO/1 6yAYT oT06pa}KaTbCfI.n:Ba KOlla co- CTOflHUH: a.LlMHHUCTpaTHBHO BbIKJllO'leH (administratively down) U BbIKJllO'leH (down). B) B BbIBo.n:e KOMaHAbI show interfaces faO/1 6yAYT oT06pIDKaTbcH .n:Ba KOlla COCTOflHHH: BKJllO'leH (up) H BbIKJllO'leH (down). r) I1HTep<}>eHc B .LIaHHOM CJIyqae He 6y.n:eT nepeCbIJIaTb <}>peHMbI. r) I1HTep<}>eHc B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae 6y.n:eT nepeCbIJIaTb <}>peHMbl. 4. fHra6uToBbIH HHTep<}>eHc Ojl (GiOjl) KOMMYTaTopa SWI no.n:KJlIO'leH K rHra6uToBOMY HHTep<}>eHcy Oj2 (GiOj2) KOMMYTaTopa SW2. .lI..rrn HHTep<}>eHca GiOj2 KOMMyraTOpa SW2 YKa3aHbI KOMaH.n:bI speed 1000 H duplex full. B KOMMYTaTope SWI JtC- nOJIb3YlOTcfI CTaHAapTHbIe HacTpoHKU D.JIfi nopTa GiO/l. KaKoe H3 yx:a3aHHbIX HJt)l(., YTBep}KJJ.eHUH CnpaBeD.JIHBO D.JIfi TaKora coe.n:HHeHUfi Me}KJJ.y uHTep<}>eHcaMu? a) Coe.n:uHeHHe Me}KJJ.Y YCTpoHcTBaMu 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOpOCTU 1000 M6uT/C (T.e I f6HT/C). 6) KOMMYTaTOp SWI 6y.n:eT nbITaTbCfI YCTaHOBHTb CKOpOCTb 10 M6HTjC, nocKoJI bKJ KOMMYTaTopa SW2 OTKJllO'leHO aBTOMaTU'leCKOe COfJIaCOBaHHe cTaHlIapTa IEEE. B) Coe.n:UHeHHe 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOpOCTU 1 r6HT/C, HO KOMMYTaTop SWI 6YlleT P 60TaTb B nOJIy.n:YllJIeKCHOM pe)KHMe, a SW2 - B llynJIeKCHoM.
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMyraTopax 317 rl1aB . - r) 06a KOMMyTaTopa 6y.n:YT pa60TaTb B .n:ynJIeKCHOM pe}KHMe. C nOMOlliblO KOMaH.n:bl show interfaces faO/l 6bIJI nOJIyqeH CJle.n:yJOIIluH pe- 5. 3YJIbTaT: Full-duplex, 100Mbps, media type is 10/100BaseTX 4ro U3 nepe'lHCJIeHHOra HIDKe CnpaBe,l{JlUBO ,l{JIfi COOTBeTCTBYIOIIlero HHTep<peHca? a) CKOpOCTb 6bIJIa flBHO 3a,n,aHa C nOMOIIlblO KOMan.n:bI speed 100 B non:pe)KHMe KOH<t>HryPHPOBaHUfi HHTep<peHca. 6) CKOpOCTb, B03MO)KHO, 6bIJIa 3a,n,aHa C nOMOIIlblO KOMan.n:bI speed 100 B no.n:pe- }KHMe KOH<t>HrypHpOBaHUflI1HTep<t>eHca. B) )1ynJIeKCHbIH pe)KUM 6bIJI flBHO 3a,n,aH C nOMOIIlblO KOMan.n:bI duplex full B no.n:- pe}KHMe KOH<purypHpoBaHHfI uHTep<p eHca . r) )1ynJIeKcHblH pe)KUM, B03MO}KH0, 6bIJI 3a,n,aH C nOMOIIlblO KOMan.n:bI duplex full B no.n:pe)KHMe KOH<t>urypHpoBaHufi HHTep<peHca. 6. KOMMYTarop SWl, YCTPOHCTBO Mo.n:eJIH 2960 KOMnaHHH Cisco, CKOH<pHrypHpoBaH co cran.n:apTHbiMU HacTpoHKaMu uHTep<peHca FaO/l, a ,l{JIfi HHTep<peHca FaO/2 yJ<:13aHa KOMan.n:a speed 100, a ,l{JIfi HHTep<peHca FaO/3 yJ<a3aHbI 06e KOMan.n:bI: duplex half H speed 100. 3TU HHTep<peHcbI nO.llKJllO'leHbl npaBHJIbHbIM Ka6eJIeM K nop- TaM 1O/1000.n:pyroro KOMMYTaropa Mo.n:eJIU 2960, nopTbI KOToporo HCnOJIb3yJOT CTaH- lIapTHbIe HaCTPOHKJ1. KaKoe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)Ke YTBep}KJleHUH cnpaBe,l{JlHBO ,l{JIfi HHrep<PeHcoB KOMMYTaTOpa co CTan.n:apTHbIMH HacTpoHKaMH? a) J.1HTep<peHc, no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIH K nopTY FaO/l KOMMYTaropa SWl, 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOpOCTH 100 M6HT/C B .n:ynJIeKCHOM pe}KHMe. 6) J.1HTep<t>eHc, no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIH K nopTY FaO/2 KOMMYTaTopa SWl, 6yn:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOPOCTH 100 M6HT/C B.n:ynJIeKCHOM pe}KHMe. B) J.1HTeP<t>eHC, no.n:KJllOlJeHHbIH K nopTY FaO/3 KOMMYTaropa SWl, 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOPOCTH 100 M6uT/C B .n:ynJIeKCHOM pe}KHMe. rJ J.1HTeP<t>eHC, no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIH K nopTY FaO/3 KOMMYTaTopa SWI, 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOPOCTU 100 M6uT/C B nOJIy.n:YllJIeKCHOM pe}KHMe. 1I) J.1HTep<peHC, no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIH K nopTY FaO/2 KOMMYTaropa SWI, 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOPOCTH 100 M6uT/C B nOJIy.n:YllJIeKCHOM pe}KHMe. 7. J.1HTep<t>eHC FaO/2 npUHflJ1 <ppeHM C MAC-a,n,pecOM ompaBHTeJIfi 0200.2222.2222 U a.JI.pecoM nOJIyqaTeJ1f1 0200.2222.2222 (B .n:aHHOM cJIyqae <ppeHM SlBJIfleTCfI 'laCTblO aTa- KH Ha ceTb, 06bI'lHO B ceTU He 6y.n:eT <ppeHMOB C COBna,n,aIOIUHMH a,n,pecaMH OTnpaBU- TeJlS! H nOJIY'laTeJIfI). J.1HTep<peHC FaO/2 npUBfl3aH K ceTH VLAN 2 H era Ta6JIHI.{a KOM- MYTauHH BbIfJIfIllHT CJIe.n:yJOIllHM 06pa30M: JW2#sho w mac address-table dynamic Mac Address Table Vl an --------------------------------- Mac Address Type Ports 0200.1111.1111 DYNAMIC GiO/2 al 0200.2222.2222 DYNAMIC FaO/13 Mac Addresses for this criterion: 2
318 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJlX -- KaKoe H3 HU)KenepeQHCJleHHbIX YTBep.>K.IleHHH npaBHJIbHO OnJ1CbIBaeT, KaK UMeHH KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:eT KOMMYTUpOBaTb <ppeHM C a.n:peCOM nOJIyqaTeJIfi 0200.2222.2222 a) C1>peHM, BnOJIHe BepOfiTHO, 6y.n:eT pa30CJIaH 'lepe3 Bce UHTep<peHCbl cent VlAN 2, KpoMe TOro, OTK)'.n:a OH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH, 3a HCKJIlO'leHHeM CJIyqafl, Kor.n:a Y KOMMY_ TaTopa eCTb CTaTU'leCKafi 3anHCb,l{JIfi a.n:peca 0200.2222.2222 B ceTH VLAN 2 B Ta6- JIUl.{e KOMMYTaI.{Uu. 6) C1>peHM 6y.n:eT pa30CJIaH 'Iepe3 Bce HHTep<peHcbl ceTU VLAN 2, KpoMe Toro, OT- K)'.n:a OH 6bIJI nOJIY'IeH. B) KOMMYTaTOp .n:06aBHT 3anHCb ,l{JIfi Ta6JIHUbI KOMMYTaUUH c MAC-a.upeCOM 0200.2222.2222, HHTep<peHcoM FaOj2 H ceTblO VLAN 2. r) KOMMYTaTOp 3aMeHUT CYIllecTBYIOIllyJO 3anHCb.lIJ1f1 a.n:peca 0200.2222.2222 B Ta6- JIHue KOMMYTaI.{HJ1 Ha 3anUCb C MAC-a.n:pecoM 0200.2222.2222, uHTepQJeHcOM FaOj2 H ceTblO VLAN 2. 8. KaKafi H3 YKa3aHHbIX HH)Ke KOMaH.n: OT06pa)KaeT 3anHCU Ta6JIuUbi MAC-a.n:pecoB, HC- nOJIb3yeMbIe B TeXHOJIOrUU 6e30naCHOCTU nopTa KOMMYTaTopa? a) show mac address-table dynamic 6) show mac address-table B) show mac address-table static r)show mac address-table port-security.
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTelit B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 319 rl1a B . - - BseAeHMe - B 3T0i1 rJlaBe npellCTaBJIeHbI OCHOBHbIe CBe.n:eHHfI 0 MeTo.n:ax U KOMaWIax npOBepKH ce- a rnIOKe 0 npoue.n:ypax nOHCKa U YCTpaHeHUfi HeHcnpaBHocTeH. no.n: npOBepKOH no.n:- Tit, pa3yMeBaeTCfI npOl.{eCC HCCJIe.n:OBaHUfi ceTU, pe3YJIbTaTOM KOToporo 6y.n:eT no.n:TBep)l()],eHUe Toro 4>aKTa, 'lTO ceTb pa60TaeT HMeHHO TaK, KaK npe.n:nOJIaraJIOCb npH ee pa3pa6OTKe H BHeJIpeHI1U. no.n: nOUCKOM H YCTpaHeHueM HeHcnpaBHocTei1 nOHUMalOT npOl.{eCC H3yqe- HUfi cern C ueJIblO 06Hap}')KeHUfi npH'lUHbI (HJIH npH'lHH) KaKoi1-JIH60 oum6KH H .n:ei1cT- BUfi no ee YCTpaHeHHIO. KaK 6billO paCCKa3aHO BO BBe.n:eHUH K :'H0i1 KHure, C Te'leHHeM BpeMeHH B 3K3aMeHe CCNA nOflBJIfleTCfI Bce 60JIbIIIe U 60JIbIIIe BonpOCOB, KOTopbIe CBfl3aHbI C nOUCKOM H YCT- paHeHueM HeucnpaBHOCTeH, a TaIOKe C MeTo.n:aMH npOBepKH pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH ceTH. B Ka%JlOM TaKOM Bonpoce 06bI'lHO UCnOJIb3yeTcfI CBOfi C06CTBeHHafI TOnOJIOrHfI ceTU. B 3a- llaHHu 06bI'lHO Tpe6yeTcfI npUMeHUTb CBOH ceTeBbIe 3HaHHfI K HeKoTopoi1 YHHKaJIbHOi1 npo6JJeMe, a He npOCTO BbI6paTb npaBHJIbHbIi1 OTBeT U3 HeCKOJIbKHX BapHaHTOB, T.e. BO- npoc He CBfl3aH C 3anOMHHaHueM KaKHX-JIH60 'lUceJI, 4>aKTOB HJIU TeXHOJIOrUH. lJT06bI nOMO'lb 'lHTaTeJIIO no.n:rOTOBHTbCfI K YBepeHHoi1 c.n:a'le 3K3aMeHa, B o60ux TO- Max 3TOi1 KHHrH eCTb maBbI, l.{eJIUKOM nOCBflIlleHHbIe noucK)' H YCTpaHeHHIO HeucnpaB- HocTei1 B ceTfiX. 3Ta maBa flBJIfleTCfI nepBoi1 maBoi1 Ha TeMY npOBepKH pa6OTocnoc06HO- CTl1, n03TOMY B nepBOM ee pa3.n:eJIe onucaHbI HeKOTopbIe KOHUenl.{UU U 06IllHe BonpOCbI nOUCKa U YCTpaHeHHfI np06JIeM B KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTfiX. B Tpex OCTaBIIIUXCfI pa311eJIax nOllpo6HO paCCMOTpeHbI OCHOBHbIe TeMbI, CBfl3aHHbie C nOUCKOM H YCTpaHeHHeM Heuc- npaBHocTei1 B JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTfiX (LAN), KOTopble nOCTpoeHbI Ha OCHOBe KOMMYTaTopoB. np&.1HMnbl npOBepKM ceTeM, a TalOKe nOMCK io1 YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHOCTeM BHHMAHHE! I1Hc}JOPMaUIDI, npellCTaBJIeHHaH B 3TOM pa311eJIe, nOMO)l(eT 'lI1TaTeJIIO npl106peCTI1 nOJIe3Hble HaBblKI1 no v n I1CKa U YCTpaHeHI1f1 Hel1CnpaBHOCTeH B ceTfiX. Cneul14>U'leClG1e COBeTbI 11 MeTOllHIG1, -!?el1CTaBJIeHHble B 3TOM pa3.!1eJIe, He CBH3aHbl C KaKOH-JII160 KOHKpeTHOH TeMOH 3K3aMeHa CCNA. e J:J.nfl ycneIIIHoi1 c.n:a'lU 3K3aMeHa CCNA Ha cero.n:HfI He.n:OCTaTO'IHO TOJIbKO TeOpeTU'Ie- KI1X 3Ha v JI HIUt, H}')KHbl TaIOKe HeKOTopbIe npaKTH'leCKHe HaBbIKH, '-IT06bI OTBeTHTb Ha " U)I(H bIe n p npl1KJIa,n,HbIe BOnpOCbI. CJIe.n:yeT TaIOKe OTMeTUTb, 'lTO ypOBeHb CJIO)KHOCTH BO- oeOB B C .h PeH ep-rU'!'HKaI.{HOHHOM 3K3aMeHe pa3HbIi1. B TeKYIlleM pa3.n:eJIe CHa'laJIa paCCMOT- bI pa'3JIU nO T 'IHbIe TunbI BonpOCOB, KOTopbIe MOryT npHCYTCTBOBaTb B 3K3aMeHe CCNA, OM llaHb 6 I 0 II.{He KOMMeHTapuu no MeTo.n:aM nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH. Bo n p OCbl C 3MYIUn.'liIeM Cen1 <l6 p Bonpocax C 3MyJIflI.{HeH ceTH (sim questions), KOTopbIe TaK)Ke Ha3bIBalOT '3a'lacT)'1O aTOPH lJo,! blMI1 3a,n,aHuflMu, eCTb TeKCTOBoe onucaHue ceTH U ee HacTpoeK, cxeMa no.n:- eHltfi Y c v TPOHCTB u, c06cTBeHHo, caMO nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe, 3MYJIHpyJOII.{ee
320 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJlX - ceTb. He3aBUCHMO OT TOro, KaKOe HMeHHO 3a.n:aHHe CO.n:ep)KHTCfI B BOnpOCe. ero MO}f(Ho CBeCTH K yKopO'leHHOH nOCTaHOBKe 3a.n:a'lH, KOTopafl 3ByqHT CJIe.n:YIOII.{UM 06pa30M: "CeTb pa60TaeT He nOJIHOCTblO, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, HO JIu60 .n:o.n:eJIaTb He3aBepIIIeHHyIO Ko _ 6 6 " T H <»HrypauulO, JlH 0 HaHTU npo JIeMY B ceTH U YC1'paHUTb ee. .e. OCHOBHafi 3a.n:a'-la_ BHeCTH HbIe KOH<»urypaI.{HOHHble H3MeHeHHfI, 'lT06bI ceTb 3apa6OTaJIa TaK, KaK Ha.I.1O. nepBbIU MeTO.n: peIIIeHHfI np06JIeMbI B ceTU - UCnOJlb30BaTb <»OPMaJIU30BaHHbIH npol.{ecc nOHCKa H YC1'paHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTeu. KOTOpbIH no.n:pa3YMeBaeT HHCneKTl1po_ BaHue Ka)KJlOrO 3Tana nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX Ha Ka)KJlOM TpaH3HTHoM Y3JIe OT Y3JIa-OTnpa_ BUTeJISI K npJlyqaTeJIIO. TeM He MeHee, KaK nOKa3blBaeT npaKTH'leCKafi pa60Ta H OnblT o6y- 'leHHfI CJIyIUaTeJIeU, 06bI'lHO ceTeBbIe I1H)KeHepbI H3Ha'laJIbHO npe.n:nOJIaralOT, '-ITO npo- 6JIeMbI BbI3BaHbI HenpaBHJIbHOU KOH<»HrypauHeu YCTpOHCTBa U cpa3Y)l(e Ha'lUHalOT npo- CMa1'pHBaTb pa3JJH'lHbIe KOH<»HrypaI.{HOHHbIe <l>aUJIbI. HaH60Jlee 6bIC1'pbIM MeTo.n:OM pe- IIleHHSI 3a.n:amrn C 3MyJIflI.{HeU ceTH 6y.n:eT cpaBHeHHe UMelOllI.HXCfI KOH<»HrypaUHH MapIIIPYTH3aTOpoB H/HJIU KOMMYTaTopoB C npaBUJIbHbIMH. 06bI'lHO, cpaBHeHHfI BnOJJHe .n:ocTaTO'lHO, 'lT06bI peIIlHTb 3a.n:aHHe 6bICTpO. B JIa60paTopHbIX 3a.n:aHHflX 3K3aMeHyeMbIu MO}KeT 6bITb TO'lHO YBepeH B npaBlIJIbHO- CTU peIIleHHfI no KpauHeH Mepe Ha ypoBHe TeXHOJIOrHU, paccMaTpuBaeMblx B 3KJaMeHe CCNA. OpaBHJIbHOe peIIIeHHe .n:OJI)KHO nOJIHOCTblO peIIIaTb nOCTaBJJeHHYIO B BOnpoce Ja- n:a'lY HJIH np06JIeMY. HanpHMep. B nOCTaHOBKe Ja,lJ,a'lU HanHcaHO, 'lTO MapIIlpYTHJaTOp RI He MO)l(eT nepeCJIaTb naKeTbI 3xo-3anpocoB (ping) MapIIlpYTH3aTOpy R2, U 3T)' npo6JJeMY H}')KHO peIIlHTb. ECJIH nOCJIe BbIllOJlHeHUfi 3a.n:aHUfi B 3MYJIfiTOpe KOMaHlla ping nOKa3bI- BaeT, 'lTO naKeTbI ycneIIlHo .n:OXOMT.n:O y.n:aJIeHHOrO Y3JJa, 3Ha'lHT, U3MeHeHUSI B KOH4JHry- pal.{HH nOJIHOCThIO pellIHJIH np06JIeMy. ECJIH }Ke BbI He MO)KeTe HaHTH np06J1eMY, npocTo npocMaTpHBafi KOH<»HrypauHlo. TO npu.n:eTcfI nouTH no 60JIee CJIO)I(HOMY nYTH: HHcneKTupoBaTb npouecc nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX no.n:p06Hee C nOMoIUblO KOMaH,l{ show. B nOCJIe.n:yJOIUux pa3.n:eJIaX, nocBflIlleHHbIx MeTO- .n:aM nOHCKa H YC1'paHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTeH nepBoro U BTOporo TOMa KHuru, 6y.n:yr nOlI- po6Hee paccMoTPeHbI 60JIee CJlO)KHbIe MeTo.n:UKH npoBepKH ceTeH. CMMI1eTbl B 3TOU pa3HOBHAHOCTH 3K3aMeHaUUOHHbIX 3a.n:aHHH He06xo.n:HMO HHTepnpeTupoBaTb ( . I t) pe3YJIbTaTbI BbillOJIHeHHH pa3JJH'lHbIX KOMaH.n: show H debug. B CHMJleT-3a.n:a'laX Sim e 06bI'lHO HeH3BeCTeH napOJIb npHBHJIerHpOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi (UJIH He.n:oCTYllHa COOT 'lTo6b1 BeTCTByJOIUafI KOMaH,l{a). n03ToMY HeJIb3f1 YBHAeTb KOH<»urypauulO YCTpOHCTBa. 6bICTPO HaUTH npU'lHHY HenOJIa.n:KJ1. B TaKUX 3a.n:aHHflX 06bI'lHO B conpOBO.n:HTenbHO v v a MeH y eMbl 1i TeKCTe onHcaH HeKOTopblH cueHapUH, a He06xOllUMbie KOMaH,l{bl show 3K3 .n:OJI}KeH nOMHUTb Ha naMSlTb, BBeCTH HX H "pacIlIH<»poBaTb" pe3YJlbTaT BbmonHeHliH I((IV MaH,l{. KpoMe TOro, B CHMJleTaX HeJIb3f1 BHOCUTb U3MeHeHHfI B KOH<»HrypaI.{UIO. n03TOM. npoBepHTh, npaBHJIbHbIH BbI6paH OTBeT HJIU nOJlyqeH H}')KHbIU pe3YJlbTaT, HeB03MOHO1i HanpHMep, B 3a.n:aHHH CUMJleTa nOKaJaHa cxeMa KOMMYTHpyeMou nOKaJIbHO H CC p , . KOMnblO Te . (LAN) U CKa3aHO, 'lTO KOMnblOTep N!!I ycneIIIHo OTnpaBJIfieT pmg-naKeTbl liTb N!!2, a .n:o KOMnblOTepa N!!3 naKeTbI He 1l0XOMT. 3a.n:a'la 3K3aMeHyeMorO - Bcno MH MO- HY)KHbIe KOMaH,l{bI rpynnbI show (UJIH nOTpaTltTb MHOro BpeMeHH Ha HX nouCK C nO IUblO KOMaH,l{bI ?), 'lT06bI onpe.n:eJIUTb, B 'leM np06JIeMa. He L.mI ycneIIIHoro pellieHUfi TaKHX 3K3aMeHaUHOHHblX 3a.n:a'l MO)I(HO UCnOJIb30 BaTb fj'- CKOJIbKO nO,l{Xo.n:OB, HeJlb3f1 CKa3aTb, 'lTO KaKOH-TO U3 HHX HaMHoro JIyqIIIe OCTaJIbHbIX.
rl1 8B 8 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 321 -- H npuMepHo o.n:HHaKOBbI. CHa'laJIa CJIe.n:yeT no.n:YMaTb Ha.n: TeM, 'lTO 6bI npOHCXOllHJIO B oH 6 fA' T " eCJlH OHa HOpMaJIbHO pa OTaeT. nCXO.n:HbIe .n:aHHbIe ,l{JIfi TaKUX pa3MblIIIJIeHHH H}')K- Ce n, HO B3f1Tb H3 CXeMbI CeTU U .n:OCl)'nHOH B 3a.n:aHHH HH<popMaUHU 0 ee pa6OTe. 3aTeM 60JIb- WHHCTBO c.n:alOIUHX 3K3aMeH Ha'IUHalOT HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaHllbI show (Te, 'lTO OHH nOM- HflT), KOTOpble MOryT 6bITb CBfl3aHbI C 3a.n:aHHeM. CKopee Bcero, B TeKCTe 3a.n:aHHSI 6y.n:eT HeKOTopafl nOllCKa3Ka, OTHOCfllUaflCfI K np06JIeMHOH 06JIaCTH. HanpHMep, 3a.n:aHHe CHM- JleT a CBfl3aHO C TeXHOJIOrHeH 6e30naCHOCTH nopTOB (port security). B TaKOM cJIy'Iae CJIe.n:y- eT cpa3Y nonp060BaTh BbInOJlHHTb KOMaH.n:bI, CBSl3aHHbIe C npoBepKoH 3TOH TeXHOJIOrUH, HanpuMep, show port-security, 'lT06bI nocMoTpeTb, HeT JIU TaM H}')KHOH UH<popMa- IIHH U, B03MO)I(H0, OTBeTa Ha 3a.n:aHHbIH BOnpoc. 31"0 BnOJIHe onpaB.n:aHHbIH no.nxo.n: K pe- weHHIO 3K3aMeHal.{UOHHOro 3a.n:aHHfI. B HeM HCnOJIb3YeTCfI 06bl'lHbIH 3.n:paBbIH CMbICJI, He- 60JlbIIIafI TOJIHKa HHTYHI.{HH U TaKOH MeTO.n: MO)l(eT pa60TaTh .n:ocTaTO'lHO XOpOIIIO H 6bICTpO. ECJlu BbI He HaIIIJIH OTBeT lIJIU OTBeTbI ,l{JIfI CUMJIeTa nOCJIe TOro, KaK 6bIJIH HCnOJlb30- BaHbI BnOJlHe CTaHllapTHbIe H O'IeBHAHbIe KOMaHllbI, CJIe.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb 60JIee CJlO)l(- HblH no.nxOll. B 3TOH rJlaBe U B nOCJIe.n:yJOIllHX rJlaBaX nepBoro H BToporo TOMa, nOCBfI- IIleHHbIX nOHCK)' H YCTpaHeHUIO HeHcnpaBHOCTeH, npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI pa3JJU'lHbIe Mero.n:bl npOBepKH ceTeH U npUBelleHbI 0630pbI MHOruX TeXHOJlOfHH. I1x H CJIe.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb, eCJlu OTBeT Ha 3a,[(aHUe CUMJIeTa OKa3aJICfI He HaCTOJIbKO npOCTbIM, KaK XOTeJIOCb 6bI. BonpOCbl C MHorOBapMaHTHblM OTBeTOM KaK H CUMJIeTbI, BonpOCbI C MHoroBapuaHTHbIM OTBeTOM (multiple-choice questions) MOryI' Tpe60BaTb HHTepnpeTal.{UH pe3YJIbTaTOB BbInOJlHeHHSI KOMaHll show U debug. Ta- KHe Bonpocbl MOryT npocTo cOnpOBO)I()J.aTbCfI pe3YJIbTaTOM BbIBo.n:a KaKOH-JIH60 KOMaH- lIbl, llJIlOC elUe H PUCYHKOM HJIH cxeMoH ceTH H npoBepflTb, nOHHMaeT JIH 3K3aMeHyeMb1H, '1TO npoHcXo.n:UT. HanpuMep, BO MHoroBapHaHTHoM Bonpoce MO)KeT 6bITb nOKa3aH pe- 3YJlbTaT BbInOJIHeHUfi KOMaHllbI show mac address-table dynamic, B KOTOpOM Bl1l1Ha m6JIHI.{a .n:HHaMUlJeCKH 06HapY)l(eHHbIx KOMMYTaTopoM MAC-a.n:peCOB. 113 TaKOH Ta6J1l1l.{bl, comaCHO 3a.n:aHHIO, Hy)KHO 6y.n:eT onpe.n:eJIUTb, KaK UMeHHO KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:eT nepeCbIJlaTb <ppeHM OT o.n:Horo YCTpOHCTBa .n:pyrOMY. ,LVifi TaKoro Bonpoca nOTpe6yeTcfI npl1MeHUTb CBOU 3HaHUSI 0 npHHI.{Unax KOMMYTal.{UH B JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTSlX K BbIBO.n:y YKa- JaHHOH KOMaH.n:bI. K BonpOCbI C MHorOBapuaHTHbIM OTBeTOM, B KOTOpbIX eCTb pe3YJIbTaT BbmOJIHeHUSI OMaHll show H debug, Tpe6YlOT TaKoro )l(e no.n:xolla, KaK H CHMJIeTbI. TO'lHO TaK )l(e KaK 11 B CHMJIeTax, nepBbIM .n:eJIOM CJle.n:yeT no.n:YMaTb 0 TOM, 'lTO .n:OJI)I(HO npOHcxo.n:HTb B -rl1 B HOPMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHflX C yqeToM cxeMbI ceTH Ha pUCYHKe H nOCTaHOBKH 3a.n:a'IH B :on poce . D.aJIee, CJIe.n:yeT cpaBHUTb HH<popMaUHIO B 3a.n:aHHH, B TOM lJUCJIe H pe3YJIbTaTbI OMaHi{ C 1111 ,TOH, 'ITO .n:OJI)f(Ha 6blTb npaBMJIbHOH C TOlJKU 3peHHfI TeopHU, 'IT06bI onpe.n:e- Bn Tb, pa60TaeT ceTb HOpMaJIbHO HJIH eCTb KaKafl-JIu60 np06JIeMa. CeTb MO)l(eT pa60TaTb onHe KO p I] peKTHO, B TaKOM cJlyqae Bonpoc HanpaBJIeH Ha TO, 'lT06bI no.n:TBepllHTb, 'lTO f.: UI1 aJ1I1CT 3HaeT, KaK UMeHHO 1l0JI)KHa pa60TaTb ceTb, U 3HaeT, C nOMOlUblO KaKOH ,,,eHHo K ,,<> OMaHAbl MO)l(HO npOBepHTb 3TOT <paKT. OpMHUUnHaJIbHOe OTJIH'lHe BonpOCOB .,oroBa p . a uaHTHoro Tuna COCTOUT B TOM, 'lTO He H}')KHO nOMHUTb, KaKHe HMeHHO KO- HlIbl H}')Ie '-Ie HO HCnOJIb30BaTb. Pe3YJIbTaT KOMaHllbI }')Ke eCTb B 3a.n:aHHU, H}')KHO TOJlbKO J10 11M BOcnOJIb30BaTbCfI.
322 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJI)( -- BHMMAHMEI KaKl1e TUnbI BOnpOCOB MOryr 6blTb B 3K3aMeHe Ha CePTI1<t>I1KaT eeNA, MO)KHO nOCMOTpeTb Ha B caihe KOMnaHI1I1: http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/wwtraining/certprog/training/cert exam tutorial.html. KaK OTBeTMTb Ha CI10>KHble BOnpOCbl 3K3aMeHa ECJIU perneHUe JIa60paTopHoro 3a.n:aHUfI, CUMJIeTa UJIH OTBeT Ha MHoroBapuaHTHbIi! Bonpoc He O'leBHllHbI nOCJIe UCnOJlb30BaHUfi CTaHllapTHblX npOCTbIX cpe.n:CTB, KOTOpbIe 06Cy)K,l{aJIHCb BbIIIIe, CJIe.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb MeTO.n: ynopMO'leHHOH npOBepKH cern. OH xoporno pa60TaeT He TOJIbKO Ha 3K3aMeHax, HO U B 3a.n:a'laX, KOTopbIe HH)KeHepy 06blQHO npHxo.n:HTCfI pernaTb B peaJIbHOH )KH3HH. K CO)l(aJIeHHlO, BpeMfi 3K3aMeHa orpaHH'leHO, a TIllaTeJIbHOe 061IYMbIBaHue npo6J1eMbI nOTpe6yeT ero MHoro. npouecc ynopMO'leHHOrO nOHCKa H yCTpaHeHUfi HeucnpaBHOCTeH xoporn nplt nOlIro- TOBKe K 3K3aMeHY, Koma BpeMeHH MHoro - OH nOMO)l(eT JIyqrne pa306paTbCfI B ccreBbIX TeXHOJIOrHHX U nOJIroToBHTbCfI K BonpocaM 3K3aMeHa. B 3TOH KHHre paCCMOTpeHbl MHO- rHe MeTo.n:bI nOI1CKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH, TeM He MeHee, TaKHe MeTo.n:bl He flB- JIfllOTCfI CaMOl.{eJIblO, n03TOMY He H}')KHO 3anOMHHaTb HX Ha naMfiTb. MeTo.n:bl nOUCKa It YCTpaHeHUfi HeucnpaBHOCTeH npe.n:CTaBJIflIOT C060H B OCHOBHOM UHcTpYMeHT .lJ)UI 06yqe- HHfI, a TaIOKe UMelOT 1l0nOJIHUTeJIbHbIH llJIlOC - nOMoralOT no.n:rOTOBHTbCfI K caMbIM CJIO)KHbIM BonpocaM cepTu<pUKaI.{HOHHOro 3K3aMeHa. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe npe.n:CTaBJIeHO onHcaHue HeKOToporo 0606weHHoro npol.{ecca nOI1CKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B ceTfiX. no Mepe u3yqeHufi MaTepUaJIa .n:aHHOH KHl1rn 3TOT npOl.{eCC 6y.n:eT nepHo.n:H'leCKH nOBTopflTbCfI, HO e .LIJIfi onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX cereBbIX TeXHOJIOrHH, HanpUMep, .LIJISI IP-MapIIIPYTH3aUUH. Tpu OCHOBHblX 3Tana npouecca nouc- Ka U YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH no.n:p06HO onucaHbI HH)I(e. 3Tan 1. npeJICKa3aHHe H aHaJIH3 HOpMaJIbHOrO nOBeJIeHHJI. H}')KHO npe.n:CTaBHTb ce6e 'ITO .n:OJl)KHO npoucxo.n:UTb, KOma ceTb pa60TaeT npaBHJIbHO Ha OCHOBaHUIt lIO- KYMeHTaUHH, KOH<pHrypaI.{110HHbIX KOMaH,l{ H pe3YJIbTaTOB BbmOJIHeHUfi K( MaH.n: show 11 debug. 11 (.IC- 3Tan 2. IhoJIHpoBaHHe np06JIeMbI. He06xo.n:HMO onpe.n:eJIUTb, KaK .n:aJIeKO no nyr . .n:OBaHHfI naKeTa HJIH <ppeHMa pacnpocTpaHfleTcfI np06JIeMa H me Ha'lHHaeTcSI HOpMaJIbHafi pa60Ta ceTH, onflTb )I(e Ha OCHOBaHHU .n:oKYMeHTauuH, KOH<t>HJ: pal.{110HHbIX KOMaHll H pe3YJIbTaTOB BbInOJlHeHUfi KOMaHll show H debug. npn- 3Tan 3. Auamo HCTO'IIIHKa npo6JIeMbI. He06xo.n:uMO HlleH TH <p u Ul1pOBaTb fJIy6UHHbIe 'IHHbI npo6JIeMbI, KOTOpafl 6bUia BbIflR/leHa Ha npeAbIllYIIIeM 3Tane. B 4acTHoe- CJIe.n:yeT npo.n:yMaTb, KaKHe HMeHHO .n:eHCTBUfi nOMOI)'f peIIIUTb np06JIeMY. HaHn" II CJIe.n:OBaHHe onHcaHHOMY BbIIIIe npoueccy Tpe6yeT .n:OCTaTO'lHO 06rnupHblX 3 'If HaBbIKOB. 4T06bI ycnernHo HCKaTb OTKa3bI B ccru, CJIe.n:yeT XOpOIIIO nOMHUTb Teope:l" CKHe OCHOBbl pa60TbI KOMnblOTepHbIX ceTei1, a TaK)Ke YMeTb HHTepnpeTupOBaTb pe3Y el Tbl pa3JIH'lHbIX KOMaHll show B pa3HbIx cHryauuflx H pe)KItMaX pa60TbI ceTH. B npoU KC KHe KaK nOUCKa HeucnpaBHocTeu nOHa.n:06f1TCfI .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe HHCTpYMeHTbl, Ta 06-1 MaHllbI ping H traceroute, KOTopbIe nOMOIyr JIOKaJI H 30 BaTb H H30JIHpOBaTb op
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTelit B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 323 rl1aB . - ,ruacTOK. KpoMe TOro, HO YMeTb MbICJIHTb IIIUpOKO H 06JIa.n:aTb pa3Ho06pa3HbIMu HbIIt J . U a M It 'lT06bI yqecTb Bce q,aI<TOpbI, KOTopbIe MOryT BJIHflTb Ha KaKOH-JIu60 KOMno- 3HaH,. , HeHT ceTH. HanpHMep, npellCTaBUM ce6e HeKOTOpyJO npocT)'1O JIOKaJIbHyJO ceTb, B KOTOpOH .n:Ba KOMMYfaTopa coe.n:HHeHbI .n:pyr C llpyrOM H K KaJK.LJ:OMY H3 HHX no.n:KJlIO'leHO no On:H?MY KOMnblOTepy (OK). 113Ha'laJIbHo KOMnblOTepbl MOfJIU OTnpaBJIflTb .n:pyr .n:Pyry pmg- naKeTb[ (HanpHMep, OKI Mor nepeCJIaTb naKeTbI OK2), a CeHlJaC TaKHe 3anpOCbI He .n:OC- TuralO T UeJlH. CJIe.n:yeT H3yqUTb n:OKYMeHTauulO H BbIBO.n: KOMaHll rpynnbI show, 'lTo6bI y6e.n: ItTbCfI , 'lTO TOnOJIOrUfi ceTU He nOMeHflJIaCb, H npe.n:CKa3aTb, KaK .n:OJI)KHa pa60TaTb ceTb Ha OCHOBe 3HaHUH 0 KOMMYTaUUH B JlOKaJIbHbIX ceTSlX. B pe3YJIbTaTe Ha cxeMe ceTU MO)I(HO HapUCOBaTb MapIIIpYT CJIe.n:OBaHUfi q,peHMOB OT KOMnblOTepa OKI K KOMnblOTepy nK2. 4T06bI H30JIUpOBaTb np06J1eMY, CJIe.n:yeT npOCMOTpeTb Ta6JIuUbI MAC-a.n:peCOB KOMMYTaropOB. 00 Ta6JIHUaM MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 'lTO HHTepq,eHCbI, 'lepe3 KOTopbIe .n:OJUKeH nepeCblJlaTbCfI <ppeHM, q,YHKI.{UOHHPyJOT npaBHJIbHO, HJIU, BnOJIHe B03MO}KHO, y6e.n:HTbCfI B roM, 'lro KaKOH-TO H3 HHTepq,eHCOB KOMMYTaTopOB (HanpUMep, no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIH K nK2) He pa60Tacr. CBe.n:eHUSI 0 TOM, 'lTO HHTepq,eHC He pa60TaeT, He .n:alOT HaM HUKaKOH ItH4>0pMaI.{UH 0 TOM, nO'leMY 3TO npOH30IIIJIO H B 'leM npU'lUHa np06JIeMbI. Ha 3TOM 3Ta- ne CJIe.n:yeT BKJllO'lUTb CBoe Bo06pa)KeHHe U npe.n:CTaBHTb ce6e npH'lHHbI, nO'leMY B03HHK- JIa .n:aHHafi CHT)'aUUfI. OpH'lUHbl MOryT 6bITb O'leHb pa3Ho06pa3HbIMH: OTKJlIO'leHHbIH ce- TeBOH Ka6eJIb, UHTepq,epeHI.{Hfi H nOMeXH B JIHHHH H .n:p. BllJIOTb 110 TOro, 'lTO npOCTO cpa- 60TaJIa TeXHOJIOrHfI 6e30naCHOCTH nopTa (port security) H OTKJllO'lHJIa HHTepq,eHc. KOMaHllbI rpynnbI show B TaKOM cJIyqae MOryT JIH60 no.n:TBep.n:UTb npe.n:nOJIO}KeHHfI, JIu60 ItCKJIlO'lUTb KaKHe-TO TeXHOJIOrHH U3 pacCMOTpeHHfI H HaTOJIKHYTb Ha HOByJO MbICJIb. 30nMpOBaHMe npo6neM 3 YPOBHJt, a TaK>Ke ypoBHeM 1 M 2 npeJK11e 'leM nepeHTH K paCCMOTpeHUIO MeTo.n:OB nOUCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHO- cTeH B JlOKaJIbHbIX Ethernet -ceTflX, CJIe.n:yeT OKHHYTb 6efJIbIM B3r.JUl.L{OM 60JIee IIIUPOKUH Kpyr TeXHOJIOrHH. EOJlbIIIafi 'laCTb np06JIeM B I P-ceTfix Ha ceron:HSlIIIHUH .n:eHb Ha'lHHaeT- CR C TOro, 'ITO HMeHHO Ha6JIIO.n:aeT U C 'leM CTaJIKHBaeTCfI KOHe'lHbIH nOJIb30BaTeJIb. 00- troMy aHaJIH3 cHT)'aI.{UH 06bI'lHO Ha'lHHaeTCfI C UCCJIe.n:OBaHHfI TOro, HaCKOJIbKO XOpOIIIO a6oTacr HMeHHO TpeTHH ypOBeHb ceTH (Layer 3). HanpHMep, nOJIb30BaTeJIb OKI PItc. 10.1) 06bI'lHO 6e3 np06JIeM MO)!(CT no.n:KJlIO'lHTbCSI K Be6-CepBepy, npOCTO BBeAfl a.n:pec WWw . eXample _ com B CTpOKe 6pay3epa. OpellCTaBuM ce6e, 'lTO B .n:aHHbIH MOMeHT coe.n:u- . eliIte C cepBepOM He 6blJI0 ycneIIIHblM. nOJIb30BaTeJIb 3BOHHT B CJI}')K6y TeXHH'leCKOH nOll- -P)I(Klt It P e v 6 ' IIIeHHe 3TOH npo JIeMbI nepellaeTcfI.n:e}K)1JHoMY ceTeBoMY HIDKeHepy. @) Be6-cepBep @ amPle.com ..........r .......... ..r_ ..r-- R1. R2 @ --,..-' CD " , Puc. /0.1. J130J/Up06QHUe npo6J/eMbi mpembei!O yp06HJ1
........ 324 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJU( - OOCJIe TOro KaK np06J1eMa BbIflCHeHa, UH)KeHep CHa'laJIa npOBepfleT, MO)l(eT nH KOM- nblOTep OK I npaBHJIbHO npe06pa30BaTb Ha3BaHHe Y3JIa (www.example.com) B ero IP_ a.n:pec. ,lJ,aJIee, npOllecc U30JIHpOBaHUfi np06neMbl Ha TpeTbeM ypOBHe llJIfi TeXHonOfHH IP MO)KeT CJIe.n:OBaTb IIIeCTU yKa3aHHbIM HJt)I(e 3TanaM. OnucaHHe 3TanOB, nOKa3aHHbIX Ha puc. 10.1, npuBe.n:eHo HH)I(e. 3Tan l. OKI nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT CBoeMY cTaWIapTHoMY IIIJII03Y (MaprnpYfH3aToPY RI) nOCKOJIbKY I P-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi Haxo.n:UTCfI B .n:PyroH no.n:ceTU. ' 3Tan 2. MapIIIPYTH3aTOp RI nepeCblJIaeT naKeT Maprnpyru3aTOpy R2 comaCHO 3anH- CflM B CBoeH Ta6JIHile MaprnpYTU3allHU. 3Tan 3. MapIIIPYTU3aTOp R2 nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT Be6-cepBepy comaCHO 3anUCflM B CBO- eH Ta6JIUlle MapIIIpYTU3allHH. 3Tan 4. Be6-cepBep OTnpaBJIfieT oTBeTHbIH naKeT KOMnblOTepy OKI 'lepe3 CBOH CTaH- .n:apTHbIH IIIJII03 (MaprnPYTU3aTOp R2). 3Tan 5. MapIIIpyru3aTop R2 nepeCblJIaeT OTBeTHbIH naKeT llJISI KOMnblOTepa nKI Map- IIIPYTH3aTOpy RI comaCHO 3anHCflM B CBoeH Ta6JIUlle MapIIIpYTH3allHH. 3Tan 6. MapIIIpyrH3aTop RI nepeCblJIaeT naKeT KOMnblOTepy OKI comaCHO 3anHCflM B CBoeH Ta6JIuI.{e MapIIIpyru3auuH. B maBe 15 "nOHCK U YCTpaHeHHe HeucnpaBHocTeH IP-MapIIIPYTH3aI.{HU" npOl.{eCC ne- peCbIJIKH naKeTOB paCCMOTpeH no.n:p06Hee. ,l],JIfi Ha'laJIa npe.n:cTaBHM ce6e, 'lTO Ha 3Tane I, 3, 4 UJIH 6 B03HUKJ1a np06JIeMa. l.(TO npOU30H.aeT B TaKOM CJIyqae Ha TpeTbeM ypoBHe H "ITO HaM .n:aCT HH<popMallHfI 0 TaKOH CH'ryaI.{UU C TO'lKH 3peHHfI H30JIHpOBaHUfi npo6JIeMbI? ,lJ,aJIbHeHIIIee H30JIHpOBaHue np06JIeMbI nOTpe6yeT .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHoro aHaJIU3a Tpen,ero ypOBHSI. TeM He MeHee, npe.n:nOJIO)KHM, 'lTO MbI He HaIIIJIU np06JIeM Ha ypOBHe 3 (a.n:peca npaBUJIbHbI, MapIIIpyrH3allufi pa60TaeT). B TaKOM CJIyqae npHJJ.eTCfI "cnycTHTbCfI" Ha ypOBHH 2 HI, lJT06bl YBHJJ.eTb, nO'leMY He pa60TaeT ceTb. npe.n:CTaBJ1M ce6e CH"ryallulO, KOma aHaJIH3 TpeTbero ypOBHfI BbIflBHJI, 'lTO KOMnbIOTep nKI He MO)KeT OmpaBHTb naKeT CBoeMY CTaWIap'THOMY IIIJII03y (default gateway), T.e. npo- 6JIeMbI nOflBHJIUCb Ha nepBOM 3Tane (CM. pUC. 10.1). 4T06bI elUe 60JIee lJeTKO H30JlHpoB3Tb np06JIeM)' U ee npH'lUHbI, HIDKeHepy nOTpe6yeTcfI c06paTb cJIeJJ:YlOIUYIO uH<p0pMallHlo: . onpe.n:eJIHTb MAC-a.n:pec KOMnblOTepa nKl U HHTep<peHca JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH Map- IIIpyrH3aTOpa R 1; . HJJ.eHTu<pullHpoBaTb HCnOJIb3yeMbIe HHTep<peHcbI KOMMYTaTopoB SWI H SW2; . onpe.n:eJIHTb COCTOflHHe Bcex HHTep<peHcoB; . npOBepUTb nepeCblJII<)' <ppeHMa OT KOMnblOTepa 0 K I K MapIIIPYTH3aTopy R I, Heno cpe.n:cTBeHHO,l{Jlfl MAC-a.n:peca nOCJIe.n:Hero. C06paB U npOaHaJIH3UpOBaB Bce BbIrnenepe'lUCJIeHHbIe <p aKTbI , UH)I{eHep, CI<Opef Bcero, HaH.n:eT, B 'leM KopeHb np06JIeMbI, H ucnpaBHT ee. COBeTbl no nOMCKY M YCTpaHeHMtO HeMcnpaBHOCTeM cTPa tie B 3TOH KHHre eCTb TPH maBbI, nOCBflIl{eHHbIe npeuMYlUecTBeHHo nOHCI<)' H Y HHIO HeHcnpaBHocTeH B ceTflX: . maBa 10 "nmtCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH B Ethernet-KOMMyraTOpa x ":
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMyraTopax 325 rJ1aB . - . rJlaBa 15 "nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii IP-MapIIIPYTH3aUHH"; . rJlaBa 17 " KOHqmrypHpoBaHHe WAN -coe.n:HHeHHii". B rJlaBe 15 onHcaHbI MeTO.n:bl aHaJIH3a H peIIIeHHfI np06J1eM TpeTbCro ypOBHfI CeTH, 0606IIIeHHbIH 11 ynp0Il{eHHbIii BapHaHT KOTOpbIX nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 10.1. B TeKYIl{eii ma- Be B OCHOBHOM paCCKa3bIBaeTCfI 0 TOM, KaK peIIIaTb np06JIeMbI, eCJIH BbI no.n:03peBaeTe, 'lTO oHH B OCHOBHOM CBfl3aHbI C TeXHOJlOrHflMH JIOKbHbIX ceTeii. B maBe 17 npe.n:CTaB- neHbI MeTO.n:bI nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B WAN-coe.n:HHeHHflx H no.n:p06HO onl1caHbl HX 3TIlnbI. B yKa3aHHbIX BblIIIe Tpex maBax OCHOBHoe BHHMaHue y.n:eJIfleTCfI <t>OpMaJIH30BaHHOMY npoueccy nOHCKa Ii ycrpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTeii, HO TOJIbKO KaK K cpe.n:CTBY .n:OCTH)Ke- HUH TPex caMbIX maBHbIX ueJleH: onHcaHHe HOpMaJIbHOro nOBe.n:eHHfI ceTH, H30JIHpOBa- Hlie np06J1eMbI H onpe.n:eJleHHe HCTO'IHHKa np06JIeMbI. OCHOBHafi ueJIb TaKoro <t>OPMaJIH- JOBaHHOro nO,l{Xo.n:a - H3yqHTb OCHOBHbIe HHCTpYMeHTbI, KOHuenUHH, KOH<t>HrypaUHoH- HbIe KOMaH.n:bI H HayqHTb I1IDKeHepa aHaJIH3HpOBaTb ceTb Ha OCHOBe pe3YJIbTaTOB KOMaH,l{ rpynnbl show. Bo BTOpOM TOMe KHHrl1 onHcaHbl 60JIee CJlO)KHble MeTo.n:bI nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI He- HcnpaBHOCTeH, a TalOKe paCCKa3aHO, KaK BlI,l{OH3MeHHTb <t>OpMaJIH30BaHHbIii npouecc no.n: pa3JII1'1HbIe 3a.n.a'lH. EOJIee CJlO)KHbIe 3a.n.a'lH npe.n:HaMepeHHO 6bIJIH BbIHeceHbI BO BTOpoii TOM KHHfH nOTOMY, '1TO KOma '1HTaTeJIb .n:oii.n:eT.n:o HHX, OH )')Ke 6y.n:eT XOpOIIIO 3HaKOM CO BCeMI1 TeXHOJIOfHflMH ypOBIDI CCNA. nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeii B ceTfiX T}Je6yeT JHaHHH pa3Ho06pa3HbIx KOHuenUHii, pa3JIH'IHbIX KOH<t>HrypauHii H YMeHHe HH- TepnpeTl1pOBaTb BbIBO.n: pa3JIH'lHbIX KOMaH,l{, n03ToMY COBeTbI no TecTHpoBaHHIO ceTH BO BTOpOM TOMe KHHfH .n:aHbI 6JIH)I(e K KOHUY Ka)K):(oii '1aCTH - OHI1 pe31OMHpYIOT HaH60Jlee Ba)f(HbIe TeMbl H .n:eMOHcTpHpylOT npeeMcTBeHHocTb pa3JIH'lHbIX TeXHOJlornii. HI1)f(e paccMOTpeHbI TPH B3.)I(HbIe TeMbI, HMelOWHe Henocpe.n:cTBeHHoe OTHOIIIeHHe K <!>OPMaJlI1JOBaHHOMY npoueccy nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeii: · npOTOKOJI 06Hapy*eHIUI YCTPOHCTB Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol- COP) HC- nonb3yeTcfI Mfl npOBepKH cYIl{eCTByIOIl{eiillOKYMeHTaUHH Mfl CeTH, H3yqeHHfI ce- TeBOii TOnOJlOrnH H oueHKH HOpMaJIbHOii pa60TbI ceTH; · aHa.rnt3 COCTOSlHHSI HHTepeHca - Bce HHTep<t>eiicbI .n:OJl)l(HbI 6blTb B pa60'leM co- CTOHHHI1, '1T06bl KOMMYTaTOp Mor nponYCTHTb 'lepe3 ce6f1 Tpa<t>HK; ceTeBoii HH)Ke- Hep .n:OJl)l(eH 6bITb B COCTOflHHH onpe.n:eJIHTb, pa60TaeT HJIH HeT uHTep<t>eHc, eCJIH HeT, TO HaiiTH npH'lHHbI OTKa3a; · aHaJIH3 Mapmpyra KOMMyraIUtH peHMOB npe.n:nOJIaraeT, '1TO CneUl1aJIHCT MO)l(eT npOaHaJlH3HpOBaTb Ta6J1Huy MAC-a.n.pecOB H OUeHHTb, no KaKOMY MapIIIpYTY (lIJIH '1epeJ KaKoii HHTep<t>eiic) KOMMYTaTOp nepeIIIJIeT <t>peiiM. nO CT p 06 oeHMe TononorMM ceTM c nOMoblO npoToKona liapY>KeHM YCTPOMCTB KOMnaHMM Cisco <1>I1PMeH - rpo HbIIt npOTOKOJI CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol- npoTOKOJl 06Hap)')KeHH5I IlIJp CTB KOMnaHHH Cisco) n03BOJIfieT nOJIyqHTb 6a30BYIO HH<t>opMaI.{HIO 0 coce.n:HHX ItTbY"r1t3aTopax It KOMMYTaTOpax, .n:a)l(e He 3HaH napOJIb Mfl .n:oc-ryna K HHM. 1..J.To6bl no- ItH<POPMaI.{HIO, MapIIIpYTU3aTopbI 11 KOMMYTaTopbl paCCbIJIalOT CDP-co06weHI1f1
326 '-IacTb II. KOMMyra1-'Mft B J10KanbHb1X CeTJlX - 'lepe3 BCe CBOH pa60TalOIl{He HHTep<t>eikbI. TaKHe C006III.eHHfI cO.n:ep)KaT HH<t>OPMal.{lI 10 06 YC-rpOHCTBe, KOTopoe ero OTnpaBHJlO; 0 .n:pyrux YC-rpOUCTBax MapIIIPYTH3aTop lIJIlI KOMMyraTOp Y3HaeT H3 npHHHMaeMbIx HM aHaJIoru4HbIX COP-C006Il{eHHi1. C TO'lKH 3peHHfI npOl.{ecca nOHCKa H yc-rpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTei1 B ceTfiX npOTOKO]] COP MO)f(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI ,lI.JIfi no.n:TBep)K,l{eHHfI HJIH YT0'lHeHHfI CeTeBoi1 .n:OKyMeHTa_ UHH H cxeM, a TalOKe,lI.Jlfl 06HapY)f(eHHfI HOBblX YCTpOi1CTB H I1HTep<t>ei1coB B CeTl1. 06Ha- p}')KeHHe peaJIbHoi1 cxeMbI no.n:KJIlO4eHHfI YC-rpOHCTB B ceTH H YCOBepIIIeHCTBoBaHl1e CxeM <t>aKTH4ecKH flBJIfleTCfI He06xo.n:HMbIM 3TanOM .lLIUI Toro, 'lT06bI Ha'laTb nporH0311poBaHlIe MapIIIPYToB -rpa<t>I1Ka B ceTH. B cpe.n:e, no.n:.n:ep)f(HBaIOIlleH MHoroa.n:pecaTHYIO nepe.n:a'lY .n:aHHbIX Ha KaHaJIbHOM ypoBHe, npOTOKOJI COP paCCbIJIaeT MHoroallpeCaTHble <t>pei1MbI; B .n:pyrux CeTeBbiX cpeLlax npOTOKOJI COP OTnpaBJIfieT KonHIO C006Il{eHHfI Ha JI1060i1 H3BeCTHblH YC-rpOi1CTBY a.u.pec KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI. TaKHM 06pa30M, nlO60e YC-rpOHCTBO, no.n:.n:ep)I(HBalOwee npOTOKOJI COP H no.n:KJI104eHHOe K 06wei1 cpe.n:e C .n:pyrHM TaKHM )Ke YCTpoHcrnoM, MO)f(eT nony- 'lHTb HH<t>opMaUHIO 0 nOCJle.n:HeM. npOTOKOJI COP nOJIY4aeT cne.n:yJOWyJO nOJIe3HYlO HH<t>opMauHIO 0 coce.n:HeM YCTpoif- crne, Ha3b1BaeMOM CDP-coceiJoM: . H.LIeHTItHKaTOp YCTpoHcTBa (device identifier), 06b14HO 3TO Ha3BaHI1e C... YCTpOi1cTBa; e..a . cnHCOK 3.lIpeCOB (address list) npe.n:CTaBJIflIOWHH c060i1 allpec CeTeBoro H KaHaJIb- HOro ypoBHeH; . JIOKa.JIbHblH HHTepeHc (local interface) - HHTep<t>ei1c MapIIIpYTH3aTopa HJIH KOM- MYTaTopa, Ha KOTOpOM 6bIJIa HCnOJIb30BaHa KOMaHAa show cdp H 4epe3 KOTOpbIH 6bIJIO 06Hap}')KeHO coce.n:Hee YC-rpOHCTBO; . H.LIeHTHHKaTop nopTa (port identifier) }'Ka3bIBaeT, KaKHM HHTep<t>eHcoM K 06IIIeif cpe.n:e no.n:KJI104eHO coce.n:Hee YC-rpOi1CTBO (T.e. 4epe3 KaKoi1 nopT 6bIJI ompaBJIeH COP-<t>peHM, nonyqeHHblH JIOKaJIbHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM); . cnHCOK B03MO>KHOCTeH (capabilities list) onHCblBaeT THn YCTpOHCTBa (HanpHMep, co. ce.n:Hee YC-rpOHCTBO - 3TO KOMMYTaTOp HJIH MapIIIPYTH3aTop); . nJIaTOpMa (platfonn) nOKa3bIBaeT Mo.n:eJIb coce.n:Hero YC-rpoHcTBa. B Ta6n. 10.2 nepe'lHCneHbI HaH60nee Hcnonb3yeMbIe BapHaHTbI KOMaHAbI show cdp. oT06palKalOIl{He HH<t>opMaUHIO, YKa3aHHyJO B cnHCKe BbIIIIe. Ba.. Ta6JlHQa 10.2. Pa3JIH'IHble BapHaHTbl KOMaHl1bl show Cdp)J.IIH nOJl)"leHHH HHcJlopMaUHM ,:9..a 0 cocellHHX YCTpoHCTBaX - KOMaH,ll,a show cdp entry Hd3BdHne OnHcaHHe TP OIICTB 111111 BbIBOJItT OJHY CTj>OK)' J1H4JopMaUItJ1 JIJUI Bcex cOCeJIHJ1X yc MH YCTj>OACTBa, o6HapyJKeHHOrO 'Iepe3 yiCa3aHHbiA I1HTep4>eAC BblllaeT nOJpo6HYIO J1H4JopMaUJ11O (OKOJlO 15 CTj>OK) lIJIH KaJK)Ioro YCTpoAcTBa BblllaeT TY JKe caMYIO J1H4JopMaUJ1IO, 'ITO J1 KOMaama show cdP e HHblM 11M neighbors detai 1, HO TOJlbKO lIJIH YCTpOJ1CTBa C YKaJa (pemcTj> CJ1MBOJlOB J1MeeT 3Ha'leHJ1e MH J1MeHJ1) show cdp neighbors [Tun HOMep] show cdp neighbors detail
rJ1aea 10. nOMCK M yCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KOMMYTaTOpax 327 - KaK H MHorue .n:pyrue <l>YHKl.lHH MaprnpYTH3aTopOB H KOMMYTaTopOB, KOTopbIe CTaH- JIapTHO BKJlI04eHbI, npOTOKOJI COP C03.n:aeT 6peIIIb B CHCTeMe 6e30naCHOCTH. '..h06b1 He Tb B03MO)!(HOCTb aTaI<YlOIl{eMY nonyqHTb tH<l>opMal{HIO 0 KOMMYTaTopax ceTH, npOTO- JIa . KOJ1 CDP MO)/(eT 6bITb JIerKO OTKJII04eH. KOMnaHHfI CISCO peKOMeH.ilyeT era OTKJII04aTb Ha Tex HHTep<l>eHcax, me OH He 04eHb H)!)KeH. CKopee Bcero, npOTOKon COP 6y.n:eT nOJIe3eH TOJ1bKO B coe.n:UHeHHflX C .n:pyrHMH MapIIIPYTH3aTopaMH H KOMMYTaTopaMIt, a TaIOKe B HH- Tep<l>eHcax, K KOTOpbIM no.n:KJIIO'leHbI IP-Tene<l>oHbI KOMnaHHH Cisco (Cisco IP Phone). 3TOT npoToKon MO)/(eT 6bITb BKJIlO'leH lIJIH BbIKJII04eH Ha KIDK,lI,OM H3 HHTep<l>eHcoB YCT- pOHcTBa C nOMOIIlblO KOMaH.il cdp enable H no cdp enable. KOMaH.ila no cdp run pe}l(HMa rn06aJIbHoH KOH<l>HrypaUHH YCTpOHcrna, COOTBeTCTBeHHo, rJI06aJIbHO BbIKJI104a- eT npoTOKOJI COP, a KOMaH}:la cdp run - BKJIIO'laeT. Ha pHC. 10.2 nOKa3aHa CeTb, COCTOflIl{afI 113 .n:BYX KOMMYTaTOpOB, O.n:HOro MapIIIpYTH3a- TOpa 11 napbl KOMnbIOTepOB. B npHMepe ] 0.] nOKa3aHbI pe3YJIbTaTbl BbInOnHeHI1f1 show- KOMaM ,lIJIfI 3TOH CeTH. nepe4HCJIeHHbIX B Ta6n. 10.2, a TalOKe HeCKonbKO KOMaHll, Bbl- llatoIIII1X uH<l>opMauHIO 0 caMOM npOTOKOJIe COP, a He 0 coce.n:HHX YCTpOHCTBax. KOMMyTaTOp Cisco 2960 (WS-2960-24TT -L) r FaO/9 -- -- GiO/1 GiO/2 -- -- r FaO/12 .V1 't!. 6apHIo1 0200.2222.2222 FaO/13 FaO/1 0200.5555.55555 ;- '..;: --- R1 MapWpyT3aTOp Cisco 1841 Puc. 10.2. He6oJ/bUlQR cemb, ucnOJ/b3yeMQR 6 npUMepax OJ/R npomOKOJ/Q CDP npMMep 10.1. npMMepbl BblnOflHeHMJI KOMaHA show cdp AJ1J1 KOMM}'TaTopa SW2 #show cdp ? ry erface hbo rs c Information for specific COP interface status and COP neighbor entries COP statistics Output modifiers neighbor entry configuration W;JMaHAa show cdp neighbors BBOAHT nOKanbH HHTepeHc KOMMYTa '1'''''1->''' - " ",eHCbI MapwpYTH3aTopa Rl H KOMMYTaTopa SWl (B KonOHKe "port") APYrHe nOApOOHOCTH 00 YCTpoHcTBax.
328 '-IacTb II. KOMM)'TaL-'Mft B J10KaJ1bHbIX CeTJI)( - SW2#show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Holdtme Capability 173 S I 139 R S I Phone Device ID Platform SW1 WS-C2960-2 R1 1841 SW2#show cdp Local Intrfce Port ID Gig 0/2 Gig 0/1 Fas 0/13 Fas 0/1 neighbors detail Device ID: SW1 Entry address (es) : Platform: cisco WS-C2960-24TT-L, Capabilities: Switch IGMP Interface: GigabitEthernetO/2, Port ID (outgoing port): GigabitEther- netO/1 Holdtime : 167 sec Version : Cisco IOS Software, C2960 Software (C2960-LANBASEK9-M), Version 12.2(25)SEE2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl) Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri 28-Jul-06 11:57 by yenanh advertisement version: 2 Protocol Hello: OUI=OxOOOOOC, Protocol ID=Ox0112; payload len=27, value=00000000FFFFFFFF010221FFOOO 0000000000019E86A6F80FFOOOO VTP Management Domain: 'fred' Native VLAN: 1 Duplex: full Management address (es) : ! He BBOTCR HopMaUR 0 MapllipYT3aTope R1. Device ID: R1 Entry address (es) : IP address: 10.1.1.1 Platform: Cisco 1841, Capabilities: Router Switch IGMP 1 Interface: FastEthernetO/13, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernetO/ Holdtime : 131 sec Version : Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVENTERPRISEK9-M), Version 12.4(9)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri 16-Jun-06 21:26 by prod_reI_team advertisement version: 2 VTP Management Domain: Duplex: full Management address (es) : ! ! 05paTTe BHMaHe, HopMauIO, ! qTG KOMaHa show pa R1. caM qTO KOMaHa show cdp entry Rl BBOT TY e cdp neighbors detail, HO TonbKO AflR MapwpyT3a
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTelil B Ethernet-KoMMyraTopax 329 rJ1aB . - W2#sb ow cdp entry Rl S _------------------ ;evice ID: R1 Entry address (es) : IP addresS: 10.1.1.1 ... . latfo rm : Cisco 1841, Capab1l1t1es: Router SW1tch IGMP interface: FastEthernetOj13, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernetOjl Holdtime : 176 sec Version : Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVENTERPRISEK9-M), Version 12.4(9)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl) Technical support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri l6-Ju-06 21:26 by prod_reI_team advertisement verS1on: 2 VTP Management Domain: " Duplex: full Management address (es) : SW2#sbow cdp Global COP information: Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds Sending CDPv2 advertisements is enabled SW2#sbow cdp interfaces FastEthernetOjl is administratively down, line protocol is down Encapsulation ARPA Sending COP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds FastEthernetOj2 is administratively down, line protocol is down Encapsulation ARPA Sending COP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds YaCTb BBOAHMOH HHopMaUHH onyeHa SW2#sbow cdp traffic CDp counters : Total packets output: 54, Input: 49 Hdr syntax: 0, Chksum error: 0, Encaps failed: 0 No memory: 0, Invalid packet: 0, Fragmented: 0 DP version 1 advertisements output: 0, Input: 0 _DP version 2 advertisements output: 54, Input: 49 B oep u 8 6 BOw nOJIOBHHe npHMepa 10.1 MO)KHO YBH.n:eTb HJlJIIOCTpal.{HIO TOro, '1TO onHcaHO It:; JI. 10.2. KOMaH.1la show cdp neighbors BblBO.n:HT no o.n:Hoii cTpoKe KJIIO'leBOii o °PMaWtH 0 Ka)f(,[{oM YCTpoiicTBe: K KaKoMY JIOKaJJbHOMY HHTep<t>eiicy OHO no.n:KJIIO'le- t.!a;;a Kl1M HMeHHO wHTep<t>eiicoM, Mo.n:eJIb H T.n. HanpHMep, B KOMMYTaTope SW2 KO- ..a a show cdp neighbors BbIBO.n:HT 3anHCb.lLIUl KOMMYTaTopa SWI, B KOTOpOH YKa- .aT '1TO JIOKaJIbHbIH HHTep<t>eiic GiO/2 (SW2) no.n:KJIIO'leH K HHTep<peiicy GiO/1 KOMMY- lt1>o a SWI (CM. TalOKe pHC. 10.2). PaccMaTpHBaeMafi KOMaH.n:a TalOKe BblBOlll1T '. I(OMaIlHIO 0 nJIaT<t>opMe YCTpoiicTBa, T.e. MO)l(HO BH,l{eTb Mo.n:eJIb cocellHero YCTpoiicT- tlt 0 OaHHH Cisco. BJIa.n.efl TaKoii 6a30Boii HH<popMal.{l1eii, MO)l(HO nocTpoHTb cxeMY ce- , Oll.o6 It 0 HylO npe.n:cTaBJleHHOii Ha pHC. 10.2 I1JIH no.n:TBep.n:HTb, '1TO HMelOIllaSlCfI cxeMa paBltJIbHa.
........ 330 '-IacTb II. KOMMyraL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX cenl)( nonpo6yeM CpaBHHTb KOMan.n:bI show cdp neighbors detail H show cdp entry R1 (CM. npHMep 10.1). 06e KOMaHllbI BbIBO,l{flT a6cOJ1lO'fHo OllHHaKOBhIe coo6IlleHHfI 3a HC- KJ1104eHHeM TOro, 'ITO nepBafi KOMaH,LJ.a BhlBO,l{HT HHct>opMal.{HIO 060 Bcex coce.n:HlIX YCTpOHCT- BaX, a BTOpafl - TOJIbKO 06 O.lUiOM, KOTOpoe }'Ka3aH0 B KOMaHAHoi1 CTpOKe. 06parnTe BHHMa_ HHe, '1TO 06e yJ<a3aHHbIe KOMan.n:bI BblBOMT MHOro .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHOH HHct>opMaI.{HH, a 4aCTlio- cnl, nOJIHoe Ha3BaHHe Mo.n:eJIH KOMM)'ffiTOpa (WS-2960-24TT-L) U IP-a.apec, YCTaHOBJIeHHhIH ,lI.JIfi MapIIIpyrH3aTOpa 1841. ECJlH 6bI Y KOMM)'ffiTopa SWI 6bIJI CKOHct>HrypHPOBaH KaKoH-lIH60 a.apec, OH TaIOKe 6bIJI 6hI nOKa3aH B BbIBOllHMOi1 KOMan.n:aMH HHct>opMauHH. Bo BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe npHMepa 10.1 nOKa3aHbI npHMepbI BbInOJIHeHHfI KOMan.n:hI show cdp C pa3HbIMH onUHflMH, }:IeMoHcTpHpYIOIl{He HacTpOHKY H napaMeTpbI pa60TbI npoTO- KOJIa COP. B 3THX KOMan.n:ax HIT HHct>opMaUHH 0 coce.n:HHX YCTpoif:cTBax. KOMan.n:hI 11 HX onHcaHHe nepe'lUCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 10.3. Ta6J1Hua 10.3. KOMaHll.bllI,JIH npOBepKH pa60Tbi npOTOKOJIa CDP KOMaHll.a show cdp OnHcaHHe show cdp interface (Tun HOMepJ 3T3 KOM3H1l3 nOK3JbIB3eT. BKJlIO'IeH nil npOTOKOJl COP .-Jl06aJ1bHO B YCTj>OACTBe, 3 TaKJKe K3Klle TaAMepbl o6HoWleHlli1 (update) II xpaHeHIIII IIH4>opMaUIIII (holdtime) IICnOJlbJyJOTCII 3Ta KOMaH1la nOK3JbIBaeT, BKJlIO'IeH JIll npOTOKOJl COP Ha COOTBeTCTBYlOllUIX IIHTep4>eAcax. a T310Ke KaKlie Tai1Mepbl o6HollJleHlli1 (update) II xpaHeHIIII IIH4>opMaUIIII (holdtime) IICnOJlbJyJOTCII B 3TIIX IIHTeP<t>eAcax nOKaJblBaeT rn06aJ1bHyJO CTaTIICTIIK)' COP-06HoWleHIIA, KOTopble 6bIJlII OTnpallJleHbl1l nOJl}"leHbl YCTj>OACTBOM show cdp traffic AHaIU13 COCTOSlHSI HTep4>eMca Ha 1 2 YPOBHSlX I1HTepct>eHc KOMMyraTopa KOMnaHHH Cisco .n:omKeH 6bITh B pa604eM COCTOflHHH. 'ITO- 6bI 06pa6aTbIBaTb npHXOMIl{He ct>peHMbI HJlH nepeCbIJIaTb ct>peHMbI H3.n:PYrux nopTOB no- JIyqaTeJIfiM. KpOMe TOro, eCJIH HHTeP<l>ei1c pa60TaeT, HHor.n:a MOryr B03HHKaTb OIIIu6KJ1 Ii np06JIeMbi npH nepe.n:a'le nOTOKOB Tpact>HKa. n03TOMY BnOJIHe O'leBHllHbIM 3TanOM TeCTIi- pOBaHUfi pa60TbI, a TalOKe nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTei1 B ceTH flBJIfieTCH npo- BepKa COCTOflHlHI HHTepct>eHca H 06Hap)')KeHHe nepeMe)l(alOIIlHXCfI OIIIH60K B npollecce ct>YHKI.{HOHHpOBaHHH YCTpoi1CTBa. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI nOJIe3HbIe KOMaHAbl rpynnbl B 06- show, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe ,I])l5I OTCJIe)KHBaHHH COCTOflHHfI HHTepct>eHcoB KOMMyraTOpO . Hap)')KeHHfI npH'lHH HX Hepa60Tocnoc06HoCTH H nOUCKa np06J1eM B pa60TalOll1HX nopTaX KOAbl COCTOJ1HMM MHTepcl>eMcoB M npMMHbl MX Hepa6oTOCnoco6HOCTM B KOMMyraTopax KOMnaHUH Cisco HCnOJIb3YeTCfI.n:Ba Ha60pa KO.n:OB COCTOflHH H HtrreIJ4>e:- COB: OllHH Ha60p COCTOHT H3 JIBYX KO.n:OB (KO.n:OBbIX CJI0B),lI.IUI KillK,lloro COCTOflHHfI U B e;60p nOJIb3yeTcfI TO)Ke caMoe COrJlaIIIeHHe 0 CHHTaKCHCe, 'ITO H B MapIIIpyrn3aTOPax; BTOpoI1C BKJII04aer B ce6f1 no OAHOMY KO.uy (KO.n:OBOMY CJI0BY) ,lI.IUI KillK,lloro COCTOflHHfI uHTC 06a Ha60pa KO.n:OBbIX CJIOB nOMoryr onpe.aeJIHTb, pa60Taer HHTeJXt>eHc HJlH Her. TOP" KOMaH.n:bl show interfaces" show interfaces description KOMMyra r - }t B la Bbl,l{alOT .n:BYXKoMnoHeHTHhle KO.n:bl COCT05lHitH HHTepct>eHca, TO'lHO TaK )l(e KaK
rll a sa 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 331 -- yn t3aTo pax. TaKHe KO.n:bI onHCbIBalOT cocmORHue flUHUU (line status) H cocmORHue npo- KOJla (protocol status) I1HTep<pei1ca H YKa3bIBaIOT, COOTBeTCTBeHHO. pa60TaeT JIH ypOBeHb 1 (JIUHHfI) Mo.n:eJI OSI H ypOBeHb 2 (npoTOKOJI KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI). .lJ,.rifi KOMMYTaTopOB OKaIl bHbIX ceTeH xapaKTepHO, 4TO KOMaHlla nOKa3bIBaeT .n:Ba Olll1HaKOBbIX 3Ha'leHHfI B OI1X noJUlX: llBa pa3a "up" (pa60TaeT) HJIH .n:Ba pa3a "down" (He pa60TaeT). BHMAHE! B 3TOH KHl1re o6a KOlla 06bI4HO npellCTaBJ1eHbI B Yllo6H0i1 COKpallleHHOH 3anltCIt, Hanpl1Mep, eCJ11t ypoBeHb J1ItHI1It It ypOBeHb npOTOKOJ1a pa60TalOT, TO COCTOSlHlte ItHTep<!>eHca 3anltCbIBaeTCSI TaK: "up/up". KOMaH.n:a show interfaces status BbIBO.n:HT llJIfi KIDK,lI,Oro HHTep<pei1ca O.n:HY KO- poTKYIO CTpOKY OllHHM KO.n:OBbIM CJIOBOM ero COCTOflHHfI. TaKoH KO.n: COCTOflHHfI HHTep- 4>dka HMeeT 01lH03Ha'lHYIO npHBfl3KY K .n:BYXKoMnoHeHTHoMY TpallHUl10HHOMY KO.n:y co- CTOSlHHfI nopTa. HanpHMep, KOMan.n:a show interfaces status Bbl)laeT KOllOBoe cnoBO COCTOflHUfi HHTep<pei1ca "connected" (coe.n:HHeH), 4T06bI yKa3aTb, 'ITO HHTep<Pei1c Haxo.n:I1TCfI nOJIHOCTblO B pa60'leM COCTOflHHH. 3TO Ko.n:OBoe CJIOBO COOTBeTCTBYeT .n:BYX- KOMnOHeHTHOMY KO.n:y "up/up" (pa60TaeT/pa60TaeT) B KOMaH,l{aX show interfaces H show interfaces description. ECJII1 nepe4UCJIeHHbIe BblIIIe KOMaH.n:bl BbIllalOT KOll COCTOflHHfI HHTep<pei1ca He connect ItJIH up/up, TO 3TO 3Ha4HT, 'lTO KOMMYTaTOp He 6YlleT nepellaBaTb H npHHHMaTb <ppei1MbI 4epeJ Hero. .lJ,.rifl Ka)l{)l.oro H3 Hepa604HX COCTOflHHi1 HHTep<pei1ca eCTb He60JIbllIoi1 Ha60p rnnl14HbIX npH411H Hepa60Tocnoc06HOCTH. CJIe.n:yeT TalOKe nOMHHTb, 'lTO B CepTI1<pHKa- UItOHHOM 3K3aMeHe MO)KeT 6bITb npHBe.n:eH O.n:HOKOMnOHeHTHbIi1 KO.n: HJIH .n:ByxKOMno- HeHTHbIi1 KO.n: COCTOflHHfI H3 llBYX Ha60pOB C006Il{eHHi1, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, HY)l(HO 6bITb roTOBbIM K TaKHM BonpocaM H nOMHHTb Bce KO.n:bl Ha naMfiTb. Pa3JIH4HbIe KOM6HHaUHH KOllOB COCTOflHHfI HHTep<peHCOB H HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIe npH'lHHbl Hepa60Tocno- 06HOCTH nepe4HCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 10.4. Ba' Ta6J1HIta 10.4. KOlIbl COCTOHHHH HlITepcIJeHca KOMM)'TaTopa ..... " COCTOHHHe CocToHHHe CocToHHHe H IIH npOTOKOJla HHTepcIJeHca >dministratively Down Disabled D n Down Down Notconnect p Down Notconnect Wn Down Err-disabled (err-disabled) Up Connect THnll'lHbIe npll'lHHbI B KOHllmrypaUIUIItHTeP<1>ei1ca BBelleHa KOMaMa shutdown Ka6eJlb He nOllKJIIO'IeH; Ka6eJlb Hepa6o'lHi1; HCnOJlb30BaH Ka6eJlb C HenpaBHJlbHOA pacna!1Ko!1; HaCTj>OHKH CKOpOCTH Ha lIBYX KOHuax coellHHeHHH He COBna.uaIOT; C OllHOH CTOpOHbI coellHHeHHH y YCTj>OHCTBa BbIKJIIO'IeHO nHTaHHe HJlH BBelleHa KOMaMa shutdown B KOH4mrypaUHH HHTep<1>ei1ca 3TO COCTOHHHe (up/down) B KOMMyraTopax JlOKaJlbHblX ceTeH npaKTH'IeCKH He BCTj>e'laeTCR TeXHOJlOnlR 6e30naCHOCTH nopTa (pon secunty) BbIKJIIO'IHJla nopT B CBR3H C HapymeHHeM pe>KHMa 6e30naCHocTII HHTeP<1>eiic HOpMaJlbHO pa60TaeT
332 '-IacTb II. KOMMyraL-'Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJlX -- npaKTH'IeCKU BCe npH'IHHbI COCTOflHHfI HHTep<t>eika notconnect (He no.n:KJIIO'leH) 6bInH nepe'lHCJIeHbI BblIIIe B 3mi1 rnaBe. HanpHMep, 'lT06bI Hai1TH cneUH<t>H'IeCKHe np06neMbI B no.n:KJIIO'leHHH, cne.n:YeT nOMHHTb HaH3YCTb pacnai1KY Ka6eJIei1, nOKa3aHHyJO B maBe 3 "OCHOBbI JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTei1", H cpaBHHTb HMeIOWHi1cfI Ka6eJIb C HeH. CaMoi1 CJIO)l(HOH CH"ryaI.{Hei1 C TO'lKH 3peHHfI npouecca nOHCKa H yc-rpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTei1 flBJUleTCSI Ta, B KOTOpOi1 CKOpOCTb H pe)KHM .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH HHTep<t>ei1coB He COBnallalOT. npo6neMbi nplll HeCOBnaAeHlII1II AynneKcHOCTlII1II CKOpOCTIil IIIHTepcl>eMcoB J.1HTep<t>ei1cbI KOMMYTaTopoB MOryT nonyqHTb Hacrpoi1KH CKOpOCTH It .n:yllJIeKCHOCTIt H3 pa3HbIx HCTO'lHHKOB. 3a'lacTyIO HHTep<t>ei1cbl, no.n:KJIIO'IaeMbIe K Me.n:Hoi1 cpe.n:e nepe- .n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX, MOryT pa60TaTb C pa3HbIMH CKOpOCTflMH H pa3HbIMH pe)l(HMaMH llYWleKC- HOCTH 3a C'leT HCnOJIb30BaHHfI CTaH)J.apTHoro npouecca aBTOMaTWleCKoro cornaCOBaHltSi KaHaJJa (CTaH)J.apTbI IEEE 802.3X). TaKHe HHTep<t>eHcbI, KaK H CeTeBbIe KapTbI (Network Interface Card - NIC), MOryT TalOKe 6bITb flBHO CKOH<t>HrypHpoBaHbI ,lI.JIfi onpe.n:eJIeH- Hom pe)KHMa pa60TbI H He HCnOJIb30BaTb aBTocornaCOBaHHe. B KOMMYTaTopax H Mapwpy- TH3aTopax KOMnaHUU Cisco CKOpOCTb 3allaeTCfI KOMaH)J.oi1 KOH<t>HrypHpOBaHltfi HHTep- <t>ei1ca speed {10 I 100 I 1000}, a pe)KlIM .n:ynJIeKcHoCTH KaHaJJa - KOMaHlloH duplex {half I full}. CJIe.n:YeT nOMHHTb, '1m SlBHoe yJ<a3aHHe CKOpOCTH H llyn- JIeKCHOCTH HHTep<t>ei1ca OTKJIlO'laeT npouecc aBTocornaCOBaHHfI xapaKTepUCTHK ,lI.JISi ItH- Tep<t>ei1ca YCTpoi1cTBa. BbIBo.n:HMafi KOMaH)J.aMH show interfaces H show interfaces status ItH- <t>opMal.{Hfi nOKaJbIBaeT HacTpOi1KH CKOpOCTH H .lIYJ11IeKcHocTb nOp1'a, KaK nOKaJaHO B nplt- Mepe 10.2. npMMep 10.2. OTo6pa>KeHMe HacTpoeK CKOpOCTM M AynneKcHocTM MHTep<l>eliicoB KOMM}'TaTopoB SWI#show interfaces status Port Name Status Type FaO/1 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/2 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/3 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/4 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/S IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/6 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/? IO/lOOBaseTX FaO/8 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/9 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/IO Vlan Duplex speed notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto connected I a-full a-IOO connected I a-full a-IOO notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect 1 auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto autO
- rJ1aea 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 333 FaO/ 1l lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/ l2 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/ l3 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/ 14 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/ l5 lO/looBaseTX FaO/ 16 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/ l7 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/l8 lO/looBaseTX FaO/l9 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/20 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/2l lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/22 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/23 lO/lOOBaseTX FaO/24 lO/lOOBaseTX GiO/l lO/lOO/lOOOBaseTX GiO/2 lO/lOO/lOOOBaseTX SWl#show interfaces faO/13 FastEthernetO/l3 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is Fast Ethernet address is 0019.e86a.6f8d (bia OOl9.e86a.6f8d) , MTu 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usee, E eliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 ncapsulation ARPA loopback not set ¥epalive set (10 ec) ll-duPlex, 100Mbps, media type is 10/100BaseTX ARut flow-control is off, output flow-control is unsupported Lastte: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 Last nput.00:00:05, output 00:00:00, output hang never T learng of "show interface" counters never nput Ueu .queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output ..t elng strategy: fifo !!l ut queue: 0/40 {size/maxI lnute . . !!lin nput rate 0 bts/sec, 0 packets/see 8te output rate 0 bits/see, 0 packets/see Re2 packets input, 10008976 bytes, 0 no buffer o elved 284 broadcasts (O multicast) . runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles nput errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored atchdog, 281 multicast, 0 pause input S2put packets with dribble condition detected 6 packets output, 10849674 bytes, 0 underruns u. prrnrR 0 col lisions , 1 interface resets connected connected connected disabled notconnect notconnect connected notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect connected notconnect 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 trunk 1 a-full half a-full auto auto auto a-full auto auto auto auto auto auto auto full auto 10 100 a-100 auto auto auto a-100 auto auto auto auto auto auto auto 1000 auto drops: 0
332 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaL-'Mft B J10KaJ1bHbIX CeTJU( -- npaKTH4eCKH BCe npH'lHHbI COCTOflHHSI HHTep<t>ei1ca notconnect (He no.n:KJII04eH) 6bIJUt nepe'lHCJIeHbI BblIIIe B 3T0i1 maBe. HanpHMep, 4T06bI Hai1TH cn e U H <t>H4eCKHe np06JIeMbI B no.n:KJIIOQeHHH, CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb HaH3YCTb pacnai1KY Ka6eJIei1, nOlQ13aHHyJO B rnaBe 3 "OCHOBbI JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTei1", U cpaBHHTb HMelOWHHcfI Ka6eJIb C Hei1. CaMoi1 CJIO)f(HOH curyauuei1 C T04KH 3peHIDI npouecca nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTei1 flBnSICTCSI Ta, B KOTOpOi1 CKOpOCTb H pe)KHM .n:YllJIeKCHOCTH HHTep<t>ei1coB He COBnallaIOT. npo6neMbi nplll HeCOBnaAeHlII1II AynneKcHOCTIll III CKOpOCTIll IIIHTePcl>eMcoB MHTep<t>ei1cbI KOMMYTaTopOB MOryr nOJIy'IHTb HacTpoi1KH CKOpOCTH H .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH U3 pa3HbIX UCT04HHKOB. 3a4aCTylO HHTep<t>ei1cbl, no.n:KJIIO'laeMbIe K Me.n:Hoi1 cpe.n:e nepe- .n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX, MOryr pa60TaTb C pa3HbIMH CKOpOCTflMH H pa3HbIMH pe)KHMaMH .n:YfIJIeKC- HOCTH 3a C4eT HCnOJIb30BaHHfI CTaH,l{apTHOro npouecca aBTOMaTH4eCKoro COrJIaCOBaHI1SI KaHaJIa (CTaH,l{apTbl IEEE 802.3X). TaKHe HHTep<t>ei1cbI, KaK H CeTeBbIe KapTbI (Network Interface Card - NIC), MOryr TalOKe 6bITb flBHO CKOH<t>HrypHpoBaHbI .LIJIfi onpe.n:eneH- Hom pe)KHMa pa60TbI H He HCnOJIb30BaTb aBTocomaCOBaHHe. B KOMMyraTopax U Mapwpy- TH3aTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco CKOpOCTb 3allaeTCfI KOMan.n:oi1 KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHSI I1HTep- <t>ei1ca speed {10 I 100 I 1000}, a pe)f(HM .n:ynJIeKcHoCTH KaHaJIa - KOMaHlIOH duplex {half I full}. CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 4TO flBHoe yJ<a3aHHe CKOpOCTH H .n:yn- JIeKCHOCTH HHTep<t>ei1ca OTKJII04aeT npouecc aBTocomaCOBaHHfI xapaJ<TepHCTHK DJlSI I1H- Tep<t>ei1ca YCTpoi1cTBa. BbIBo.n:uMaH KOMan.n:aMH show interfaces H show interfaces status I1H- <t>opMauHfi nOKa.3bIBaeT HaCTpoi1KH CKOpOCTH H .n:ynJJeKcHocTb nOpTa, KaK nOKaJaHO B npH- Mepe 10.2. npMMep 10.2. OTo6pa>KeHMe HacTpoeK CKOpOCTM M AynneKcHocTM MHTep4>eMcoB KOMM}'TaTopoB SWI#show interfaces status Port Name Status Type FaO/1 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/2 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/3 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/4 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/S IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/6 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/? IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/8 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/9 IO/IOOBaseTX FaO/IO IO/IOOBaseTX Vlan Duplex Speed notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto connected 1 a-full a-IOO connected I a-full a-lOa notconnect 1 auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect I auto auto notconnect 1 auto auto not connect I auto auto
- rJ18e8 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 333 FaO/ ll 10/100BaseTX FaO/ 12 10/100BaseTX FaO/ 13 10/100BaseTX FaO/ H 10/100BaseTX FaO/ 15 10/100BaseTX FaO/ 16 10/100BaseTX FaO/ 17 10/100BaseTX FaO/ 18 10/100BaseTX FaO/19 10/100BaseTX FaO/20 10/100BaseTX FaO/2l 10/100BaseTX FaO/22 10/100BaseTX FaO/23 10/100BaseTX FaO/24 10/100BaseTX GiO/l 10/100/1000BaseTX GiO/2 10/100/1000BaseTX SW1#show interfaces faO/13 FastEthernetO/13 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 0019.e86a.6f8d (bia 0019. e86a. 6f8d) MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usee, E eliability 255/255. txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 ncapsulation ARPA, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 see) Ull-duPlex, 100Mbps, media type is 10/100BaseTX ut flow-control is off, output flow-control is unsupported L tyPe: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04: 00 . 00 ast . . ast nput.00:00:05, output 00:00:00, output hang never clearng of "show interface" counters never nput Ue .queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output ..t ueng strategy: fifo m ut qUeue: 0/40 (size/max) nut ' i e nput rate 0 bits/see, 0 packets/see te output rate 0 bits/see, 0 packets/see Re2 packets input, 10008976 bytes, 0 no buffer o eved 284 broadcasts (0 multicast) ,runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles nput errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored atchdog, 281 multicast, 0 pause input 5put packets with dribble condition detected 6 packets output, 10849674 bytes, 0 underruns Output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets connected connected connected disabled notconnect notconnect connected notconnect not connect not connect not connect notconnect not connect not connect connected notconnect 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 trunk 1 a-full half a-full auto auto auto a-full auto auto auto auto auto auto auto full auto 10 100 a-100 auto auto auto a-100 auto auto auto auto auto auto auto 1000 auto drops: 0
334 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B J10KaJ1bHbIX cenl)l babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 PAUSE output output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 06e nOKa3aHHble B npHMepe KOMaH,l{bI MOryT 6bITb nOJIe3HbI npH npOBepKe pa60TO_ CnOC06HOCTH CeTH, TOJIbKO C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI show interfaces status MO)f(}Jo 06HapHTb, KaK KOMMYTaTop onpe.n:eJIfieT HaCTpOMKH CKOpOCTH H .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH JII1HJ1J1. B BbIBO.n:HMOM 3TOM KOMaH,l{oM HH<popMaUHH aBTocornaCOBaHHe }'Ka3bIBaeTcfI C nOMOll.{hlO npHcTaBKH a - ,l{JIfi HHTep<PeMca, HanpHMep, HallnHCb a - full cHrHaJJI13HpyeT 0 TOM, 'fTO .n:ynJIeKCHbIM pe)KHM pa60ThI 6bm aBTOMaTl1'leCKJf cornaCOBaH, a npocTo full - 0 TOM 'lTO TaKOM pe)KHM 6bm 3allaH BpyqHYIO B KOH<pHrypaUHH HHTep<PeMca. B npHMepe 10.2 BbUJ:eJIeHbI UBeTOM CTpOKH )J)UI .n:BYX HHTep<peMCOB: ,l{JIfi nopTa FaOj12 HaCTpOMKH JIHHI1J1 6bIJIH Y1Q13aHbl BpyqHyJO, a nopT FaOj13 aBTOMaTH'leCKU cornaCOBaJJ pe)KI1M pa60ThI. 06- paTHTe BHHMaHl1e, 'lTO C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI show interfaces faO/13 (6e30nUJ1J1 status) MO)KHO npocTo nocMoTpeTb. KaKHe napaMeTpbI .n:ynJIeKCHoCTH H CKOpOCTI1 J1C- nOJIh3YIOTCfI LLJ]fI HHTep<peMca Fast EthemetOj13, HO HH'lero HeJIb3f1 CKa3aTh 0 TOM, KaK OHH 6bllIH nOJIyqeHb1 HHTep<peMCOM. Koma CTan.n:apT IEEE aBTOMaTU'leCKOrO cornaCOBaHUfi xapaKTepHCTHK UHTep<peHca nOllllep)KHBaeTCfI 060HMH YCTpoHCTBaMH Ha KOHuax KaHaJJa, OHH 6y.n:YT YCTaHaBJIHBaTb MaKCHMaJJbHyJO nOllllep)KHBaeMyJO HMH CKOpOCTb. AHaJJorH'lHO, 06a YCTPOMCTBa CHa'faJIa nonp06yJOT YCTaHOBHTb .n:YnJIeKCHhIM pe)KHM pa6OTbI, eCJIH 3TO He y.n:aCTCfI, OHH cornacy- lOT nOJIY.n:ynJIeKCHbIM KaHaJJ. ECJIH )Ke O.n:HO H3 YCTpOMCTB HCnOJIh3yeT aBTOCOrnaCOBaHHe. a BTopoe HeT, TO YCTpOMCTBO C aBTOMaTU'leCKHM cornaCOBaHHeM KaHaJJa 6y.n:eT nbITaTbCSI YCTaHOBHTb pe)KHM .n:YnJIeKCHOCTH Ha OCHOBaHHH TeKYIlleM CKOpOCTH HHTep<peMca. CTaH- }:IapTHbIMH KOM6HHaUUflMH napaMeTpOB flBJIflIOTCfI CJIe.n:yJOIllHe: . eCJIH CKOpOCTb He U3Becrna, 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI CKOpOCTb 10 M6HTjc CIO'0888II H nOJIy.n:YnJIeKCHhIM pe)KHM; 9"8 . eCJIH CKOpOCTb KaKHM-JIH60 06pa30M 6bllIa onpe.n:eJIeHa U paBHa 10 J1JI1t 100 M6HTjC, CTaHAapTHO 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI nOJIY.n:ynJIeKCHbIH pe)KHM; . eCJIH CKOpoCTb KaKHM-JIH60 06pa30M 6bma onpe.n:eJIeHa H paBHa 1000 M6I1T/. CTaH,l{apTHo 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI.n:ynJIeKCHbIH pe)KHM. BHMAHE! Ethemet-I1HTep<l>eHcbI co CKOpOCTSIMIt 1 f6ItT/C It BbIllie Bcer.na I1CnOJlb3yK>T llynrreKcHbIH pe)l(l1M pa6oTbI. KOMMYTaTopbI KOMnaHHI1 Cisco MOryT onpe.n:eJIflTb CKOpOCTb C nOMoIllblO HecKOJlbKJiX MeTo.n:OB, .DIDKe eCJIH aBTOCOfJIaCOBaHue He P a60TaeT. YCTpOMCTBO MO)KeT uCnOJIbJOBaTb H Me- CKOpOCTb, }'Ka3aHHyJO C nOMoIllblO KOMaH,l{hI speed, - 3TO nepBble MeTO.n:. BTOPO TO.n: 3aKJIIO'laeTCfI B TOM, 'lTO eCJII1 aBTocornaCOBaHHe CTaH,l{apTa IEEE He cpa6aTbiBaeT, : KOMMYTaTOp MO)KeT aBTOMaTH'leCKH no.n:6I1paTh CKOpOCTb, I1CnOJIb3YfI 3JIeKTPH'feC K CHfHaJJbI B KaHaJJe, 'lT06bI OnpelleJIHTb KOH<pHrypaUHIO y.n:aJJeHHoro YCTpOiiCTBa. w npe.n:CTaBI1M ce6e, 'ITO I1HTep<peMC GiOj2 KOMMYTaTOpa SW2 (pHC. 10.3) 6bIJI CKo ra _ <pHrypupoBaH C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM KOMaH,l{ speed 100 H duplex half ('lTO.DJl Sl rH IC- 6HTOBbiX HHTep<peMcoB .n:eJIaTh KpaiiHe He peKOMen.n:yeTCfI). KOMMYTaTOp SW2 6Y)1eT ;w nOJIb30BaTb YKa3aHHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH H OTKJIIO'fHT aBTocornaCOBaHHe IEEE-CT
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 335 rJ1aB . - nOCKOJIbK)' CKOpOCTb H .n:ynJIeKCHOCTb HHTep<l>eMca YKa3aHbI flBHO. ECJIU )Ke B KOM- :pe SWI .lIJ1f1 HHTep<l>eMca GiO/l He 3a.n:aHa CKOpOCTb KOMaHAOH speed, OH Bce O M O)KeT pacn03HaTb CKOpOCTb (100 M6HT/C), HecMoTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO YCTpOMCTBO SW2 paBH J-IcnoJIb3YeT aBTocOmaCOBaHHe, H 6YlleT ee HCnOJIb30BaTb. B npUMepe 10.3 nOKa3aH pe3YJIb- SW - TaT BbillOJlHeHJUI KOMaHAbl show.llJ1S1 KOMMYTIlTopa I B paccMaTpHBaeMoH CH1YaIUtH. nK1 FaO/11 ;,-r GiO/1 GiO/2 Fa0/10 FaO/1 -:;... RI 0200.0101.0101 0200.1111.1111 Puc. 10.3. flpUMep cemu (JAR a6moKoHtjJuypal.{uu CKopocmu u (JYfUleKcHocmu uHmept/Jeuca npl1Mep 10.3. HacTpo.:1KIII Aynl1eKcHocTlII1II CKOpOCTIil IIIHTePcl>e.:1ca KOMMyraTopa SW1 SW1#show interfaces giO/l status Port Name Status Vlan Duplex Speed Type GiO/l connected trunk a-half a-IOO 10/100/1000BaseTX B HaCTpOMKaX CKOpOCTH H .n:ynJIeKCHOCTU uHTeP<l>eHca BH,l{Ha npHCTaBKa a--, CBH,l{e- TeJIbCTByJOIl{afi 0 TOM, 'lTO xapaKTepHCTHKM 6bIJIH BbICTaBJIeHbI 3a C'leT aBTocomaCOBaHHfI. B llaHHOM CJIyqae CHa'IaJJa 6bIJIa onpe.n:eJIeHa aBTOMaTH'leCKH CKOpOCTb, nOTOM onepaUH- OHHaSi CHCTeMa YCTpOHCTBa YCTaHOBUJIa COOTBeTCTByJOIllHM eH pe)KHM .n:ynJIeKCHOCTH .lIJ1S1 HHTep<l>eHca. KOMMymTOp SWl BblCTaBHJI CKOpOCTb 6e3 HCnOJIb30BaHHfI aBTocomaCOBa- HHSI CKOpOCTH CTaHAapTa IEEE, nOCKOJIbK)' xapaKTepHCTUKH 6bIJIH flBHO yx.a3aHbI B KOH- :tmrypauHH KOMMYTaTOpa SW2 U TaKMM 06pa30M aBTocomaCOBaHHe )J)UI Hero 6bIJIO OT- KJIIO'IeHo. KaK H npe.n:noJIaraJJoCb, YCTpOMCTBO SWl BbICTaBHJIO CTaHAapTHblH pe)KHM .n:y- lIJIeKCHOCTU (nOJIy.n:YnJIeKCHbIM) .lIJ1f1 nopTa comaCHO CTaHAapTHbIM peKOMeHAaUHfiM I1HcTUl)'Ta IEEE.lIJ1f1 HHTep<l>eMcoB co CKOpOCTblO 100 M6HT/C. PacCMOTpeHHblM BbIwe npHMep TaIOKe HJIJIIOCTpHpyeT O.n:HY CJIO)KHYIO np06JIeMY, He- COOTBeTCTBHe llynJJeKCHOCTH HHTep<l>eMCOB: KOMMYTaTOp SWI pa60TaeT B nOJIY.n:ynJIeKC- HOM pe)i(JtMe, a SW2 - B .n:ynJIeKCHOM. 06Hap}')KHTb HeCOBna.n:eHHe pe)KHMa .n:ynJIeKCHO- ln1 - KpaHHe np06JIeMaTH'lHO U HaMHoro CJIO)KHee, 'leM BblflBHTb HeCOBna.n:eHue CKOpO- reO H, nOCKOJIbKY KOi!Oa HacmpouKu oynJ/eKcHocmu He c06naomom Ha KOHl.(aX Ethernet- coe(JUHeHU '" - R, UHmep'f'euc KOMMymamopa 6ce pa6HO 6yoem coo6w,amb 0 pa60'1eM cocmORHUU, :e. connect (wlU up/up 6 oPYi!OU KOMaHoe). TaKoM HHTep<l>eMc 6y.n:eT pa6OTaTb, HO, CKopee Hb ero , O'IeHb fUIOXO, npOH3BO,l{HTeJIbHOCTb ero 6y.n:eT HeBblCOKa H)J)UI Hero 6yAYT xapaKTep- JI; nepeMe)KalOlI.{HeCfI OTKa3bI H np06JIeMbI. npH'lHHOH HecTa6HJIbHOM pa60TbI UHTep<l>eMca oJe "Ule-rCSI JtnOJIb30BaHue B no.rry.n:ynJIeKcHoM pe)KHMe pa60TbI JIOrHKM CSMA/CD (Carrier He ullIple Access with Collision Detection - MHO)KeCTBeHHbIM .n:OCTyTl C KOHTpOJIeM 'IToUleH H 06Hap}0KeHHeM KOJIJIH3JtM), KOTOpafl O)KH,l{aeT OKOH'laHJtfl npHeMa <l>peMMa, HHI<H bI Ha'IaTb C06cTBeHHyJO nepe.n:a'IY, H npellnOJIaraeT, 'ITO B npoTJtBHOM CJIyqae B03- HHJI ;T KOJIJIH3HfI. B .n:eMCTBHTeJIbHocTJt KOJIJIH3HJt B TaKOM BapHaHTe pa60TbI coe.n:HHe- TOHT H1Jt'IeCKH He B03HHKHeT, HO KOMMYTaTop-TO ::HOro He 3HaeT! BTopaSi np06JIeMa co- Hniil.i1B TOM, 'ITo npH HaJJH'lHH JtHTeHCJtBHoro Tpa<l>JtKa HHTep<l>eMc KOMMYTaTopa 6y.n:eT O} leT Jt3HPOBaTb 0 HOpMaJJbHOM nOllKJIlO'leHHOM COCTOflHJtH, HO Tpa<pItK 'lepe3 Hero He nepellaBaTbCfI lIJIH 6y.n:eT nepe.n:aBaTbCSI C oIIIJt6KaMJt.
336 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTAX lJT06bI 06HapHTb HeCOOTBeTCTBHe pe)!(HMOB .n:ynJIeKCHOCTU Ha KOHl.{aX KaHaJIa, cne- .n:YeT npOBepHTb HaCTpOHKH Ha 060ux uHTep<l>eHcax, nOCMO'rpeTb, YBeJIH'lHBaIOTCfI JI" C'leT'lHKH KOJIJIH3HH (collision) H 3an03.n:aJIbIX KOJInH3HH (late collision), KaK nOKa3aHO B cJIe.n:yJOIl{eM pa3.n:ene. npo6neMbi YPOBHSl1 B pa60TatOMX MHTepcl>elilcax HeKoTopbIe np06neMbI nepBoro ypOBHfI MOryT npUBeCTH K TOM)', 'lTO HHTep<l>eHc He ne- pexo.n:HT B nOllKJIlO'leHHOe COCTOflHHe ("connect" HJIH "up/up"). ECJlH )!(e HHTep<l>eHc Bce )!(e nepeXOllHT B pa60'lee COCTOflHHe, KOMMYTaTOp nblTaeTCfI no.n:.n:ep)!(HBaTb ero B 3TOM pe_ )!(HMe H C03.n:aeT .lI.IUI Hero pa3JIH'lHbIe C'leT'IHKH. TaKJ1e C'leTlJHKH nopTa MOryT nOMO'ib u.n:eHTH<l>HLlHpoBaTb np06JIeMbI B HHTep<l>eHce, HaXOMIlleMCfI B nOllcoe.n:HHeHHOM COCTOH- HHH (connect). B TeKYIIIeM pa3.n:eJle 061>flCHeHbI OCHOBHbIe xapmcrepHcTHKH, KOTopble cne- .n:yeT OTCJle)KHBaTb, H onucaHbI HeCKOJIbKO HaH60Jlee 'laCTO BCTpe'lalOIl{HXCfI np06J1eM. npe)l():e Bcero, .n:aBaHTe paCCMOTpUM HeCKOJIbKO OCHOBHbIX npH'lHH, nO'leMY Ethernet- <l>peHMbI MOryT nepeJIaBaTbCfI C OIIIH6KaMH. Kor.n:a TaKOH <l>peHM nepe.n:aeTCfI no Ka6elllO UTP, 3neKTpH'leCKHH CUrHaJI MO)!(eT 6bITb HCKa)!(eH. Ka6eJlb MO)!(eT 6blTb nOBpe)l(JleH. HanpHMep, eCJlH OH JIe)!(UT no.n: KOBpOM Ha nOJIY. nOJIb30BaTenb, KOTOPOMY nOC'laCTnHBIt- nOCb cu.n:eTb Ha O<l>HCHOM cTYJIe C KOJIeCHKaMH, MO)!(eT nepUOllH'leCKU npoe3:>KaTb no Ta- KOMY Ka6eJlIO, 'lT06bI "YJIyqIIIHTb" ero Ka'leCTBO. CHrHaJI B TaKOM nOBpe)l():eHHOM Ka6eJIe MO)!(eT KaK npOCTO 3a1)'XaTb, TaK H Bo06Il{e nponanaTb. KpOMe TOro B COBpeMeHHOM MHpe CYIl{eCTByeT MHO)!(eCTBO UCTO'lHHKOB 3neKTpOMarHHTHoro H3J1yqeHHfI, KOTopbIe npHBOllHT K B03HHKHOBeHHIO uHTep<l>epeHLlHH B Ka6eJle (Electromagnetic Interference - EMf), Ha- npHMep, npOJIO)!(eHHbIH PMOM Ka6eJIb mnaHHfI 6y.n:eT BbI3bIBaTb HHTeHCHBHyJO UHTep- <l>epeHuHIO H nOMeXH. MHTep<l>epeHI.{Hfi O'leHb CHJIbHO BJlHfleT Ha <l>oPMY, HHTeHCUBHOCTb U xapmcrepucTHKH CumaJIa B Ethernet-Ka6eJIe. He3aBHCHMO OT nepBH'lHOH npH'lHHbI, Kor.n:a CUrHaJI B Ka6eJIe HCKmKaeTCfI, npHHH- MalOwee YCTpOHCTBO MO)!(eT nOJlyqHTb <l>peHM, 6HTbI KOTOpOro OTnH'laIOTCfI OT HatJanbHoro 3HatJeHHfI. TaKJ1e <l>peHMbl He npoHDyr 'lepe3 anropuTM KOHTpOM OIIIH60K, peanu3yeMblH nocpe.n:CTBOM nOM FCS (Frame Check Sequence - KOHTpOJIbHafi cyMMa <l>peHMa) B KOHue- BHKe Ethernet-<l>peHMa, KaK 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO B maBe 3 "OCHOBbI JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH" npH- HHMalOIllee YCTpOHCTBO OT6pacbIBaeT TaKOH <l>peHM H OTHOCHT ero K OllHOH H3 cTaWIapTHbI OIIIH60K. KOMMYTaTopbl KOMnaHHH Cisco 06bI'lHO TaKHe OIIIH6KH 0T06pmKalOT KaK OIIIH6J<H CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check - KOHTpOJIb C nOMOWblO UHKJIH'leCKOrO H:IDbITOtJHOf v Ko.n:a) - 3TO YCTapeBIIIee Ha3BaHUe aJIropHTMa FCS (npHMep 10.4). npMMep 10.4. CeTMKM MHTepcl>eMca AnR onpeAeneHMR npo6neM ypOBHR 1 SWl#show interfaces faO/13 ! qacTb BBOX CTpOK onyeHa nR KpaTKocT Received 284 broadcasts (0 multicast) o runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles o input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored o watchdog, 281 multicast, 0 pause input o input packets with dribble condition detected 95226 packets output, 10849674 bytes, 0 underruns o output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets o babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred o lost carrier, 0 no carrier, 0 PAUSE output o output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
a 10 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 337 rJ1aB . - KpOMe Toro, CJIe.n:yeT nOMHliTb, 'leM OTJIUlJalOTCfI KOJIJIU3Hli (collision) OT 3an03.n:aJJbIX JIH3HH (late collision), 06a THna OIIIli60K OTCJIe)KHBaIOTCfI noCpeJICTBOM C'leT'IHKOB HH- KOJI C . Tep<l>eHcOB KOMMYTaTopoB KOMnaHliH ISCO. KOJIJIH3HH - 3TO HOpMaJIbHbIH pe)KHM pa- 60TbI HHTep<t>eHca B nOJIYllynJIeKCHOM COCTOflHHH npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH MeTo.n:a CSMAjCD, CJlellOBaTeJIbHO, eCJIU C'leT'lHK KOJIJIli3HH HHTep<t>eHca YBeJIH'lHBaeTCfI, 3TO He OJHaqaeT, 'ITO B KaHaJJe eCTb KaKHe-JIli60 np06JIeMbI. TeM He MeHee, eCJIH B npol.{eCce paJpa60TKH H pa3BepTbIBaHlifi ceTH CTaHllapTbI 6bIJIU C06JIIO.n:eHbI, Bce KOJIJIH3HH .n:omKHbI nOHBJlHTbCH npH nepellalJe 3arOJIOBKa <t>peHMa, T.e. .n:o KOHua 64-ro 6aHTa. ECJIH )Ke KOM- MyTaTOp }')Ke ycneJI nepe.n:aTb 64 6aHTa <t>peHMa H nOCJIe 3TOro 06Hap}')KHJI KOJIJIH3HIO, TO TaKaH KO]IJlH3HfI Ha3blBaeTCfI 3an03iJOJIOU (late collision), U YCTpOHCTBO YBeJIH'lliBaeT HMeHHO ClJeTqUK 3an03.n:aJJbIX KOJIJIH3liH ,l{JIfi liHTep<t>eHca. KpoMe TOro, KOMMYTaTOp no- CbiJIaeT jam-ClirHaJJ, KaK npe.n:yCMOTpeHO B TeXHOJIOrlili CSMAjCD, npHOCTaHaBJIHBaeT nepe.n:alJY Ha CJlyqaHHblH nepHO.n: BpeMeHli li TOJIbKO nOCJIe ero liCTe'leHHfI np06yeT no- BTOpHO nepe.n:aTb .n:aHHbIe. 06paTHTe BHHMaHlie, 'lTO ClJeT'lliKli KOJIJIH3HH pa3MeIlleHbi B paJlleJIe liCXOllflIl{liX naKeTOB (output),l{JIfi UHTep<t>eHca. Tpli Hau60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX np06JIeMbI JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH (LAN) MOryT 6bITb o6Hap}')KeHbl C nOMOIl{blO yJ<.a3aHHbIX C'leTqliKOB: H36bITO'lHOe KOJIliqeCTBO uHTep<t>eHcoB (T.e. nepe.n:alOIl{liX CTaHI.{HH) B ceTH, HeCOOTBeTCTBlie HaCTpoeK .n:YnJleKCHOCTH H C60HHbie naKeTbl Gabber). J1f36bITO'lHOe 'lHCJIO liHTep<t>eHcoB B Ka6eJIbHOM cerMeHTe MO)l(eT TaIOKe npliBeCTli K YBeJIli'leHlilO BXO.n:HOro C'leTlJHKa OIIIH60K, B 'laCTHOCTH C'leT'lHKa CRC. ECJIli TaKOH ClJeT'IHK OIIIli60K YBeJIli'lHBaeTCfI, a C'leT'IHK KOJIJIli3liH HeT, TO np06JIeMa MO)KeT 6bITb B HHTeP<t>epeHUlili ClirHaJJa B Ka6eJIe. (KoMMYTaTop TaIOKe KJIaCCli<t>HUHpyeT Ka)I(- llblH <t>peHM C KOJIJIU3lieH KaK O.n:HY li3 OIIIli60K npHeMa <t>peHMa.) HecoOTBeTCTBHe HacTpoeK .n:ynJIeKcHocTU H C60HHble <t>peHMbI MOryT 6bITb KOCBeHHO o6Hap}')KeHbI no C'leT'IHKaM KOJIJIU3HH H 3an03.n:aJJbIX KOJIJIH3HH. C60HHbIe <t>peHMbI Gabber) B03HHKaIOT B TOM CJIyqae, KOma CeTeBafi KapTa (NIC) HrHOplipyeT npaBHJIa Texno- nomu Ethernet li nepe.n:aeT <t>peHM 3a <t>peHMoM 6e3 na}'3bl Me)K}:ly HliMH. B TaKOM CJIyqae 06a ClJeT'IHKa, 06b1lJHblX KOJIJIli3liH li 3an03.n:aJIbIX KOJIJIH3liH, 6yAYT YBeJIH'IHBaTbCfI. B 'laCT- HOCTH, HeycTOH'lliBOH C'lHTaeTCfI ceTb, B KOTOpoH C'leT'IHK KOJIJIH3liH nOKa3blBaeT, 'ITO 0, I % OT nepellaBaeMbix <t>PdiMOB no.n:BepTJIliCb KOJIJIU3HflM. Y6e.n:liTbcfI B TOM, 'lTO HaCTpOHKH llynJIeKCHOCTli He COBna.n:aIOT, MO)KHO C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH,l{bI show interface, npli- Mep BbIBo.n:a KOTOPOH 6bIJ1 nOKa3aH BblIIIe B pa3.n:eJIe "np06JIeMbI npH HeCOBna.n:eHHli lYTIJ1eKcHocTU H CKOpOCTH uHTep<t>eHcoB". YCTpaHeHHe HenOJIa.n:oK, BbI3blBalOIl{HX C60H- HbIe ,+-. p eH 'P MbI B ceTU, HaMHOro CJIO)KHee li Tpe6yeT Cnel.{HaJJH3lipoBaHHbIx HHcTpYMeHToB lTIH nOlicKa np06JIeM B Ka6eJUIx JIOKaJJbHOH ceTli. BHHMAHHE! - lj To6bJ oue 3Ha HItTb B npoueHTHOM COOTHOIIIeHHe KOJIHlJeCTBO KOJInH3ltH B ItHTep4>ei1ce, pa311enHTe 'IeHl1e c'IeT<ju Ka u" II .. " " pa k "KOnnH3HIt, co ISlons , Ha 3Ha'leHHe C'JeT'JHKa OTnpaBJIeHHbIX naKeTOB C eto; out t " ( - pu CM. BbI11eneHHbIe c-rpOKH B npHMepe 10.4). YBeJIliqe Cfle HHe 3Ha'leHHfI C'leT'lHKa 3ano3.n:aJlbIX KOJIJIH3HH 06bI'lHO 03Ha'laeT OJIHY H3 , lJ.YlOumx np06JIeM: · liHTep<t>eHC nOllKJIlO'leH K cerMeHTY (K TaK Ha3bIBaeMoMy.n:OMeHY KOJIJIli3HH), B KO- TOPOM llJIliHa Ka6eJlfl npeBbIlliaeT pa3peIIIeHHYK> CTaHllapTOM Ethernet;
338 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJlX -- . B KOH<lmrypaUHH HHTep<l>eMca yx.a3aH nOJIy.n:ynJJeKCHbIM pe)f(HM pa60TbI, a y YCT- pOMCTBa Ha .n:pyrOM KOHl.{e Ka6eJIfi yx.a3aH .n:ynJJeKCHbIH pe)KHM. B Ta6JI. 10.5 nepe'lHCJIeHbI OCHOBHble np06JIeMbI B HHTeP<l>eMcax, B TOM 'lliCJIe KOrl1a liHTep<l>eMc HaxO.n:HTCfI B pa60'leM COCTOflHHli ("connect" HJIH "up/up"). CBa Ta6JIHua 10.5. OCHoBHble np06JIeMbi ypOBHR 1 B JIOKaJlbHbIX ceTRX eMa np06JIeMa C'IeT'lHKH, CHrHaJlH3HPYJOIQHe 0 np06JIeMe BbICOKHH ypOBeHb lll}'Ma BbICOKoe 3Ha'JeHHe C'JeT'JHKa BXOllHbIX OlllH6oK, HH3Koe - C'JeT'lHKa KOJIJIH3HH KOJIJIH3HH Ha6J110118e-rCH 60Jlbllle, 'JeM 0.1 % KOJIJIH3Hi1 3an031l8JIbIe KOJIJIH3HH PaCTe-r C'JeT'lHK 3an031l8JIbIX KOJIJIH3HH HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHble npH'IHHbI HcnOJlb3yeTcH Ka6eJlb HenpaBlUIbHOIi K8TeropHH (Cat 5, 5E, 6), Ka6eJlb nOBpeeH,3J1eKTPoMarHHTHaH HHTep<pepeHUHH (EM) L!:ynJleKCHbIH pe)f(J1M HenpaBlUIbHo HaCTpoeH (MO>KHO 06HapYJlG1Tb pOCT C'JeT'JHKa Ha nOJlY1lYI1JIeKCHOM HHTep<pei1ce), 60JlblllOe KOJlH'JeCTBO C60HHbIX <ppeHMoB, DOS-aTaKa O'JeHb 60JlbWOHllOMeH KOJIJIH3HIi HJIH DJIHHa Ka6emI npeBbIlllae-r llonYCTHMYIO B CTaH.llapTe, HeCOOTBeTCTBHe pe)f(J1Ma llynJleKCHOCTH AHaJU13 MapWpYTa KOMMYTaU1 cl>peMoB Ha OCHOBe Ta6JU1 MAC-aApeCOB KaK 6billO paCCKa3aHo B maBe 7 "Ea30BbIe KOHuenUliH Ethernet-KoMMYTaUlili", KOM- MYTaTopbl 06HapY)f(HBaIOT MAC-a.n:peca ompaBUTeJIeH BO BXOMIllHX <l>peMMax li 3aHOCjT UX B Cnel.{HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIe Ta6JIHUbI, 'lT06bI B nepCneKTHBe BbIllOJIHflTb nepeHanpaBJ1e- Hlie H <l>HJIbTpaI.{HIO )J)UI Bcex BXOMIl{HX B YCTpOHCTBO <l>peMMoB. 4T06b1 npe.n:cTaBJI5lTb ce- 6e, KaK HMeHHO .n:aHHbIM KOMMYTaTop 6y.n:eT 06pa6aTbIBaTb Ethernet-<l>peMM li B KaKoi HHTep<l>eHc OH era nepeHanpaBHT, 'IHTaTeJIb 1l0Jl)KeH YMeTb npoCMaTpHBaTb li HHTepnpe- TlipoBaTb Ta6JIHuy MAC-a.n:pecoB KOMMYTaTopOB KOMnaHHli Cisco. KOMaH,l{a show mac address-table nOKa3bIBaeT co.n:ep)KHMOe Ta6JIHUbI MAC-anpe- COB KOMMYTaTopa. BbIBO.n: 3TOH KOMaH,l{bI COllep)f(HT KaK HeKOTopble .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CTa- TH'IeCKHe a.n:peca, a HMeHHO MAC-a.n:peca KOMMYTaTopa, CTaTH'IeCKH cKoH<l>lirypUpomul- Hble a.n:peca, HanpHMep, re, KOTopble 6billU yKa3aHbI )J)UI TeXHOJIOrHU 6e30nacHoCTH noPTOB (port security), TaK li .n:HHaMH'leCKH H3yqeHHbIe YCTpOMCTBOM. ECJIH ny')KH0 npocMOTPCTb TOJIbKO .n:HHaMH'IeCKHe 3anliCH MAC-a.n:pecoB B Ta6JIHUe KOMMYTaulili. cJIelIYeT Hcno.'1b3 0 - BaTb KOMaHllY C .n:onOJIHliTCJlbHOM Onl.{lieH show mac address - table dynamic. <l>OpMaJIH30BaHHbIM npouecc nOliCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HelicnpaBHocTeH Ha'IHHaeTc C no- nOTOM nbITKH npellcKa3aTb, 'lTO .n:OJDKHO n p oHcxo.n:HTb B ceTH B HOpMaJIbHblX YCJlOBUflX, a elI a - npe.n:nOJIaraeT nonbITK)' H30JIli p OBaHlifi n p 06JIeMbl, KOTopafl He .n:aeT HOpMaJIbHO nep anw BaTb nOTOKH llaHHbiX. B Ka'leCTBe npHMepa 06paTHTeCb K pliC. 10.2 H nonp06yHTC 3 HJW caTb Ta6JIHI.{bI MAC-a.n:peCOB llJISi Bcex KOMMYTaTopOB Ha 6YMare. H}')KHo 3anHcaTb <l> W 'leCKHe a.n:peca 060HX KOMnbIOTepOB, a TalOKe MAC-a.n:pec liHTep<l>eHca FaD/I MapllIPYf . JaTOpa R I. .D.aJIee, CJIellYeT npellCTaBUTb ce6e, KaKue HHTep<l>ei1cbI 6YllYT ucnOJlb30 BaTb
rl1a ea 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 339 - nepe.n: aqli <l>peliMoB KOMnblOTepy EapHu, MapIIIpYTli3aTOpy R I H .n:pyrHM YC1pOHCTBaM JIJlSl TU HeCMOTPH Ha TO, 'lTO BpOlle 6bl MapIIIPYTbI CJIe.n:OBaHlifi <l>peHMOB BnOJIHe O'leBH.n:- Bce . HbI B :noM npliMepe, :nO nOJIe3HafI 1peHlipOBKa, KOTopaH n03BOJIliT HayquTbcfI Mo.n:eJIli- OBaTb nOBe.n eHlie ceTli, a TaIOKe n03BOJIliT npe.n:CTaBliTb, KaK 6y.n:YT BbIrJIflAeTb Ta6JIlil.{bI pecOB KOMMYTaTopOB. B npliMepe 10.5 nOKa3aHbI Ta6JIliI.lbI MAC-allpeCOB 060liX KOM- MYTaTOpOB Ha pHC. 10.2, n HUM MO)!(HO npOBepliTb, npaBHJIbHO JIli 6bIJIO CMo.n:eJIHpOBaHo nOBe.n: eHlie ceTeBbIX YCTPOliCTB. CJIe.n:yJOumH :nan B npouecce YC1paHeHlifi HelicnpaBHOCTeH B ceulx 3aKJIIO'laeTCfl B HJOJIHpOBaHHU np06JIeM npli nepe.n:a'le <l>peHMOB. B npHMepe 10.5 nOKa3aHbI KOMaHllbI DJISI He60JIbIIIOH ceTli Ha pliC. 10.2, CBHAeTeJIbCTByJOIl{lie 0 TOM, 'lTO np06JIeM npH nepella- qe llaHHblX HeT. Ta6JIliubi allpeCOB llJIfi KOMMYTaTopoB SWI li SW2 BbIrJIfI.n:HT TaK, KaK li O)l(H,l{aJlOCb. ,[{.ruI uHTep<l>ei1:ca FaOj9 KOMMYTaTopa SWI CKoH<l>uryplipoBaHa TeXHOJIOrlifi 6eJOnaCHOCTH (port security), T.e. MAC-allpec 0200.1111.1111 (allpec KOMnblOTepa <1>pe- n.a) J106aBJIeH B Ta6JIliuy CTaTH'leCKHX allpeCOB, 'lT06bl nOKa3aTb pa3HliUY Me)l(,lly .n:liHaMH- qeCKU H3yqeHHbiM U CTaTliqeCKH cKoH<l>HryplipoBaHHbIM MAC-allpeCaMli. npMMep 10.5. Ta611Mbl MAC-aApecoB KOMMyraTopoBSW1 M SW2 SWl#show mac address-table Mac Address Table Vlan All All All All All All All JIll JIll All All All All All J..ll I Mac Address Type Ports 0100.0ccc.cccc STATIC CPU 0100.0ccc.cccd STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0000 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0001 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0002 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0003 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0004 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0005 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0006 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0007 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0008 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0009 STATIC CPU 0180.c200.000a STATIC CPU 0180.c200.000b STATIC CPU 0180.c200.000c STATIC CPU 0180.c200.000d STATIC CPU 0180.c200.000e STATIC CPU 0180.c200.000f STATIC CPU 0180.c200.0010 STATIC CPU ffff.ffff.ffff STATIC CPU 0019.e859.539a DYNAMIC GiO/1 H B Ta5nHe He: KOMnbTep pea - YY3,aH B YHHrypaHH AnR pea Oe30nacHocTH(port secur1ty), -l F_pHH (HHaMHqeCKH onpeeneH) -apec MapwpYTH3aTopa R1 (HHaMHqeCKH onpeeneH) . 0200.1111.1111 0200.2222.2222 I 0200.5555.5555 Mac Addresses for STATIC DYNAMIC DYNAMIC this criterion: FaO/9 FaO/12 GiO/1 24 R oMaHa nOKa3aeT TonbKO AHHaeCKH onpeeneHHe MAC-apeca,
340 '-IacTb II. KOMMyYa4Mft B J10KanbHb1X CeTftX ! n03TOMY B He HeT apeca KOMnbIDTepa pea, nOCKOnbKY OH CTaeTCH CTaTeCK ! CKOHryppOBaHH COrnaCHO HaCTpOKaM pea 6e30naCHOCT KOMMYTaTOpa. ! SW1#show mac address-table dynamic Mac Address Table Vlan Mac Address Type Ports 1 0019.e859.539a DYNAMIC 1 0200.2222.2222 DYNAMIC 1 0200.5555.5555 DYNAMIC Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: ! Ta e caMaH KOMaHa Ha KOMMYTaTope SW2 ! HO To6bI x locTrHYTb", cnonb3YIDTCH SW2#show mac address-table dynamic Mac Address Table GiO/1 FaO/12 GiO/1 3 BbIaeT Te e MAC-apeca, Pyre HTepecbI. Vlan Mac Address Type Ports 1 0019.e86a.6f99 DYNAMIC GiO/2 1 0200.1111.1111 DYNAMIC GiO/2 1 0200.2222.2222 DYNAMIC GiO/2 1 0200.5555.5555 DYNAMIC FaO/13 Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 4 BeneHHbI BbIllie MAC-apec 0200.5555.5555 cTpoKa Ta6nUbI 6YYT nopo6HO o6HcHeHbI He. B npOl.{eCCe Mo.n:eJIHpOBaHHfI TOro, KaKHe MAC-a.n:peca 6y.n:YT npliCYTCTBOBaTb B Ta6- JIHl.{aX KOMMYTaTopOB, CJIe.n:yeT npe.n:CTaBltTb ce6e, KaK HMeHHO 6y.n:eT nepe.n:aBaTbCfI <!>peMM C o.n:HorO KOHl.{a JIOKaJIbHOM CeTH Ha .n:pyrOM, li nOCJIe ::noro 3anHCaTb, 'lepe3 KaKHe nopTbI KOMMYTaTOpa OH 6YJIeT npOXO.n:HTb. HanpHMep, KOma KOMnblOTep EapHH nepeCbI- JIaeT <!>peMM MaplllpYTH3aTOpy Rl, OH nona.n:eT B KOMMYTaTOp SWI 'lepe3 HHTep<l>e MC FaOj12, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, y KOMMYTaTOpa 6y.n:er 3anHCb B Ta6JIHl.{e a.n:peCOB 0 TOM, 'ITO MAC-a.n:pec EapHH 0200.2222.2222 CBfl3aH C nopTOM FaOj12. KOMMYTaTOp SWI ompa- BHT <!>peMM OT KOMnblOTepa EapHu KOMMYTaTOpy SW2 B liHTep<!>eMc GiOj2, n03TOMY B Ta6JIHl.{e a.n:peCOB SW2 TalOKe 6y.n:eT npUCYTCTBOBaTb MAC-a.n:pec KOMnblOTepa EapHli (0200.2222.2222), H OH 6y.n:eT CBfl3aH C nopTOM GiOj2. BHMAHE! Ta6JIltl.{a MAC-a,upeeoB B npUMepe 10.5 TaIOKe COllep:>KHT HeKOTOpoe KOJIH'JeeTBO a,upeeoB, nOMe'leHHbIX CJIOBOM "CPU" (ueHTpaJIbHbIH npoueeeop). 3TIt 3amteH onUCbIBalOT eJI}')Ke6HbIe a,upeca KOMMyraTopa, liCnOJIb3yeMbie JI)UI ynpaBJUllOIIIHX npOTOKOJIOB, TaKHX K3K CDP HJUI STP. TaKHe 3anHCH Ta6JIHUbI a,upeeOB uH«l>OPMItPyIOT KOMMyraTop 0 TOM, 'ITO COOTBeTCTByIOIIUle 11M «l>peHMbI H}')KHO OTnpaBHTb ueHTPaJIbHOMY npOl.{eccopy (CPU) yeTPOHeTBa Ha o6pa6OTKY. nOCJIe TOro KaK Co.n:ep:>KHMOe Ta6JIHl.{ a.n:peCOB 6bIDO CMO.n:eJIHpOBaHO, CJIe.n:yeT npOBe- pHTb, 'lTO B .n:eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH npOliCXo.n:HT B KOMMYTaTopaX, KaK OnHCaHO B CJIe.n:yJOlU eM pa3.n:eJle.
rnaBa 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 341 AHanM3 MapwpYTa c:t>pelllMoB 4T06bI onpe.n:eJIHTb, no KaKOMY MapllIpyry nepe.n:alOTCfI <l>peMMbI B paccMa-rpHBaeMOM ce- rn, cJle.n:yeT BCnOMHHTb HeCKOJIbKO OCHOBHblX MOMeHTOB. KaK 6bIJIO CKa3aHO BbIllIe, B 3TOM KHHre no.n:pa3YMeBaeTCfI, 'lTO MarHCTpaJIbHbIe KaHaJIbI (trunk) li ceTli VLAN He HCnOJIb3Y- IOTCfI. .LJ.aHHoe YTBep)l(,[eHlie 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO Bce HHTep<lJeMcbI pa6OTalOT B pe)KHMe .n:ocTYlla K CeTH (access), T.e. Bce OHli npliBfl3aHbI K O.n:HOM H TOM)lCe ceTH VIAN. HTaK, HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'ITO B npHMepe 10.5 HeT COOTBeTCTByJOIllero BbIBo.n:a, KOMaH,l{a show vlan brief no- KaJKeT, 'ITO Bce uHTep<l>eMcbl Bcex KOMMyraTOpOB npliBfl3aHbI K CeTH VLAN 1. npouecc KOMMYTal.{HH <l>peMMoB MO)ICHO onHcaTb B BH,l{e HeCKOJIbKHX 3TanOB. 3Tan 1. Onpe.n:eJIHTb, B KaKYJO ceTb VLAN .n:OJDKeH 6bITb OTnpaBJIeH <l>peMM. )J,JuI HH- Tep<l>eMcoB, pa60TalOIllHx B pe)KHMe .n:ocTYna K ceTli, HCnOJIb3yeTcfI H,l{eHTH<l>H- KaTop, KompbIM CBfl3aH C BXO.n:HbIM HHTep<l>eMcoM. 3Tan 2. HaMTli MAC-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi B Ta6JIHLle a.n:peCOB YCTpOMCTBa. nOHCK a.n:peca OCYIlleCTBJIfleTCfI TOJIbKO,lIJUI yx.a3aHHoM (Ha 3Tane 1) ceTH VIAN. ECJIH MAC- a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfl: a) HaMeH (H 3TO OJIHoa.n:pecaTHbIH a.n:pec - unicast), TO CJle.n:yeT nepeCJIaTb <l>peMM TOJIbKO 'lepe3 TOT liHTep<l>eMc, KOTOpbIM YKa3aH B 3anliCH -Ta6JIHLlbI a.n:pecoB; 6) He HaMeH (H 3TO OJIHoa.n:pecaTHbIH a.n:pec - unicast), TO pa30CJIaTb <l>peMM 'lepe3 Bce nopTbI (KpOMe TOro nopTa, OTKY.n:a OH npHllIeJI) B 3a.n:aHHOH ceTH VLAN; B) 3TO IDHpOKOBeIII,aTeJIbHbIH (broadcast) HJIH MHoroa.n:pecaTHbIH (multicast) a.n:pec, pa30CJIaTb <l>peMM ljepe3 Bce nopTbI (KpoMe TOro nopTa, OTKY.n:a OH npliIIIeJI) B 3a.n:aHHoM ceTH VLAN. BHIo1MAHME! B rnaRe 3 BropOro TOMa KIlHrn npouecc KOMMyraUHH <ppeiiMoB onHcaH HaMHoro 60JIee nOllpo6HO, B TOM 'lucne c Y'leTOM BJIIDIHIDI ceTeii VLAN, MarnCTPaJIbHbIX KaHaJIOB (trunking) u npOToKona STP Ha npouecc nepeCbmKI111aHHbIx. PyKOBO.n:CTBYflCb onlicaHHbIM BbIllIe npOl.{eCCOM, npe.n:nOJIO)KHM, '1m KOMnblOTep Eap- HJt ompaBMJI <l>peMM CTaH,l{apTHoMY llIJI103Y, RI (a.n:pec 0200.5555.5555). HcnOJIb3Yfl TY )ICe caMYK> JIOrHKY, onHIIIeM npol.{eCC nepe.n:a'lH,lIJUI 3Toro CJIyqafl. man 1. KOMMYTamp SWI nOJIyqaeT <l>peHM 'lepe3 HHTep<l>eHc FaO/12 li onpe.n:eJIfleT, ljTO OH CBfl3aH C ceTblO VLAN 1. man 2. KOMMYTamp SWI liIl{eT B Ta6JIHLle MAC-a.n:pecoB 3anHCb llJIfI a.n:peca 0200.5555.5555,l{J1f1 cooTBeTcTByJOIlleM ceTH VLAN (VLAN I) H MHTep<l>eHca. . OH HaXO,l{HT 3anHCb, KOTOpafl CBfl3aHa C BliPTYaJIbHOM CeTblO VLAN I, on- pe.n:eJUIeT liCXOMIllHH MJITep<l>eMc, GiO/I, H OmpaBJUIeT <l>peMM 'lepe3 Hero. Ha .n:aHHOM 3Tane <t>peMM C a.n:peCOM OTnpaBHTeJlfl 0200.2222.2222 (KoMnblOTep Eap- HI1) nepellaeTcfI KOMMYTaTOpy SW2. K He MY CJIellyeT npliMeHHTb TY )Ke caMyJO JIOrHKY '1m 11 paHbIIle li onlicaTb ero .n:eHCTBUH, KaK nOKa3aHO HH)Ke.
342 '-IacTb II. KOMMyYa4Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)C 3Tan 1. KOMMYTaTOp SW2 no.nyqaeT <l>peHM Qepe3 HHTep<l>eHc GiOj2 li onpe.n:eJIfieT. '!To OH CBfl3aH C ceTblO VLAN I. 3nn 2. KOMMYTaTOp SW2 HIlleT B Ta6JIHue MAC-a.n:pecoB 3anUCb J1,JIfi a.n:peca 0200.5555.5555 J1,JIfi COOTBeTcTByJOIlleH cem VLAN (VLAN I) li liHTeP<l>eHca. . OH HaXOllliT 3anliCb. KOTOpafl CBfl3aHa C ceTblO VLAN I. onpe.n:eJIfieT liC- XOAflIllHH HHTep<l>eHc, FaOjI3, H OTnpaBJIfieT <l>peHM 'lepe3 Hero. Ha .n:aHHOM 3Tane UHTepeCYIOIl{HH Hac <l>peHM nepe.n:aeTCfI no Ethemet-Ka6eJIIO OT KOMMYTaTOpa SW2 K MapIIIpYTli3aTOpy Rl. Pe>KMM 6e30naCHOCTM nOpTa M c:t>MnbTpa14MSI c:t>peMMOB OrKpOBeHHO rOBopfl, B peaJIbHOH )l(H3Hli CTaJIKHBaTbCfI C npo6JIeMaMH B KOMMyrI1PyeMblX cenlx npHXOAHTCfI 3a,lI,0JIro.n:0 Toro 3Tana, Koma H)')KHO pa3.n:yMbIBaTb 0 TOM, no KaKOMy Map- IIIPYTY KOMMYTaTOp 6y.n:eT nepeCbIJIaTb <l>peHM. TeM He MeHee B cepnt<l>liKauHoHHOM 3K3aMeHe MOryr nona.n:aTbCfI BonpOCbI. CBfl3aHHbIe C JIOfUKOH nepe.n:a'lU .n:aHHblX KOMMYTaTopOM. ECJIH Bce HHTep<l>eHcbl HaXOllflTCfI B pa60'leM COCTOflHliU. Ta6JIliua KOMMYTaUHU He co.n:ep)KliT OIIIli60K. HO <l>peHM BCe paBHO He .n:OCTliraeT KOHe'lHOrO yC'rpoHCTBa. np06JIeMa, CKopee Bcero. CBfl3aHa C KaKOH-JIli60 <l>HJIb'Tpal.{lieH .n:aHHblX. B KOMMYTaTOpaX JIOKaJIbHblX ceTeH BnOJIHe MorYT 6blTb cKoH<l>liryplipOBaHbI cnliCKli KOHTpOJIfi 1l0cTyna (Access Control List - ACL). <l>liJIbTPYlOwlie OnpelleJIeHHbIe <l>peHMbI. 50JIee TOro, B MapIIIpym- 3aTopax TaIOKe MOryr 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30BaHbI cnliCKH ACL, H eCJIli <l>peHM npoxollHT 'lepeJ Hero. TaKOH cnliCOK MO)KeT oT6paCbIBaTb COOTBeTCTBYIOWHe <l>peHMbI HJIli naKeTbl (Ha 'TpeTbeM ypOBHe). CnUCKH ACL )J)UI KOMMYTaTOpOB BblXOllflT 3a paMKH llaHHoH KHl1rH 11 3K3aMeHa CCNA. a J1,JIfi MapIIIpYTli3aTOpOB no.n:P06HO onucaHbI BO BTOpOM TOMe. B 3TOH KHlire paCCMO'TpeHa Bcero o.n:Ha TeXHOJIOrHfl, n03BOllillOIl{afI oT6paCblBaTb <l>peH- MbI (CO maCHO Ta6JIHI.{e MAC-a.n:pecoB), B TOM cnyqae eCJIU 3TO He06xo.n:liMO. 3Ta TexnOJIO- fUR - TeXHOJIOrHfl pe)KHMa 6e30naCHOCTH nopTa (port security), KOTopafl B OnpelleJIeHHoit KOH<l>m-ypaI.{HU (eCJIH B Ka'leCTBe OTBeTHoro .n:eHCTBliH Ha HapyrneHHe pe)I(HMa 6e30naCHO- CTli YCTaHOBJIeHO BbIKJIIO'leHlie liHTep<l>eHca) npHBo.n:liT K TOMY, 'lTO KOMMYTaTOp oropacbI- BaeT <l>peHMbI. ECJIH noPT BbIKJIIO'laeTCfI npH HapyrneHlili pe)I(HMa 6e30naCHOCTI1. BnOJIHe O'leBHAHO. 'lTO HH'IerO 'lepe3 Hero nepe.n:aBaTbCfI He 6y.n:eT. TaK}'lO cmyaUHIO JIerKO OTCJIe- .n:liTb, npOCMOlpeB COCTOflHlie HHTep<l>eHca li pe)I(HMa 6e30naCHOCTH nOPTa. TeM He MeHee. eCJIU B KOH<l>m-ypaUHH YI<:a3aH nepexo.n: UHTep<l>eHca B pe)I(HM protect (3aIIIliTa) HJlU re- strict (orpaHH'IeHlie), TO KOMM)'TaTop 6Y.n: eT oT6pacbIBaTb "HenpaBHJIbHblH" lpa<l>I1K, HO ClirHaJIli3HpOBaTb 0 HOpMaJIbHOM pa60'leM COCTOflHlili (connect HJIH upjup). n03TOMY npo- CTbIe KOMaH,l{bI show interface HJIU show interface status He nOMOryr paJO- 6paTbCfI. B 'leM npH'IliHa TOro. 'lTO 'laCTb <l>peHMoB He nepe.n:aeTCfI. Ba OT- npe.n:CTaBHM ce6e, HanpliMep. 'lTO KOMnblOTep 5apHli (0200.2222.2222) CHO npaBlliIeT <l>peHM MapIIIpYTli3aTOpy R I (0200.5555.5555). HO J1,JIfi nopTa FaOjI2 KOMMyra- Hapv- Topa SWI cKoH<l>HryplipoBaH pe)KliM 6e30naCHOCTH li YCTaHOBJIeHO .n:eHcTBlie npu vn IIIeHUli pe)I(HMa protect (3aIllliTa). Ta6JIliUbI MAC-a.n:pecoB KOMMYTaTOpoB SWlli S SWI Ja- Bblmfl,l{flT B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae TO'lHO TaK )Ke, KaK li B npliMepe 10.5, Y YCTpOHcTBa a- nliCb J1,JIfi a.n:peca 0200.5555.5555 6y.n:eT yJ<a3bIBaTb Ha liHTep<l>eHc GiOjI. a .lI)1f1 KOMM Topa SW2 6y.n:eT yJ<a3bIBaTb Ha FaOjI3. TeM He MeHee YC'TpOHCTBO SWI He 6y.n: eT nbITa;BW OTnpaBHTb <l>peHM li3-3a HapYIIIeHHfI pe)KHMa 6e30naCHOCTli .lI)1f1 MAC-a.n:peca OTnp eT TeJIfi (<l>peHMa OT KOMnblOTepa 5apHU). Kor.n:a COOTBeTCTBYIOWliH nOTOK .n:aHHbIX nonaD. a Ha BXO.n: KOMMYTaTopa SWI 'lepe3 uHTep<l>eHc FaOjI2.
rl1a sa 10. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax 343 - - nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY - nOBTOpHTe Bce KJ1IO'-IeBble TeMbl CJ1e.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIlOlJeBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHoti rJIaBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI DItI<TorpaMMoH Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 10.6 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbJ H CooTBeTcTByJOUlHe HM crpaHHUbl. r;::saR X eMa Ta6Jllma 10.6. lJI1O'IeBbIe TeMbi rJIaBbilO 3JIeleHT OnHcaHHe HOMep cTpaHHUbl 326 326 CnliCOK I1HqJOpMaulliI, nOJIY'IaeMaJi C nOMOlllblO npOTOKOJIa CDP Tpli OCHOBHbIX Show-KOMaH,lbl npOTOKOJIa CDP llJIJI nOJI}"IeHIiJlIiH<!JopMaUIiIi 0 coceHlixycTPOllcTBax ,[lBa Tlina COCTOJlHI1I1I1HTep<!Jei1ca Ii I1X 3Ha'leHHe IEEE-cTaH,lap-rbl aBTOCOfJIaCOBaHHJI xapaKTepHCTHK ItHTep<tJei1coB OCHoBHbIe npW.JHHbl np06JIeM nepBoro YPOBHJI HHTep<!JellCOBJIOKaJIbHbIX ceTei1 OnHcaHHe :nanOB nepea'lH <!JpellMoB KOMMyraTopaMH 331 334 338 341 Ta6!l. 10.2 Ta6JI. 10.4 CnliCOK Ta6!l. 10.5 CnliCOK 3anonHMTe Ta6nMbl M cnMCKM no naMJlTM PaCne'laTaHTe npHJIO)J(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH ero pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CSlUJ,HHCSI K :nOH maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)J(eHHH 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHble Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH ,l{JIfi caMOKOHTpOJIfi. KmO'IeSble TepMMHbl rnaSbl l1athe OnpelleJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)J(e TepMHHOB H npoBepbTe npaBHJlbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: 6 npoTOKOJI COP, pa60'lee COCTOflHHe HHTep<t>etica ("up/up"), OTKJIlO'leHHe H3-3a OIIIH- OK (error disabled), H30JJHpOBaHHe np06JIeMbI, npH'lHHa HeHcnpaBHocTu. Cm1COK KOMaH,IJ, O B Ta6JJ. 10.7 H 10.8 npHBe.n:eH cnHCOK KOMaHA 3TOH maBbI a TaIOKe .n:aHbI HX KopOTKHe nHCaHlt B ' Te SI. maBaX 8 U 9 6bIJIH nepe'lHCJIeHbI KOMaHAbl, TalOKe HMelOIllue OTHorneHHe K MaM llaHHOH maBbl, TeM He MeHee HX CJIe.n:yeT HCKaTb B KOHl.{e COOTBeTCTByJOIllHX rJIaB. Ta6.THua 10 7 ___ '. KOMaHlU>llVlJl KOHcJlHrypHpoBaHHH KOMM)'TaTOpOB Catalyst 2950 KOt1UJJJ.a 8hutdown 1>.0 8hutdown ---- OnHcaHHe KOMaH,lbl nOpe)l(liMa KOH<!JHIYPlipoBaHHJI HHTep<tJei1coB, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,llJIJI BbIKJIIO'leHIiJiIi BKJlIO'IeHHJI Ii HTep<!Jellca
344 aCTb II. KOMMYTaLlMft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTSI)( OKOH'IaHUe ma6A. 10.7 -- KOMau,aa switchport port-security violation {protect I restrict I shutdown} cdp run no cdp run cdp enable no cdp enable speed {10 I 100 I 1000} duplex {auto I full I half} -- OnHcaHHe KOMaHlla nOllpe>KHMa KOHlimrypHpoBaHHSI HHTe*i1ca. - YKa3blBalOluaSl, '1TO He06xOlll1MO npellnpHHSlTb. eCJlH I!Jpei1M C Hepa3peweHHblM MAC-a,!pecoM npHlUeJl B nopT C BKJlIO'IeHHbIM pe>KI1MOM 6e30nacHocTH KOMaH.l1bl pe}l(J.1Ma fJl06aJ1bHoro KOHI!JHrypHpOBaHHSI, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, llJISI BKJlIO'IeHHSI H BbIKJIIO'IeHHSI npOTOKOJla COP Ha BceM YCTPOi1CTlJe KOMaH.l1b1 nOllpe>KHMa KOHI!JHrypHpOBaHHSI HHTepl!Jei1coB. COOTBeTCTBeHHO,llJISI BKJlIO'IeHHSI 11 BbIKJIIO'IeHHSI npOTOKOJla COP B onpeneJleHHOM HHrepl!Jei1ce KOMaH.l1a nOllpe>KI1Ma KOHI!JHrypHpoBaHHSI HHTepl!Jei1calV1S1 YCTaHOBKIt CKOpOCTH nepe.ua'lH llaHHbIX BPY'lHytO KOMaH.l1a nOllpe}l(HMa KOHI!JHryPHPOBaHHSlI1HTepl!Jei1calV111 yCTaHOBKI1 pe>KI1Ma llYTlJIeKCHOCTH BPY'lHYIO B Ta6JI. 10.8 npUBe.n:eH cnUCOK KOMaH,l{,l{JIfi nOHCKa H ycrpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeit Ta6JIHua 10.8. CnHcoK KOMau,a lVIH nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHH HeHcnpaBHocTeii KOMau,aa show mac address-table [dynamic I static] [address annapaTHbltLa,l!pec] [interface nHTeptPetfc] [vlan ceTb_vlan] show port-security [interface MHTeptPetfc] [address] show cdp neighbors [TMn HOMep] show cdp neighbors detail show cdp entry MMR_YCTpotfcTsa show cdp show cdp interface [TMn HOMep] show cdp traffic show interfaces [TMn HOMep] show interfaces status [TMn HOMep] OnHcaHHe nOKa3blBaeTTa6J1l1llY MAC-a.apecoB YCT)Joi1cTBa Or06pIDKaeT HacTpoHKH pe}l(HMa 6e30nacHocTI1 HHrepl!JeHca BblBOllHT no ollHOi1 cT)JoKe KpaTKoH HHl!JopMauHH llJlSl Ka}l()J,OrO coceliHero YCT)JOHCTBa I1J1H HHI!J0pMaUI1IO 06 yCT)JOi1cTBe. 1l0CTYTIHOM '1epe3 YKa3aHHblH B KOMaH.lle I1HTepl!Jei1c BblBO.lU1T no.ap06HytO HH<t>oPMauJ1IO (OKOJlO 15 CTj)OK) no KaJK.llOMY coceliHeMY yCTpOHCTBY nOKa3bIBaeT TY }l(e caMYIO I1HI!J0pMaUI1IO, '1TO 11 KOMaH.l1ashow cdp neighbors detail.HOllJl Sl OliHoro YKa3aHHoro B napaMeT)Je KOMaH.llbl YCTjJoi1CTBa Coo6IUaeT, BKJlIO'IeH JlH npOTOKOJl COP fJl06aJ1bHO. 11 nOKa3bIBaeT CTaH.llapTHble Tai1Mepbl paCCbIJlKH 06HOBJleHHH H xpaHeHHSI HHl!JopMaUHI1 Coo6IUaeT BKJlIO'IeH JlH npOTOKOJl COP B YKa3aH HOM , hi HHTepl!Jei1ce, 11 nOKa3bIBaeT CTaH.llapTHble Tai1o,jep pacCbUlKH 06HoBJleHHi1 H xpaHeHHSI I1Hl!JopMaUl1l1llJl Jl :norD I1HTepl!Jeilca )"IeH HblX nOKa3bIBaeT CTaTHCTHKY OTnpaBJleHHblX 11 nOJl CO P-co06IUeHHi1 CTOSlHI1I1 nOKa3bIBaeT nOllp06HytO HHl!JopMaU111O 0 co HHTepl!Jei1ca, HacTpoi1Kax 11 ero C'IeT'lI1KaX nOKa3bIBaeT KpaTKYIO HHI!J0pMaUHIO 0 COCTOSlHIII1 H HacTpoi1Kax I1HTepl!Jei1ca. B TOM '1HCJle CKOPOCTbIJlI1 H llYnJleKcHbli1 pe>KHM, a TalOKe co06IUaeT 0 TOM. JlH napaMeTpbl aBTOMaTH'IeCKI1 COrJlaCOBaHbl ____
A I l' t I " I B 3TOD maBe... . KOHenHH 6ecnpOBOllHbiX ceTeD. Pa3.n:eJl nOCBflmeH TeOpeTit'le- CKHM OCHOBaM nepella'lH .n:aHHbIX nocpe.n:CTBOM pa.n:UOBOJlH H CTaH- llapTaM 6ecnpOBo.n:HblX JIOKaJIb- HblX ceTeH. . BHe.n:peHHe ceTeD WLAN. B 3TOM pa3.n:ene onHcaHbl TIanbl BHe.n:pe- HHfI MaJJblX 6ecnpoBOllHblX ceTeH 6e3 npHBflJKJt K 060PYllOBaHUIO KaKoro-nH60 npOH3BO.n:UTeJUl. . 6e30naCHocTb 6ecnpOBOllHOD ce- TH. B 3TOM pa311ene onucaHbl pa3nH'lHbJe MeTOllbl 06ecne'leHUR 6e30naCHOCTH ceTeH WLAN H H pa3BHTHe.
II rIlABA 11 6ecnpOBOAHbie .nOKa.nbHble ceTM B npellbUJYlllUX maBax 6bIJIU no.n:po6HO paCCMOTpeHbI JIOKaJIbHbie CeTU Ehtemet (npo- Bo.n:HbIe). TaKlIe cent, HeCOMHeHHO, urpalOT caM)'lO BroKH)'IO pOJlb B CeTeBbIX TeXHOJlOrHflX cero.n:HfI. TeM He MeHee. eCTb erne O.n:UH run nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKOrO no.n:KJlIO'leHUfI, KOTOpbIH npu06peTaeT C KmK.LIbIM ro.n:OM Bce 60JIbllIyJO nonyJIflpHOCTb - 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIe JIOKaJIbHbIe cern. B 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTfIX nOJlb30BaTeJIH MOryr 06MeHHBaTbCfI HH<l>opMaI..HeM 6e3 HC- nOJIb30BaHHfI KaKlIX-JIu60 Ka6eJIeM, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, MO)KHO pa60TaTb C JIl06bIMH M06HJ1b- HbIMH YCT}JOMCTBaMH B TaKHX ceTfIX H caMH CeTU .n:eIIIeBJIe, nOCKOJlbKY .lI)UI HHX He H)'lKHbI JaT}JaTbl Ha npOKJIaIlKY Ka6eJIbHOH CUCTeMbl, MaTepHaJJbl H Ka6eJIH. B 3TOM maBe onHcaHbI 6a3oBble KOHuenUHH. CTaH.lIapTbl, npoue.uypbI yCTaHoBKlI U MeTOllb! 06ecne'leHUfI.6e30nac- Hocrn DJISI HaH60Jlee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX TeXHOJlOrHM 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeH. KOHTpOl1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe I1H Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJI npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH )])IfI TOro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mor npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO oueHHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI U peIIIHTb, Hy)KHO JIH eMY 'lUTaTb maBY ueJIHKOM. ECJIU OTBeTbl Ha .n:eBflTb H3 lI.eCflTu BonpOCOB .n:aHbI npaBUJIbHO, MO)KHO cpa3Y )Ke nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:HeMY pa3.n:eJIY "nO.n:rOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH maBbl H npe.n:BapHTeJIbHbIX KOHTpOJIb- HbIX BonpOCOB nepe'lUCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 11.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJIbHble BonpOCbI H HCnOJIb- JYSI rn6JIHI.{Y. 'lHTaTeJIb CMO)KeT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOU 3HaHHfI B TOM HJlH HHO" 06JIaCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbl npuBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)KeHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- TpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI". Ta6.1HIla 11.1. TeMbi KOHTpOJIbHblX BonpocoB OCHoBHaH TeMa KOHuemum 6ecnpoBollHbIX cereM Pa3Be PT bI BaHHe 6ecnpoBollHbiX ceTeM 30nacHocTb 6ecnpoBollHblX ceTei1 HOMepa BonpocoB 1-4 5-7 8,9 I. B KaKoM H3 I EEE-CTaHAapTOB 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX 'laCTOT U-NII (5,4 rru)? a) 802.Ha. 6) 802.1 lb. B) 802.llg. r) 802.1 Ii. ceTeH ucnOJIb3yeTcfI TOJIbKO nOJIoca
348 '-IacTb II. KOMMyraLlMft B nOKanbHblX CenlX - 2. B KaKOM H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)Ke BapHaHTOB YKa3aHa npaBHJIbHafi KOM6ltHaLlItsi IEEE-cTaH.n:apTa, MeTo.n:a H CKOpOCTH nepe.n:a'llt .n:aHHbIX,l{JIfi .n:BYX 6ecnpoBollHbIX YCT- POi1CTB? a) 802.llb, MO.n:YJIflUHfi OFDM, 54 M6HT/C. 6) 802.llg, MO.n:YJIflI.{Hfi OFDM, 54 M6HT/C. B) 802.1 la, MO.n:YJI5II.{Ufi DSSS, 54 M6HT/C. r) 802.1 la, MO.n:YJIflI.{Hfi DSSS, II M6HT/C. 3. B KaKOM H3 npHBe.n:eHHbIX HIt)Ke cnHCKOB npaBUJIbHO YKa3aHbI HenepeKpblBalOUllteCIi KaHaJJbI,l{JIfi CTaHJJ:apTa 802.1 b C Mo.n:ymmuei1 DSSS B CiliA? a) I, 2 ,3. 6) I, 5, 9. B) 1,6, II. r) a, b, g. .n:) 22, 33, 44. 4. KaKoi1 H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHblX HH)Ke TepMHHoB onHCblBaeT pe)KHM pa60Tbi 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTIt, B KOTOpOM M06HJ1bHOe YCTpoikTBO npH nepeMeIlleHHH nepeKJIIO'laeTCfI Ha paJ- Hble TO'lKH .n:ocl)'na? a) ESS. 6) BSS. B) IBSS. r) OpaBHJlbHbIX BapuaHTOB HeT. 5. KaKoi1 U3 YKa3aHHbiX napaMeTpOB 06bl'lHO H}')KHO YCTaHOBHTb npH KOHqmrypltpoBa- HHH 6ecnpoBo.n:Hoi1 TO'lKH .n:ocTYlla? a) SSID. 6) CKOpOCTb. B) CTaH.n:apT 6ecnpOBo.n:HOM ceTH. r) )l(eJIaeMbIH .n:uaMeTp 30Hbl YBepeHHoro nOKpbITUH. 6. KaKoe H3 YKa3aHHbIX HH)Ke YTBep}I(,LI.eHItH npaBHJJbHO onHCblBaeT ESS-no.n:KJlIO'IeHlfe j( npoBo.n:HOH Ethernet -ceTu? a) TO'lKa .n:oCTyTla no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI K Ethernet-KoMMYTaToPY nocpe.n:cTBOM nepeKpe- meHHoro Ka6eJlfl (crossover). 6) Pa3HbiM TO'lKaM .n:ocTYlla B O.n:HOH H TOH )Ke 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTU .n:OJl)I<Ha 6bITb Ha3Ha'leHa o.n:Ha H Ta)Ke ceTb VLAN B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax. B) B TO'lKe .n:ocTYlla .n:OJI)KeH 6bITb CKOHurypHpoBaH IP-a.n:pec, '1T06bI OHa CMorJla nepe.n:aBaTb TpaHK .n:aJJbIIIe. noll- r) ECJIH TO'lKa 1l0cTYlla pa60TaeT B CMeIIIaHHOM 802.llg-pe)KHMe, ee Hy:>KHO it KJIIO'IaTb K Ethernet-KOMMYTaToPY 'lepe3 KaHaJJ Fast Ethernet ItJIH 60JJee 6bICTpbl . TYna J-Ie 7. B TOJIbKO 'lTO pa3BepHYTOH6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTlt nOJIb30BaTeJIH '1epe3 TO'lKY .n:O C JJI MOryr no.n:KJlIO'IHTbCfI K npoBo.n:HOH uHpaCTPYKTYpe. KaKoBa Halt60JJee BepOJlTJ-I npH'IUHa TaKoro nOBe.n:eHHfI ceTH?
11 6ecnpOBO,AHble nOKanbHble ceTM rl1a sa . -- a) 6ecnpoBO.n: Hafi TO'lKa .n:ocTYlla YCTaHOBneHa Ha MeTaJIJIH'leCKOH KpblIIIKe Tene- KOMMYHuKal.{HOHHoro IIIKa<pa. 6) nonb30BaTenb HJIH rpynna nOJIb30BaTeneH HaxoMTCfI PflAOM C KaKHM-JIH60 3a- Be.n:eHueM 06wecTBeHHoro nHTaHHfI, B KOTOpOM pa60TaeT MHKpOBOJIHOBafi ne'-lb. B) nonb30BaTeJlflM MeIIIalOT no.n:KJlIO'lHTbCfI K ceTU MHoroMeTPOBbIe )!(f)'TbI Ka6enfl KaTeropUu 5, KOTopble OCTaJIHCb B cTeHax, nOTOJIKe H nOJIY OT npe.n:bIllYIllero BapH- aHTa ceTU. r) TO'-lKa .n:ocryna Hcnonb3yeT DSSS-KaHaJI I BMeCTO CTaH,l{apTHoro KaHaJIa 6, a nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'-leHHe B YCTpoikTBax nOJIb30BaTeJIeH HUKTO He nepeHaCTpaH- B3.Jl. H TaM HCnOJlb3yeTcfI KaHaJI 6. 8. KaKoH H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHblX HIDKe CTaHAapTOB 6e30nacHocTH 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTeH CCblJlaeTCfI Ha cTaH.n:apT I1HcTHTYTa IEEE? 349 a) WPA. 6) WPA2. B) WEP. r) 802.1 Ii. 9. KaKHe U3 YKa3aHHbix HH)Ke <PyHKUHH 6e30naCHocm He 6bIJIH BKJlIO'leHbl B opum- HaJlbHblH CTaHAapT WEP, HO BOIIIJIH B COBpeMeHHbIH CTaHAapT WPA2? a) D.HHaMU'-IeCKl1H 06MeH KJlIO'-IaMH. 6) npellycTaHoBneHHble KJlIO'-IH (PSK). B) AyreHTH<t>HKaUHfi 802.lx. r) WH<t>POBaHHe AES.
350 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaLlMft B 110KallbHbiX cenU( -- BBeAeHMe - - B 3TOM rJIaBe OnHCaHbI npeHMYIlleCTBeHHO CaMble OCHOBbI 6eCnpOBOllHbIX JIOKaJlbHbIX CeTeM. B nepBOM pa3.n:eJIe OnHCaHbl OCHOBHble KOHl.{enI.{HH. npOTOKOJIbI H CTaHllapTbI HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX Ha cero.n:HflIIIHUM .n:eHb 6eCnpOBOllHbiX TeXHOJIOrUH. B cne- .n:yJOlIleM pa3.n:ene OnHCaHbI OCHOBHbIe 3TanbI pa3BepTbIBaHHfI 6eCnpOBo.n:HOM ceTH, a B no- CJIe.n:HeH 'laCTU maBbI paCCMOTpeHbI BonpOCbl 6e30naCHOCTU 6ecnpOBOllHOM ceTH. EeJo- naCHOCTb 6ecnpOBo.n:HOM HH<l>paCTpYKTYPbl flBJUIeTCfI 'lpe3BbI'-IaHHO Ba)l(}{OM TeMOH, no- CKOJIbK)' pa.n:HOCHrHaJlbI HaMHoro npOIlle nepeXBaTUTb, 'IeM no.n:KJlIO'IHTbCfI K npOBo.n:Hoi1 JIOKaJlbHOH Ethernet -ceTU. KOHenMM 6eCnpOBOAHbiX CeTeM HorHe nOJIb30BaTenH cero.n:HfI peryJIflpHO nOJIb3YlOTCfI YCJIyraMH H YCTPOHCTBaMH 6ecnpoBo.n:HblX nOKaJlbHbIX ceTeM (Wireless LAN - WLAN). KOMnaHHH, npOH3BOllflIIIHe H npo.n:alOlIlHe nepCOHaJlbHbIe KOMnbIOTepbI, OTMe'laIOT, 'lTO HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe.n:HUX neT Ha6nlO.n:aeTCfI TeH,l{eHI.{HH pOCTa npomul( nopTaTHBHblX KOMnblOTepOB (laptop): 'leM llaJIb- IIIe, TeM 60nbIIIe npo.n:aeTCfI nopTaTHBHbIX YCTpOMCTB H MeHbIIIe 06bI'IHbIX KOMnbIOTepOB. nOJIb30BaTeJIfiM KOMnblOTepa H}T)KHO nOllKJIlO'leHHe K KaKOH-nH60 6JIH3ne)KaIlleM ceTH. me 6bI OHH He Haxo.n:HJIHCb: Ha pa60Te, 1l0Ma, B rocTHHHl.{e, B Ka<l>e lIJIH KHH)KHOM Mara- 3HHe. Oepexo.n: K TaKOM Mo.n:eJIU pa60TbI, B KOTOpOH COTpy.n:HHK MO)KeT pa60TaTb B m06oi1 MOMeHT, r.n:e 6bl OH HH Haxo.n:HJICfI H Kor.n:a 6bl ero HH noceTuno B.n:OXHOBeHHe, CTHMynH- pyeT pa3BHTHe ceTeBbIX TeXHonorUM, B 'laCTHOCTH, pa3BHTHe HOBblX BapHaHTOB nOllKJ1IO- 'IeHHfI K ceTH J.1HTepHeT, 'lTO, B CBOIO O'lepellb, nOCJI}')KlIJIo npH'lUHOH 6YPHoro pa3BHTHSI 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX TeXHOJIoruM. HanpHMep, Ha pUC. 11.1 npOltJIJIIOCTpupOBaHa crpYKTYPa ceTH COBpeMeHHoro KHH)I(- HOro Mara3HHa. KTlHeHTaM Mara3UHa npe.ll.OCTaBJIfleTCfI 6eCnJIaTHbiM .n:OCTYll K ceTU J.1H- TepHeT nocpe.n:CTBOM 6ecnpOBo.n:HOM TeXHOJIOrUU, YCTpOHCTBa B ceTH caMoro Mara3HHa coe.n:HHeHbI npOBo.n:HOH JIOKaJlbHOM ceTblO. nOp'TaTUBHble KOMnblOTepbI KJIHeHTOB (Hnu .n:pyrue YCTpOHCTBa) B3aHMo.n:eMCTBYIOT c WLAN-YCTpOMCTBOM, Ha3blBaeMbIM TO'lKOM .n:ocryna (access point - AP). TO'lKa .n:oCTyna HCnOJIb3yeT paIlHOKaHaJI ,l{JUI OTnpaBKH H nOJIyqeHHfI <l>peMMoB OT KJlHeHTcKoro YCTPOHCT: Ba, HanpHMep KOMnblOTepa. KpoMe Toro, TO'lKa AP no.n:KJlIO'IeHa K TOM )ICe caMOH Ethernet-ceTH, 'lTO H YCTpOMCTBa, 06eCne'lHBalOlIlHe pa60T)' Mara3HHa, CJIellOBaTenbHO. H nOKyIlaTeJIU, H COTpy.n:HHKH MOryT UCKaTb uH<l>0pMaI.{HIO Ha y.n:aJleHHbIx Be6-CaHTax. 'IaCT- B nepBOM pa3.n:ene maBbI onHcaHbI OCHOBbI TeXHOJIoruM 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeH, B HOCTH, nOBeCTBOBaHHe Ha'lHHaeTCfI co cpaBHeHHfI 6ecnpOBo.n:HblX H npOBo.n:HbiX ceTeH. a B OCTaBIIIeHCfI 'laCTH pa3.n:ena B OCHOBHOM 06Cy)l()J.alOTCfI HX OCHOBHbIe OTJIH'lHfl. CpaBHeHMe c TeXHOnOrMMM Ethernet-ceTeM a no- EecnpOBo.n:HbIe JIOKaJIbHbIe ceTU (WLAN) BO MHorHX CBOHX acneKTax noxO)IC1t H .1 oi1CTBa lY . KaJIbHbIe ceTH TeXHOJlOrHH Ethernet, HanpHMep, 06a THna ceTeH n03BOJl5llOT yCTP a- B3aHMo.n:eMcTBOBaTb Me)K,LI.y C060M. .[{nfl 060HX pa3HOBHAHOCTeH ceTeH cTaapTbl YI-!- HOBneHbl J.1 HCTHTyTOM I EEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engme ers -
rl1a sa 11. 6ecnpOBO,AHble nOKanbHble ceTM 351 - -nrr I1H)I(eHepOB no 3JIeKTpoTeXHI1Ke H 3JIeKTpOHHKe): CTaH.n:apT IEEE 802.3,l{J1f1 Ether- CTfla J . net-CeTeH H 802.11 ,l{JIfi 6ecnpoBollHbIX (WLAN). B 060HX CTaHllapTax onHcaH opMaT I»pe1lMOB cern (3aronoBoK H KOHl.{eBHK). YKa3aHO. 'lTO 3aronoBoK 1l0JI>KeH UMeTb ,l{JIHHY 66aHTOB H co.n:ep>KaTb MC-a,npeca OTnpaBHTeJIfi U nonY'-IaTeJIfi. 06a CTaHllapTa YKa3bI- lOT KaK HMeHHO YCTpOHCTBa B ceTH .n:OJI)I(HbI onpe.n:eJIflTb, Koma MO>KHO nepe.n:aBaTb B3 . I»peHM B cpe.n:y, a Koma HeJIb3f1. nK r COTPYAHKa :- ,....- _____ r ./"- OCTaJ1bHaR LjaCTb CeTI1 ceTb Ii1HTepHeT Kaccp r TOLjKa Aoctyna Ethernet - Ka6ellb - 00000o " ,. /, Puc. //./. flpocmaR cemb KHUJlCHOZO MGZG3UHG OCHOBHoe OTJIH'lUe .n:BYX THnOB ceTeH COCTOHT B TOM. 'lTO B 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTfiX HC- nOJIb3yeTcSI TeXHOJIOrHfI H3nyqeHHfI 3HeprHH, Ha3blBaeMOH pa,nHOBOJIHaMH, ,l{JISI nepe.n:a'lU ..!aHHbIX. a B Ethernet-ceTfIX HCnOJIb3yeTcSI nepe.n:a'la 3JIeKTpH'-IeCKHX HMnYJIbCOB no Me.n:- HOMy Ka6eJIIO (HJIH HMnYJIbCOB CBeTa B OnTH'leCKOM BonoKHe). .lI.JIfi nepe.n:a'-lH pa,nHOBOJlH He H}')I(Ha KaKafl-JIH60 cpe.n:a, 06bI'-IHO roBOpflT, '-ITO "OHH nepe.n:alOTCfI B 3Hpe", '-IT06bI nOIl'-lepKHYTb, 'lTO HHKaKOH H3H'-IeCKOH ceTU He Ha,no. B .n:eHCTBHTenbHOCTH JII06bIe H- 3H'-Iecl( 6 I( He 0 1>eKTbI (T.e. BemecTBo) Ha nyrH pa,nHocHrHaJJa - CTeHbI, MeTaJJnH'-IeCKHe OHCTpvv" p J"-'-I.HH H T.n. - flBJUlIOTCfI npenflTCTBHeM, 3Ha'lHTenbHO yxy.n:IIIalOmHM Ka'leCTBO a.Il.HOcHrHaJJa B 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH TexnonorHH. Ce ECTb ell.{e HeCKonbKO CYIlleCTBeHHbIX OTnH'-IHH Me>K,lJ,)' npoBo.n:HblMH H 6ecnpoBo.n:HblMH lta TSlMH , npaB.n:a, OHH OTHOCflTCfI )')ICe, CKopee, K n060'lHbIM 3eKTaM TeXHOJlOrHH. TaK, B HMep. B maBe 7 "6a30BbIe KOHl.{enl.{HH Ethernet-KoMMyraI.{HH" 6blJIO onHcaHO, KaK no t ernet-ceTfix pa60TaeT llynJleKCHblH (full-duplex - FDX) MeTO.n: nepella'-lU. Kor.n:a K PTy 1(0MMYTaTopa nOllKJIIO'-IeHO e.n:HHCTBeHHoe ceTeBoe YCTPOHCTBO. a He KOHueHTpa-
352 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaLlMft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX TOp. TaKafi CXeMa pa60TbI HCKJIlO'laeT He06xOllHMOCTb HCnOJlb30BaHHfI TeXHOJIOrHH 06Ha- p}')KeHHfI KOJ1JIH3HH B JIHHHH (CSMAjCO). B 6eCnpOBO.n:HOH TeXHOJIOrHH, KOr.n:a He- CKOJIbKO YCTpOHCTB H3JlyqalOT Pa.IlHOBOJlHbl B O.n:HOM U TOM )l(e npOCTpaHCTBe H Ha TOH )l(e CaMOH '-laCTOTe. CHrHaJJ pa3JIWlHTb npaKTH'leCKH HeB03MO)l(HO H npHxo.n:HTCfI HCnOJIb30- BaTb nOJIYllynJJeKCHbIH MexaHH3M B3aHMo.n:eHCTBHSI YCTpOi1cTB (half-duplex - H OX). I.JT06bI peIIIHTb Bonpoc C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM TOH )l(e caMoH '1aCTOTbI nepella'lH. B 6ecnpo- BO.n:HbIX ceTfiX HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MexaHH3M MHO)l(eCTBeHHoro .n:OCTYlla C npellOTBparneHHeM KOJ1JIH3HH (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance - CSMAjCA). B KO- TOpOM ucnOJlb3yeTcfI HOX-JIOrHKa nepe.n:a'lH H nblTalOTCfI H36eraTb CHTYaUHH, B KOTOpblX B03HHKalOT KOJ1JIH3HH. CTaHAapTbl CeTeM WLAN Ha MOMeHT HanHcaHHfI.n:aHHoH KHHrH I1HCTHTYT IEEE paTH<pHI.{HpOBaJJ TpH KpynHblX CTaH.n:apTa 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTeH, 802.11, 802.lla. 802.llb H 802.llg. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe nOllp06HO onucaH KaJKJJ.bIH H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbiX WLAN-CTaHAapTOB, paCCMOTpeHbI He- CKOJlbKO .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX CneI.{H<pHKauHH. HanpHMep. CTaH.n:apT 802.1 n, KOTOpblH erne He 6bIJI YTBep)l(.ll.eH I1HCTHTYToM IEEE Ha MOMeHT ny6JIHKal.{HH KHHrH. Ha cero.n:HSlIIIHHH .n:eHb HaH60JIbIIIee BJIHflHHe Ha CTaHAapTbl 6ecnpoBollHbiX ceTeH OKa3aJJH 'leTbIpe opraHH3al.{HH, nepe'lHCJIeHHble B Ta6JI. 11.2. £-:B311 Ta6JIHua n.2. OpraHH3alUlit no CTau.aapTH3aUItIt ceTeH WLAN eMa OpraHH3aUHSI ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union, Radiocommunication Sector - CeKTop pa.a110CBSl311 MeJK.l1YHapOliHoro COl03a 3J1eKTj>OCBH311) IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. - 11 HCTI1TYT I1H>KeHepOB no 3J1eKTj>OTeXHI1Ke 11 pa.a1103J1eKTj>OHI1Ke) Wi-Fi Alliance (A.nbSlHC Wi-Fi) Federal Communications Commission (FCC - cJ>ellepaJIbHaSl KOMI1CCI1H CBSl311 CWA) POJIb Me>KJlYHapoliHaH OpraHl13aUI1S1 no CTaHIlapTI13aUI111 pa.a1103J1eKTj>oHHbIX cpellcTB CBSl311, B 'IaCTHOCTI1, OHa peryJmpyeT I1CnOJlb30BaHI1e 'IaCTOTHbIX 11l1ana30HOB CTaHIlapTl1311pOBaJI 6ecnpoBOllHbie JIOKaJlbHble cent (802.11) npOMblWJIeHHblH KOHCOPUI1YM, OTBe'lalOllil1H 3a COBMeCTI1MOCTb yc-rpoMcTB, B KOTOpblX peaJIl130BaHbi CTaHliapTbI WLAN B paMKaX nporpa"'Mbl no CepTl1<!JI1KaUI1I1 Wi- Fi-npOll)'KTOB cJ>ellepaJlbHOe areHTCTBO CWA. perym1pylOwee I1CnOJlb30BaHl1e pa3JII1'1HbIX 'IaCTOTHbIX 11l1ana30HOB BCWA 113 BCeX nepe'lUCJIeHHbIX BbIIIIe opraHH3al.{HH TOJIbKO I1HCTHTYT IEEE <paKTU'IecJ(Ji 3aHHMaeTCfI CTaHAapTH3al.{HeH pa3JlH'lHblX COBpeMeHHblX TeXHOJIOrHH 6ecnpoBOllHbIX KOMMYHHKaI.{HH. Ero CTaH.n:apTbl npHHHMalOT BO BHHMaHHe 'laCTOTHbIe .n:uana30Hbl. pery- J(o- JIHpyeMbIe pa3JIU'lHblMH Me)l(.ll.yHapOllHbIMH H MeCTHblMH areHTCTBaMH. TaKHM" KaK MHCCHfi FCC B CiliA H CeKTop ITU-R, KOTOpbIH He3aBllCHMO KOHTpOJIHpyeTcSI OpraHW 3al.{HeH 061>e.n:HHeHHblx HaI.{HH. E nepBafi CneI.{H<pHKaUHfi 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH 6blJIa BbmyweHa I1HCTHTYTOM lEE HeM B 1997 rollY. KOma 6bIJI paTH<pH uHpoBaH CTaHAapT 802.11. KaK BHllHO H3 Ha3BaH Hfi. B
rnaBa 11. 5ecnpoBoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 353 HeT 6YKBbI-cy<I><!mKca B KOHl.{e, a BO Bcex nocJ1e.n:YIOIl{ux CTan.n:apTax eCTb. TaKoe corna- IIIeHue 0 HMeHOBaHUU cnel.{u<I>uKal.{uii 6bIJIO U3Ha'laJIbHO n03aUMCTBOBaHO U3 Ha3BaHuii CTaH.n:ap-rOB.lIJIfi JIOKaJIbHblX Ethernet-ceTeii. AHaJIOrU'lHO, B npoBo.n:HblX ceTfiX U3Ha'laJIb- Hblii CTan.n:ap-r co.n:ep)l(aJI npOCTO HOMep, 802.3, a BO Bce nOCJ1e.n:yJOIl{ue CTan.n:ap-rbI .n:06aB- nfiJIaCb 6}'KBa B KOHue, BnJIOTb.lI.O cneuu<I>uKauuu 802.3u, O.n:HOro H3 OTHOCUTenbHO no- CJ1e.n:HUX CTan.n:apTOB CeTH Fast Ethernet. OPUrHHaJIbHbIii CTan.n:ap-r 802.11 ItCnOnb30BaJICfI O'leHb He.n:onro H 6bIJI BblTeCHeH 60- nee cOBpeMeHHblMu cneuH<I>HKaUUflMU, B nopAAKe npUHfln1f1 CTaHAapTOB ux MO)l(HO }'Ka- 3aTb TaK (Ka)l(llbIii HOBbIi1 nOCTeneHHO BbITeCHfieT npe.n:bI.n:YIl{uii): 802.llb, 802.lla U 802.llg. Cne.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO cTan.n:apT 802.11 n, CKopee Bcero, 6y.n:eT npHHflT B KOHue 2008 ro.n:a, a npO.lJYKTbI, ero HCnOJIb3yJOIl{He, }')Ke nOflBHJIHCb B 2007 ro.n:y (TaK Ha3blBae- Mble ".n:ocTan.n:apTHble" pa3pa60TKIt). B Ta6n. 11.3 YKa3aHbI KJlIO'leBbIe napaMeTpbI Bcex npHHflTbIX Ha cero,LUUlIlIHHH .n:eHb CTan.n:ap-rOB. CB8A Ta6JJHua 11.3. OpraHH3aUHH no CTau.aapTH3aUHH CeTeii: WLAN eMa XapaKTepHCTHKa fOIl npHHSlTHSI MaKcHMaJIbHaSJ CKOpOCTb npH MOllynSlLlHH DSSS (M6HTjc) MaKcHMaJIbHaSl CKOpOCTb npH MOllynSlLlHH OFDM (M6HTjC) nOJloca '1aCTOT (ffLl) KOJlH'IeCTBO KaHaJIOB (HenepeKpbl, BalOIUHxcSI) CKOPOCTH, 3an:aHHble B CTaHJI.aPTe (M6HTjc) S02.11a 1999 54 5 23 (12) 6,12,24 S02.lIb S02.IIg 1999 2003 11 II 54 2,4 2,4 II (3) II (3) 1,2,5,5, II 6,12,24 B Ta6JIHue }'Ka3aHo HeCKonbKO xapaKTepHcTuK, )J)UI KOTOpblX nOKa eIl{e He 6bIJIH .n:aHbI onpe.n:eJIeHHfI, HO OHH onucaHbI HU)I(e B 3TOii rnaBe. Pe>KMbl pa60Tbi CeT CTaH,QapTa 802.11 B 6eCnpOBO.lI.Hoi1 ceTH MOryT Hcnonb30BaTbCfI .n:Ba pe)l(HMa pa60TbI: o.n:HopaHroBaSi CeTb (ad hoc) U HH<I>paCTpYKTypa (infrastructure). B o.n:HopaHroBoii cxeMe 6ecnpoBo.n:Hoe YCTpOi1CTBO B3aHMo.n:eiicTByeT C O,l{HHM HJIH HeCKOJIbKHMU TaKHMU )l(e YCTpoiicTBaMH, 06bI'lHO B Te'leHHe He60nbIIIux npOMe)I(Y'TKOB BpeMeHH. B TaKoii curyauuu YCTpoi1cTBa OTnpaBJlfllOT <l>peiiMbl B 6ecnpoBo.n:HOii ceTU WlAN HanpHMYIO .n:pyr .n:pyry, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 11.2. nK1 Puc. 11.2. Cemb Ad Hoc 3mu tJaHHble xapaKmepHbI tJ/lR CilIA. - npItMe'l. aBT. nK2
354 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTa",Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTJlX - B pe)KHMe UH<j)paC'rpyKTypbI Krot([{Oe H3 yC'rpOHCTB B3aHMO.n:eHCTByeT C TO'lKOH .n:OCTyna (AP), a caMa TO'lKa no.n:KJIIO'leHa K npOBo.n:HOH ceTH nocpe.n:CTBOM Ethemet-KaHaJIa. Ll.aH- HbIM pe)KHM pa60TbI n03BOJIfieT yC'rpOHCTBaM B 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTH CBfl3bIBaTbCfI KaK c cepBepaMH B OCTaJIbHOH npOBo.n:HOH ceTH, TaK H nOJIyqaTb .n:OC1YI1 K CeTH I1HTepHeT, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 11.1. BHMMAHME! YCTpOHCTBa B 6eCnpOBO.LIHOH CeTH B pe)lCHMe HH<!>paCTPYKTYPbl He MOryT nepeCbUlaTb <!>peHMbI HanpSlMYIO .LIPyT .LIpyry, OHU OTnpaBJISIIOT HX TOqKe .LIoc'fYIla, KOTOpaSi MO)l(eT nepeHanpaBItTh HX H}')KHOMY YCTPOHcTBy-nOJIyqaTeJIIO. B HH<j)paC'rpyKTypHOM pe)KHMe eCTb .n:Ba BapHaHTa 06CJIy)KHBaHHfI, Ha3bIBaeMbIX Ha6o- paMU CJIYJIC6 (service sets). nepBbIH, Ha3bIBaeMbIH Ha6opOM 6a30BbIX cJIy)K6 (Basic Service Set - BSS), n03BOAAeT HCnOJIb30BaTb o.n:HY TO'lKY .n:ocryna ,l{JIfI C03.n:aHHfI 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH JIOKaJIbHOH CeTH, HanpHMep, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 11.1. BTOPOH, Ha3bIBaeMbIM Ha60pOM paCIIIupeHHbIX CJI}')K6 (Extended Service Set - ESS), n03BOJIfieT HCnOJIb30BaTb B CeTU 60- JIee O.n:HOH TOqKH .n:oc1YI1a (AP HJIH TLO, 3a'lacTYIO C nepeKpblBalOIl{HMHCfI COTaMU no- KpbITHfI, .n:alOIl{HMH B03MO)l(HOCTb UCnOJIb30BaTb pOYMHHr (roaming) B ceTH (pHC. 11.3). nK COTpYAHI1Ka r ---.. r J- --- OCTaIlbHasI 'JaCTb CeTl111 ceTb Ii1HTepHeT Kaccl1p _r---:' - ----- TA1 ..... TA2 /, " nK1 nK2 nK4 Puc. 11.3. Ha60p CJ/Y:JIC6 ESS 6 UHljJpacmpYKmYPHOM peJICUMe 6ecnpo600HOU cemu
- rl1aBa 11. 5ecnpoBOAHbie 110Kal1bHbie ceTM 355 B ESS-ceTfix pa3pellIeH pOYMHHr, 'lTO 03HaQaeT, 'lTO nOJIb30BaTeJ1H MOryT nepeMe- IIIaTbCH B o6rracTH nOKpbITHfi (coverage area) H OCTaBaTbCfI B O.n:HOM H TOH )!(e 6ecnpoBo.n:- HOM ceTH. CJ1e.n:OBaTeJ1bHO. He H}')KHO MeHflTb IP-allpec npH nepeKJIlO'leHHH Ha .n:pyryIO TO'lKY .n:oC"ryna. Bce, 'lTO .n:OJDKHO YMeTb Yl'pOHCTBO ,l{JIfI pOYMHHra. - 3TO OTCJ1e)KHBaTb YMeHbllIeHHe CHJlbI CHrHaJIa HCnOJIb3yeMoH TO'lKH .n:ocTYlla H 06Hap}')KHBaTb HOBbIe TO'lKH Oc-ryna C 60J1ee BbICOKHM ypOBHeM CHrHaJIa H YMeTb nepeKJIlO'laTbCfI Ha HHX. u B Ta6JI. 11.4 nepe'lHCJ1eHbI paCCMOl'peHHbIe BbIllIe pe)KHMbI pa60TbI 6eCnpOBOAHOH CeTH. ""R eMa Ta6JJHua 11.4. Pe]K)fMbI pa60Tbi ceTeA WLAN PeJKHM PaBHonpaBHblH (Ad hoc) I-1Hl}>paCTjJYKT)'pHbIH (onHa T04Ka nOCTYITa I-1Hl}>paCTjJYKTYPHblH (60JlblIle 4eM onHa T04Ka nOCT)'Ila Ha3BaHHe Ha60pa CJJyJK6 OnHcaHHe He3aBI1CI1MblH Ha60p ,llBa YCTjJOHCTBa MOayr B3aI1MoJeHcTBOBaTb 6a30Bblx CJI}')K6 (Independent HanpSlMyta, T04Ka nOCT)'TTa He H}')KHa Basic Service Set - IBSS) Ha60p 6a30Bblx CJI}')K6 (Basic C03JaeTCSI onHa 6ecnpoBonHIDI JIOKaJIbHIDI CeTb C Service Set - BSS) onHoH T04KOH nocT)'TTa 11 Bce YCTjJOHCTBa CBSl3aHbl C He" PaCWl1peHHblH Ha60p CJI}')K6 (Extended Service Set - ESS) MHO)l(eCTBO T04eK nOCT)'na C03nalOT onHY 6ecnpoBonHYIO ceTb, n03BOJUlSI I1cnOJIb30BaTb pOYMI1Hr EecnpOBOAHafi nepeAa'-la AaHHblX (ypOBeHb 1) B 6eCnpOBO.ll.HbiX ceTfiX nepe.n:a'la Ha nepBOM ypOBHe OCYIlleCTBJIfleTCfI 3a C'leT u3Jlyqe- HHH PallUOCUfHaJIa - PallUOBOJIH. B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX CeTeBbIX KapTax (Network Interface Card - NIC). TO'lKaX .n:ocTYlla U .n:pyrHX YCl'pOHCTBaX TaKOH ceTH eCTb pallHOTpaKT U aH- TeHHa .lI.JIfi npueMa H H3JIyqeHHfI PallUOBOJIH, B KOTOpbIX 3aKo.n:upOBaHbI nOJIb30BaTeJ1b- CKl1e .n:aHHble. TexHoJIorHfI Ko.n:HpOBaHHfI CHrHaJIa B 6ecnpoBo.n:HblX cenIX OCHOBaHa Ha TOH )!(e caMOM HAee, 'lTO H KaHaJIbI CTan.n:apTa Ethernet. TO'lHO TaK)!(e KaK TOK B Me.n:HOM npOBo.n:e HJlH CBeT B OnTH'leCKOM BOJIOKHe, PallHO- BOJ1HbI B 6eCnpOBOAHbIX ceTfiX npe.n:CTaBJIfllOT C060H CHrHaJI, nOBTopfilOlIIHHCfI C onpe.n:e- J1eHHOM 'laCTOTOH, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 11.4. B rpa<pH'leCKOM npe.n:CTaBJIeHHH KpUBafl, H306piUKalOIl{aSi nepHo.n:H'leCKHH CHfHaJI, xapaKTepH3yeTCfI 'laCTOTOH (CKOJ1bKO pa3 B Te- 'leHHe ceKyH)IbI nOBTOpHJICfI CHrHaJI), aMllJIH1)'.n:oH (BbICOTOH BOJ1HbI, T.e. MOIllHOCTblO CHrHa.J1a) H <pa30H (T.e. Ha'laJIbHOH TO'lKOH Ha KpHBOH). ,L:lrifl 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX CeTeH caMbIM 8<DKHbIM napaMel'poM flBJIfleTCfI 'laCTOTa, H3MepHeMaSi B repl.{ax (ru). ...- - ----- - - ----- - - - --- - - - - - - --- - - -- - - - - - - - - ---. 0.001 C 'iacToTa = 8000 r Puc. 11.4. Fpor/Ju'tecKoe npeocmo6AeHue CU2HaJ/O C 'tocmomou 8 KFu, CH: a3JIU 'lHbIe 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIe YCl'pOMCTBa H3JIyqalOT CUrHaJI Ha pa3Hbix 'laCToTax, B 3aBH- OCTU OT TOro, .lI.JIfi 'lero npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHO YCl'pOHCTBO, HanpuMep, KaJ)Ta 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH
356 '-IacTb II. KOMMyra!.-'Mft B 110KanbHbiX cenu( cern U PallHOTeJIe<j)OH. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, npu pa60Te TaKUX YC'TpOHCTB 6yAYT nOflBJIflTbCfI 00- 60'lHbie 3<j)<j)eKTbI, B Ka'leCTBe npUMepa paCCM01pUM TeJIeBH,l{eHHe - TeJIeBH3HOHH3.S{ BbIIIIKa U3JIyqaeT CHfHaIl, npUHUMaeMblH TeJIeBU30paMH. l{T06bI npe.n:OTBpaTHTb HaIlO)J(emte TaKora CUrHaIla Ha .n.pyrHe H HHTep<pepeHI.{HIO C .n:pyrnMH PallHOUCTO'lHHKaMH, HaUHOHaJ1b_ Hble rocy.n:apcTBeHHbIe areHTCTBa peryJIHpyJOT U OTCJIe)KHBaJOT UCnOJIb30BaHHe 'laCTOTHblX llHana30HOB BHyrpU C1paHbI. B ClllA, HanpUMep, 3Ta 3alla'la B03JI0)KeHa Ha <l>e.n:epaJ1bHYK> KOMUCCUIO no CIDI3H ClllA (Federal Communications Commission - FCC). KOMUCCHfi FCC HJIH .n.pyroe rocy.n:apCTBeHHOe yqpe}l{):(eHHe (B .n:pyrnx c1paHax) peIyJIH- pyeT HCnOJIb30BaHUe Ha60poB 'laCTOT BHyrpH C'rpaHbI, Ha3bIBaeMbIX 06bI'lHO 'laCTOTHblMH .n:uana30HaMU (frequency bands). HanpHMep, B CiliA pallHocraHUHH FM- U AM- .n:uana30HOB 06f13aHbI perHC1pupOBaTbCfI B KOMHCCUH FCC H HCnOJIb30BaTb C1poro onpelle- JIeHHbIe 'laCTOTbI HJIH .n:uana30HbI. PallUOCTaHI.{UH TaIOKe 06f13aHbI H3JlY'''IaTb PallUOCUrHaJI TOJIbKO onpe.n:e.TIeHHOH MOIllHOCTH, 'lTo6bI CTaHUHU B .n:pyrHX ropo.n:ax MOfJIU HCnOJIb30BaTb Te )Ke caMbIe 'laCTOTbI .LLJUI cooero BeIl{aHUfI, HO B onpe.n:eJIeHHOH reorpa<pU'leCKOH 06JIacrH TOJIbKO O,l{Ha pallUOCTaHUHfi MO)KeT HCnOJIb30BaTb KaKYIO-JIH60 Bbl,l{eJIeHHyJO 'lacr01)'. YacToTHblH .n:uana30H 6blJI Ha3BaH ".n:Hana30HOM" nOToMY, 'lTO B Hero BXO.n:UT He- CKOJIbKO nOCJIe.n:OBaTe.TIbHbIX 'laCTOT, HanpUMep FM-PallHocTaHI.{HH H}')KHa nOJIOca no- pflAKa 200 Kru (KHJIOrepu), 'lT06bI OCYIl{eCTBJUITb BeIl{aHHe. Koma TaKaS! CTaHUUfI 311- npaIIIUBaeT BeIllaTeJIbHyJO 'laCTOTY y KOMUCCUU FCC, OHa nOJIyqaeT 6a30ByJO 'laCT()'fy U ,l{JIfi Hee pe3epBupYeTCfI no 100 Kru BHH3 H BBepx OT TaKOH 6a30BOH, T.e. .n:uana30H. Ha- npUMep, FM-cTaHI.{UfI, aHoHcHpyeT, 'lTO "Ha qaCTOTe 96,5 FM KpymbIe CYTKU 3ByqaT TOJIbKO JIyqIIIHe XHTbI". B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH 6a30BbIH CHrHaJI nepe.n:aeTCfI Ha 'laCTOTe 96,5 Mru, a B nepe.n:aT'IHKe UCnOJIb3yJOTCfI 'laCTOTbI OT 96,4.n:0 96,6 Mru, 'lTO .n:aeT llua- na30H UIHpHHOH 0,2 Mru, HJIH 200 Krl.{. YeM IIIHpe Ha60p 'laCTOT B .n:Hana30He 'laCTOT, TeM 60JIbIIIHH 061>eM HH<popMauHu MO- )KeT 6bITb nepe.n:aH B HeM. HanpHMep, eCJIH CHrHaIl BeIl{aHHfI pallHOCTaHUUH Tpe6yeT Bcero nOPflAKa 200 Krl.{ (T.e. 0,2 Mrl.{) H3 nOJIOCbI nponycKaHHH (bandwidth), TO B TeJle- BU3HOHHOM BeIllaHUH H}')KHO nepe.n:aTb HaMHOfO 60JIbIIIe HH<j)opMauHH. n03TOMY nOJIoca 'laCTOT npH6JIU3HTe.TIbHO paBHa 4,5 Mru. BHMAHE! TepMHH nOAoca nponycKaHuR (bandwidth), HCnOJIb3yeMblH.LIJISi onHcaHHSI CKOpOCTH ceTeBbiX HHTeP<t>eHcoB, 6blJI n03aHMCTBOBaH H3 pa.n.H03JIeKTPoHHKH, B KOTOpOH 'laCTOTHbIH Jl.ltana30H, ItJIH _ nOJIoca nponYCKaHHSI, SlBJISleTCSI MepoH TOro, CKOJIbKO Jl.aHHbIX MO)KeT 6blTb nepeJl.aHO B HeKoTOPblH nepHOJl. BpeMeHH. KOMUTeT FCC H 3KBHBaIleHTHbIe eMY rocy.n:apCTBeHHbIe opraHH3auHu B .n:pyrHX CTpa- Hax JIUUeH3HpyJOT UCnOJIb30BaHHe HeKOTopbIX qaCTOTHbIX .n:Hana30HOB, a .n:pyrHe OCTaB- JIfllOT HeJIHl.{eH3UpOBaHHbIMH. JIHueH3upoBaHHbIe .n:uana30HbI HMeIOT MHO)KeCTBO npH- MeHeHuH, B 'laCTHOCTU, 60JIbIIIUHCTBO AM- H FM-PallHocTaHI.{HH, KOpOTKOBOJIHOBbIe pa- rtV"'o I uC- .n:UOCHCTeMbI (HanpHMep, PallHOCBfl3b nOJIHUHH B CiliA) U M06HJIbHbIe Te.TIe'l"'Hb 1>30- nOJIb3YIOT 'laCTOTbI 3TOro .n:uana30Ha. HeJIUueH3UpoBaHHbie 'laCTOTbI MOryT ucnOJI BaTbCfI JII06bIMU YCl'pOHCTBaMH. TeM He MeHee YCl'pOHCTBa .n:OJI)KHbI CJIe.n:OBaTb npaBWlaM eJIH- peryJIupyJOIl{UX O p raHH3al.{HH C l'p aHbI. B 'laCTHOCTU. YCl'pOHCTBO, pa60TalOIl{ee B H illHO- ueH3upyeMoM lluana30He, Bce paBHO .n:OJI)KHO H3J1yqaTb CUrHaJI onpe.n:eJIeHHOH MO y_ CTU. B npOTUBHOM CJIyqae OHO 6YJl.eT npH'lUHOH HHTep<pepeHUUU PallHOCHrHaJIOB C JIp qaC- rHMH YCTpOHCTBaMU 3Toro )Ke .n:Uana30Ha. TaK. HanpUMep, MUKpOBOJIHOBbIe ne'lH 3a
rnaBa 11. 6ecnpoBoAHbie 110Kal1bHbie ceTM 357 - 1)'10 u3Jly'IaIOT 3HepruIO Ha 'laCTOTe 2,4 rrl{, XOTfi 3TO n060'lHbIH s<j)<j)eKT B npouecce opitrOTOBJIeHHH nUIl{U, a He nonblTKa nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIx. TOT )!(e caMbIH (HeJIUUeH3H- pyeMblH) .n:Hana30H HCnOJIb3yeTCfI B HeKoTopblX cTan.n:aPTax 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH U MHorHMH 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIMH TeJIe<j)OHaMH, n03ToMY MO)KHO CTOJIKHYTbCfI C TeM, 'lTO BbI He CJIbIIIIUTe c06ece.n:HUKa HJIH He MO)!(eTe nO,l{l<JlIO'lHTbCfI K ceTH, Kor.n:a KTO-TO pa30rpeBaeT ce6e 06e.n:. KOMUTeT FCC He 'Tpe6yeT JIUueH3HpOBaHUfi .LI.JIfi TpeX 'laCTOTHbIX .n:Hana30HOB, KOTO- pbIe 06bI'lHO yJ<a3blBalOTCfI B BH,l{e onpe.n:eJIeHHOH 6a30BOH 'laCTOTbI, XOTfI, B .n:eHCTBU- reJIbHOCTU, comaCHO onpe.n:eJIeHUIO, .l{Hana30H BKJllO'laeT B ce6f1 .n:OCTaTO'lHO 06IIIUPHblH Ha60p 'laCTOT. B TaM. 11.5 nepe'lHCJIeHbI .n:Hana30HbI, HMelOIl{Ue TO HJIU HHoe OTHOIlIeHHe K 6ecnpOBo.n: HbIM JIOKaJIbHbIM ceTfiM. C:ea Ta6J1Hua 11.5. HeJiHueH3HpyeMbIe ,lI;Hana30HbI, onpeJl.eJleHHble KOMHTeTOM FCC eMa 6a30BaH lJaCTOTa llHana30Ha (ffu) 0,9 Ha3BaHHe npHMepbI YCTPOHCTB 2,4 npOMbIUlJleHHbli1, Ha}"lHblH H MellHl.HHcKHH llHana30H (Industrial, Scienlific and Medical - ISM) ISM Crapble 6ecnpoBoAHble TeJleQ>oHbl 5 HeJlHueH3HpyeMaSi HaUHOHaJlbHaSI HHQ>opMaUHoHHaSi HHQ>paCTPYKTYPa (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure - U-NII) HOBbie 6ecnpoBOllHble TeJleQ>OHbl H 6ecnpOBOAHble CeTH CTaHJl,apTOB 802.11, 802.11 b, 802.11 g HOBble 6ecnpOBOAHble TeJleQ>OHbl H 6ecnpOBOllHble CeTH CTaHJl,apTOB 802.11 a H 802.lIn KOAlilpOBaHllle B cenlx WLAN III HenepeKpblBatOU4l11eCJl DSSS-KaHa.nbl Koma 6ecnpOBo.n:Hafi CeTeBaSi KapTa HJIH TO'lKa .n:ocTYlla nepeCbIJIaeT .n:aHHble, OHa MO- llYJIHPYeT (T.e. U3MeHfleT) 'laCTOTY, aMllJIUTY.n:y HJIH <j)a3Y PMHOCUrHaJIa, 'lT06bI 3aKO.n:HpO- BaTb 0 HJlU I. nO.n:po6HOCTU aJIropHTMOB H MeTo.n:OB MO.n:YJIHpOBaHHfI BbIXO,l{flT 3a paMKH llaHHOH KHurH, TeM He MeHee, .LI.JIfi npaKTH'leCKOH pa60TbI H c.n:a'lH 3K3aMeHa CJIe.n:yeT JHaTb Ha3BaHHfI 'Tpex HaH60JIee pacnpOC'TpaHeHHbIX MeTO.l{OB KO.n:UPOBaHHfI, nOCKOJIbK)' 3Ta HHCPOpMal{Hf! nOHM06uTCH npH npoeKTUpOBaHHH H BHe.n:peHHH 6ecnpOBO.n:HbIX CeTeH. S MemoiJ CMeHbl pa6o'ieu 'iaCmOmbl C paCUJupeHueM cneKmpa (Frequency Hopping Spread pectrum - FHSS) ucnOJIb3yeT Bce 'laCTOTbI .n:Hana30Ha 3a C'leT TOro, 'lTO "nepecKaKH- BaeT" ( h . oppmg) Ha .n:PYfYIO 6a30ByJO 'lacTC)"ry nepe.n:a'lH. 3a C'leT TOro, 'lTO.LI.JIfi KCDKJI.OH no- Cn ellYIO lIJ.eH nepe.n:a'-lH HCnOJIb3YeTCfI HeMHoro OTJIU'lalOIl{aSlCfI 'laCTOTa, YCTPOHCTBO, BnOJIHe B BepOfiTHO, He 6y.n:eT nonMaTb Ha 'laCTOTY, HCnOJIb3yeMYlO .n:pyrUM nepe,n:aT'lHKOM. co nepBOM CTaHAapTe 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX CeTeH, 802.11, HCnOJIb30BaJIaCb MO.n:yJIflUUfI FHSS, B B:MeH HbIx CTaHAapTax (802.1 la, 802.11 b U 802.llg) HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI.n:pyrue MeTo.n:bI. S emod pacUJupeHuR cneKmpa CU2HaJla npRMou nOCAeiJo6ameAbHocmblO (Direct Sequence 6read Spectrum - DSSS) - 3TO BTOpOH 06IllUH MexaHH3M Ko.n:upoBaHHfI CUrHaJIa B HCcnpoBO.n:HbIX ceTfiX. OH 6bIJI pa3pa60TaH .lI)UI HeJIUueH3upyeMoro .n:uana30Ha 2,4 rrl{ U 'Ia nOJIb3yeT O.n:HH H3 HeCKOJIbKUX pa3.n:eJIbHblX KaHaJIOB (Toe. 'laCTOT). B 3TOM .n:Hana30He CTOTH as! nOJIOca COCTaBJIS!eT 82 Mru, T.e. caM .n:uana30H pacnOJIaraeTCfI B 'laCTOTax OT
358 4aCTb II. KOMMYTa4Mft B J10KanbHb1X cenl)( 2,402.n:0 2,483 Mru. ComaCHO TPe60BaHHflM KOMHTeTa FCC B 3TOM .n:Hana30He MO)KeT 6bITb II nepeCeKaIOIl{HXCfI DSSS-KaHaJIoB, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 11.5. HeCMOTPfI Ha TO, 'lTO 60JIbllIHHCTBO KaHaJIOB, nOKa3aHHbIX Ha pHCYHKe, nepeceKae-rCH TPU U3 HHX (KpaMHHe CJ1eBa, cnpaBa U ueHTPaJIbHbIM KaHaJI) nepeceKalOTCfI .n:OCTaTO'lH cJIa60, 'lT06bI MeIIIaTb .n:pyr .n:pyry. 3TH TPu KaHaJIa (I, 6 H II) MOryT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbl B O.QHOM U TOM )l(e npOCTPaHCTBe .lUIfi 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX KOMMYHHKaUHM H OHU He 6y.n:yr HH- Tep<j)epHpOBaTb .n:pyr C .n:pyroM. P'i-KaHaJ1b1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 'iacTOTHbli1 cneKTp 2,4 rr Puc. / /.5. OiJuHHoiJu.omb nepeceKOIOUXCJ/ DSSS-KOHaJ/088 iJuono30He 2,4 rrU. Ba)I(Hoe CBOHCTBO TpeX HenepeKpbIBalOIl{HXCfI KaHaJIOB COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTO KOma pa3- pa6aTbIBaeTCfI cTPYKTYPa 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTH C Ha60pOM CJIy)K6 ESS (T.e. B O.n:HOH H TOM )l(e 06JIaCTH eCTb 60JIbIIIe O.n:HOM TO'lKH .n:OCl)'na), TO'lKU .n:ocl)'na C nepeKpbIBalOIl{UMUCSI 06JIaCTflMH nOKpbITHfi .n:OmKHbI UCnOJIb30BaTb HenepeKpbIBalOIl{UeCfI KaHaJIbI (puc. 11.6). TA1 TA3 ..... ...... KaHaIl 1 KaHaIl 11 Puc. / /.6. f!cnOAb3080HUe HenepeKpbl801OUXCJ/ DSSS-KOHaJ/08 iJuono30Ho 2,4 rrU. 8 ESS-ce mu B TaKoM cxeMe ceTH YCTPoMCTBa B O.n:HOH BSS-30He (TaK Ha3bIBalOT YCTPOMcTBa, nOll- KJIIO'IeHHbIe K O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e TO'lKe .n:OCTYlla) MOryT 06MeHHBaTbCfI .n:aHHbIMH, B cocell- HHX BSS-30Hax TO)l(e MO)l(eT HATH UHTeHCHBHbIM 06MeH .n:aHHbIMH. TeM He MeHee HHTeP- OTJ1lt- <j)epeHUHU B ceTU He 6y.n:eT, nOCKOJIbKY Bce TO'lKH .n:OCTYlla HCnOJIb3yJOT HeCKOJ1bKO KI It '1alOIl{HeCH 'laCTOTbl Hene p eK p bIBalOIl{UXCfI KaHaJIOB. HanpHMep, KOMnblOTepbI n 41<a- n K2 MOryT Haxo.n:UTbCfI pSl.n:OM .n:pyr C .n:pyroM, HO B3aUMo.n:eHCTBOBaTb C pa3HbIMH TO B e- MU .Qocl)'na (TiJ.), HCn0J1b3Yfl .n:Be pa3HbIX 'laCTOTbl KaHaJIa B O.n:UH H TOT )Ke MOMeHT P" cra n - MeHU. TaKOM MeTO.Q KO.QHpOBaHUSI SlBJ1f1eTC5I THnH'lHbIM .lUIfi 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeH
rl18Ba 11. 5ecnpoBoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 359 - llapTa 802.IIb, B KIDK.IJ:OH fI'leMKe nOKpbITHfi MaKCHMaJlbHafi CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX ,!1JLSI3TOM TeXHOnOrHH COCTaBJIfleT 11 M6HTjC. npu ucnonb30BaHUH HenepeKpblBalOIl{UXCfI KaHaJlO B Krot([{aSi BSS-30Ha MO)l(eT pa60TaTb Ha CKOpOCTH II M6uTjC, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, o6III.afl nponycKHafi cnoc06HoCTb 6y.n:eT COCTaBJlflTb 33 M6HTjC. 06Il{YIO, HnH KYMynfl- TUBHyJO, nponycKHyJO cnoc06HoCTb 6ecnpoBo.n:HOM uH<j)paC'rPYKTYPbI Ha3bIBalOT eMICO- cmblO (capacity). TpeTbHM caMbIM pacnpoC'rpaHeHHbIM MeTo.n:OM Ko.n:HpOBaHUfi B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX cerflx WLAN HBJlfleTCH MYJlbmU1IJIeICCUp06QHUe C opm020HaJ/bHbtM 'lQCmOmHbtM PQ3iJeJleHUeM CU2HQ- ,106 (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing - OFDM). AHaJlOrH'lHO MexaHU3MY DSSS, B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTfiX C Ko.n:HpOBaHHeM OFDM Hcnonb3yeTcfI MHO)l(eCTBO Hene- peceKalOIl{HXCfI KaHaJlOB. B Ta6n. 11.6 nepe'lHCJIeHbI MeTOllbI Ko.n:HpOBaHUH CUrHaJla U co- OTBeTCTBYIOIl{He HM CTaHAapTbI. Ta6J1Hua 11.6. MeTOl1b1 KO,ll.HpOBaHHH H CTaHl1aPTbi 6ecnpOBOl1HbiX ceTeH IEEE Ha3BaHHe MeTOl1a Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) B KaKOM CTaHl1aPTe HCnOJlb3yeTcH 802. II 802. lib 802.1 la, 802.llg BHi>1MAHi>1E! B pa3pa6aTbIBaeMoM cej;jqac CTaH.!l.apre 802.Iln ItCnOJIb3YeTCSI MeTOl1 OFDM C HeCKOJIbK"M" aHTeHHaM", n03ToMY MeTOl1 3a'lac1)'IO Ha3blBalOT MeTOnOM co MHOrItM" BXOnaM" " MHOr"M" BbIXOlIaM" (multiple input multiple output - MIMO). HTeP4>epeHL-'MJI B 6eCnpOBOAHbiX CeTJlX B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTfiX HHTep<j)epeHI.{Ufi MO)l(eT 6bITb BbI3BaHa pa3HbIMH HCTO'lHHKa- MH. PanHoBonHbI MOIyT cB060.n:HO pacnpocTpaHflTbCfI B npocrpaHcTBe, TeM He MeHe, KO- ma OHM npOXOAflT 'lepe3 KaKYIO-nH60 llJIOTHyJO MaTepHIO, CTeHbI, 6erOHHbIe 6nOKU, nepe- KPbITUfi H T.n., 'laCTb 3HeprUH BonHbI nornOIl{aerCfI npenflTCTBHeM, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, CHJIa CHfHana YMeHbIl{aeTCfI H YMeHbIIIaerCfI pa3Mep 06naCTU nOKpbITUfi. HeKOTopbIe 06"beKTbI MOIyr OTplliKaTb HJIU pacceUBaTb pallHOBOnHbI, HanpHMep, ecnH B HUX eCTb MHOro MeTaJI- Ila, '-no npUBO.n:HT K nOflBJleHHIO, "MepTBbIX 30H" (06naCTeM, r.n:e 6ecnpOBo.n:HaSi CBfl3b 00- 06lIIe He pa60TaeT) H onflTb )l(e YMeHbIIIaTb pa3Mep 06naCTH nOKpbITHfi. EOJIee TOro, Ha 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIe KOMMYHHKaUHH BJIHfllOT HCTO'lHHKH PallHOBOJIH B TOM )f(e caMOM l.JaCTOTHOM .n:Hana30He. 3<j)<j)eKT Ol.JeHb noxo)l( Ha TOT, KOTOpbIH MO)KHO Ha6nlO- .<laTb B .n:anbHUX aBTOM06HJIbHbIX noe3.n:Kax, cnyrnaSi PallUO. CHa'laJIa npHeMHHK npHHH- Mae-r CHJ1bHbIM " 'lHCTbIH CHrHaIl H Ka'leCTBO 3ByqaHufi JII06HMOH pallUOCTaHUUU 6ecno- 06HO. no Mepe y.n:aJleHHfI OT aHTeHHbl pallUOCTaHUHu CUrHaJI cna6eeT, yxy.n:III.aeTCfI 3BYK, c OSiB1UIIOTCfI nOMexu, 'TpeCK H T.n. B.n:pyr BbI no.n:1>e3)1(aere K 06naCTu nOKpbITUfi PallHO- T Ta HIlH H cJIen.yJOIl{ero KpynHOro ropo.n:a Ha MaprnpYTe, BeIl{alOIl{eH Ha TOH )l(e caMOH l.Jac- OTe H P , Tenepb Bbl He MO)l(eTe CJIbIrnaTb HH nepByJO, HH BTOPYIO CTaHUUU U3-3a UHTep<j)e- eHUHH .J.a curHanOB. B 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX nOKaIlbHbIX ceTfiX HHTep<j)epeHUUfI 03Ha'laer, 'lTO Ob HHble MOryI' 6bITb nepe.n:aHbI O'leHb pe.n:KO, 'Tpe6yeTcfI orpOMHoe I.JHCJIO nOBTopHbIX no- ITOKn epellal.JH, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 3<j)<j)eKTHBHOCTb CHJIbHO YMeHbIIIaeTCfI.
360 '-IacTb II. KOMMyral.l.Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX cenl)( KJIIO'leBblM napaMerpOM .lUIfI 06HapY)I(eHUfi HHTep<pepeHI.{HH flBJIfleTCfI COOTHOIIIeHHe "CHrHaJJ-IIIYM" (Signal-to-Noise Ratio - SNR). OHO onHcbIBaeT, HaCKOJIbKO YPOBeHb none3Horo CHrHaJJa BbI IIIe , 'leM Y He)l(enaTenbHbIX CHrHaJJOB (T.e. IllYMa) B KaKoH-nH60 o6nacTH. 4eM BbIIlle 3Ha'leHUe napaMel'pa SNR, TeM 'laIl{e WLAN-YCl'pOHCTBa MOryT YC- neIllHO OTnpaBJUITb .n:aHHbIe. 30Ha nOKpblTMs:I, CKOpOCTb M eMKOCTb 30Ha nOKpbITHfi 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTU - 3TO 06J1aCTb B npOCl'paHCTBe, B KOTOpOH .n:Ba WLAN-YCTpOHCTBa MOryr ycneIIIHo 06MeHHBaTbcfI .u:aHHbIMH. KaK)'lO 30HY nOKpbITHH C03.n:aeT KmKllafi KOHKpeTHafi TO'lKa .n:oC'ryna, 3aBUCHT OT MHO)l(eCTBa <paKTOPOB, HeCKOJIb- KO U3 HHX onHcaHbI HH)I(e. npe)K,l{e Bcero, CJIe.n:YeT nOMHHTb, <JTO MOIl{HOCTb nepe.n:aT'IHKa TO'lKH .n:ocTYlla HJlU 6ecnpoBo.n: HO H ceTeBOH KaJ)TbI He .n:OJI)l(Ha npeBbIIIIaTb HeKOToporo 3Ha'leHUfI, onpe.n:e- JIfieMoro perynupYIOIllUMH areHTCTBaMH, HanpHMep, TaKHMH, KaK FCC. KOMHTeT FCC orpaHH'lHBaeT MOIllHOCTb nepe.n:a'lH, 'lTo6bI 06eCne'lUTb CnpaBe.LI.JIHBOe H paBHonpaBHoe UCnOJIb30BaHue HeJIUUeH3HpyeMbIx .u:Hana30HOB. HanpHMep, eCJIH .n:Ba coce.u:a KyIlfiT ce6e TO<JKH .n:oC'ryna KOMnaHUH Linksys H YCTaHOBHT HX y ce6f1 B 'laCTHbIX .n:OMax, 'lT06bI nOJIb- 30BaTbCfI 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTblO, TO TaKHe YCl'pOHCTBa 6y.n:YT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb l'pe60BaHH- flM FCC U He nOMeIIIalOT .n:pyr .n:pyry. TeM He MeHee, eCJIH O.n:HH H3 coce.n:eH YCTaHOBHT .lUUI TO<JKU .n:ocl)'na aHTeHHY C BbICOKHM K03<P<PUI.{HeHTOM YCHJIeHUfI, KOTopafl, CKopee Bcero, He COOTBeTcTByeT Tpe60BaHHflM KOMuTeTa FCC, OH nOJIyqHT HaMHoro 60JIbIIIyJO 30HY nOKpbITHfI, B03MO)I(HO, "3aXBaTHT" B Hee eIlle HeCKonbKHX cocelleH. B pe3YJIbTaTe 'lbH-TO coce.n:HfIfi TO'lKa .n:ocl)'na MO)l(eT He pa60TaTb H3-3a HHrep<!>epeHUHH. BHMAHE! CHJIa CHrHaJIa TOqKIt .lI.ocryna oueHHBaeTCSI C nOMoIIIbIO napaMeTpa 3<t><t>eKTHBHOH H30T]JonHo- H3JIyqaeMoH MOIIIHOCTI1 (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power - EIRP). OH npe.ll.CTaBJUIeT C060H MOIIIHOCTb CHrHaJIa Ha BbIXO.ll.e pa.n.HoT]JaKTa C yqeTOM YCItJIeHHSI 3a CqeT aHTeHHbl H nOTepb MOIIIHOCTU CHrHaJIa B Ka6eJIe. <I>aKTHqeCKU 3HaqeHUe EIRP OnltCblBaeT H3JIyqaeMbIH aHTeHHOH CltrHaJI. MaTepHaJJ oKp}')KalOIl{HX 061>eKTOB H HX MeCTOnOJIO)l(eHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO TO'lKH llOC- l)'na TaIOKe BJIHflIOT Ha ee 30HY nOKpbITHfi. HanpHMep, eCJIU nOMeCTHTb TO'lKY .n:ocTYIIa OKono KaKoro-JIH60 KpynHOro MeTaJJJIU'leCKoro 061>eKTa (IIIKa<pa, CTOHKH H T.n.), 6YlleT Ha6JIIO.n:aTbCfI KaK pacceflHHe, TaK H OTpa)l(eHHe curHaJJa, H 30Ha nOKpbITHfi 3aMeTHO YMeHbIIIHTCfI. AHaJJorH'lHO, 6eTOHHbie KOHCl'pYKllHH C apMaTYPOH BHyTpU B COBpeMeH- HbIX O<pUCHbIX 3.n:aHUfiX TaIOKe 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO YMeHbIIIalOT 06JIaCTH nOKpbITUfi OT TOqeK .n:ocTyna, a 3a C'leT KaKHX-JIH60 apXHTeKTypHbIX H3JIHIIIeCTB TaIOKe MO)l(eT B03HHKaTb uH- Tep<pepeHI.{Hfi. LlruI TO'leK .n:ocTYlla BbmYCKalOTCfI aHTeHHbl pa3JIH'lHoro Tuna, KOTOpbIe n03BOJIHIOT U3MeHflTb <POPMY 06JIaCTH nOKpbITHfI: KpyroBbIe, IIITbIpbKOBbIe H .n:p. Cnen.YIOIl{afi oco6eHHOCTb 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX TeXHOJIOrHH - <JeM cJIa6ee CHmaJJ, TeM T ne- HH)I(e CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX, n03TOMY CTan.n:aJ)TbI ceTeH WLAN nOAllep)l(HBalO pella'lY Ha pa3HbIX CKOpOCTfiX. YCl'poikTBO, pacnOJIO)l(eHHOe PflAOM C TO'lKOH lloc'fYTla, itHU- 6y.n:eT npHHuMaTb CHJIbHbIH C"rHaJJ, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, OHO CMO)l(eT nepe.n:aBaTb H np MaTb UH<popMaUHIO Ha BbICOKOH CKOpOCTU, a YCTPOHCTBO, pa3MeIl{eHHOe Ha rpaHUU e 30- Hbl nOKpbITUSI, r}:le CUrHaJJ O'leHb cna6bIH, Bce-TaKU CMO)l(eT npHHUMaTb H nepe.n:aBaTb
-- rl18B8 11. 6ecnpoBoAHbie 110Kal1bHbie ceTM 361 - .n:aH HbIe , HO Ha HeBbIcoKOH CKOpOCTU. Ha pUC. 11.7 npOHJIJIIOC'TpHpoBaHa 30Ha nOKpblTHfi H U3MeHeHue CKOpOCTH nepe.n:a'lU .n:aHHbIX.lUIfi BSS-ceTu CTan.n:aJ)Ta IEEE 802.11 b. .D:Ba OCHOBHbIX MeTo.n:a YBeJIU'leHUfi pa3MepOB 06JIaCTH nOKpbITUSI TO'lKH .n:ocTYlla: HC- nonb30BaHue cneUUaJIH3UpOBaHHbIX aHTeHH H YBeJIH'leHUe MOIllHOCTH BbI.n:aBaeMoro pa- llItO'TpaKToM CHrHaJIa. HanpHMep. MO)KHO YCTaHOBUTb aHTeHHY C 60JIbIllUM K03<P<PUI.{HeH- TOM YCHJ1eHHfI, B TaKOM cnyqae YBeJIH'lHTCH MOIl{HOCTb H3JIyqaeMofo CUfHaJIa. 4T06bl YBe- JIH'mTb 30HY nOKpblTHfi B .n:Ba pa3a, aHTeHHa .n:OJDKHa YCHJIHBaTb CUrHaJI B 'leTblpe pa3a. 31'0, KOHe'lHO, nOne3HafI B03MO)l(HOCTb, HO BbIXO.n:HafI MOIllHOCTb (EIRP) H3JIY'laeMoro aH- TeHHO H CHrHaJIa BCe paBHO He .n:OJI)I(Ha npeBbIIIIaTb 'Tpe60BaHHfI KOMHTeTa FCC (B CWA). lIeiicTBuTeJIbHbIH pa3Mep 30HbI nOKpbITUfi npH 6ecnpoBo.n:HOii CBfl3H 3aBHCHT OT Be- JIItKOro MHO)l(eCTBa <paKTOpOB, onucaHHe KOTOpbIX BbIXO.n:HT 3a paMKH .n:aHHoH KHurH. HanpHMep, 30Ha nOKpblTHfi TalOKe 3aBHCHT OT HCnOJIb3yeMoro 'laCTOTHoro .n:Hana30Ha WLAN-cTaH.n:apTa, nperpall Me}l{):(Y 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIMU YC'TpOiiCTBaMU, uHTep<pepeHI.{UH OT llPyrux HCTO'lHHKOB pallHOCHrHaJIa, aHTeHH TO'leK .n:ocTYna U 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX KapT KJIH- eHTCKHX cTaHuuH H napaMe'TpOB MeTOllOB Ko.n:HpoBaHHfI DSSS U OFDM. C'Tporo roBOpfl, B Tex cTan.n:apTax WLAN-ce-reH, me HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI 60JIee BbICOKHe 'laCTOTbI (.n:Hana30H V-Nil CTan.n:apTOB 802.lla H 6y.n:yIIIeii cneuu<puKaUHu 802.11 n), .n:aHHbIe MOryT nepe.u:a- BaTbCfI Ha 60JIee BbICOKHX CKOpOCTflX, HO nnaTa 3a CKOpOCTb - MeHbIIIHii pa3Mep 30HbI nOKpbITHfi. 4T06bI o6eCne'lHTb nOKpblTHe Heo6xo.n:uMOii TeppHTopUH B ESS-ceTu C BbICO- KO'lacroTHoii nepe.n:a'leii CHrHaJIa. n01]Je6yeTcfI 60JIbIIIe TO'leK .n:ocTYna, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, YBeJlU'laTCfI 3aTpaTbI Ha nOC'TpoeHHe 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH HH<ppaC'TpYKTYPbI. B Ta6JI. 11.7 nepe'lHCJIeHbI OCHOBHbIe IEEE-CTan.n:apTbI 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTeii, paTH- «t>uuHpoBaHHbIe Ha MOMeHT BbmycKa 3TOii KHHrH, }'Ka3aHa MaKCHMaJIbHafi CKOpOCTb H KOJIlt'leCTBO HenepeKpbIBalOIllHxcfI KaHaJIOB. - 1 M611T/c 2 M6I1T/C ..... 5.5 M6Io1T/C 11 M6Io1T/c Puc. J J. Z 30HG nOKpblmUR U cKopocmb
362 "IacTb II. KOMMyral..l.Mft B nOKanbHblX CeTJlX Ta6JIHua 11.7 CKOpOCTb H 'IaCTOTa pa3HbIx cTau.aapToB ceTeil WlAN CTau.aapT IEEE 802. lib 802.lla 802.llg MaKCHM3JlbHaH CKOpOCTb(M6IIT/c) 11 54 54 )J,pyme BapHaHTbI CKOpOCTH2 1,2,5.5 6,9,12,18,24,36,48 AHaJlOnt'lHO 802.11 a qacroTa (rru) 2,4 5 2,4 KOJllf'lecTBO HenepeKpbI_ BalOII(HXCH KaH3JlOB 3 12 3 BHMAHE! nepBbIM CTaH,!l,apT 6eCnpOBOJl.HbIX ceTeM, 802.11, no.u.n:ep}J("BaJI CKOpOCTH 1 It 2 M6"T/C. 11 nOCJIe.n:HHM <j)aKTop, BJIHSlIOIllHM Ha Ka'leCTBO pa60TbI 6ecnpoBo.n:HOM cerH, KOTOpblH MbI paccMOTpHM - KOJIH'leCTBO HenepeKpblBalOIl{HXCSI KaHaJIOB. KOJIU'leCTBO TaKHX (npaKTH'leCKH HenepeKpblBalOIl{uXCfI, XOTfi HeKoTopoe nepeKpblTUe eCTb) KaHaJIOB B CTaH- llapTe (CM. pHC. 11.5 H 11.6) 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeT" onpe.n:eJIfieT o6Il{yJO KOM6HHupOBaHHyJO nponYCKHyJO cnoco6HOCTb C'rpYKTYPbI. HanpuMep, .LI.JIfi ceTH UCKJllO'lHTeJIbHO CTan.n:apTa 802.llg .n:eMcTBHTeJIbHafi CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH MO}J(eT COCTaBJlflTb 54 M6HT/C; B OT.n:eJIbHbIX CH'ryal.{ufIX 'TpH YCTpoMcTBa MOryT Haxo.n:HTbCfI PflAOM, HO HCnOJIb30BaTb 'TpU pa3HbIe TO'l- KH .n:OCTyna H3 O.n:HOM H TOH }J(e cerH. TeOpeTU'leCKH B TaKOM CHTYal.{HH o6Il{afi nponYCK- Hafl cnoco6HoCTb 6y.n:eT COCTaBJIflTb 3x54 M6uT/C, T.e. 162 M6uT/C B O.n:HOH H TOM )!(e ce- TH. I1cxoAfl H3 Tex }J(e caMbIX paCCy)l()J.eHHM, B 6ecnpOBo.n:HOM ceTH CTaHAapTa 802.lla .n:aHHble MOryT nepellaBaT1>CfI Ha CKOpOCTH 54 M6HT/C, HO B 12 HenepeKpbIBalOIl{HXCfI Ka- HaJIaX; CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, TeOpeTH'leCKafi MaKCHMaJIbHafi nponYCKHafi cnoco6HOCTb (T.e. eMKOCTb cerH) 6y.n:eT COCTaBJUlTb 12x54 = 648 M6HT/C. .Qocryn K CpeAe B 6eCnpOBOAHOM cen1 (ypOBeHb 2) 113Ha'laJIbHO B TeXHOJIOrUH JIOKaJIbHblX cereM Ethernet UCnOJIb30BaJIaCb pa3.n:eJlfleMM (shared) cpe.n:a, KOaKCHaJIbHbIM Ka6eJIb, H npe.n:nOJIaraJIOCb, 'lTO TOJIbKO O.n:HO YC'TpOMCTBO MO}J(er nepe.n:aBaTb .n:aHHbIe B O.n:UH MOMeHT BpeMeHH. QT06bI KOH'TpOJIHpOBaTb TaICyJO no- JIy.n:ynJIeKcHyJO (half-duplex - HOX) cpe.n:y, B TeXHOJIOrHH UCnOJIb3yeTcfI CneUUaJIbHbIM aJIropHTM - MHO)!(eCTBeHHbIM.n:OCTYll C KOH'TpOJIeM HeCyIUeH H o6Hap}')KeHHeM KOJIJIU3ltH (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection - CSMA/CO). C pa3BuTueM TeXHOJIOrHU Ethernet H nOflBJIeHHeM HOBbIX CTaHAap1'OB H YC'TpOMCTB, B 'laCTHOCTU, Koma nOflBHJIUCb KOMMYTaTOpbI H C'TpYKTYPbI, r.n:e TOJIbKO O.n:HO YC'TpOMCTBO nO.QKJlIO'leHO K OJl.- HOMY nopTY KOMMyTaTOpa, nOJIy.n:ynJJeKCHafi TeXHOJIOrHfl CTaJIa HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI 3Ha'lU- TeJIbHO pe}J(e H ee Ha'laJI BbITeCHflTb .n:ynJJeKcHbIM Mero.n: nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX (full duplex - FOX). B pe)f(UMe .n:ynJJeKcHoM nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX KOJIJIH3UH 6bITb He MO)l(eT, n03TOMY anropHTM CSMA/CD OTKJlIO'leH. B 6ecnpoBo.n:HblX KOMMYHHKauuflx YC'TpOMCTBa He MOryT 6bITb pa3HeceHbI nO pa3HbI Ka6eJIbHbiM cerMeHTaM, 'lTo6bI u36e)l(aTb KOJIJIH3UM, n03TOMY KOJIJIU3HH 6y.n:yT Bcer.l1 a , BHe 3aBHCHMOCTU OT HCnOJIb3yeMoro WLAN-CTaHAap1'a. ECJIH .n:Ba HJIH 60JIee WlAN- . ) 'laC- YCTpOMCTBa nepeCbIJIalOT .n:aHHbIe o.n:HOBpeMeHHO B nepeKpbIBalOIl{HXCfI (overlappmg BaMIt TOTHbIX .n:Hana30Hax, TO B03HHKaer KOJIJIH3HfI, H HH O.n:HH "3 nepe.n:aHHbIX YC'TpOItCT , m 3Ha'1eHUJ/, 6blOeJ/eHHble nOAy:JtCupHbIM, J/6AJIlOmCR o6J/3ameJ/bHblMU c mO'IKU 3peHUJ/ coom6e 6YIOezo cmaHiJapma; ocmaJ/bHble - on14uoHaJ/bHblMU. - npltMeq. aBT.
rl1as a 11. 6ecnposoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 363 CHrHaJI OB He MO)l(eT 6bITb paCIIIH<PpOBaH npHeMHHKOM. lho eIlle ycyry6JIfieT nOJIO)l(eHHe, CTPOHCTBO, nepe.D.alOlllee 'lTO-JIH60, He MO)l(eT O.D.HOBpeMeHHO npHHHMaTb .D.aHHbIe. Ta- y 6 J<HM 06pa30 M , eCJIH .D.Ba YCTpoHcTBa B ecnpOBO.n:HOH ceTH C03.n:aJIH J<OJIJIH3HIO, Y HUX HeT npJlMOrO MeTo.n:a ee 06HapeHHfI. )J,J1J1 peIIIeHufi np06JIeMbI .D.OCTYna K cpe.n:e nepe.n:a'lH .D.aHHbIX B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTfiX 6b1JI pa3pa6OTaH aJIropHTM, Ha3bIBaeMbIH MHOJICeCm6eHHblM ()ocmynoM c KOHmpOAeM Hecy- eu U npe()om6paU(eHueM KOJlAU3UU (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance - CSMAjCA). MexaHu3M npe.n:oTBpaIlleHHfI KOJIJIU3HH MHHHMu3HpyeT CTa- THCTU'lecK)'IO BepofiTHoCTb B03HHKHOBeHHfI K0J1J1H3HH B ceTU, HO aJIropHTM CSMAjCA He HCJ(JlIO'laeT KOJIJIH3HH COBceM, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B CTaHllapTax 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeH .n:OJI)I(HbI 6bITb npe.n:ycMOTpeHbI npoueCCbI, OTBe'lalOIllHC 3a 06pa60TKY KOJIJIH3HH. no- CJ<OJIbKY nepe.D.alOIllee YCTpOHCTBO He MO)l(eT 06HapHTb, 6bIJIa KOJIJIH3HfI HJ1H HeT, npH ncpc.n:a'le <ppeHMa B 6ccnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTfIX KIDKllbIH nepe.n:aHHbIi1 <ppeHM .n:OJI)I(eH 6bITb no.n:TBep)l()1eH. Bce 6eCnpOBO.D:HbIe YCTpOHCTBa npOCJIyll.IHBalOT 3<pHp Ha npc.n:MeT no.n:- TBCp)l()1eHHH, KOTopbIe .n:OJDKHbI 6bITb OTnpaBJIeHbI cpa3Y nOCJIe TOro, KaK <ppeHM nepe- .n:aH. ECJ1H no.n:TBep)l()1eHHe He nOJ1yqeHo, YCTpoi1CTBo-oTnpaBHTCJIb npe.n:nOJ1araeT, 'lTO <ppei1M 6bill YTepflH HJIH nonaJI B KOJIJIH3HIO H nepeCbIJIaeT ero nOBTopHO. HlI)I(e onHcaHbl KJIIO'leBbIe 3TanbI aJIropuTMa CSMAjCA, HeKOTopbIe .n:eTaJIH onyme- Hbl. '-IT06bI ynpocTHTb nOHHMaHHe H 3anOMHHaHHe npHHUHna ero pa60TbI. 3Tan 1. npOCJIYIIIHBaHHe cpe.n:bl (3<pupa). lJT06bI y6e.n:HTbCfI. 'lTO OHa He 3aHflTa, T.e. B .n:aHHbII1 MOMeHT HeT pa.II.HOnepe.n:alJH Ha UCn0J1b3yeMbIx YCTpOI1CTBOM 'laCTOTax. 3Tan 2. YCTaHoBKa CJIy'IaI1HOrO BpeMeHH (H Tai1Mepa) O)l(H.n:aHHfI, 'lT06bI CTaTHCTHlJe- CIGt YMeHbIIIHTb BepOfiTHOCTb CHTYaUHH. B KOTOPOH HeCKOJIbKO YCTpOi1CTB no- nbITalOTCfI O.D:HOBpeMeHHO Ha'laTb nepe.n:a'lY .n:aHHbIX. 3Tan 3. Kor.n:a CJIyqal1HbII1 HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH HCTeK, npOCJIyrnaTb cpe.n:y eIlle pa3. 'lTO- 6bI y6e.n:HTbcfI, 'lTO OHa He 3aHflTa. ECJIH cpe.D.a cB060.n:Ha. nepe.D.aTb <ppeHM. 3Tan 4. nOCJIe nepeCbIJIIGt <ppeHMa nOJIHOCTblO. .n:O)l()1aTbCfI no.n:TBep)l()1eHHfI ero nOJIY- 'leHHfI. 3Tan 5. ECJIH no.n:TBep)l()1eHUe He nOJIy'IeHO. nOBTopHO nepeCJIaTb <ppeHM C HCnOJIb30- BaHHeM aJIropHTMa CSMAjCA, T.e. O)KH,l{aHHfI B TClJeHHe COOTBeTCTByJOIllero nepHO,Ll.a BpeMeHH nepe.n: nepe.D:a'lei1 .n:aHHbIX. Ha :nOM MbI 3aKaH'lHBaeM HaIlle KpaTKoe BBe.D.eHHe B KOHucnUHH COBpeMeHHbIX 6ec- npOBO.n:HbIX CeTcA. B CJIe.n:yJOllleM pa3.n:eJIe 6yAYT onHcaHbI OCHOBHbIe 3Tanbl YCTaHOBIGt HOBbIX CCTeH WlAN. BHe.qpeHMe CeTeM WLAN npH pa3BePTbIBaHHH 6ccnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTCH (WLAN) HaH60J1ce BIDKHOH xapaKTepH- CTItKOij ,h }j( HH'i'pacrpYKT)'pbI flBJIflCTCfI ee 6c30nacHocTb. lI.JIfi CCTCH WLAN xapaKTCpHbl Te Me caMbIC np06J1CMbI C 6e30naCHOCTblO, 'lTO H .l.I.JUI npOBo.n:HblX Ethcrnet-ceTcH, llJIlOC C HO}j(eCTBO CBOHX c06CTBeHHbiX oc06eHHocTcH. HanpHMCp, KTO-TO MO)l(CT npHnapKOBaTb BOlO M C aIIIUHY PSl,D,OM C O<pHCOM Ii npHHUMaTb ClirHaJIbI 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTIi H3 3.n:aHUfi U lJltTbIBa .. Tb .n:aHHbIe. 3TO o.n:Ha H3 OCHOBHbIX npHlJHH, nO'lCMY BO BCCX pa3BCpHYTbIX npo- ''' bl ilIJ1C 6 HHbIX 6ccnpOBo.n:HbIX CeTfiX PCKOMCH.n:YeTCfI HCnOJIb30BaTb MaKCHMaJIbHbIC Mepbl e30nacHoCTH.
364 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaMft B nOKanbHblX CeTJI)[ HeCMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO BOnpOCbI 6e30naCHOCTH B 6eCnpOBO.n:HbIX CeTfiX )lCU3HeHHO Ba}j(_ Hbl, maBHafi 3a.II.a'la npH YCTaHOBKe HOBOH CeTU - 'lT06bI OHa,l{Jlfl Ha'-laJIa npOCTO 3apa60_ TaJIa. KaK TOJ1bKO YC1'pOHCTBO MO)KeT CBfl3aTbCSI C TO'lKOH .n:ocTYlla, nepe.n:aTb U npHHSITI, .n:aHHbIe, MO)KHO 3aHHMaTbCSI BOnpOCaMH 6e30naCHOCTH. npI16J1H3HTeJ1bHO B TaKOM KJIIO- '-Ie H nOC1'poeH TeKYIllHH pa3.n:eJI, OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe y.n:eJIeHO BonpocaM llJIaHHpOBaHltSi H BHe.n:peHHfI ceTH WLAN, a cpe.n:CTBa 6e30naCHOCTH H HX HaC1'pOHKa nOKa He 3a1'paruBa_ IOTCfI. BonpOCbI 6e30naCHOCTH nOJ1HOCTblO BbIHeceHbI B 3aKJIIO'lHTeJ1bHyJO 'lacn, rJ1aBbI "Ee30naCHOCTb 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH CeTH". 3Tanbl BHe,QpeHHfl6ecnpOBO,QHOH CeTH npe.n:CTaBJ1eHHbIH HlI)Ke cnHCOK MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb B Ka'leCTBe PYKOBOllCTBa no YC- TaHOBKe 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH BSS-ceTH. 3Tan 1. CJ1e.n:yeT y6e.n:HTbCfI, 'lTO 06bI'lHafi npOBOJIHafi ceTb pa6OTaeT, npOBe- _.- KnIO'<9B8R pHTb OHCP-CJIy)K6bI, ceTH VLAN H HaJII1'lHe .n:ocT)'na OT Bcex Y3JI0B TaMe K CeTH I1HTepHeT. 3Tan 2. H}')KHO YCTaHOBUTb 6ecnpOBo.n:HyJO TO'lKY .n:ocTYlla, CKOHq>HrypHpoBaTb 11 npo- BepHTb ee CBfl3b C npOBo.n:HOH CeTblO, B TOM 'lHCJIe HaC1'pOHTb IP-a.II.pec, MaCK)' no.n:ceTH H CTaHllaPTHbIA lllJII03 B TO'lKe .n:ocT)'na. 3Tan 3. HaC1'pOHTb napaMeTpbI 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTU B TO'lKe .n:ocTYlla, B TOM 'lUCJIe u.n:eHTH<pHKaTOp ceTH (Service Set Identifier - SSIO), HO nOKa He CJIe.n:yeT Ha- C1'paHBaTb napaMe1'pbI 6e30naCHOCTH. 3Tan 4. YCTaHOBI1Tb H CKOH<pHrypHpOBaTb O.n:HH 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH KJIHem (Hanpl1Mep, nopTaTuBHbIH KOMnbIOTep), OnHTb)ICe He HaCTpaHBafi napaMe1'pbI 6e30naCHOCTH. 3Tan 5. Y6e.n:HTbcSI B TOM, 'lTO 6ecnpOBo.n:HafI ceTb pa60TaeT Me)K)Jy KJIHeHTCKHM YCT- pOHCTBOM H TO'lKOH .n:ocT)'na. HaC'rpOlITb napaMe1'pbI 6e30naCHOCTIt B TO'fKe .n:ocryna H I<JUfeHfCKOM YCTPOHCTBe. Y6e.n:UTbCfI B TOM, 'lTO 6ecnpOBo.n:Hafi ceTb no-npe)KHeMy pa60TaeT npH WlJIH- 'lUH <PYHKUHH 6e30naCHOCTH. KaK H 6bIJIO 06elllaHO, B TeKYIlleM pa3.n:eJ1e 6yAYT no.n:p06HO onHcaHbI nepBbIe nfiTh 3TanOB, a B 3aKJIIO'lHTeJIbHOM pa3.n:eJ1e maBbI 06Cy)f(,lIalOTCfI KOHuem.{HH H MexaHH3Mbl 6e30naCHOCTH 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeA 6e3 113JIHIllHeH .n:eTaJIH3aUHH. 3Tan 6. 3Tan 7. 3Tan 1: nposepKa pa60Tocnoc06HoCTIiI cYU4ecTsYIOU4eM nposoAHOM ceTIiI Bo MHorHX rJ1aBaX ::ITOH KHHfH paCCKa3bIBaeTCSI, KaK pa306paTbcfI B Texn0J10fHflX. pac- llJIaHUpOBaTb H BHe.n:pHTb npOBo.n:HbIe ceTH, COCTOflIllHe H3 MapIllPYTH3aTopoB H KOMMyra- TOpOB, n03TOMY nOBTopflTb 3T)' HH<popMauHIO eIlle pa3 He HMeeT CMbICJIa. TeM He MeHee II1eCT- 6y.n:eT n0J1e3HO OCTaHOBHTbCfI Ha nape MOMeHTOB, CBfl3aHHbIX C UCn0J1b30BaHHeM cy ByJOIlleH npOBo.n:HOH HH<ppaC1'pYKTYPbI B paMKax C03.n:aBaeMOH ceTH WLAN. n o.n:- npe)K,l{e Bcero CJ1e.n:YeT OTMeTHTb, '-ITO Ethernet-noPT KOMMYTaTopa, K KOTOpOMY KJIIO'-IeHa TO'lKa .n:ocT)'na, 06bl'lHO pa60TaeT B pe)KHMe .n:ocTYlla (access port) K cenl, T.e npHBfl3aH K onpe.n:eJIeHHOH ceTH VLAN. BnOJIHe O'leBH,l{HO, 'lTO B ESS-ceTH, Kom a 1C B3M Bce nOJIb3yeTcfI HeCKOJ1bKO TO'-leK .n:ocT)'na H OHH no.n:KJIIO'leHbI K pa3HbiM YCTPOHCT ,
-- rl18S 8 11. 6ecnposoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 365 - Hcno JIb3 yeMbIe ,l{JIfi 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTU nopTbI KOMMYTaTopoB .n:OJI)lCHbI 6bITb npUBfl3aHbI K o.n:HOH H TOH )ICe ceTH VLAN. Ha pUC. 11.8 nOKa3aHa TUnH'-IHafi cxeMa 6ecnpoBo.n:HOit EsS-ceTH U YKaJaH u.n:eHTH(pHKaTOp ceTH VLAN (VLAN 10). -- ----- Man1CTpaJ1b VLAN ----- ----- VLAN2 KaHaIl 11 Puc. / /.8. 6ecnpo8oiJHaJ/ ESS-cemb, 8 Komopoii 8ce mo'tKU iJocmyna HaxoiJRmcR 8 cemu VLAN 2 lJ:T06bI npoBepHTb pa60T0Cnoc06HocTb CyIUeCTByJOIlleit ceTH, H)')KHO npacTo no.n:KJIIO'IHTb cereByJO Kapl)' nepcOHaJIhHOro KOMnblOTepa K TOMY CaMOMY Ka6eJIIO, KOTOpbIM llJIaHHpyeTcfI nOllcoeAHHUTb TO'lKY .n:OC1)'Ila. ECJ1H KOMnblOTep nOJIy'IaeT I P-anpec, MacKY H .n:PYJYlO He06xo- lUtMylO HH<t>oPMaUHIO OT OHCP-cepBepa H MO)ICeT 06MeHHBaTbCfI naKeTIlMH C .n:pyruMH }'3JIa- MIt, TO CyIUeCTByJOIllasI npOBo.n:HasI cerb rOTOBa K no.n:KJIIO'leHHIO TO'IKH .n:OC1)'Ila. 3Tan 2: KOHliIryplilpoBaHlile napaMeTpOB npOBO,QHOM ceTIiI TOLfKIiI AocTyna iii IP-IiIHOpMaL4li1f1 TO'lKa .n:ocryna pa60Taer Ha BTOpOM ypOBHe Mo.n:eJIU OSI, U eit He Tpe6yeTcfl [P-anpec D.lUI BbmOJIHeHUfi CBOUX <PYHKUHit, TO'lHO TaK)lCe KaK H Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopy. TeM He Me- Hee B KpynHbIX U CpellHHX ceulx peKOMeH.l{yeTCfI YCTaHaBJIHBaTb KOMMYTaTOpy IP-anpec.Il1UI ynpoIlleHHfI CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHfI YCTpOHCTBaMU, aHaJJorH'IHO, TO'lKaM .n:ocTYlla B KpynHblx CCTSIX TalOKe npUCBaHBalOTCfI anpeca, 'lT06bI MO)KHO 6bIJIO ynpaBJI5ITb HMH y.n:aJJeHHO. KOH<puryPHpOBaHHe IP-HH<p0pMaI.{HH B TO'lKe .n:OCTYlla O'leHb nOXO)Ke Ha npoue.n:ypy CTaHOBlGf anpeca B Ethernet-KOMMYTOpe, onHcaHHYIO B maBC 9 "KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe themet-KOMMYTaTopoB". B 'laCTHOCTH, K MHHHMaJJbHbIM napaMeTpaM, KOTopbIe H}')KHO YCTaHOBItTb B YCTpoHcTBe, OTHOCflTCfI IP-anpec, MaCKa no.n:ceTH, anpec CTaH.n:apTHoro ilIJII03a H, B03MO)KH0, IP-anpec ONS-cepBepa. LJ TO'lKa 1l0CTyna no.n:KJIIO'IaeTCfI K KOMMyraTOpy npflMblM (straight-through) Ka6eJIeM. £lac Tp OItKIt CKOPOCTH nopTa Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopa oc060ro 3Ha'leHHSI He UMeIOT, TeM He MeHee peKOMeH.l{yerCfI no.n:KJIIO'laTb TO'lKY .n:ocTyna K HHrep<}>ecy KaK MHHHMYM Fast Ether- net n , OCKOJIbKY npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTb Ha BbICOKHX CKOpOCTfiX B WlAN -ceTH 6y.n:er BbIIIIe.
366 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaMft B nOKanbHblX cenlX 3Tan 3: KOH<I>liIryplilpoBaHlile napaMeTpoB 6ecnpoBo,QHOM ceTIiI TOKIiI ,Qoc-ryna B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIe TOI.JKH .n:ocTYlla MO)KHO npOCTO YCTaHoBHTb. H OHH 6yAYT pa60TaTb 6e3 KaKOH-JIH60 .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHOH KOH!f>HrypauHH. HanpHMep, BO MHorux .n:OMax YCTaHOBJIeHbI 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIe TO'lKH .n:ocTYlla nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO KJIacca no.n:KJIlOl.JeHHble K BbICOKOCKOpOCTHOMY HHTepHeT-KaHaJIy. 3a'lacTYIO OKOHel.JHOe 060py .n:OBaHue ,l{JIfi TaKoro no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI peaJIH30BaHO B O.n:HOM yC'rpoilcTBe, HanpUMep, B IIIH- pOKOnOJIOCHOM MapIIIpYTH3aTOpe C 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIM uHTep!f>eHcoM Mo.n:eJIH Linksys Dual- Band Wireless A+G Broadband Router (KoMnaHufi Linksys flBJIfleTCfI no.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHeM KOMnaHHH Cisco, npoH3Bo.n:flIllHM H npo.n:alOIllUM CeTeBbIe YCTpoikTBa nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro KJIacca). MHome JIIO.n:H npocTo nOKYTIalOT TaKHe YCTpOHCTBa, BKJIIO'lalOT nHTaHue H no.n:- KJIIOI.JalOT npaBHJIbHbIMH Ka6eJIflMH era K npoBo.n:HOH HH!f>paCTpYKTYpe, He MeHfllOT HHKa- KHX HacrpoeK, U TO'lKa .n:OCTYlla cpa3Y )ICe pa60TaeT! 11 B TOI.JKaX .n:ocTYlla nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro KJIaCca, H B YCTpOHCTBaX ypOBHfI npe.n:npUfiTHSI MO)KeT 6bITb HaCTpoeHo MHO)KeCTBO napaMeTpOB. K HaH60JIee 'laCTO HCnOJIb3yeMbIM Ha- CTpOHKaM H3 ynoMHHaBIIIUXCH BbIllie B TeK)'UleH maBe MO)ICHO OTHeCTH: . lEEE-cTaHllaPT (a, b, g HJIH UX KOM6HHaUHfI); . HOMep HCnOJIb3yeMora KaHaJIa; . u.n:eHTH!f>HKaTOp ceTH (SSIO); . ypOBeHb MOIllHOCTH H3JIyqaeMoro CHrHaJIa. B 3TOH maBe npaKTHl.JeCKH Bce nepe'lUCJIeHHbIe napaMeTpbI }')Ke 60JIee HJlH MeHee no.n:P06HO 06Cy)K,lIaJIHCb, MaJIO BHHMaHHfI 6bIJIO y.n:eJIeHO TOJIbKO HlleHTH!f>HKaTOPY SSIO. KIDK.II.OH 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTU H}')KHO yx:a3aTb HeKOTopoe YHUKaJIbHOe Ha3BaHue, 'lT06bI ee MO)ICHO 6bIJIO H.n:eHTu!f>HI.{UpOBaTb. nOCKOJIbKY npOCTYIO 6ecnpOBo.n:HYIO ceTb C O.n:HOH TOI.JKOH .n:ocTYlla Ha3bIBalOT Ha60pOM 6a30BbIX CJI}')K6 (Basic Service Set - BSS), a ceTb. COCTOflIllYIO H3 HeCKOJIbKHX TO'leK, - Ha60poM paCIIIHpeHHbIX CJI}')K6 (Extended Service Set - ESS), TO TaKOH u.n:eHTH!f>HKaTop peIllHJIH Ha3BaTb u.n:eHTH!f>HKaTopOM Ha60pa CJI}')K6 (Service Set Identifier - SSIO), XOTfi 'laIlle ero Ha3bIBalOT npocTo "u.n:eHTu!f>HKa- TOpOM ceTH" ,l{JIfi KpaTKOCTH. SSIO npe.n:cTaBJIfieT C060H TeKcTOByJO cTpOKY ,l{JIHHOH He 60JIee 32 CHMBOJIOB. npu KOH!f>HrypHpoBaHHH 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH ESS ,l{JIfi Bcex TOl.JeK .n:ocT)'na .n:OJI)KeH 6bITb yx:a3aH O.n:HH H TOT )Ke u.n:eHTH!f>HKaTop SSIO, 'lT06bI BHYTpH ceTH pa60TaJI POYMHHr. CJIe.n:yeT TalOKe 3aMeTHTb. 'lTO MHorHe COBpeMeHHbIe TOI.JKH .n:OCT)'na no.n:.n:ep)KJ1BaIO T HeCKOJIbKO CTaHllaPTOB 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH, a B HeKOTopbIX TO'lKaX .n:ocTYlla paJpeIIIeHO HCnOJIb30BaTb pa3HbIe CTaHllapTbI o.n:HOBpeMeHHO. TeM He MeHee B TaKOM CMeIIIaHHOM pe)KHMe pa60TbI 06bII.JHO ::ITO CTaHllapTbI 802. I Ib/g B O.n:HOH H TOH )ICe TOI.JKe .n:ocT)'na. 06- IllaSI npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTb 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH YXY.D:IIIaeTcfI. Ha npaKTHKe 06bII.JHO KOH: !f>HryPHPyJOT TOI.JKH .n:ocT)'na AJUI pa60TbI co CTaHllaPTOM TOJIbKO 802.llg H B TOH )ICe caMOH 30He nOKpbITHfi .n:06aBJIfllOT HeCKOJIbKO TO'leK AJUI .n:BYX cTaHllapToB, b H g, npoH3BOJlH- TeJIbHOCTb uH!f>paCTpYKTYPbI B TaKOM cJIyqae npaKTHl.JeCKH He nOCTpaJIaeT.
-- rl1aBa 11. 6ecnpoBOAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 367 3Tan 4: YCTaHoBKa M KOH<I>MrypMpoBaHMe O,QHoro 6ecnpoBo,QHoro Kl1MeHTa 6ecnpoBO.n:HbIM KJIHeHTOM Ha3bIBalOT J11060e pa.II.HoyC'rpOHCTBO, KOTopoe MO)KeT no.n:- KJllOl.JHTbCfI K TOI.JKe .n:ocT)'na H pa60TaTb B 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH. 4T06bI CTaTb 6ecnpoBo.n:- HblM KJlHeHTOM, pa60'leH CTaHllHU H}')KHa 6ecnpoBo.n:HM ceTeBM KapTa (NIC), nOMep- )iOtBalOIUM CTaHllapT, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH TOI.JKOH .n:ocT)'na 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH. B TaKOH ce- TeBoH KapTe eCTb Pa.II.HOTpaJ<T, HaC'rpaHBalOIl{HHCfI Ha 'laCTOTbI HCn0J1b3yeMoro CTaHlla(ITa, U aHTeHHa. npaKTHI.JeCKH BO Bcex COBpeMeHHblX nopTaTHBHbIX nepCOHaJIbHblX KOMnblO- Tepax (laptop) eCTb BCTpOeHHM 6ecnpoBo.n:HM ceTeBafi KapTa, n03TOMY OHU Moryr 6bITb KJlHeHTaMU ceTeH WLAN. B TO'lKe .n:oC'ryna 06hII.JHO H}')KHO YKa3bIBaTb MHHHMYM KOHq>HrypallHoHHbIX HaCTpoeK, ,l{.JUI KJlueHTa 3a'lacTYIO He H}')KHO Bo06IUe. CTaHJI.apTHO B KJIHeHTCKOM YCTpOHCTBe OT- KJlIO'leHbI Bce napaMeTpbI 6e30naCHOCTH. Kor.n:a KJIHeHT 3anYCKaeTCfI, OH CKaHHpYeT Bce 'laCTOTHbIe KaHaJIbI, 'lT06bI 06HapY)KHTb TO'lKU 1l0C'fyTla .l.I.JUI nOMep)KHBaeMoro HM CTaH- .n:apTa. HanpHMep, eCJIH 06paTHThCfI K pHC. 11.6, r.n:e nOKa3aHbI TpH TOI.JKH 1l0C'fyTIa, pa60- TaIOIUHe Ha pa3HhIX KaHaJIaX, KJIHeHT MO)KeT B .n:eHcTBHTeJ1bHOCTH 06HapTb ux Bce. D,aJIee KJlHeHT BbI6epeT H3 Tpex O.n:HY, OT KOTOPOH OH 6y.n:eT npHHHMaTb HaH60JIee CHJIb- HbIH CHrHaJI. l1.n:eHTu<pHKaTop SSID KJIHeHTcKoe YCTpOHCTBO TalOKe nOJIyqHT OT TO'lKH .lIoc'fyTIa, OnflTb)Ke B TaKOM CJIyqae HaCTpaHBaTb KaKHe-TO napaMeTpbI He H}')KHO.- .L{JuI WLAN-KJIHeHTOB MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIe ceTeBbIe HHTep<peHCbI OT MHO)KeCTBa npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIeA. QT06hI 6bITb YBepeHHbIMH, 'lTO KJIHeHTbI cMoryr pa60TaTb C 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIMH TO'lKaMH .n:oc'fyTIa KOMnaHHH Cisco, OHa 3anYCTHJIa np02paMMY C06Mec- mUMbLX paCUJupeHUU KOMnaHUU Cisco (Cisco Compatible Extensions Program - CCX). 3Ta nporpaMMa cnoHcHpyeTcfI KOMnaHHeH Cisco, H B ee paMKax JII060H npOH3Bo.n:HTeJIb 060- py.n:OBaHHfI ,l{JIfi 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX CeTeH MO)KeT OTnpaBHTb CBOH npo.n:yJ<TbI B JIa60paTopHIO He3aBHCHMOH CTopoHHeH KOMnaHHH, KOTOpM npOBe.n:eT TeCTbI, 'lT06bI npOBepHTb, pa60- TaeT JIH, HanpHMep, 6ecnpoBollHafi ceTeBafi KapTa C TO'lKaMH .n:oc'fyTIa KOMnaHHH Cisco. no Ol.{eHKaM CnellHaJIHCTOB KOMnaHHH OKOJIO 95% 6ecnpoBo.n:HhIX ceTeBbIX KapT pbIHKa TeJIeKOMMYHHKallHH 6hIJIH Ce(ITH<pHllHpoBaHbI B paMKax 3TOH nporpaMMbI. B onepallHoHHOH CHCTeMe KOMnaHHH Microsoft 6ecnpoBo.n:HM KaPTa TalOKe MO)KeT He Tpe60BaTb HaCTpoeK 6J1aro.n:apfl ymUAume a6mOMamU'leCK020 KOHrPU2YPup06aHUJl 6ecnpo- 600HOii cemu (Microsoft Zero Configuration Utility - ZCF). 3Ta yTHJIHTa, flBJIfllOIl{aHCfI l.JaCThlO onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI, n03BOJIHeT KOMnblOTepy aBTOMaTU'leCKH 06HapBaTb ltlleHTu<pHKaTopbI SSID ,l{JIfi Bcex 6ecnpoBo.n:HblX cereH, TO'lKH .n:OCT)'na KOTOpbIX Haxo- lliITCfI B llHana30He .n:OCflraeMOCTH ceTeBoH KapTbI. .llaJIee nOJIb30BaTeJIb MO)KeT BbI6paTh ltlleHTH<PHKaTop SSID .l.I.JUI no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTH HJIH yTHJIHTa ZCF MO)KeT aBTOMaTH'le- CKH BbI6paTb TO'lKy .n:ocTylla C caMbIM CHJIbHbIM CHrHaJIOM, B TaKOM CJIyqae nOJIb30BaTeJIIO He H}')KHO npe.n:npHHHMaTb KaKHe-JIu60 .n:eHCTBHfI HJIH 3a.II.aBaTb napaMeTpbI. KPOMe TOro, 60J1bIIIHHCTBO npOH3Bo.n:HTeJ1eH 6ecnpOBo.n: HbI X ceTeBbIX KapT npHJIaralOT K H1tM nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe ,l{JIfi ynpaBJIeHUfi Ka(ITOH, KOTopoe MO)KHO HCnOJIb30- BaTb BMe M . CTO BCTpoeHHbIX B onepaUHOHHyJO CHCTeMY yrHJIHT, TaKHX KaK ZCF KOMnaHHH Icrosoft.
......... 368 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaMft B nOKanbHblX cenU[ 3Tan 5: npoBepKa pa60Tocnoc06HoCTM ceTM WLAN c McnOllb30BaHMeM KIlMeHTa nepBOe llei1cTBHe npH npOBepKe pa6OTocnoc06HoCTH 6ecnpoBo.n:HOro KJ1HeHTa B ce- TH - y6e.n:HTbcfI, I.JTO eCTb .n:ocTyn K TeM )!(e caMbIM Y3JIaM B CeTH, KOTopbIe HCn0J1b30Ba_ JIHCb ,l{JIfi npOBeplGt pa6OTocnoc06HoCTH npoBo.n:Hoi1 ceTH Ha nepBOM 3Tane. Ethemet- KapTa KOMnblOTepa npH 3TOM .nOJI)!(Ha 6bJTb OTKJIlO'leHa OT ceTH, I.JT06bI npOBepflJIHCb UMeHHO 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIe KOMMYHHKaI..{HH. ECJ1H Ha 3TOM 3Tane KOMnblOTep nOJIyqaeT OTBe- TbI OT y.n:aJIeHHbIX Y3JI0B, HanpHMep, C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,nbI ping WlH 'lepe3 Be6-6paY3ep OT cepBepa, ceTb WLAN, KaK MHHHMYM, pa60TaeT. ECJIH TeCTHpOBaHHe He .n:aeT nOJIO)!(l1TeJIbHoro pe3YJIbTaTa, MO)KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb He- CKOJ1bKO MeTo.n:OB nOHCKa H YCTPaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTei1. O.n:HH H3 HaH60JIee pacnpo- CTpaHeHHbIX MeTo.n:OB 3a'lacTYIO TalOKe UCn0J1b3yeTcfI Ha CTaJIHH llJIaHHpOBaHHfI CeTH H Ha3bIBaeTCSI Kapmup06aHueM cemu (site survey). B npOl.{eCce KapTHpOBaHHfI 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH npH ee pa3BepTbIBaHHU HH)KeHepbI 06XOAflT MeCTO pa3MellleHHfI nOTeHI.{HaJIbHOH ce- TU H BbI6HpalOT y.n:a'lHbIe MeCTa ,lI.IUI YCTaHOBKH TO'leK .n:ocTYlla, YCTaHaBJ1HBalOT nepe.n:aT- 'lHIGt H U3MepfilOT CWlY CHrHaJIa B pa3HbIX HanpaBJIeHHflX, B pa3HbIX TO'lKaX 3.n:aHHfI H T.n. I1cxoAfl H3 TaKoro no.n:xo.n:a, eCJIH HOBb)" KJ1HeHT B 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH He pa60TaeT, MO)l(HO npOBepHTb CJIe.n:YIOIllue MOMeHTbI. . HaxO,l{HTCSI J1U TOI.JKa .n:ocTYlla B llempe 30HbI, K KOTOpOH OTHOCHTCfI KJIHeHT? . HeT JIH PMOM C KJIUeHTOM WlH TO'lKOi1 .n:ocTYlla 'lero-HH6y.n:b 60JIbIIIOrO H MeTaJIJlH'leCKoro? . HeT JIH PMOM C KJIUeHTOM MJIH TO'lKOH .n:ocT)'na HCTO'lHMKa nOMex (u HHTep4>e- peHllHH), HanpHMep, MHKPOBOJ1HOBOH ne'lH WlH HrpOBOH CHCTeMbI? . JJ:OCTaTO'lHO J1M BeJlHKa 30Ha nOKPbITHfl TO'lIGt .n:ocTYlla H HaxO,l{HTCfI JIH B HeH KJIHeHT? KaK BapHaHT MO)KHO B3f1Tb nOPTaTHBHbIH KOMnblOTep C 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTeBOH Kap- TOH u, UCnOJIb3yfl YTWlHTbI ,lI.IUI TaKOH KaPTbI OT npOH3Bo.n:HTeJ1f1, noxo.n:HTb no nOMeIlle- HUIO WlH 3.n:aHUIO, nOrJIMblBafi Ha HHJI.HKaTOp MOIllHOCTH CHrHaJIa. npOrpaMMHOe 06ec- ne'leHHe ,lI.IUI 60J1bIIIHHCTBa 6ecnpOBo.nHbIX ceTeBbIX llJIaT nOKa3bIBaeT MOIllHOCTb H Kal.Je- CTBO CHrHaJIa, n03TOMY TaKafi "nporyJ1Ka" nOMO)l(eT BbIflBHTb "MepTBbIe 30HbI" H 06JIaCTH HaWlyqIIIero npHeMa CHrHaJIa OT TO'lKH .n:ocT)'na. KpoMe KapTHpOBaHHfI ceTU, eCTb ellle HeCKOJIbKO CTaHJI.apTHbIX .n:eHCTBHH, 06blI.JHO npe.n:npUHHMaeMbIX B TaKOM CJIyqae. CeaR eMa . npOBepbTe, BKJIlO'leHbI JIM PaJIHOHHTep4>eHcbI TO'lIGt .n:ocTYlla U 6ecnpo- BO.n:HOH ceTeBOH KapTbI. B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe nOPTaTHBHbIX KOMnbIOTepOB, eCTb nepeKJIIO'laTeJIb,lI.lUl BKJIlOl.JeHHfI/BbIKJIlOl.JeHHfI paJIuoTPaKTa WlH CO- OTBeTCTBYIOIl{afi nporpaMMHafi HaCTPOHKa. TaKafi B03MO)KHOCTb H}')KHa ,l{JIfi 3Hep- roc6epe)!(eHmI B nopTaTHBHOM KOMnblOTepe, T.e. YBeJ1H'leHUfi BpeMeHH aBTO- HOMHOA pa60TbI 6e3 no.n:KJIlOl.JeHUfi K ceTH 3JIeKTpOnHTaHUfi. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO. eCJIH pa.n:HOTpaKT BbIKJIIO'leH, TO nOJIb30BaTeJ1U He cMoryr no.n:KJIIO'lHTbCfI K 6ec- npOBo.n:HOH ceTH. npOBepbTe BepCJtIO nporpaMMHOro 06eCne'leHHSI (firmware) TO'lIGt .n:OCTYlla, )l(eJ1a- TeJ1bHO, 'lT06bI UCn0J1b30BaJIaCb caMaH CBe)Kafi BepCHfi npOIIIHBKH YCTpOHCTBa. """.:: eMa .
rnasa 11. 5ecnposoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 369 . npOBepbTe KOH<pHrypauulO TOI.JKH .n:ocT)'na, B 'laCTHOCTH, HacTpoHKH pa.II.110KaHa- na, I.JT06bI y6e.n:HTbcfI, I.JTO Hcnonb3yeMbIH KaHaJI He nepeKpbIBaeTCfI C KaHaJIOM llpyroH TOI.JKH .n:ocT)'na B 3TOH )ICe 30He. Ha 3TOM MbI 3aKOHI.JHM paCCMOTpeHHe nepBbIX nfiTU 3TanOB YCTaHOBKH npOCTOH 6ec- npOBO.n:HOH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH. B nOCJIe.n:HeM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI MeTo.n:bI 06eCneI.JeHHfI 6e30- naCHOCTU B ceTH WLAN, T.e. .n:Ba nOCJIe.n:HHX 3Tana YCTaHOBKH 6ecnpOBo.n:HOM ceTH. 6e30naCHOCTb 6eCnpOBOAHO CeTM B JII060H COBpeMeHHOH ceTH H}')KHa xopOIIIaH cHcreMa 6e30naCHOCTU, HO Tpe60BaHHfI K 6e30naCHOCTH B 6ecnpOBO.n:HbIX CeTfIX, B CHJIy HX npupo.n:bI, HaMHoro BblIIIe. B 3TOM pa3.n:ene onl1CaHbl OCHOBHble Tpe60BaHHfI K 6e30nacHocru ceTeM WLAN, paJBHTHe TexnonorHH 6e30naCHOCTU 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeM H KaK CKOH<pUrypHpOBaTb <PYHKUHH 6e30naCHOCTH. npo6neMbi 6e30naCHOCTH ceTe.:1 WLAN B 6ecnpOBo.n:HblX ceTfiX ecrb HeCKonbKO yrp03 6e30naCHOCTU, KOTopbIe HanpO'lb OTCYT- CTBYJOT B npOBo.n:HbIX Ethemet-HH<ppaCTpyKTypax. O.D.HU H3 yrp03 6e30naCHOCTH .n:alOT 3110- }'MbIIIIJIeHHHKaM B03MO)KHOCTb HaHeCTH Bpe.n:, YKpaB UH<popMaUHIO Ha cepBepax B npOBO.n:- HOM ceTH npe.n:npHfITHfI, .n:pyrHe .D.alOT B03MO)KHOCTb HapYIIIHTb pa60T)' CJIy)K6, opraHH30BaB amKY Ha OTKa3 B 06cJIy)KHBaHHH (denial-of-service - DoS). TpeTbH MOrYT 6bITb CnpOBOI.{U- pOBaHbI HCnOJIHeHHbIM 6narux HaMepeHI1M, HO nJIOXO HH<t>oPMHpoBaHHbIM COTpy.n:HHKOM, KOTOpbIM YCTaHOBHJI 6ecnpoBo.n:HYIO TOI.JKY .n:ocryna 6e3 BellOMa OT.n:ena a.II.MHHHCTpHpoBa- HitS! CeTH KOMnaHHH 11 He HaCTpOHJI B HeM <PYHKUUH 6e30nacHocTH. TaKaS! TOI.JKa n03BonHT m060MY no.n:KJIIOI.JHBIIIeMycfI nonyqHTb .n:ocTYll K npOBo.n:HOM ceTH npe.n:npHflTHfi. B CePTH<pHKaI.{HOHHOM TeCTe ypOBHfI CCNA KOMnaHHH Cisco Tpe6yeTcfI 3HaHHe cne- llYlOlilHX 6a30Bbix TepMHHoB H3 C<PePbI 6e30nacHocTH ceTeM, B l.JaCTHOCTH 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX. · "XaKepbI Ha Konecax" (war drivers). 3TOT Tun 31I0YMbIIIIneHHHKOB 06bl'lHO npOCTO XO'leT Bocnonb30BaTbCfI 6eCnJIaTHbiM .n:OCTYllOM K ceTH HHTepHeT. TaKHe xaKepbl npocTO e3Af1T no KaKOM)'-TO paMOHY, 06bI'lHO Ha MaIllHHe, H nblTalOTCfI HaMTH TO'lKY .n:ocryna C OTKJIlOl.JeHHOM 6e30naCHOCTblO HJIH co cna60H CHCTeMOM 6e30naCHOCTH. · XaKepbI (hackers). KOHe'lHOM uenblO TaKHX 3nOYMbIIllJIeHHHKOB 06bII.JHO HBJlHeTCfI .n:ocTYll K KaKOM-nH60 HH<popMaI.{HH HJIH npOBOI.{HpOBaHHe OTKa3a cn6 B ceTH. KOHel.JHOM UeJIblO aTaKH, l.JaIlle Bcero, flBlliIeTCfI nonY'leHHe .n:ocTYlla BO BHYTpeH- HIOIO ceTb opraHHJauHH 11 KOMnpoMeTHpoBaHHe BHYTPeHHHX Y31I0B l.Jepe3 6ecnpo- BO.n:HYIO HH<ppacTPYKT)'PY - B 3TOM CJIyqae aTaKa HaMHoro npoIl{e, l.JeM nonYl.JeHUe .n:ocTYlla l.Jepe3 HHTepHeT-KaHaJI, 3aIllHIlleHHbIH 6paHllMaY3paMH. · COTPYAHHKH (employees). KOHel.JHO )ICe, COTpy.n:HHKH 3nOYMblIllJIeHHHKaMH He flB- nfilOTCfI, TeM He MeHee, OHU Henpe.n:HaMepeHHO MOrYT ynpocTHTb xaKepaM nonyqe- HHe .n:ocT)'na K BHYTPeHHei1 ceTH npe.n:npHflTHS!. Pa60THHK KOMnaHHH MO)KeT nOMTH B nlO60M KOMnblOTepHblM Mara3HH, KYnHTb He.n:oporylO TOI.JKY .n:OCT)'na, YCTaHOBHTb ee B o<pHce H C0311aTb MaJIeHbKYIO 6ecnpOBo.n:HYIO CeTb co CTaHllapTHblMI1 HaCTpOM- KaMH, T.e. 6e3 CKOH<purypHpOBaHHbIX napaMeTpOB 6e30naCHOCTH. B pe3ynbTaTe xa- Kep MO)ICeT nOJlYI.JHTb .n:ocTyn K BHYTpeHHeH CeTI1 npe.n:npHflTHfI, CUAfI 3a CTOJlI1KOM Ka<pe l.Jepe311opory. KpOMe TOro, ecnH B KJIHeHTCKOM YCTpOMCTBe He HCnOJIb3yeTcfI lill1<PPOBaHl1e, nepellalOIl{l1eCfI Me)l(1ly JleraJIbHblM KOMnblOTepOM 11 CeTblO npe.n:-
370 "IacTb II. KOMMYTaMR B nOKanbHblX CeTR)[ npUfiTUfi .n:aHHbIe MOryT 6bITb JIerKO nepeXBa'leHbI U CKonHpOBaHbl 3JI0YMbIIIIJIeH- HHKaMH BHe 31laHHfI. . He3apemCTpHpoBaHHaH TO"lKa .n:ocTYDa (rogue AP). ATaKYJOIllHH 3aXBaTbIBaeT naKe- TbI CYIlleCTByJOIlleH 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTH. nOJIyqafl TaKHM 06pa30M HlleHTH(pHKaTOp SSID, U B3JIaMbIBaeT KJIIO'lU 6e30naCHOCTH (eCJIH OHH eCTb). nOJIe 3Toro OH YCTa- HaBJIUBaeT CBOIO c06CTBeHHYIO TO'lKY .n:ocTYlla C TeMU )Ke caMbIMU HacTpoitKaMH 'lT06bI COTpy.n:HHKH no.n:KJIIO'laJJHCb K HeH. TaKHM 06pa30M, BnOCJIeJ].CTBHH nOJIb30 BaTeJIH MOryT BBO.n:HTb B KaKHX-TO cJIy)K6ax CBOH UMeHa H napOJIH, H TaKafi HH<Pop- Mall.HfI 6y.n:er nepeXBa'leHa H HCnOJIb30BaHa Ha CJ1e.n:yJOIllUx 3Tanax B3JI0Ma ceTH. IIT06bI YMeHbIIIHTb pHCK TaKHX aTaK, B ceTfiX WLAN UCnOJIb3yJOTCfI TpH OCHOBHblX HHCTPYMeHTa: . B3aHMHafi aYTeHTH<pUKall.UfI (mutual authentication); . KOllHpOBaHHe (enCIYPtion); . cpe.n:CTBa 06HapY)l(eHHfI BTOp)l(eHHH (intrusion tools). Me)l()J)' TOI.JKOH .n:ocTYlla H KJIHeHTOM .n:OJI)KHa UCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B3aHMHafi aYTeHTI1<pu- Kall.UfI. B aYTeHTH<pHKaI.{HH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ceKpeTHbIH napOJIb, Ha3bIBaeMblH KJIIOI.JOM. KO- TOpbIH .n:OJI)KeH 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH B KJIHeHTe U B TOI.JKe .n:ocTYlla. nOJIyqHB KOlll1pOBaHHoe co06IlleHHe, TOI.JKa .n:ocTYlla C nOMOWblO CJIO)I(HbIX MaTeMaTHl.JeCKUX aJJropHTMOB npOBe- pfleT, npaBUJ1bHbIH JIU KJIIOI.J nepe.n:aJJ KJIUeHT. AHaJJorH'lHO, KJIHeHT, nOJIyqafl C006Il{eHl1e OT TOI.JKH .n:ocTYlla, MO)l(eT y6elluTbcfI B npaBHJIbHOCTH KJIIO'la. 3T0 H eCTb B3aHMHafi aYTeH- TH<puKall.HfI - Kor.n:a .n:Ba YCTpOHCTBa aYTeHTH<pHlI.HpyJOT .n:pyr .n:pyra. npOTOKOJI 06MeHa HH<popMall.HeH B 3TOM BapHame HHKor.n:a He nepeCbIJIaeT KJIIOI.J 'lepe3 6ecnpOBOllHYJO ceTb, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 3JI0YMbIIIIJIeHHHK, .n:aJKe HCnOJIb3YH Cnell.HaJJH3HpOBaHHbie cpe.n:CTBa aHaJJH3a ceTH H Tpa<pHKa, KonHpYfl H aHaJJH3HpYfl Bce <ppeHMbI, He CMO)l(eT Y3HaTb KJIIOI.J. KpOMe TOro, nOCKOJIbKY H KJIHeHT aYTeHTH<pHI.{HpyeT TO'lKY .n:ocT)'na, OH He no.n:KJIIOI.JI1TCSI K He3aperHC'rpHpOBaHHOH TOI.JKe, nOCKOJIbKY B HeH HeT HHoro KJIIO'la. He MeHee Ba)l(HbIM 3JIeMeHTOM 6e30nacHocTH 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTI1 flBJIfleTCfI IIII1<PPO- BaHHe (encryption). B IIIH<ppoBaHHu HCnOJIb3yeTcH 3aKpbITblH KJIIOI.J (secret key) H MaTe- MaTUl.JeCKHH aJJropHTM,l{JIfi wH<ppoBaHufi co.n:ep)KHMOrO <ppeHMa ceTH WLAN. YCTpOHCT- BO-nOJIyqaTeJIb TalOKe HCnOJIb3yeT HeKoTopblH MaTeMaTH'leCKHH aJJropHTM ,l{JIfi pacIII I1 <P- pOBKH .n:aHHbIX. He BJIallefi 3aKpbITbIM KJIIOI.JOM, 3JI0YMbIIIIJIeHHHK CMO)l(eT nepexBaTI1Tb <ppeHM, HO He CMO)l(eT npO'lHTaTb ero co.nep)KHMoe. BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIe cpe.n:CTBa 6e30naCHOCTH 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX cereH BKJIlOl.JalOT B ce6f1 pa3JIHI.JHbIe nporpaMMHbIe H annapaTHble cpe.n:CTBa 06HapeHHfI BTOp)l(eHHH. Pa3JII1I.JIOT .n:Ba OCHOBHbIX BapHaHTa TaKHX cpe.n:CTB: CHCTeMbI 06HapeHI1f1 BTOp)l(eHI1H (IntrusIOn Detection Systems - IDS) H CHCTeMbI npe.n:OTBpaIlleHHfI BTOp)l(eHHH (Intrusion Preven- tion Systems - IPS); KpOMe TOro, cYIllecTByJOT Cnell.H<pU'leCKHe cpe.n:cTBa UMeHHO JJ)Ul 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTeH. Y KOMnaHHH Cisco eCTb cneuHaJJH3HpoBaHHbIH TepMHH AJlfI 0011: caHHfI cOBoKYnHOcTH TaKHX ceTeH - apxHTeKT)'pa CTPYKTYpHpOBaHHoH 6ecnpoBO.n: H0J1 ceTH (Structured Wireless-Aware Network - SWAN). no.n: 3TUM TepMHHoM no.n:pa3YMeBa- eTCfI MHO)l(eCTBO HHCTpYMeHTOB, 'laCTb H3 KOTOpbIX Cnell.UaJJbHO npe.n:Ha3Hal.JeHa AJlfI pe- weHUfi np06JIeM C 06HapeHHeM H HlleHTH<pHKall.HeH He3aperl1CTpHpOBaHHbIX TOl.JeK .n:ocTYlla U CBfl3aHHbIX C HHMH yrp03 6e30nacHoTcH. B Ta6JI. 11.8 nepe'lHCJ1eHbl OCHOBHbIe yrp03bll1 MeTo.n:bl HX HeHTpanH3all.Hu.
rl1aBa 11. 6ecnpoBoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 371 C:B3A Ta6J1Hua 11.8. Yrpo3b1 6e30nacHocTH B 6ecnpoBolUloH CeTH H MeTOJJ,hl HX HeitrpaJIH3aUHH eMa Yrp03a 6e30nacHoCTH "XaKepbl Ha KOJleCax" BOpoBCTBO I1H<!>opMauHH xaKepaMH H3 6ecnpoBolIHbiX ceTeH nOJlY'/eHHe lIOCT)'na K npoBolIHOH ceTH xaKepaMH qepe3 6ecnpoBolIHYIO HH<!>pacrpyKTypY YCTaHOBKa He3apemC"TpHpOBaHHb1X TOqeKlIOCT)'na COTPYlIHHKaMH YCTaHOBKa HeJaperHC"TpHpOBaHHbIX TOqeK ,nocT)'l1a 3lI0YM bllllJleHHH KaM H PellleHHe np06JIeMbI 3alllHllleHHbIe MeTOlIbl ayreHTH<!>HKaUHH YCTOHqHBble MeTOlIbi WH<!>POBaHHH 3alllHllleHHble MeTO.llbi ayreHTH<!>HKauHH CHCTeMbi 06HapyJKeHHH BTOp>KeHHH (Intrusion Detection Systems - IDS) H apXHTeKT)'pa Cisco SWAN 3alllHllleHHbie MeTOlIbi ayreHTH<!>HKauHH, CHCTeMbI IDS H apxHTeKTypa Cisco SWAN Pa3BHTHe CTaHAapTOB 6e30naCHOCTH WLAN-ceTelii CTaHJI.apTbI 6e30naCHOCTH 6ecnpOBO.n:HbIX ceTei1 pa3BHBaJIHCb nOCTeneHHO B OTBeT Ha Bee B03paCTalOLlUte TPe60BaHHfI K CHCTeMaM 3aIllHTbI H YCOBeprneHCTBOBaHue cpe.n:CTB aTaKH. B paHHHX CTaH.n:aPTax 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTei1 cpe.n:CTBa HX 3aIllHTbI 6bIJIH O'leHb He- COBepIIIeHHbIMH. B 3TOM pa311eJ1e onucaHbI 'leTbIpe HaH60JIee Ba)f(HbIX Ha60pa CTaHJI.aPTOB llJIfi ceTeH WLAN B XpOH0J10rHlJeCKOM nopflllKe, a TaIOKe onucaHbI HX np06J1eMbI u OC- HOBHble peIIIeHHfI. BHMAHMEI V,1AN-CTaHlIapTbl OpJ.1eHTJ.1pOBaHbI, B OCHOBHOM, Ha BHellpeHJ.1e cpe,nCTB ayreHTJ.1Il>J.1KaUHJ.1 H IlIJ.1<!>pOBaHHH B COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHX CHCTeMax 6e30naCHOCTIt; 3TH TeMbI B TeK)'IIIeM pa31IeJle He paCCMaTpJ.1BaIOTCH. IIJHcTPYMeHTbI, CBH3aHHbIe C MOHHTOpHHroM BTOp}l(eHItH (IDS It IPS), B 60JlbIllei1 Mepe OTHOCHTCH K MeTOJJ.aM o6eCneQeHitH 6e30nacHocTH CeTIt OpraHItJaUHIt J.1 TalOKe He paCCMaTpI1BalOTCH HH}I(e. nepBbIH CTaHJI.aPT 6e30naCHOCTH ,l{JIfi 6ecnpOBo.n:HblX ceTeH Ha3bIBaJICfI 6e30naCHO- cmblO, aHQJ/om'tHOu 3aUl,Ume npo6oiJHbIX cemeu (Wired Equivalent Privacy - WEP), u 6bVI OlJeHb HecoBepIIIeHHblM. TpH nOCJ1e.n:YIOIllHX CneI.{H<l>uKaI.{HH B OCHOBHOM pernaJIH npo- 6J1eMbl, 06HapY)f(eHHble B nepBOM CTaHJI.apre, WEP. ECJ1H CMOTPeTb Ha pa3BHTHe CTaHJI.ap- TOB B XpOHOJIOrHlJeCKOM nOPflllKe, TO KOMnaHHfI Cisco nepBoi1 npe,l{JlO)f(HJ1a YCOBeprneH- CTOBaHHfI CTaHJI.apTa B HeKOTopbIX <t>HpMeHHbIx (T.e. 3aKpbITbIX H HeCTaHJI.apTHbIx) npOTO- KOJlax. n03}1(e npOMbIIIIJ1eHHbIH COlO3 npou3Bo.n:HTeJIei1 6ecnpoBo.n:Horo 060Py.n:oBaHHfI, Ha3blBaeMblH Wi-Fi-AnbHHcOM (Wi-Fi Alliance), npHcoe.n:HHHJICfI K HHHI.{UaTHBe KOMna- HItIt H BbmycTHJ1 Bce06Il{HH npOMbIIIIJ1eHHbIH CTaHJI.apT. B KOHue KOHUOB I1HCTHTYT IEEE aK)Ke laBepIIIItJ1 pa6ary HaJJ OTKpbITbIM CTaHJI.apTOM, 802.1 Ii, H paTu<t>uuHpOBaJI ero. Ta6J1. 11.9 nepelJHCJ1eHbllJeTbIpe OCHOBHbIX CTaHJI.apTa WLAN-ceTei1. BaA el.4-a'. Ta6JIHUa 11.9. CTaHlla)ITb/6e30nacHOCTH WLAN-ceTeA - HaJBaHHe - l)e30n L- aCHOCTb. aHaJlOrl1qHall 3aIllHTe npOBOlIHblX ,el1 (WEPj rO.ll. 1997 KTO BblnyCTHJI cTaHlla)IT I1HCTHTYf IEEE
372 '-IacTb II. KOMMYTaMft B nOKanbHblX CeTftX OKOH'taHue ma6A. /1.9 Ha3B8HHe BpeMeHHoe pewemle OT KOMnamm Cisco B O>KKllaHHH CTaHllaPTa 802.11 i fo.ll. KTO BbmycTHJI cT8n.aapT 2001 KomaHHII Cisco, npOTOKOJl CTaHliaPTa 802. Ix - pacwHplleMblii npOTOKOJl ayreHTH4>HKauHH (Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) HHcTHtyra IEEE 2003 Wi-Fi-AnI»lHC 3aWHweHHblfI 6ecnpoBolIHOfl 1l0Cryn (Wi-Fi Protected Access - WPA) 802.1 Ii (WPA2) 2005+ HHCTll1yr IEEE CJIOBO cmaHiJapm UCnOJIb3yeTcfI B 3TOH KHure U BO MHorHX .n:pyrHx .n:OCTaTOI.JHO He- 6pe)!cHO npH onHcaHHU MeTo.n:OB 06eCne'leHUfi 6e30naCHoCnt B 6ecnpOBOllHbIX CeTfiX. He- KOTopbIe cneUH<pUKaUHU B .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH flBJIfllOTCSI HaCTOflIl{HMH OTKpblTblMH CTaH- .n:apTaMH, HanpHMep CneI.{H<pHKaUHH I1HcntTYTa IEEE. D,pyrHe cneUH<pHKaUHH 6blJIH H3- .n:aHbI Wi- Fi-AnbflHCOM H CTaJJH npOMbIIIIJIeHHblMH CTaHllapTaMH .n:e-<paKTo. KpoMe TOro, KOMnaHHfI Cisco C03.n:aJJa HeCKOJIbKO npOMe)Kj'fOlJ.HbIX BpeMeHHbIX peIIIeHHH ,l{JIfi CBOHX npo.n:}'KTOB, 'lT06bI YCKOPHTb pa3BHTHe 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTell. HO TaKHe CneI.{U<pHKaUHU He flBJIfllOTCfI CTaHllapTaMU B 06111enpHHSlTOM nOHUMaHUlI 3Toro TepMHHa. TeM He MeHee Bce BapHaHTbI pellieHUH n03BOJIHJIU YJIY'IIIIHTb opHrHHaJJbHblH MeTO.n: 6e30naCHOCTH WEP H OKa3aJJU CYIlleCTBeHHoe BJIHflHHe Ha pa3BHTHe TeXHOJIOrHH 6ecnpOBo.n:HbIX ceTeH. no- 3TOMY MbI HX onHIIIeM. CTaH,QapT WEP TexHoJIorHfI WEP 6bIJIa 'laCTblO nepBoro CTaHllapTa 802.11 H 06eCneI.JHBaJJa CJI}')K6bI aYTeHTH<pHKaI.{HH nOJIb30BaTeJIeH H IIIH<ppoBaHufi .n:aHHbIX. KaK BnOCJIe.n:CTBHH BblflCHU- JIOCb, OHa HCnOJIb30BaJJa cJIa60 3aIllHIlleHHbIe MeTo.n:bI aYTeHTu<puKauuu H IIIH<ppoBaHHfI H Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb MO)KeT 6bITb B3JIOMaHa 3a C'lHTaHHbIe MUHYTbI C nOMOIllblO IIIH- pOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHOro xaKepcKoro nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHHSI. D.Be OCHOBHble npo- 6JIeMbI WEP-Cpe.D.CTB 6e30nacHocTH COCTOfiT B cJIe.n:YIOIl{eM. . I1cnoJIb3yJOTcfI craTH'!eCKHe npellBapHTeJIbHO paCnpelleJISIeMbIe KJIIO'!H (Preshared Static Keys - PSK). 3Ha'leHHe KJIlO'la .n:OJI)!CHO 6bITb npellBapHTeJIbHO YKa3aHo B Ka)KJJ.OM KJIUeHTCKOM YCTpOHCTBe H TOI.JKe .n:ocT)'na. U HeT HHKaKUX MeTo.n:OB .n:HHa- MUl.JeCKOrO 06MeHa KJIlO'laMH 6e3 BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa l.JeJIOBeKa. KaK CJIe.n:CTBHe. MHO- rHe nOJIb30BaTeJIH H CHCTeMHbIe a.II.MHHUCTpaTopbI He 3a60TflTCfI 0 nepuo.n:Hl.JeCKOH CMeHe KJIIO'leH, B oc06eHHOCTH B KpynHblX opraHH3aUHfiX. me eCTb 60JIbIIIOe HJIH Ol.JeHb 60JIbIIIOe KOJIH'leCTBO 6ecnpOBo.n:HblX no.n:KJIIO'IeHltH. . KitIO'!H JIerKO B3JIaMbIBaIOTCH (T.e. paCIIIH<PPOBbIBaIOTCfI). )1.rIHHa KJIlOl.Ja He Ol.JeHb BeJIHKa - 64 6HTa, H3 KOTOpbIX TOJIbKO 40 .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHO OTHOCflTCfI K caMoMY KJIlOqy. n03TOMY JIerKO npe.D.CKa3aTb 3HaI.JeHUe KJIlOl.Ja, eCJIH B Te'leHHe onpelleJIeH- HOro BpeMeHH npOCJIyuIuBaTb <ppeHMbI 6ecnpoBollHOH ceTH. OnflTb )!Ce. eCJIH KJIIO<J HHKor.n:a He MeHfleTCfI HJlH MeHfleTCfI O'leHb pe.n:KO. xaKep MO)!CeT HaKonUTb 60JIb- IIIoe 'lHCJIO npHMepoB 3anpOCOB Ha aYTeHTH<pHKaUHIO, I.JTO eIl{e CHJIbHee ynpOIUa eT npouecc paCIIIH<PPOBKH KJIlOl.Ja.
rl1aBa 11. 5ecnpoBoAHbie 110Kal1bHbie ceTM 373 J13-3a YKa3aHHbIX He.n:OCTaTKOB TeXHOJlOrHH WEP, a TaIOKe nOCKOJlbKY HOBbIe CTaH- .n:a(ITbI BKJIlO'lalOT B ce6f1 YCOBepIlleHCTBOBaHHble <PYHKU.HH 6e30naCHOCTH, MexaHH3M WEP Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHM .n:eHb He CJIe.n:YeT HCnOJlb30BaTb. MaCKMpOBKa MAeHTM4>MKaTopa SSID M MAC-4>Ml1bTpaMJI J1TaK, KOma BblflCHHJlOCb, 'lTO B CTaH.aapTe WEP eCTb MHO)KeCTBO np06JIeM, MHorHe npOH3Bo.n:HTeJlH BKJIIO'lHJlH B CBOH npo.n:YKTbl HeCKOJlbKO <PYHKUHM 3aIllHTbI, KOTopbIe K opHrHHaJIbHOMY CTaH.Uapry HUKaKoro OTHOIIIeHHfI He HMeJIH. TeM He MeHee MHome no- TPe6HTeJIH aCCOUHHpOBaJIH 3TU <PYHKU.HH C TeXHOJlOrHeM WEP, npOCTO nOTOMY, 'lTO Bpe- MS! u:X BbmYCKa npaKTU:'leCKJt: COBnaJIO C HeM. HH o.n:Ha H3 <PYHKU.HM TaK H He CTaJIa 'la- CTblO KaKoro-JIu:60 CTaH.UapTa, H OHH He 06eCne'lHBalOT KaKOM-TO peaJIbHOM 6e30naCHO- CTH ceTH, TeM He MeHee, HX H}')KHO paCCMOTpeTb, nOCKOJIbKY OHH ynoMHHalOTCfI: BO MHorHX onHCaHHfl:X. nepBafl: <PYHKU.HfI, MOCKUp06KO uoeHmurjJuKomopo SSID (SSID cloaking), H3MeHfleT npouecc aCCOUHHpOBaHHfI: KJIHeHTcKoro YCTpoMcTBa C TO'lKOM .n:ocT)'Ila. nepe.a TeM KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb TO'lKY .n:ocT)'Ila, KJIHeHT .n:omKeH 3HaTb 0 HeM HeKOTopbIM MHHHMYM He06- XO.n:HMOM HH<popMaUHH, B 'laCTHOCTH 3Ha'leHHe H.n:eHTH<pHKaTopa SSID ceTH. B HOp- MaJIbHbIX YCJlOBHflX npouecc accoUHHpoBaHHfI BbIrJIfI,l{HT YKa3aHHbiM HH)Ke 06pa30M. 3Tan l. TO'lKa .n:ocryna paCCblJIaeT <ppeMM-6aKeH (beacon frame), 06bI'lHO KIDK.JJ.bIe 100 MC, B KOTOpOM co.n:ep)KUTCfI JHa'leHHe SSID U .n:pyrafl KOH<pHrypauu:oHHafl: HH- <p0pMaUHfi. 3Tan 2. KrIHeHT npOCJIYIIIHBaeT Bce KaHaJIbl, 'lT06bI 06Hap}')KHTb <ppeHMbI-6aKeHbI H HaMTH Bce 6JIU:)KaMIIIHe TO'lKU: .n:ocT)'Ila. 3Tan 3. KrIHeHT accouHHpyeTcfI C TO'lKOM .n:ocryna, OT KOTOpOM nOJIyqeH caMbIM CHJIb- HbIM cu:rHaJI (cTaH.LI.apTHOe nOBe.n:eHHe), HJIU: C TO'lKOM .n:ocryna C MaKCHMaJIb- HbiM CHrHaJIOM,l{JIfi npe.n:nO'lTUTeJIbHoro u.n:eHTu:<pHKaTopa SSID. 3Tan 4. KaK TOJIbKO KJIHeHT accoUHHpOBaJICfI C TO'lKOM .uocT)'Ila, BbInOJlHfleTCS! npo- uecc aYTeHTH<pHKaUU:H KJIu:eHTa. no CYIIIeCTBY, KJIHeHT Y3HaeT 0 cyIIIecTBoBaHHU: TO'leK .n:ocT)'Ila H CBfl:3aHHbIMH C HHMH HlleHTH<pHKaTopaMH SSID H3 <ppeHMoB-6aKeHoB. TaKoM MexaHH3M ynpoIllaeT pa60ry TeXHOJIOrHH poYMHHra, n03BOJIfifi KJIu:eHry nepeMeIllaTbCfI: B npOCTpaHCTBe u: aCCOUHHpO- BaTbCfI C HOBOH TO'lKOM .n:ocryna, Koma CHrHaJI OT CTapOM 3aMeTHO na.n:aeT. TeM He MeHee, <ppeMMbI-6aKeHbl - 3TO OTJIH'lHOe "no.n:cnopbe" ,l{JIfI: 3JlOYMbIIllJIeHHHKOB, KOTopbIe JIerKO H 6bICTPO MOryr nOJIyqU:Tb HH<popMaUHIO 0 TO'lKaX .n:ocT)'Ila H nOnbiTaTbCfI: no.n:KJIIO'lHTbCfI K HHM, 'lT06bl nOJIyqHTb .n:ocryn K CeTH:. MaCKJ1pOBKa H.n:eHTH<pHKaTopa SSID - 3TO cneUU:aJIbHafi <PYHKUHfI: TO'lKJt: .n:ocT)'Ila, KOTopaSi OTKJIlO'laeT nepHo.n:H'lecKYIO paCCbIJIKY <ppeMMOB-6aKeHOB. TaKoM no.n:xo.n: Bpo.n:e 6bl .n:OJI)KeH peIIIHTb np06JIeMbi CO 3JlOYMbIIllJIeHHHKaMH, CKaHHpYlOlllHMH TO'lKH .n:ocT)'Ila B ceTH. TeM He MeHee JIeraJIbHble KJIHeHTbI .n:OJI)KHbl HaHTH TO'lKH B ceTH. CJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHO, I<.rIHeHT .n:OJI)KCH 6blTb CKOH<purypHpoBaH CO Cnel.{HaJIbHbIM 3Ha'leHHeM u.n:eHTH<pUKaTopa SSID, Ha3bIBaeMbiM HYJleBbIM, HJIH nYCTbIM (null). KrIHeHT OTnpaBJIfieT co06111eHHe- 3anpoc (probe), KOTopoe 3aCTaBJlfleT TO'lKY .n:ocryna nepe.n:aTb CBoe 3HaljeHUe SSI D Ko- POTKO roBOpfl, 3TO OljeHb npOCTO 3aCTaBHTb TOljKY .n:ocryna aHOHCHpOBaTb CBOM H.n:eHTH- <PHKaTop SSID, .n:a)Ke B TOM CJlY'lae, Koma MaeKHpOBKa BKJIIO'leHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, xaKe- PbI Bee paBHO MOryr 06Hap}')KHTb Bee TO'lKH .n:oeryna B ceTU.
374 aCTb II. KOMMYTaL4Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTftX BHMMAHME! B CCTRX pa3HbIX OpraHlt3allitH ItCnOJIb3YCTCR TCXHOJIOfltR MaCKHpOBKH HllCHnU!>ItKaTOpa SSI D, IJT06bI npCD.OTBpaTItTb nOnbITKH D.OcTYlla K 6CCnpOBOD.HOH CCTH H3 JIJ060nbITCTBa. B OTKpbITbIX TOIJKaX D.OCTYlla, Hao6opOT, paCCbIJIaJOTCR <!>PCHMbI-6aKCHbI, IJT06bI nOJIb30BaTeJIIt MOrJIH JICrKO HaHTIt HY>KHYJO. EIlle OAHa .n:OnOJlHHTeJIbHM <PYHKlJ,HfI, 'laCTO peaJIH3yeMM COBMeCTHO C WEP-TeXHOJIO- rUeH - <pHJlbTPaUHfi MAC-a,apecOB. B TO'lKe .n:oCTyna MO)l(eT 6bITb HaCTPOeH CnHCOK pa3- peilleHHbIX B 6eCnpOBO.n:HOH CeTH MAC-a,apecoB, OCTaJIbHbIe a,apeca 6yAYT OT<pHJlbTPOBbI- BaTbCfI. <l>HJlbTPal.{Hfi MAC-a,apeCOB MO)l(eT OT6HTb oxory Y JlI060nbITHbIX nOJIb30BaTeJleH nO,l{KJlIO'lHTbCfI K 6eCnpOBOAHOH CeTH, HO OHa He nOMO)l(eT OTPa3HTb peaJIbHYJO aTaKY. 3J10- YMbIllIJIeHHHK MO)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTb 6ecnpoBOAHYIO ceTeByJO Kapry, B KOTOpOH pa3peillaeTCfI MeHflTb MAC-a,apec, CKonu:pOBaTb JleraJIbHbIe <ppeHMbl ce6e, Y3HaTb H3 HHX H}')KHbIH MAC- a,apec, YCTaHOBHTb ero B CBoeM a,aanTepe H TaKHM 06pa30M o60HTH <pHJlbTP. BpeMeHHoe peweHMe KOMnaHMM Cisco AO npMHJlTMJI CTaHAapTa 802.11 i 113-3a BnOJIHe O'leBH.D,HbIX He.n:OCTaTKOB TeXHOJIOrHH WEP, MHorue npOH3BOAHTeJIH 060- Py.n:OBaHHfI, HanpHMep, KOMnaHHfI Cisco, npOMbillIJleHHM aCCOUHaUHfI Wi-Fi-AJIbRHc H .n:p. nOnbITaJIHCb peillHTb np06JIeMY 3a C'leT CBOUX c06cTBeHHbix CTaH.UapTOB, KOTopble conep- HH'laJIH C Me,l{JleHHO pa3pa6aTbIBaeMblMH cneUH<pHKaUHflMH I1HcTHTYTa IEEE. B peIIIeHHH KOMnaHHH Cisco HCnOJIb30BaJIUCb HeKOTopbIe <pu:pMeHHbIe YJIy'IIIIeHHfI MexaHH3Ma IIIH<p- pOBaHHfI COBMeCTHO co CTaH.n:ap'THOH ayreHTH<pU:KaUHeH nOJIb30BaTeJUI IEEE 802. Ix. K oc- HOBHbIM YJIy'IilleHHflM KOMnaHHeH Cisco HCXO.n:HOH TeXHOJIOrHH MO)I(HO OTHecTU:: . MexaHH3M .n:HHaMH'leCKOrO 06MeHa KJIlO'laMH (BMecTo CTaTH'leCKHX npe.n:BapHTeJIb- HO pacnpe.n:eJIfieMbIx); . HCnOJIb30BaHHe ayreHTH<pHKauHH CTaHAapTa 802.Ix; . reHepaUHIO HOBOro KJIIO'la,l{Jlfl KIDK,1J.Oro nepe.n:aBaeMoro naKeTa. I1cnOJIb30BaHHe MexaHH3Ma .n:HHaMH'leCKoro 06MeHa KJIlO'laMH 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO YJlyqIIIa- eT CU:CTeMY, nOCKOJIbKY KJIu:eHT u: TO'lKa .n:ocTYlla MOryT MeHflTb napOJIb O'leHb 'laCTO, npu:- 'leM 6e3 'leJIOBe'leCKOrO BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa. B pe3YJIbTare, .n:a)l(e eCJIH KJIIO'l B3JlOMaH (T.e. pacillH<ppoBaH 3JlOYMbIllIJIeHHHKOM), TO U:M MO)I(HO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCfI TOJIbKO B KOpoTKHH OTpe30K BpeMeHH. 60JIee TOro, eCJlH KJIIO'lH pacnpe.n:eJIfllOTCfI .n:HHaMU:'leCKH, ,lI)UI Ka)f(,!lOro naKeTa MO)l(eT reHepHpoBaTbcSI CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH KJIIO'l, KOTOpbIM OH 3aillH<ppoBaH. B TaKOM CJIyqae .n:a)l(e eCJIH 3JlOYMbIllIJIeHHHK nOJIy'IHT (pacillH<PPyeT HJIH no.n:6epeT) KJIIO'l, OH CMO)l(eT pacillH<ppoBaTb TOJIbKO o.n:HH-eJIHHCTBeHHbIH naKeT, 'lTO CHJlbHO YJIY'I- IIIaeT cHcTeMY 6e30nacHocTU:. KOMnaHHSI Cisco pa3pa60TaJIa HeCKOJIbKO <PYHKUHH, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha H3BecTHoH Ha TOT MOMeHT (MOMeHT pa3pa6OTKU:) HH<popMaUHH 0 CTaH.n:apTe 6e30naCHOCTU: 6ecnpOBO.n:- HbIX ceTeH IEEE 802.1 Ii. KpoMe TOro, B pa3pa60TKe KOMnaHHH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ayreHTU:- <pHKaUHfi nOJIb30BaTeJIeH, T.e. nocJle ayreHTU:<pHKal.{U:H YCTpoHcTBa C nOMoIllblO KJllOtJa (npOBepKH TOro, 'lTO B YCTPoHcTBe YCTaHOBJIeH npaBHJIbHblH KJIIO'l) nOJIb30BaTeJIb .n:OJl)l{eH BBeCTH CBoe HMfI H napOJlb. TaKoH .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIH :nan .n:06aBJUIeT eIl{e O.n:HH ypOBeHb 6e30nacHocTH B CHCTeMY: .n:aJKe eCJIH KJIIO'IH ayreHTH<pHKallHH BpeMeHHo cKoMnpoMeTH- pOBaHbI, 3JloYMbIllIJIeHHHK .n:OJUKeH 3HaTb HMfI H napOJIb ayreHTH<pHKaI.{HH nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, 'lT06bI nOJIY'lHTb .n:ocryn K 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH Cent.
-- rnaBa 11. 5ecnpoBoAHbie nOKanbHble ceTM 375 3aU-'U-'eHHbIM Wi-Fi-,q,ocyYn (WPA) B YCOBeprneHCTBOBaHHOM KOMnaHMeH Cisco BapHaHTe TeXHOJlOrHH WEP HCnOJIb30Ba- JlHCb KaK <pHpMeHHbIe npOTOKOJIbI, TaK H OTKpbITbIH CTaHAapT IEEE 802.lx. nocJle TOro KaK KOMnaHHfI BKJllO'lHJIa HOBbIH MexaHM3M 3aIlllITbI B CBOH TO'lKH .n:oeryna, Wi-Fi- AribflHC pa3pa60TaJI 06IllMH CTaHAapT 6e30nacHocTH .LI.JUI COBMerneHHfI yerpoHcTB OT pa3- HbIX H3rOTOBHTeJIeH. J1HCTHTYT IEEE B :no BpeMfi KaK pa3 pa3pa6aTbIBaJI HOBYJO cneH- <!>uKauMIO 6e30naCHOCTH,l{JIfi CeTeH WLAN, 802.lli, HO O'leHb Me,l{JleHHO, a npOH3BO}:lHTe- JIM 060py.n:OBaHMfI .n:OJDKHbI 6blJIH pearupoBaTb Ha nOlpe6HOCTH 6bICTpOpaCTYIllero pbIHKa M He MomH .n:OJIro )f():aTb. n03TOMY, Wi- Fi-AJIbSlHc B3fIJI KonHIO CTaH.Uap'Ta 802.11 i, KOTO- pbIH KaK pa3 Haxo.n:MJICfI B CTa.n:MH pa3pa60TKH, H3}"1MJI ero, c.n:eJIaJI HeKOTopbIe npe.n:no- nmKeHMfI H .n:onymeHHfI M M3.n:aJI ero KaK peKOMeHAaHIO, KOTopafl BnocnellCTBHM CTaJIa CTaH.UapTOM .n:e-<paKTo. AJIbflHC }:IaJIee npOBen 06bI'lHYJO npoe.n:ypy cepTH<pMKauHM 060- py.n:oBaHMfI pa3Hbix npoH3BO.n:MTeneH Ha npe.n:MeT Toro, COOTBeTcTByeT OHO l"pe60BaHHflM HOBOro CTaHAapTa MJIH HeT, a CTaHAapT nOJIY'IHJI Ha3BaHMe 3aw,uw,eHH020 iJocmyna Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi Protected Access- WPA). TeXHOJlOrHSI WPA <paKTH'leCKH co.n:ep.>KMT re.>Ke caMbIe <PYHKHH, KOTopbIe npHCYT- CTBOBaJIM BO BpeMeHHOM perneHHH KOMnaHHH Cisco, HO OTJIH'lalOIllHeCfI B .n:eTaJIfiX. B CTaH.UapTe WPA TaIOKe HCnOJIb3yeTcfI .n:HHaMH'leCKHH 06MeH KJIlO'laMH Ha .0CHOBe npOTOKOJIa uenOCTHOCTH BpeMeHHoro KJllO'la (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol- TKI P); B peIIIeHHH OT KOMnaHHH Cisco HCnOJIb30BaJIaCb HeCTaHAapTHafi <pHpMeHHafi peaJIH3aUHfi npOTOKona TKIP. B CTaH.UapTe WPA TaIOKe pa3perneHO HCnOJIb30BaTb JIH- 60 cTaH.n:apTHYIO aYTeHTH<pHKauHIO nOJlb30BaTeJIeH IEEE 802.IX, JIH60 npoCTYIO aYTeH- TH<pHKal{HIO YCTPOHCTB nocpe.n:CTBOM npe.n:BapMTeJIbHO pacnpe.n:eJISIeMbIX KJllO'leH (preshared keys). B Ka'leCTBe MeTo.n:a rnH<ppoBaHHfI HCnOJlb30BaJICfI aJIrOpHTM npOBepKH l{enOCTHOCTH C006Il{eHHH (Message Integrity Check - MIC), KOTOpbIH O'leHb noxo.>K Ha <pHpMeHHbIH MeTOll KOMnaHHM Cisco. Y TeXHOJIOrHM WPA eCTb .n:Ba 60JIbIIIHX .n:OCTOHHCTBa. Bo-nepBbIx, <PYHKlJ,HH 6e30nac- HOCTM 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO JIyqIlle, ljeM B CTaHAapre WEP; BO-BTOpbIX, nporpaMMa cepTu<pMKa- l{HH YCl"poikTB Wi-Fi-AJIbflHca 6bIJIa C 3HTy3Ha3MOM BocnpHHflTa npoH3Bo.n:HTeJUlMH H HMeJla OrpOMHbIH ycnex, Bce CTapaJIHCb npoHTH cepTH<pHKaHIO AJIbSlHca, cne.n:OBaTeJIb- HO, no.n:.n:ep.>KHBaJIH H BHe.n:pfIJIH TeXHonorHIO WPA B CBOM YCTpoikTBa. B pe3YJIbTaTe npo- H3BO.n:HTeJlH nepCOHaJIbHbIX KOMnblOTepOB MomH BbI6paTb .LI.JUI YCTaHOBKH npaKTH'leCKH JII06YJO H3 MHO.>KeCTBa CeTeBbIX KapT, a nOTpe6MTenH MomH KYTIMTb TO'lKY .n:ocTYlla JIIO- 60ro npOH3Bo.n:HTeJlSl H 6bITb YBepeHHbIMH, 'lTO OHa 3apa60TaeT B HX ceTM H 6y.n:eT no.n:- llep.>KHBaTb TeXHOJIOrHlO WPA. BHIr1MAHIr1E! ItPMeHHoe peWeHlte KOMnaHUIt Cisco It npOMbIlIIJleHHbIH CTaH.LlapT WPA HecoBMecrltMbI. CTaH,q,apT IEEE 802.11 i WPA-2 J1HcTHTYT I EEE paTH<pHHpOBaJI CTaHAap'T 802.1 Ii B 2005 ro.n:y, .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBfI- 3aHHbie C HHM cneuu<pHKauHH nOflBHJIHCb n03.>Ke. KaK B <pHpMeHHoM perneHHH KOMna- HHH Cisco H B npOMbIrnJIeHHOM CTaHAapTe WPA Wi-Fi-AnbSlHca, B cneH<pHKauHH 802.1 Ii HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MexaHH3M .n:HHaMH'leCKOrO 06MeHa KJIIO'laMH, 60nee MOIllHbIH aJI- rOPHTM rnH<ppoBaHHSI H aYTeHTH<pHKaHH nOJIb30BaTeJleH. TeM He MeHee MHorHe .n:eTaJIH
376 aCTb II. KOMMYTaL4Mft B 110Kal1bHbiX CeTftX cneUH<pHKaLUfH OTJIH'laIOTCfI, n03TOM)' CTaHAapT 802.lI i He COBMeCTHM HH C TeXHOJIOnteH WPA, HH C <pHpMeHHbIM perneHHeM KOMnaHHH Cisco. CymeCTIeHHbIM H Ba)I(HbIM YJIyqrneHHeM no cpaBHeHHIO C BpeMeHHblM peIIIeHHeM OT KOMnaHHH Cisco H CTaH,l{apTOM WPA CTaJIO HCnOJIb30BaHHe Y/lY'IUJeHHOi!O cmaHiJapma UJu,ppo8aHuJ/ (Advanced Encryption Standard - AES) B TeXHOJlOrHU 802.lIi. Mero.n: AES 06eCne'lHBaer HaMHoro JIyqrnee IllH<PPOBaHHe, 'leM TeXHOJlOntfi KOMnaHltH Cisco, He ro- BOpSi e 0 CTaH,l{apTe WEP, HCnOJIb3yer KJIIO'lH 60JIbrneH ,l{JIHHbI H MOIl{HbIH aJIropHTM. Wi-Fi-AribSlHc npo.n:OJI)KaeT HrpaTh Ba)I(HYIO pOJlb B cepTH<pHKaUHH npOllYKTOB, B'la- CTHOCTH BbIllOJIHSleT npOBepKY COBMeCTHMOCTH co cneUH<pHKaUHeH 802.IIi, HO HC- nOJIb3yeT .n:Pyroe Ha3BaHHe ,l{JISi 3TOro CTaH,l{apTa. nOCKOJIbKY ycnex TeXHOJIOrHH WPA B Ka'leCTBe npOMbIrnJIeHHOrO CTaH,l{apTa 6bIJI OIIIeJlOMJIflIOIllUM, a TepMHH "WPA" CTaJI O'leHb nonYJISIpeH, AribSlHC Ha3BaJI CTaH.n:apT 802.1 Ii TepMHHOM "WP A2", no.n:pa3YMe- BaSI no.n: HHM BTOPYIO BepCHIO CTaH,l{apTa WPA. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, nOKynafi HJlU KOH<pH- rypHpyfI YCTpOHCTBa, BbI CKopee YBH)],HTe Ha3BaHHe WPA2 B .n:OKYMeHTaUHH H HaCTpOH- Kax, a He 802.1 Ii. B Ta6JI. lI.IO nepe'lHCJIeHbI KJIIO'leBbIe oc06eHHocTH pa3HbIX CTaH.UapTOB 6e30nacHo- CTH 6eCnpOBOJIHbIX ceTeH. CB8 Ta6J1Hl(a 11.10. CpaBHeHHe xapaKTepHCTHK cTaHJJ.apToB 6e30nacHocTH cereH WLAN eMa CTaHJIapT MeroJJ.pacnpeJJ.eJleHHR KJIIO'IeH AyreHTHcjlHKal(HR YCTPOHCTB )],a (CJ1a6aH) D,a )],a AyreHTHcjlHKal(HR nOJlb30BaTeJleH HeT D,a (802. I x) D,a (802. Ix) lllHcjlpoBaHHe WEP Cisco CTaTH'leCKOe )],HHaMH'IeCKOe Ii CTaTH'IeCKOe H .l1HHaMH'leCKOe 802.11 i (WPA2) Ii CTaTH'IeCKOe H .l1HHaMH'IeCKOe )],a (cJ1a6oe) D,a (TKIP) )],a (TKIP) WPA D,a )],a (802.1 x) D,a (AES)
rl1aBa 11. 5ecnpoBoAHbie 110Kal1bHbie ceTM 377 nO.QrOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe Bee K.nIO"IeBble TeMbl CJIe.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbl .n:aHHoH maBbI, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI nHKTorpaMMoH Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 11.11 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI H COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He UM CTpaHHl.{bI. C""" eMa 3JIeMeHT Ta6JIHI(a 1l.1l. Krn01JeBbIe TeMbI rJIaBbI Il OnHCaHlte Ta6JI. 11.2 Ta6JI. 11.3 Ta6JI. 11.4 Ta6JI. 11.5 PHC. 11.6 CnHCOK CnHCOK C'1HCOK Ta6JI. 11.8 Ta6JI. 11.9 Ta6JI. 11.10 OpraHl-l3aUl111 no CTaHliapTI13aUI1H WLAN -ceTeii 11 HX pOJIb CpaBHeHHe CTaHliapTOB 802.lla. 802.llb 11 802.llg PeJKI1MbI CeTI1 WLAN, I1X QJOpMaJIbHble Ha3BaHHH 11 Onl1CaHHe HeJII1UeH311pyeMbIe 'laCTOTbI, I1X o6menpHHHTbie Ha3BaHHH H Cnl1COK CTaH.llapTOB.lLIUI KaJK.LOrO .lll1ana30Ha 4aCTOTbi MeTO.lla DSSS, B TOM 'lI1CJIe I1..-pH HenepKpblBalOml1XCH KaHaJIa 3TanbI KOHqJl1rypaUHI1 6eCnpOBO.llHoii ceTH CTaHliapTHbIe npo6JIeMbI npl1 YCTaHOBKe WLAN-CeTl1 H HX npHBH3Ka K Kap'THpoBaHI1IO ceTI1 Llpyme CTaHliapTHbIe np06JIeMbI npH pa3Bep'TbIBaHHH 6eCnpOBO.llHOii ceTI1 06mel13BecTHble YH3BI1MOCTI1 WLAN-ceTeii CTaHliapTbI 6e30naCHOCTH 6eCnpOBO.llHbIX ceTeJ:l CpaBHeHl1e CTaH.llap'ToB 6e30nacHocTH 6eCnpOBO.llHbiX ceTeii HOMep CTpaHHIJ,bI 352 353 355 357 358 364 368 368 371 371 376 3an0I1HTe Ta611bl cnCK no naMJlT Pacne'laTaihe npHJIO)l(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-llMCKa HJIM ero pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CSIU.lHHCfI K :nOH maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)l(eHMH 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKM AJlSI caMoKoHl'pOJIfi. KmO'leBble TepMHbl rl1aBbl .lJ.aHTe onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHOB M npoBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: cTaHAapTbl 802.lla, 802.llb, 802.llg, 802.lli, 802.1 In; TO'lKa .n:ocTyna, o.n:HopaHroBafi ceTb (ad hoc), 6a30BblH Ha60p CJIY)I(6 (BSS), MeTO.n: npe.n:OTBpaureHHfI KOJlJIM3HH CSMAj CA, MeTO.n: paCIIIHpeHH51 cneKTpa CHrHaJIa npfiMoH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTblO (DSSS), pac- liIHpeHHblH Ha60p CJIY)I(6 (ESS), MeTO.n: CMeHbI pa60'lei1 'laCTOTbI C paCIlIHpeHHeM cneKTPa (FHSS), pe)!(HM HHcppacTPYKTypbl, MYJIbTHllJIeKCHpOBaHMe C OpTOroHaJIbHbIM 'laCTOTHbIM p a3 11eJIeHHeM CHrHaJIOB (OFDM), u.n:eHTHcpHKaTOp Ha60pa CJIy)K6 (SSID), Wi-Fi-AribflHc, TeXHOJIOfHfI WPA, CTaHllapT WEP, KJIHeHT 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH CeTH, TeXHOJIOrHfI WPA2.
B 3TOM ..aCnt paCCMOTpeHbl cneAYIO...e TeMbl 3K3aMeHa Cisco ICND1 1 ... Pa3pa6OTKa cxeMbi IP-3.!q)ec3lUH H IP-CJJYJK6b1 B He60JlbWOH cem aIIHJlH3JIa: . omlcaHa pOJlb aapeCOB B cenl; . paCCKaJaHO, KaK pa3pa6OTaTb H npHMeHHTb aapeCHYIO cxeMY B CeTI1; . o6'hHcHeHo, KaK npOBeplITb npaBltJlbHOCTb IP-aapeca Y3Jla, cepBepa H CeTeBblX YCTpoikTB B JlOKaJIbHOii cC"m; . onHcaHa pa60Ta CJI)')K6bI DNS H MeTOAbI ee npOBepKH; . onHcaHO HCnOJlb30BaHHe '1aCTHbIX H 3aperHCTpl1pOBaHHblX IP-aapecoB, HX npeHMYllieCTBa H HellOCTaTlGl; . paCCKaJaHO, KaK BKJlIO'IHTb TeXHOJlOrl11O NAT B He6oJlbwotl ceTH C OllHI1M npoBaii1IepoM YCJlyr CeTI1 JIIH- TepHeT C nOMOUlblO nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHHH SDM H npOBepHTb KOH<pHrypauHIO B HHTep<peiice KO- MaHllHotl CTpOKI1 C nOMOUlblO KOMaHllbI ping; . paccKa3aHo, KaK CKOHaIIHrypHpOBaTb CJI)')K6bl DHCP H DNS MapwpyrH3aTOpa, npoBeplITb I1X pa6my H ycrpaHHTb HeHcnpaBHoCTH (c nOMOUlblO HHTep<peiica CLI H no SDM); . onHcaHO, KaK BHeApltTb CJl)')K6blllHHaMH'IecKoii H CTaTH'IeCKOii aapeCaUHI1 B JlOKaJIbHOtl ceTH; . paCCKa3aHO, KaK HamH H HcnpaBHTb OWH61G1 B IP-aapecaUI1H. DOCTpoeHHe He60Jlbwoii Mapwpyru3HpyeMoH cem: . onHcaHbI OCHOBHble KOHuenUHH MapwpyrH3aUHH, B TOM '1I1CJIe nepeCbUlKa naKeTOB 11 npouecc 06Hap)')Ke- HI1H MapwpyroB; . onHcaH npHHUHn pa60TbI MapwpynnaTopOB KOMnaHHH Cisco: npouecc 3arpY3KH, npouellypa POST 11 KOMnOHeHTbl YCTpoiicTBa; . Onl1CaH npouecc Bbl60pa npaBltJlbHOii cpeAbl, Ka6eJletl, noproB H pa3'beMOB DJIH nOllKJIIO'IeHHH Mapwpyrl1- 3aTopOB K .IlPYrI1M CeTeBblM YCTpotlcTBaM H Y3JlaM; . paCCKa3aHO. KaK CKOHaIIHrypHpOBaTb npOTOKOJI RIPv2, npOBepHTb 11 ycrpaHHTb HeHcnpaBHOCTH; . o6'bHcHeHo, KaK nOJIy'IlITb llOCTyn K HHTep<petlcy KOMaHllHoii CTpOKI1 MapllipyrH3aropa H HCnOJlb30BaTb ero,ll)Ul HacTpoiiKI1 6a30BblX napaMeTpOB ycrpoiicTBa; . paCCKaJaHO, KaK npOBeplITb KOHaIIHrypaUHIO MapUIyrH3aropa H pa6oTocnoco6HoCTb COelll1HeHHii C nOMO- UlblO KOMaHll ping, traceroute. Telnet, 88B H ApyrHX yrHJlI1T; . paccKaJaHo, KaK CKoHaIIHrypHpOBaTb H npoBepltTb pa6oT)' CTaTH'IeCKI1X H CTIiHllapTHbIx MapllipyroB B YCT- poiicTBax; . onHcaHo, KaK o6paUlaTbcH C KOHaIIHrypaUHoHHblMH <pai1naMH: KonHpoBaTb, pe.llaKTHpOBaTb, 06HOBJIHTb, BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTb; · onHcaHo, KaK ynpaBJIHTb onepaUHoHHoii cl1cTeMoii Cisco IOS; · paccKa3aHo, KaK HaCTpoHTb napOJIH H nOD.llep)lGfBaTb aIIH3H'IecK}'1O 6e30nacHoCTb YCTpOiiCTBa; . o6'bSlcHeHo, KaK npoBepSlTb COCTOSlHHe ceTH H Mapwpyrl13aTOpa C nOMOlliblO 6a30BbIX yrltJll1T ping. traceroute, Telnet. 88B. ARP. ipconfig H KOMaHll rpynn show H debug. DOHCK yrp03 6e30naCHOCTH B cem H MeTOJI.bI HX ycrpaHeHHJI: . onHcaHo, KaK HaXOlll1Tb He.llO'leTbI CHCTeMbl 6e30nacHOCTH H Onl1CaHbI peKoMeHllaUHH H MeTO.llbI nOBbllli e - HHSI ypOBHSI 3alliHTbI CeTeBblX YCTpOiiCTB. I Hau60Aee aKmYllJIbHYIO uHtjJopMaulO 0 mOM, KaKue meMbi Ha meKYU4uu MOMeHm 6XOORm 6 cepmurjJuKauOH- HbiU 3K3aMeH M03ICHO Haumu Ha 6e6-caume http://www.cisco.com. - npI1Me'l. aBT.
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384 '-IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aL-'Mft .n:) 190.4.90.1. e) 10.1.1.1. 10.KaKoH H3 YKa3aHHbix HU)I(e a.n:peCOB He BXO.n:UT B O.n:HY no.n:ceTb C IP-a.n:pecoM 190.4.80.80, eCJIU MaCKa paBHa 255.255.240.0? a) 190.4.80.1. 6) 190.4.80.50. B) 190.4.80.100. r) 190.4.80.200. .n:) 190.4.90.1. e) IO.I.U. 11. KaKue H3 YKa3aHHbiX HU)I(e a.n:peCOB He BXO.n:flT B O.n:HY no.n:ceTb C I P-a.n:pecoM 190.4.80.80j25? a) 190.4.80.1. 6) 190.4.80.50. B) 190.4.80.100. r) 190.4.80.200. .n:) 190.4.90.1. e) 10.1.1.1. 12. KIDKrrblH U3 YKa3aHHblX HH)I(e BapHaHTOB npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H .n:eCflTU'-IHYIO 3am1Cb a.n:peca H cereBOH MaCKH. D.ecflTU'-IHbIH BapuaHT 3anHCU IP-a.n:peca MO)l(eT YKa3b1BaTb npaBHJIbHblH I P-a.n:pec Y3JI3 HJIH 6bITb a.n:pecoM CeTH, HJIH IIIHpOKOBelllaTeJIbHbIM a.n:pe- COM, KOTopbIe HeJIb3S1 UCnOJIb30BaTb nJIfi a.n:peCal.{HU Y3JIOB. KaKHe H3 B3puaHTOB flB- JIfllOTCfI npaBUJIbHblMH a.n:peC3MH nJIfi Y3JIOB? a) 10.0.0.0, 255.0.0.0. 6) 192.168.5.160, 255.255.255.192. B) 172.27.27.27,255.255.255.252. r) 172.20.49.0, 255.255.254.0. 13.Ll.JIfi ceTU 180.1.0.0 UCnOJIb3yeTcfI MaCKa no.n:ceTH 255.255.248.0. KaKHe U3 nepe'-luc- JIeHHbIX HU)I(e a.n:peCOB no.n:ceTeH no.n:XO,l{flT no.n: TaKYIO MacKY? a) 180.1.2.0. r) 180.1.16.0. 6) 180.1.4.0. .n:) 180.1.32.0. B) 180.1.8.0. e) 180.1.40.0. 14.Ll.JIfi ceTU 180.1.0.0 I1CnOJIb3yeTcSI MaCKa nOllceTH 255.255.255.0. KaKue U3 nepe'-luc- JIeHHbIX HU>Ke a.n:peCOB nOllceTeH He nOllXOllflT nOlI TaKYIO MaCKY? a) 180.2.2.0. 6) 180.1.4.0. B) 180.1.8.0. r) 180.1.16.0. .n:) 180.1.32.0. e) 180.1.40.0.
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386 '-IacTb III. IP-MapwpYTM3aL-'Mft pOT. Pa3.n:e.TI .lIJUI nO.n:roToBKU K 3K33MeHY CCNA Prep Center Be6-C311T3 HaXOllHTCSI no a.n:pecy http://www.cisco.com/go/prepcenter. I1rpa TalOKe BKJlIO'IeHa B llHCK, npUJIaraeMbIH K KHure. . I1HTepaKTHBHaSI Hrpa Subnetting Game (Hrpa no paC'IeTY no.n:ceTeH) B pa3.n:eJle CCNA Prep Center Be6-caHTa KOMnaHHH. Ha MOMeHT HanucaHHfI KHurH B pa3.n:eJIe ,l{JIfi no.n:rOTOBKH K 3K3aMeHY CCNA Prep Center 6blJIa .n:OCTynHa 6eTa-BepcuSi 3TOH HrpbI. B I1rpe H)')KHO paCC'IHTaTb M3CKY, Bbl6paTb no.n:ceTH, paCC'IUTaTb a.n:peca ceTeH H llJUpOKOBe1ll3TenbHbIe a.n:peC3 D.JUI Bcex nOllceTeH U npUCBOHTb IP-a.n:peca no.n:CeTfiM. . KaJlbKYJlRTOpbl no.n:cneH (subnetting calculators). Hx MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb ,l{JISi npOBepKH npaBHJIbHOCTU CBOUX paC'leTOB. MO)l(HO .n:a)l(e caMOMY npu.n:yMbIBaTb ce- 6e Ja.[(aHHfI, pellJaTb UX H npOBepflTb C nOMOIl{blO TaKI1X KaJJbKYJISITOpOB. B pa3.n:ene ,l{JIfi no.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeHY CCNA Prep Center eCTb KaJJbKYJIfiTOp no.n:ceTeH (Cisco Subnet Calculator), KOTOpblM MO)f(HO CKa'laTb a6conIOTHO 6eCnJIaTHo. . CnHCOK TepMHHOB. Co.n:ep)l(UT onHcaHHe BceH pa3Ho06pa3HoH TepMUHOJIOrHU no IP-a.n:pecauHH H pac'Iery no.n:CeTeH. CnHcoK TepMI1HOB npUBe.n:eH B KOHue 3TOH KHUrH. nnaH nOArOTOBKM K BonpocaM no paceTY nOAceTeM C KroKllbIM rollOM CepTI1<l>UKaI.{UOHHbIH 3K33MeH CTaHOBHTCfI Bce CnO)l(Hee. cne.n:OBa- TeJIbHO, BpeMeHH Ha 3K33MeHe cy6DeKTHBHO CTaHOBHTCfI MeHbIIIe. LJT06bl 6bIcTpee OTBe'laTb H3 HeKOTopble BOnpOCbI U ynPOCTUTb nOllroTOBKY K 3K3aMeny, aBTOp peIIIUJI pa3pa60TaTb HeKOTOpblH peKOMeHllYeMblH llJIaH u3yqeHufi TeM TeKyIUeH maBbI, npellCTaBJIeHHblH HU)I(e. 3Tan I. 3arpY3HTe nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe H3 npUJI3raeMOM K KHHre KOMnaKT- .n:HCKe H 03HaKOMbTeCb C ero uHTep<l>eHcoM nonb30BaTeJIfi. npe)I(JI.e Bcero HaH- .n:UTe nepe'lHCJIeHHble BblIIIe nporpaMMbI ,l{JISi nOllroToBKH K 3K3aMeHY. Pacne- '1aTaHTe npHJIO)l(eHHe.lJ, U, eCJIH C'lI1TaeTe, '1TO 3TO He06xo.n:UMO - npl1nO)f(e- HHe r, HO yqTUTe. '1TO B nOCJIe.n:HeM - OKOJIO COTHH c-rpaHUI.{. 3Tan 2. .lJ,O'lHTaihe maBY .n:o KOHl.{a CJIelly!oIl{ero KpynHOro pa3.n:eJIa "I P-a.n:pecauHfi H MapIIIPYTU3aUHfI" . 3Tan 3. CHa'laJJa npO'lHTaHTe pa3.n:eJI, a nOTOM cJIe.n:yihe }'Ka3aHHflM no nOllroToBKe K 3K- 3aMeH)' B KOHue pa3.n:eJIa. TaKHe peKOMeHAaUUU B KOHl.{e pa3.n:eJIa nomepKHBaIOT caMbIe Ba)KHbIe TeMbl 11 CCbIJIalOTCfI Ha npaKTU'IeCKHe 3a.n:3'lU K HUM, a TalOKe onHCbIBalOT, 'ITO 113 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX BbIIIIe nporpaMM H)')KHO ucnOJIb30BaTb. nO.n:pa3.n:eJIbI ,l{JIfi nOllroToBKH K 3K3aMeHaM eCTh B CJIe.n:yJOlllHX pa3.n:eJIaX maBbI. · MaTeMaTU'leCKHe paC'IeTbl npu C031IaHHU nOllceTeH · AHaJJU3 H BbI60p CeTeBOH MaCKU · AHaJJU3 CYIl{eCTBYIOIl{UX no.n:ceTeM · 11H3aHH: BbI60p no.n:CeTeH ,l{JIfi KJIaCCOBOH ceTH 3Tan 4. Koma BbI 3aKOH'II1Te '1TeHHe 3TOH maBbI. eCJIU H}')KHa 6y.n:eT .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHaSi npaKTHK3 no paC'leTaM, MO)KHO npHllYMaTb CBOU c06cTBeHHbIe 3a.n:aHI1f1 H npOBe- pUTb HX C nOMOlllblO KaJIbKYJIfiTOpa nOllceTeH (onl1CaHHoro BbIIIIe) AllTOp peKO- MeH.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb nporpaMMY KaJJbKYJlflTopa Cisco Subnet Calculator. nOCKonbKY y Hee y.n:06HbIH I1HTeP<l>ei1c nOJlb30BaTeJIfi U <l>opM3T Bbl,ll,a'lH UH- <l>0pMaUI1It.
rnaBa 12. IP-a,Qpeca'-'Mft M C03,qaHMe nOAceTeM 387 3Tan 5. Ha JII060M 3Tane H3yqeHHSI MarepUaJla KHUru MO)KHO 06parnTbCfI K pa3.n:eJIy .lI.IUI no.n.rOTOBKH K 3K3aMeHY CCNA (CCNA Prep Center, http://www . cisco. com/go/prepcenter) Be6-caHTa KOMnaHUIt Cisco, 'lT06bI nOnpaKTHKOBaTb- CfI B npellCTaBJIeHHbIX TaM HHTep3KTUBHbIX Hrpax (Cisco Binary Game H the Subnetting Game), onHcaHHbIX BbIIIIe. 06e HrpbI nOMOryT HayquTbCfI 6bICTpO paCC'IItTblBaTb H}')KHbIe '1UCJIa H napaMe-rpbl. 06paTitTe BHUMaHue, AJlfI TOro, '1T06bl BOCnOJIb30BaTbCfI Ha60poM YTHJIUT Ha Be6-caihe KOMnaHHU Cisco, H)')KHO npoihH <l>opMaJlbHYIO peruc-rpauulO Ha Cisco.com. nOcJIe peruc-rpal.{UH BbI CMO)l(ere nOJIyqHTb .n:OCTyn KO BceM nepe'lHCJIeHHblM ItHCTpYMeHTaM B pa3- .n:eJIe AJlfI no.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeHY CCNA (3aKJIa.n:K3 Additional Information). lJuTaTeJIb He 06f13aH CJIe.n:oBaTb npeAJIO)l(eHHOMY BbIIIIe llJIaHY, ero MO)l(HO H3MeHHTb no CBoeMY pa3YMeHHIO, TeM He MeHee, K KOHI.{Y TeKYIlleH maBbI H}')KHO YMeTb 6bICTpO H npaBHJIbHO OTBe'laTb Ha BonpOCbI no a.n:pecaultu H no.n:CeTfiM (HanpHMep, Ha TaKHe, KaK B npUJIO)l(eHHH f). <J>aKTH'leCKH H}')KHO 3a 10-12 ceK}'H./J. CYMeTb OTBeTHTb Ha npoCToH It He- 3aMbICJlOBaTbIH Bonpoc, HanpHMep, TaKOH: "B KaKoH nOllceTU Haxo.n:UTCfI IP-a.n:pec 10.143.254.17, eCJIU MaCK3 paBHa 255.255.255.224.0?" OueHKa He06xo.n:HMoro BpeMeHH cy61>eKTHBHa, HO 60JIbIIIOH npeno.n:aBareJIbCKHH OnbIT aBTop3 CBu.n:eTeJIbCTByeT, '1TO eCJIH OTBeT .n:aeTCfI 6bIC-rp0, TO np06JIeM C paC'leTOM U C BonpocaMH Ha 3K3aMeHe He 6y.n:eT. TeM He MeHee npOCTO 6bIC-rp0 C'IHTaTb MaCKU H no.n:ceTH He.n:OCTaTO'lHO. B cepTH<l>u- KaUUOHHOM 3K3aMeHe eCTb .n:OCTaTO'lHO MHoro BonpOCOB, npOBepfilOIl{HX YMeHue peIIIaTb np06JIeMbI, CBfl3aHHbIe C pa60TOH B peaJIbHOH )l(U3HH, HanpHMep, YMeHHe pernaTb 3a.n:a'lH paC'leTa IP-nOllcereH B paMKax BbIAe.TIeHHOH KJIaCCOBOH ceTU, YMeTb onpe.n:eJIHTb Bce no.n:- ceTH KJIaCCOBOH ceTH H BbI6paTb no.n:ceTH npu pa3pa60TKe ceTU. nOCTaHOBKa BonpOCOB B 3K3aMeHe MmKeT 6bITb .n:OCTaTO'lHO CJIO)l(HOH, n03TOMY MHorHe Cnel.{HaJlUCTbI ucnblTbI- B310T CTaHllapTHYIO TPy.n:HOCTb: KaK nepeBeCTH nHCbMeHHbIH Bonpoc B MareMaTH'lecK)'IO nOCTaHOBKY 3a.n:3'1H, T.e. B paC'leTbl. KpOMe TOro, B Bonpoce MO)f(eT 6bITb onHcaH HeKOTO- PbIH Cl.{eHapUH, a 3a.n:a'la OTBe'lalOIl{erO - npHHflTb peIIIeHHe, K3KOH MeTO.n: H no.ll.Xo.n: npUMeHHTb, 'lT06bl HaHTH npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT. lJT06bI nOMO'Ib B peIIIeHItU TaKHX npaKTH'IeCKHX 3a.n:a'l Ha 3K3aMeHe, B maBe 15 "nOHCK H yc-rpaHeHHe HeucnpaBHocTeH IP-MaprnpYTH33I.{HH" onHcaHO MHO)J(eCTBO Me- TO.n:OB, KOTopbIe n03BOJIfiT BaM npOaHaJlH3HpOBaTb U peIIIHTb 3a.n:a'lH, CBfl3aHHbIe C a.n:pe- C31.{HeH H no.n:ceTflMH. 3TH MeTOllbl a6c-rparupYlOTCfI OT caMoro Bonpoca H npeAJIaralOT HeKOTopbIe YHItBepCaJlbHbIe nO.ll.Xo.n:bI K peIIIeHUIO np06JIeM. l-1TaK, aBTOp peKOMeHllYeT nOCJIe npO'lTeHUfi KHHrH BepHYTbCfI K TeKyII.IeH maBe H K maBe 15, 'lT06bI eIl{e pa3 npo- CMo-rpeTb HeKoTopbIe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI H nepe'lHT3Tb COBeTbI no no.n:roToBKe K 3K3aMeny. Pa60Ta C Kal1bKYIUITOPOM nOACeTeM ECJIH 3a.n:aHuH, npUBe.n:eHHblX B KHure, HellOCTaTO'lHO, MO)l(HO nonpaKTHKOBaTbCfI B P3C'IeTe ceTeH C nOMOlllblO KaJlbKYJIfiTOpa no.n:ceTeH. ABTOPy 60JIbIIIe Bcero HpaBHTcfI nporpaMMa Cisco Subnet Calculator, KOTOpYlO MO)l(HO 3arpy3UTb U3 pa3.n:eJIa .lI.IUI no.n:ro- TOBKH K 3K3aMeHY CCNA (CCNA Prep Center, Be6-caHTa KOMnaHUU Cisco. C ee nOMO- II.{blO MO)f(HO C03.n:aB3Tb CBOH c06cTBeHHbIe 3a.n:aHHfI, noxo)l(ue Ha Te, 'lTO ItCnOJIb3YIOTCfI B lI.aHHOH KHure; npopa60TaTb TaKlte 3a.n:aHUfi U npOBepUTb npaBItJIbHOCTb pe3YJIbTaTa C nOMOIl{blO Toro )l(e caMoro KaJlbKYJIfiTopa. HanpUMep, MO)l(HO Bbl6paTb HeKOToPYIO ceTb It MaCKY .lI.IUI Hee. .LJ:aJlee, MO)KHO paCC'IH- TaTb Bce nOllCeTIt AJlfI TaKoH CeTIt C ItCnOJIb30B3HlteM Bbl6paHHoH MaCKIt. 1.:lT06bl npoBe-
----....... 388 aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aI.l.MR pHTb pe3YJIbTaT. a.n:pec CeTH U MaCKY MO)KHO BBeCTU B nporpaMMY Cisco Subnet Calculator, paCC'IUTaTb C ee nOMOIllblO Bce no.n:ceTH U a.n:peca Y3JlOB U cpaBHUTb co CBOHMH C06CTBeH_ HbIMH no.n:C'IeTaMU. J],pyroH BapuaHT 3a.n:aHUfI: BbI6paTb npOH3BOJlbHbIH a.n:pec H MacK}' H nOnbITaTbCfI HaHTH ,l{JIfi HHX a.n:pec no.n:ceTH. IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHblM a.n:pec, .n:U3n330H a.u.- peCOB ,l{JIfi y3JIOB U. onSlTb )l(e, npOBepUTb pe3YJIbTaT C nOMOIl{blO nporpaMMbI KOMnamtH Cisco. TpeTHH BapHaHT HCnOJlb30BaHHfI nporpaMMbl - MO)KHO BbI6paTb cnyqaHHbIM a.u.- pec U KaKylO-To M3CKY H nOnbITaTbCfI onpe.n:eJIHTb 'lucno ceTeBbIX 6HTOB B a.n:pece, 6HTOB no.n:ceTH H Y3JIa; H, onflTb )l(e, npoBepuTb pe3YJIbTaT c nOMOIl{blO KaJIbKynfiTopa. Cne.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO B nocnellHeM CJIyqae B KaJIbKYJIfiTOpe ucnonb3yJOTCfl Te )l(e caMble 0603Ha- 'leHUSI,l{JIfi cOOTBeTCTByJOlllHX 6UTOB, '1TO U B 3TOM KHHre: N, S U H, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, ce- TeBafi (network), nOllceTH (sub net) H Y3JIOBafi (host) 'laCTb a.n:peca. HTaK, Tenepb y Hac eCTb nJIaH H3yqeHufi CnO)KHOM U 06UII1pHOM TeMbI H B cne.n:yJOIlleM paJ- llene MbI pacCMOTpHM OCHOBbI IP-a.n:pecallHH H KOHllenW1H MapIIIpyrn331.{HH, KOTOpble 6bIJIH 33l"pOHYfbI B maBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a.n:pecaI.{HH H Mapwpyrn3aI.{HU". B OCTaJIbHbIX paJ.n:eJi3X 6y- .nyr OnUCaHbI pa3JUI'lHbIe .n:eTaJIH H TeMbI, CBfl3aHHbIe c IP-a.n:pec311HeM H no.n:CeTSiMU. IP-aApecaMS1 M MapWpYTM3aMS1 B 3TOM pa3.n:ene onHcaHbI KOHl.{enllHU, KOTopbIe}')Ke BCTpe'laJIHCb B npe.n:bl.ll.yIl{HX maBaX KHHrH. B HeM TalOKe KpaTI<O onHcaHa a.n:pecal.{HfI npOTOKona IP BepCI1U 6 (IP Version 6 - IPv6) H 'laCTHbIe IP-ceTH. IP-aApeca"ul B OrpOMHOM 'lHCne CeTeM Ha cero.n:wIIIIHuM.n:eHb HCnOJIb3yeTcfI BepCHfi npOTOKOJIa IP, Ha3b1BaeMafi IPv4 (T.e. npOTOKon IP BepcHu 4). 06bI'lHO nOJlHOe Ha3BaHHe npOTOKona He }'Ka3b1BalOT, a KOma nHWYT npOCTO npOTOKOJI IP, TO no.n:pa3YMeBalOT '1eTBepTYlO BepculO. B 3TOM pa3.n:ene npeHMYllleCTBeHHO nOBTOpfilOTCfI KOHl.{enl.{HH IP-a.n:pecaI.{UH, U3JIO)l(eH- Hble B maBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a.n:pecal.{uH U MapIIIPYTU3aI.{HH". H3 cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb B MHpe CYIl{eCTByeT MHO)l(eCTBO ceTeM KJIaCCOB A, B U C. B Ta6JI. 12.2 nepe'lUCJIeHbI KJIaCCbI CeTeH, KOJIH'leCTBO B03MO)l(HbIX a.n:pecoB ceTeM B KIDK- .n:OM KJIacce H '1HCJIO Y3JIOB B O.n:HOH no.n:ceTU. BHMMAHME! B Ta6n. 12.2 B Cl"pOKe ")].onycnIMbIe aapeca ceTeif' nOKa3aHbI Te aapeca. KOTopble MO}l(HO ItCnOnb30BaTb. lJacTb aapeCOB JlRJUIIOTCJI 3ape3epBltpOBaHHblMIt. HanpltMep, ceTb C aapecoM 0.0.0.0 (B caMOM Ha'lane ee npelinonaranOCb ItCnOnb30BaTb KaK WltpOKOBeIIIaTenbHblH aapec) It ceTb 127.0.0.0 (ltcnonb3yeMaJi KaK BHyrpeHHI1H aapec ceTeBOH KapTbI). CBaR Ta6JIHua 12.2. Bee B03MOlKHble aapeca cereD "8Ma XapaKTepHcTHKa KJiacc A KJiacc B KJiacc C LJ.Hana30H 3Ha'leHHI1 nepBO.-o OKTeTa 1-126 128-191 192-223 LJ.onycTHMble a.1lpeca ceTeH 1.0.0.0-126.0.0.0 128.0.0.0-191.255.0.0 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.0 KOJlH'IeCTBO ceTei1 B KJlacce 2'-2 2" 2" KOJlH'IeCTBO Y3JIOB B ceTH 2"_2 2"-2 2"-2
-- rnas a 12.IP-a.QpeCa'-'Mft M C03AaHMe nOACeTeM 389 OKOH'IaHUe ma6A. /2.2 XapaKTepHCTHKa pa3Mep CeTeBOH 'Jacm a.1lpeca (B 6aHTax) pa3Mep Y3JIOBOH 'Jacm a.1lpeca (B 6aHTax) Krlacc A Krlacc B 2 Krlacc C 3 3 2 BHMAHE! B 3TOj;i rRaBe nOlI TepMI1HOM cemb (network) nOllpa3YMeBaeTcfI KAaCC060R cemb (c1assful network), lIPyntMI1 CJlOBaMI1, ceTb KJlacca A, B ItJIIt C. nOlI TepMItHOM noiJcemb (subnet) nOHItMaeTCH 'iaCTb KJlaCCoBoj;i CeTIt. TeM He MeHee MHOrlte cneUitaJIltCTblltcnOJlb3YlOT TaKlte TepMItHbI lIOCTaTO'iHO He6pe}KHO, nyrCUI CJlOBa "ceTb" It "nOllceTb", 'iTO He MewaeT BeCTIt llltaJIOr C KOJlJleroj;i, HO MO}KeT npltBeCTI1 K HellOnOHItMaHlt1O BonpocoB B 3K3aMeHe ItJIIt nOCTaHOBKIt 33,l1.a'ilt B pa60Te. Ha pUC. 12.1 npOHJIJIlOc-rpHpoBaHa CTpYKTYpa -rpex IP-a.n:pecoB H3 pa3HbIX KJIaCCOB ce- TeH 6e3 no.n:ceTeH: KJIacca A, B H C. l<11acc A CeTb Y3en (24) (8) 8 4 5 l<11acc B CeTb(16) Y3en (16) 130 4 100 l<11acc C CeTb (24) 199 1 Y3en(8) Puc. /2./. CmpYKmypa aiJpeco6 cemeu KAacca A, B u C no onpe.n:eJIeHUIO eCJIH IP-a.n:pec Ha'lHHaeTCfI C 'lUCJIa 8 (CM. pHC. 12.1), OH OTHOCHTCfI K KJIaccy A, CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, ceTeBafi 'laCTb a.n:peca - 3T0 nepBbIH 6aHT, HJIH nepBbIH OK- TeT. Anpec, HaI.JUHalOIl{HHCSI co 130, OTHOCHTCSI K CeTH KJIacca B. B a.n:pecax KJIacca B ce- TeBaSI 'laCTb a.n:peca COCTaBJIfieT 2 6aHTa, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe. 11 HaKOHeu, a.n:pec, HalJItHalOIl{UHCfI co 199, OTHOCUTCfI K KJIaccy C, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3yeTcfI -rpex6aHTOBa5I ceTeBafi 'laCTb. no onpe.n:eJIeHHIO Y3JIOBaSI l.JaCTb (T.e. a.n:peca ceTeBbIX Y3JIOB) COCTaBJISIeT 3 6 aHTa .lI.JIfi KJIacca A, 2 .lI.JI5I KJIacca B H 1 ,l{JIfI KJIacca C. '-IItTaTeJlb MO)f(eT npOCTO 3anOMHHTb Ha naMflTb 'lHCJIa B Ta6JI. 12.2 H cxeMY Ha Pltc. 12.1 H nOTOM JIerKO onpe.n:eJIflTb KJIacc ceTU, a TalOKe pa3Mep ceTeBOH H Y3JIOBOH 'lac- Tit IP-a.n:peca. TeM He MeHee KOMnblOTepbI npeUMYIlleCTBeHHO HCnOJIb3YlOT MaCKY .lI.JIfi onpelleJIeHHfI CeTeBOH H Y3JIOBOH 'laCTeH a.n:peca. ArrropHTM HX He OTJIU'laeTCfI OT TOro, KO- TO p bIIt paCCMa-rpHBaJICfI BbIIIIe, HO KOMnblOTepHbIe YC-rpOHCTBa Bce MaTeMaTH'leCKJte one- Pal.{HH BbInOJIHfllOT B .n:BOH'lHOM BH,l{e. MaCKa npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H 32-6uTOBoe .n:BOU'lHOe 'lHCJIO, 06bI'lHO 3anHCbIBaeMoe B l1eCSITltl.JHOM <l>opMaTe C pa3.n:eJIHTeJIbHbIMI1 TOI.JKaMIt. OHa H}')KHa llJISI TOro, 'lT06bI YKa3aTb
390 aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft C-rpyKTYPY IP-a.n:peca, HJIU, KpaTKO rOBOpfl, MaCKa 3a.n:aeT p33Mep Y3JI0BOH 'laCTU IP-a.n:- peca; yJJIOBafi 'laCTb B a.n:pece 3a.n:aeTCfI .n:BOI1'lHbIMH 0 B MaCKe. B nepBOH '1aCTH MaCKI1 CO- .n:ep)f(aTCSlllBOH'IHbIe I, OHH 3a.n:a1OT CeTeByJO 'laCTb a.n:peca (ecnl1 HeT no.n:CeTeH), HJIH cere- ByJO H no.n:ceTeByJO '1aCTH (eCJIu no.n:ceTH eCTb). KIDKllOM)' KJIaccy I P-a.n:peca CTaBHTCSI B COOTBeTCTBue CTaHAapl'Hafi MaCKa KJIaCca, eCJUt pa36HeHue Ha nQlICeTl1 He Hcnonb3YeTCfI. HanpUMep,.lUUI cern KJIacca A HCnOnb3YeTCSI MaCKa, B 24 KpaHHlIX 6HTax KOTOpOH (cnpaBa) CTOfiT .n:BOU'IHble 0, T.e. B -rpex nOCJlellHUX OIcreTax I1Cnonb3)'lOTCfI H)'JIH H no.n: yJJIOByJO '1aCTb a.n:peca OTBOlOITCfI -rpu 6aiITa. B Ta6J1. 12.3 nepe'll1c- JIeHbI CT3HA3pTHbIe MaCKH llJIfi -rpex KJIaCCOB a.n:pecOB H pa3MepbI ceTeBOH U y3JIOBOH '1aCTeH. CBaR "8MS Ta6J1Hua 12.3. CT3111lapTHbie MaCKH H pa3Mepbl CeTeBOH H Y3JIOBOH qaCTeH 3.lI.peCOB KJlaCCOB A, B H C KJIacc 3.lI.peca P33Mep ceTeBOH qaCTH 3.lI.peca (6HT) A 8 B 16 C 24 Pa3Mep Y3JIOBOH qaCTH 3.lI.peca (6HT) 24 16 8 CTall1lapTHaH MaCKa 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 4aCTHbie M 3aperMCTpMpOBaHHbie aApeCa ACCOI.{HaUUfI ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - Ac- cOl.{ual.{ufl no npHcBoeHulO UMeH 11 HOMepOB [nopTOB]), KOTopafl p3HbIIIe Ha3bIBaJlaCb IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers [Names] Authority - UeHTp no npUCBoeHUIO HOMe- pOB HHTepHeT) 11 ee pemOHaJlbHbIe OT.n:eneHHfI ynpaBJlfllOT npOl.{eCCOM npUCBoeHHfI opra- HH3aUHfiM IP-a.n:pecoB ceTeH HJIH 6JIOKOB a.n:peCOB. nOCJle TOro KaK .n:Hana30H IP-a.n:peCOB BbI.n:eJIeH KaKOH-TO KOMnaHHH HJIH OpraHI13aUUU, TOJIbKO OHa MO)f(eT HX I1CnOJIb30BaTb, a MaprnpYTU3aTopbI B CeTl1 HHTepHeT nonyqaT M3pIIIPYTbI K 3TOH ceTU U CMOryr nepeCbI- JI3Tb ry.n:a naKeTbI. nOCKOJIbK}' T3KHe IP-a.n:peca 1l0CTYllHbI B OTKpblTOH CeTH HHTepHeT, HX Ha3bIBalOT OmKpblmbIMU (public), HJIU 3apei!UCmpUpo6aHHblMu (noCKOJIbKY OHU 3apem- c-rpHpoBaHbI B ACCOUl1al.{HH ICANN), aopecaMu. HeKOTOpbIe KOMnblOTepbI HHKoma He no.n:KJIIO'laIOTCSI K HHTepHeT, n03TOM)' UWKeHepbI MOryr nOCTaBHTb Ha HUX a.n:peca, .u.y6nupyJOIl{HeCfI C KaKHMU-TO 3apemC'rpHpOBaHHbIMU U 1l0CTYllHbIMH B ceTH HHTepHeT. Pa3pa6aTbIBafi cxeM)' a.n:pecauul1 yJJIOB B TaKOH I130JlUpo- BaHHOH CeTl1, opraHH3aUUfI MO)f(eT BbI6paTb ce6e JII06bIe a.n:peca H HU'Iero MOxoro B 3TOM HeT. HanpHMep, BbI MO)f(eTe K}'TlUTb ce6e HeCKOJlbKO MapIIIpyrn3aTopoB, COe.n:HHUTb Me)f(J.ly C060H H YCTaHOBUTb HM I P-a.n:peca U3 CeTU 1.0.0.0. Bce 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb, HeCMo-rpfl H3 TO, 'ITO 3Ta CeTb KJIacca A}')Ke BbUl.eJIeHa K3KOH-TO KOMnaHUI1 U flBJIfleTCfI 33pemC'rpHpoBaHHo H . TeM He MeHee He 06f13aTenbHO HCnOJIb30BaTb '1bU-JII160 3aperucTpupoBaHHbIe aJIpe- ca B H30JlHpOBaHHOH HJII1 reCTOBOH ceTH, nOCKOJIbK}' B CTaHAapTHOM .n:OKYMeHTe RFC: 1918 .lUUI CTeKa npoTOKOJlOB TCPjIP YKa3aHbl Ha60pbI TaK Ha3blBaeMblX 'tacmHblX cemeu (private networks), KOTopbIe MOryr 6bfI1> ucnOnb30BaHbI B Cl"pYKTYPax, He nO,D.KJIJO'IeHHbIX K CeTl1 HnrepHeT. Donee TOro, 3ape3epBHpOBaHHb1H llHana30H '1aCTHbIX ceTeH HHKoma He 6YlleT BbUl.aH KOM)'-JlH60 B Ka'leCTBe 3aperuCl"pl1poB3HHOro a.n:peca cern ACCOUl1aIlHeH ICANN. HTaK, C03llaBafi H30JII1poBaHH)'IO CeTb, Hanpl1Mep, B na60paTopl111, MO)KHO HCnOJlb30B3Tb aZI- peca H3 .n:uana30Ha, KOTOpblH TO'lHO HHKeM He UCnOJlb3yeTCfI B OTKpbITOH ceTH HHTepHeT. B Ta6n. 12.4 nepe'll1CJIeHbl ceTU H3 'laCTHbIX llHana30HOB comaCHO peKOMeHAau.HU RFC 1918.
- rnaBa 12.IP-a,QpeCaL-'Mft M C03,qaHMe nOACeTeM 391 C:""A Ta6J1H1.3 12.4. ':IacTHble 3lI.peca RFC 1918 eMa ':IacTHble ceTH Krlacc ceTH KOJlK'lecTBO ceTeH 10.0.0.0 c 172.16.0.0 no 172.31.0.0 c 192.168.0.0 no 192.168.255.0 A B C I 16 256 JII06afl OpraHU3aUHfi MO)l(eT CB060.n:HO UCnOJIb30BaTb a.n:peca llaCTHblX cereH, TeM He MeHee, OHa He .n:OJDKHa UX aHOHCHpOBaTb nocpe.n:CTBOM npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTU3aUHH B ceTb MHTepHeT. 4HTaTeJIb MO)l(eT no.n:YMaTb: "A Ja'leM MOpO'lUTb ce6e roJIOBY pe3epBUpOBaHHeM cneuu- aJIbHblX llaCTHbIX a.n:peCOB ceTeH, eCJIU JlJIfi H30JlUpOBaHHoH ceTU a.n:peca, .n:y6mtpYIOIl{UeCfI C JaperuCT}Jl1pOBaHHbIMu, - He np06JIeMa?" B lIei1cTBI1TeJIbHOCTH 'laCTHbie CeTU MOryr HC- nOJIb30BaTbCfI BHYTPH CeTH KOMnaHuH. U KOMnaHI1f1 MO)l(eT npu 3TOM no.n:KJIIO'IUTbCSI K CeTU MHTepHeT 6e3 np06JIeM. eCJIU HCnOJlb3yeTcfI TeXHOJIorufi T}JaHCJIflI.{I1U ceTeBbIX aLlpeCOB (Network Address Translation - NAT). B maBax 16 "Ea30BbIe KOHuenUl111 WAN-ceTeH" U 17 "KoH<l>HrypHpoBaHHe WAN-coe.n:uHeHuH" no.n:p06Ho onHcaHbI KOHl.{enUHU TeXH01l0rl1U NA T U 'laCTHafi a.n:peCaI.{HfI, a TaIOKe paCCKa3aHO KaK OHH BMeCTe pa60TalOT. IP-aApecaLUIIst BepCMM 6 B npOTOKOJIe IPv6 eCTb MHO)l(eCTBO YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBaHUH no cpaBHeHUIO C npOTOKO- 110M IPv4. TeM He MeHee OCHOBHafi ueJIb a.n:pecaUHH IPv6 - 3TO YBeJIH'leHUe 'lUCJIa .n:OC- rynHblx I P-a.n:peCOB; JlJIfi .n:OCTIDKeHUfi 3TOH l.{eJIU B HeH UCnOJIb3yeTcfI 128-6uTOBbIH I P- aLlpec, a He 32-6HTOBbIH KaK B 'leTBepTOH BepCI1U. 4T06bI npe.n:CTaB1IflTb ce6e, HaCKOJIbKO :no orpOMHoe KOJIU'leCTBO a.n:peCOB, 3anOMHI1Te, 'lTO 128-6HTOBbIH a.n:pec n03BOJISIeT a.n:- peCOBaTb IO J8 YCT}JOHCTB. ECJIU BcnOMHUTb, '1TO HaCeJIeHUe 3eMJIu Ha cero.n:HflIIIHUH .n:eHb COCTaB1IfleT MeHbIIIe 'leM 10 10 , TO B TaKOM c1Iyqae MO)l(HO Ka)l()lOMY )l(UTeJIIO llJIaHeTbI BbI- lleJlUTb MHJIJll1aplI, T}JUJIJIHOH HJIU Bo06IUe HeCMeTHoe KOJIU'leCTBO IP-a.n:pecoB, H ewe O'leHb MHoro a.n:peCOB OCTaHeTCfI He3aHflTbIMH. BHHMAHHE! y 'IItTaTeJlSl MO)l(eT B03HltKHyrb Borrpoc: "A rlIe)l(e 5-SI BepCItSi npOTOKOJIa IP?" OHa 6bIJIa HCnOJIb30BaHa cyry60 B 3KCnepltMeHTaJIbHbIX ueJISIX It HItKOma Ha npaKTItKe He BHelIpSlJlaCb. lJTo6bl H36e)l(aTb nyraHItUbi C TeM, KaKlte CTaH.IlapTbI ItCnOJIb30BaJIItCb, a HaLl KaKltMIt npocTO CnepItMeHTltpOBaJIlt, pa6o'lYIO BepCItIO npOTOKOJIa cpa3Y Ha3BaJIIt IPv6. I CTaH.n:aPT npOTOKOJIa IPv6 npHHfIJIU B cepe.n:uHe 90-x. HO MHrpal.{l1f1 OT BepC1111 IPv4 K Pv6 6b1J1a H OCTaeTCfI O'leHb MeJIJIeHHoH. WeCTafi BepcHfi 6b1JIa pa3pa60TaHa, '1T06bI pe- IllItTb np06JIeMY HC'IepnaHHfI aLlpeCOB B a.n:pecHoM npoCTpaHCTBe IPv4, HO HeKoTopble BpeMeHHbIe perneHHfI B 'leTBePToH BepcHu npOTOKOJla OKa3aJIHCb O'leHb y.n:a'lHbIMH U OT- l1<lJJIt.JUt np06JIeMY HeXBaTKU a.n:pecoB (HanpHMep, TeXHOJIOrHfI NAT, onucaHHafi B ma- Be 16). TeM He MeHee B 2007 ro.lIY BHe.n:peHHe a.n:peCOB IPv6 YCKOPUJIOCb: HeCKOJIbKO I<PYIIHbIX npoBaHlIepoB YCJIyr nepeIIIJIu Ha a.n:peca HOBoro CTaHlIapTa, 'lT06b1 UMeTb B03- MO)f(HOCTb nOllKJIlO'laTb K ceTU I1HTepHeT 601lbIIIOe KOJII1'1eCTBO M06UJIbHbIX YCT}JOHCTB, a npaBItTeJIbCTBO CWA 06f13aJJO nepeHTI1 Ha allpeca 1 Pv6 roCYlIapCTBeHHbIe c1IY)I(6b1
392 '-IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3a'-'MR AzIpec IPv6 (128 6HTOB) 3anHCbIBaeTCfI B IIIeCTHa.n:l.{aTepH'lHOH CUCTeMe C'lUCJIeHHH Me)K}:ly rpynnaMH H3 'leTbIpex CHMBOJlOB CTaBHTCfI .n:BOeTO'lHe. J],a)l(e B IllecTHa.n:uaTepHq HOM Bu.n:e a.n:pec nOJIyqaeTcfI O'leHb JlJIHHHbIM, n03TOMY B CTaH)J,apTe IPv6 pa3pellleHa co- KpaIl{eHHafi 3anUCb, KaK nOKa3aHO B Ta6JI. 12.5. B Ta6JIHI.{e TaIOKe npHBe.n:eHa caMafi Ba)!(- HM HH<p0pMauHfi 0 cTaHllapTax IPv4 H IPv6. Ta6J1Hl.a 12.5. CpaBHeHHe 8,lJ.peCOB IPv4 H IPv6 XapaKTepHCTHKa Pa3Mep a.n.peca (B 6IITax H 'IHCJIO OKTeTOB) npHMep aIlpeca IPv4 IPv6 128 It 16 32 It 4 10.1.1.1 0000:0000:0000:0000: FFFF: FFFF:OAO 1:010 1 ::FFFF:FFFF:OAOI:OIOI TOT >Ke a.n.pec B cOKpameHHoR 3anHCH - LlHCJIO B03MO>KHbIX a.n.pecoB (MItHYC 3ape3epBHpOBaHHble 3Ha'ieHIUI) 2" (npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 2"" (OKOJIO 3,4xlO'") 4 MHJIJlHaplla) OCHOBbl nOACeTeM C nOMOIl{blO nO.n:CeTeH c03.n:aeTCfI 60JIbillOe I.JHCJIO rpynn IP-a.n:peCOB MeHbillero pa3- Mepa 'leM CeTb, eCJIH CpaBHUBaTb pa3Mep rpynnbI co CTaH.n:apTHbIM 6JIOKOM a.n:peCOB B KJIaCCOBbIX ceTHX A, B H C. 0 KJIacce ceTH Bce paBHO H}')KHO nOMHHTb, HO ueJIafi KJIacco- Bafl ceTb pa36HBaeTcfI C nOMolllblO no.n:ceTeH Ha MeHbIIIHe 6JIOKH, KOTopbIe, C onpe.n:eJIeH- HOH TO'lKH 3peHUfI, TaIOKe flBJIfllOTCfI OT.n:eJIbHbIMH HenepeCeKalOIl{HMHCSI CeTflMU, HO }')Ke He KJIaCCOBbIMH. Ha pHC. 12.2 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaHo pa36HeHHe KJIaCCOBOH ceTH Ha no.n:ceTH.lI.JIfi CTPYK- TYpbI, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 5.6 B rnaBe 5. B TaKOM ceTeBOM KOMnJIeKCe ucnOJIb3yeTcfI ceTb KJIacca B 150.150.0.0 H HO C03.n:aTb IIIeCTb no.n:ceTeH. BHHMAHHE! nOlI repMItHOM cemb MO}KeT nOlIPa3YMeBaTbCH KaK IP-ceTb KJlacca A, B IDIIt C, TaK It rpynna ceTeBblX YCTpOHCTB, KOMMYTaTOpOB, MapwPynl3aTopoB. a TaJOKe Ka6eJlIt It nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKl1e YCTpOHcTBa. lJTo6bl1t36e}KaTb nyraHItUbI, lIaJIbIIIe B 3TOH rJIaBe 6YlIeT ItCnOJIb30BaTbCfl TepMItH ceme60u KOMnneKC (internetwork) lIJIH OnltCaHItH Ha60pa ceTeBbIX YCTpoikTB (TepMItH internetwork npOlt30WeJI OT lIBYX aHrJII1HCKItX CJIOB "interconnected networks"), a TepMItH cemb 6YlleT I1CnOJIb30BaTbCH lIJIH Onl1CaHI1H IP-ce-reH KJlacca A. B IDIIt C. B npOHJIJIIOCTpUpOBaHHoM BbIIlle npHMepe ceTH KJIaCca B C a.n:peCOM 150.150.0.0 C03- .n:alOTCfI no.n:ceTH. Pa3pa6OT'IHK ceTH BbI6paJI ,l{JIfI TaKoro .n:H3aHHa MacKY 255.255.255.0, T.e. B nOCJIe.n:HeM OKTeTe 8 6HTOB 6yAYT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI ,l{JIfI a.n:peCOB Y3JI0B. B ceTH KJIaCca B 16 6HTOB UCnOJIb3yJOTCSI,l{JIfI a.n:peCal.{UH cereH, CJIe.n:OBareJIbHO,,l{JIfI C031IaHHfI no.n:ceTeH 6yAYT .n:OCTYnHbI 8 6UTOB: 6HTbI C 17 no 24, T.e. TPeTHH OKTeT a.n:peca. BHHMAHME! B CJIe1IYlOIIIeM pa3.n:eJIe 06'bHCHHeTCfI npellHa3Ha'leHite It npltMeHeHlte ceTeBblX MaCOK. eCJII1 npelIbUlYIIIItH It CJIe.n:YJOIIIItH a63au BaM He COBCeM nOHHTHbI, TO nOlIPo6HaH ItH4>opMauitH 6YJIeT npltBeJIeHa HIt}Ke. -
- rnaBa 12. IP-a,qpeca4 Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 393 150.150.1.0 150.150.2.0 Peii 150.150.1.1 XaHHa 150.150.2.1 AJKeccl1 150.150.2.2 Cl>eii 150.150.1.2 150.150.5.3 --..,r In 150.150.6.0 / p- -':.... .3.0 Kpl1C 150.150.4.2 '1aH,[el1 150.150.4.1 BI1HHI1 150.150.3.1 Pue. 12.2. flpUMep eemeeou monO/lOi!UU e oiJHoU K/Iaee080U eemblO U lUeemblO noiJeefTlJlMu Ce-reBaSI 'laCTb a.n:peca (T.e. .n:Ba nepBbIx OIcreTa B npI1Mepe) Ha'lI1HaeTCfI C UI1clJp 150.150, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO Bce IIIeCTb no.n:ceTeH TaIOKe 6y.n:YT Ha'lI1HaTbCfI C 3TI1X 3Ha'leHHH. npI1 C03.n:aHI1I1 no.n:ceTeH TpeTbfl 'laCTb IP-a.n.peca, a I1MeHHO 6JIOK no.n:ceTeH, 6y.n:eT Ha- XO.n:I1TbCfI nocepe.n:HHe a.n:peca. TaKoH 6JIOK C03.n:aeTCfI 3a C'leT 30UMcm8080HUJ/ (borrowing) 6I1TOB H3 Y3JIOBOH 'laCTH a.n:peca, a pa3Mep ceTeBOH 'laCTI1 a.n:peca OCTaeTCfI HeI13MeHHbIM. lJ.pyrHMH CJIOBaMI1, npaBHJIa KJIaCCOB A, B 11 C npI1MeHI1MbI H K ceTH, B KOTOpOH CYIlleCT- BYJOT non.ceTH. HTaK, .lI.IIfI Ha'laJIa H}')KHO 3anOMHI1Tb, 'lTO pa3Mep ceTeBoH 'laCTI1 a.n:peca YMeHbIIIaeTcfI, npHHI.{I1n nOCTpOeHI1f1 no.n:ceTeH ,lLJUI pa3HbIx KJIaCCOB a.n:pecoB npoHJIJIIO- CTpHpoBaH Ha pI1C. 12.3. 8 24-x x CeTb nO.!ceTb Yael1 I Knacc A 16 16-x x Yael1 I Knacc B 8-x x Ino.!ceTb Yael1 I KnaccC Cerb nO.!ceTb 24 CeTb Pue. 12.3. QJopMam aiJpeea npu uenO/lb308aHUU nooeemeu
--............ 394 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a4Mft Mapwpyn13aMs:I IP-MapWPYTI13aUI1f1 11 IP-anpecaUI1f1 C03.n:aBaJI11Cb COrJIaCOBaHHO, n03TOMY CTpYKTypa nO.n:CeTeH clJaKTI1<JeCKH 113Ha'laJIbHO 6bIJIa 3aJIO)l(eHa B CTaHAapT - nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHble I P_ anpeca OTHOCflTCfI K O.n:HOMY 6JIoKY 11 HaXOAflTCfI B O.n:HOH no.n:ceTI1. J],OKYMeHT RFC .lIJIfi IP-anpecal.{l1l1 onpe.n:eJUIeT npouecc pa36l1eHI1f1 CeTl1 Ha no.n:ceTI1, KaK C03.n:aHl1e 6JIOKOB no- CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO H.11YIllHX anpeCOB, 3anaBaeMbIX anpecoM no.n:ceTI1 11 MaCKOIL EJIaro.n:apfi Ta- KOMY no.LI.Xo.n:y, MapIIIpYT"3aTOpbI MOryr XpaHI1Tb B rn6JII11.{e MapIIIpYT"3al.{ll TOJIbKO a.apeca no.n:CeTeH, a He BCex no.n:KJ1IO'leHHbIX K HI1M Y3JI0B, 'lTO 3aMeTHO YMeHbIIIaeT ee pa3Mep. )1JuI MapIIIpT)'113aTOpOB H}')KeH KaKOH-TO OnTI1MaJIbHbIH MeTO.n: 3anl1CI1 anpeCOB no.n:ce- TeH B Ta6JII11.{Y MapIIIpYT"3aUHI, T.e. .n:OJI)I(eH 6blTb YKa3aH KaKHM-TO 06pa30M a.apec 11 MaCKa no.n:ceTI1. HanpHMep, no.n:ceTb B HI1)KHeH 'laCTI1 pl1C. 12.2 (me pa3MeIlleH KOMnblO- Tep Kpl1ca) MO)l(eT 6bITb Onl1CaHa CJIe.n:yIOIllI1M 06pa30M: Bce IP-a.apeca Ha'll1Hafi C 150.150.4, a TO'lHee, .n:l1ana30H C 150.150.4.0 no 150.150.4.255. npHBe.n:eHHOe BbIIIIe Onl1CaHl1e npaBI1JIbHOe, HO He O'leHb KopOTKoe, n03TOMY B Ta6- JIl1l.{e MapIIIpYT"3al.{ll YCTpOHCTBa I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI TaKafi 3anl1Cb: 150.150.4.0, 255.255.255.0. Mpec no.n:ceTI1 11 MaCKa 03Ha'lalOT TO )l(e caMoe, 'lTO 11 npe.llJIO)l(eHl1e BblIIIe, HO Ha- MHoro KOpO'le 11 C HCnOJIb30BaHI1eM TOJIbKO Ul1clJp, a He CI1MBOJIOB. Hl1)1(e B TeKYIllei1 rJIa- Be MHoro BHI1MaHHfI 6y.n:eT y.n:eJIeHO TOMY, KaK no 3anl1CI1 a.apeca no.n:ceTI1 11 MaCKH onpe- .n:eJII1Tb .n:Hana30H BXOAflIllI1X B no.n:ceTb a.apeCOB. npe)l(,!l.e Bcero, YMeTb onpe.n:eJIflTb .n:l1ana30H anpeCOB B no.n:ceTI1 nOHan06HTCfI .lIJIfi no- HI1MaHHfI, aHaJII13a cxeMbI anpeCaUI1I1, a TaIOKe nOI1CKa 11 YCTpaHeHI1f1 Hel1CnpaBHOCTeH B MapIIIpYT"3al.{ll. J],JIfi npl1Mepa paCCMOTpl1M no.n:ceTb MapIIIpYT"3aTOpa A, 150.150.4.0 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.0, Ha pl1C. 12.2. J],JIfi Ka)l(,!l.OrO MapIIIpYTa B Ta6JIHI.{e MapIIIPYTH3aUI1H YKaJaHa ceTb-nOJIyqaTeJIb (anpec 11 MacKa) 11 I1HCTpYKllI1H, KaK MapIIIpYTI13aTOp .n:OJI)I(eH nepeCbIJIaTb naKeTbI B TaK)'lO ceTb. HHCTp}'KUI1SI no nepeCblJIKe 06bl'lHO npe.n:cTaBJIfieT co- 60H a.n:pec CJIe.n:yJOIllero TpaH3HTHoro Y3JIa (next hop), KOTopoMy.n:OJI)I(eH 6blTb nepeCJIaH naKeT, 11 JIOKaJIbHbIH HHTepclJei1c MapIllPYT"3aTOpa, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIH naKeT 6y.n:eT nepeJUm. Hanpl1Mep, .lIJIfi MapIIIpYTH3aTopa A MapIIIPYT K ceTH nOJIyqaTeJUI 6y.n:eT BbIrJIweTb TaK, KaK nOKa3aHO B Ta6JI. 12.6. Ta6J1HUa 12.6. 3anHcb Ta6J1HUbI MaprnpyrH3aUHH LIJIJI MaprnpyrH3aTOpa A nO.aCeTb H MaCKa 150.150.4.0, 255.255.255.0 Aapec cJle.ayIOUlero TpaH3Hl1Ioro Y3JIa BblXo.lUloA HIITep4leHc 150.150.5.3 SOjO Tenepb, 'lT06bI OTCJIe.n:I1Tb B3al1MOCBfl3b npI1Be.n:eHHOH BblIIIe I1HclJopMal.{I1U, npe.n:CTa- BI1M ce6e, 'lTO KOMnblOTep P3f1 nepeCblJIaeT KOMnblOTepy Kpl1ca ( 150.150.4.2) KaKHe-JIH60 .n:aHHbIe. KOMnblOTep P3f1 OTnpaBJIfieT naKeT MapIIIpYTI13aTopy A, nOCKOJIbKY OH 06Hapy- >KHJI, 'lTO a.n:pec 150.150.4.2 OTHOCI1TCfI K llPyrOH no.n:ceTI1, a MapIIIPYT"3aTOp A flBJIfleTCSI cTaHllapTHbIM IllJI1030M. Koma MapIIIpYTIOaTOp A nOJIY'IHJI naKeT, OH CpaBHI1BaeT IP-a..l1pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi (150.150.4.2) co CBoeH Ta6JIuI.{eH MapIIIpYT"3aUUI. O'leBHllHO, 'lTO MapIIIPY- TI13aTOp He HaH.n:eT .n:aHHbIH KOHKpeTHblH a.n:pec (150.150.4.2) B Ta6JIuue, HO 3aTO HaH.n: eT cnHCOK no.n:ceTeH (T.e. a.n:peCOB nOllceTeH U MacoK). nOXmKI1X no cpopMaT)' Ha 3anl1Cb, no-
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rnaBa 12. IP-a,qpeCaI.4Mft M c03,qaHMe nOAceTeM 403 I1TaK, Tenepb OCHOBHbIe MeTo.n:bI U I1HCTpYMeHTbI paCCMOTpeHbl, MO)l(HO nepdiTI1 K CJIe.n:yJOIl{eMY pa3.n:eJIY, B KOTOpOM 061>flCHfleTcfI, KaK I1X I1CnOJIb30BaTb.llJlfl no.n:60pa Ma- COK no.n:ceTeH. AHalU13 Bbl60p CeTeBO MaCK npoueCC pa3611eHI1SI CeTI1 Ha no.n:ceTH 3aKJIlOIJaeTCfI B pa3.n:eJIeHI1I1 KAaCC060u {classful} cemu A, B I1JII1 C Ha MeHbIIIl1e rpynnbl a.n:peCOB, Ha3bIBaeMbIe noiJcemRMu. nJIaHI1PYfI ce- TeBoH KOMnJIeKC, I1H)I(eHep 06blIJHO Bbl611paeT HeKoTopylO ceTeByJO MacK)' .llJIfi no.n:ceTI1 113 onpe.n:eJIeHHOH KJlaCCOBOH CeTI1. BbI60p MaCKH 06YCJIaBJIHBaeTCfI HeKOTOpbIMI1 KJllOlJeBbI- MI1 Tpe60BaHUSIMU .n:113aHHa CeTI1, a I1MeHHO: CKOJIbKO H}')KHO C03.n:aTb no.n:ceTeH B ceTH H KaKoe KOJIl1'leCTBO Y3JIOB nOHa.n:06I1TCfI a.n:peCOBaTb, TaIOKe MOryT yql1TblBaTbCfI Tpe60Ba- HI1SI K onpe.n:eJIeHHbIM no.n:ceTSIM. B nepBOH 'laCTI1 pa3.n:eJIa OnI1CaHO, KaK aHaJII1311pOBaTb ceTeBble MaCKI1 B TOM CJIy'Iae, eCJII1 .n:pyrOH ceTeBOH HH)I(eHep }')Ke Bbl6paJI CTPYKTYPY a.n:pecauUH B CeTI1 11 HCnOJIb3ye- MbIe MaCKI1 HJII1 MaCKY .llJISi ceTeBoro KOMnJIeKca. Bo BTOpOH lJaCTI1 paCCMOTpeHa npo- ue.n:ypa Bbl60pa MaCOK no.n:ceTI1 npu nJIaHl1pOBaHHI1 ceTeBoro KOMnJIeKca. CJIe.n:yeT 3a- MeTI1Tb, 'lTO B npaKTUlJeCKOH pa60Te lJaIlle Bcero npl1Xo.n:I1TCfI CTaJIKI1BaTbCSI C nepBoH 3a.n:alJeH - KTO-TO }')Ke Bbl6paJI cxeMY a.n:pecaul1l1 CeTI1, OHa }')Ke npl1MeHeHa"11 H}')KHO CMO'lb B HeH pa306paTbCfI. BHMMAHME! B 3TOM pa311eJIe npelInOJIaraeTCSI, IJTO B ceTU HCnOJIb3yeTcSI elIHHCilI MaCKa D.JISI Bcex nOlIceTeH B 3a,uaHHOH ceTU. Ha3blBaeMaSi MGCKOU nocmORHHOU OJ/UHbI (static length subnet mask - SLSM). Bo BTOpOH '1aCTH KHltrlt nOlIpo6HO onHCbIBaeTCSI aJIbTepHaTHBHbIH nOlIXOlI, B KOTOpOM D.JISI pa3HblX nOlIceTeH ItCnOJIb3YlOTCfl pa3HbIe MaCK", B CBOIO O'lepellb Ha3bIBaeMbie MGCKGMU nepeMeHHOU OJ/UHbI (variable-length subnet mask - VLSM). AHalU13 MaCKM nOACeTM B CYl.L4eCTBytol.L4eM CeTM Bbl60p I1H)I(eHepa, KaK)'1O I1MeHHO KJlaCcoBYIO ceTb I1CnOJIb30BaTb 11 KaK)'1O e.n:I1HYIO MacK)' no.n:ceTI1 .llJIfi Hee npl1MeHHTb, onpe.n:eJIfieT KOJIl1lJeCTBO no.n:ceTeH, KOTopbIe MO)l(HO UCnOJIb30BaTb B CeTI1, 11 KOJIH'leCTBO Y3JIOB B K!UK.Ll.OH 113 no.n:ceTeH. 3HaSi a.n:pec 11 MaCKY no.n:ceTH. ceTeBOH CneUHaJIl1CT .n:OJI)I(eH YMeTb onpe.n:eJII1Tb, CKOJIbKO 6HTOB.llJIfi ceTH, no.n:- CeTI1 11 Y3JIOB BbI.n:eJIeHO B TaKOH cxeMe. DJIaro.n:apfi TaKOH HH<popMaUI1H .n:aJIbIIIe MO)l(HO 1l0CTaTOIJHO npOCTO onpe.n:eJII1Tb, CKOJIbKO Y3JIOB MO)l(eT 6bITb B !<a)K,l{OH 113 no.n:ceTeH 11 CKOJIbKO Bcero no.n:ceTeH 6y.n:eT C03.n:aHO C TOH ceTeOOH MaCKOH, IJTO BbI6paHa. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe, npe)K)J.e BCero, 06c}')K.L1aeTcfI 06Il{I1H npl1HUHn aHaJlH3a cxeMbI IP-nOll- Ce-reH. B lJaCTHOCTI1, onHcaHO, KaK onpe.n:eJII1Tb KOJIl1lJeCTBO 611TOB OTHOCSIIl{I1XCfI K ceTH. no.n:ceTI1 11 Y3JIaM, B YKa3aHHOH MaCKe H a.n:pece. nOCJIe 3Toro Onl1CbIBalOTCfI .n:Ba <pop- MaJIbHbIX npouecca, KOTopbIe nOMOryT nOJIyqHTb nepelJHCJIeHHYIO I1H<popMaul1lO: MeTO.n: C I1CnOJlb30BaHHeM llBOl1lJHOH MaTeMaTI1KH H .n:eCSITI1'lHOH. KaK 06bI'lHO, CJIe.LIYeT npO'lI1- TaTb 06a MeTo.n:a, HO MO)l(HO BbI6paTb ce6e KaKOH-TO O.n:UH, KOTOpblH nOHpaBI1TCSI 60JIbIIIe Bcero H npaKTI1KOBaTbCfI B HeM .n:o Tex nop. nOKa OH He CTaHeT BTOpOH HaTYPOH. B KOHue pa311eJIa onucaHO. KaK onpe.n:eJlUTb, CKOJlbKO no.n:ceTeH 6y.n:eT C03.n:aHO C nOMOIl{blO KaKOH- )]1160 MaCKI1 " CKOJIbKO Y3JJOB 6YlleT B K!UK.Ll.OH nOlICeTI1.
404 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3al.4Mft TpM OCHOBHble "IaCTM a.r:peca: CeTb, nOACeTb M Y3en BbIIIIe 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO, 'lTO B MaCKaX CeTeH KJIaCCOB A, B H C eCTb, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 8, 16 H 24 HeHYJIeBbIX 6HTa B ceTeBoH 'laCTH MaCKH. TaKoe KOJ1H'leCTBO 6HTOB flBJIfleTCfI cTaWIapTHblM H ,/I.IUI KJIaCCOBbIX ceTeH HHKor.na He 1t3MeHfleTCfI, Ha Y3J10BYIO 'laCTb a.n:peca, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BbI.aeJ1eHO 24, 16 H 8 6HTOB (ceTIt KJIacca A, B H C). Kor.n:a C03.n:aIOTCfI no.n:ceTH, ceTeBafi lJaCTb a.n:peca H CTaWIapTHafi KJIaCCOBafi MaCKa OCTaIOTCfI 6e3 H3MeHe- HHH, a YMeHbllIaeTcfI TOJ1bKO Y3JI0Bafi 'laCTb. CJle.n:oBaTeJ1bHO, IJT06bI J1erKO It 6bICTpO no- HHMaTb CYTb Bonpoca H YMeTb OTBe'laTb Ha 3K3aMeHaUHOHHbIe TeCTbI, CneUHaJIHCT .n:0J1- )l(eH MOlJb 6bICTpO onpe.n:eJ1HTb, CKOJ1bKO 6HTOB OCTaJIOCb B Y3J10BOH lJaCTH a.n:peca nOCJ1e npHMeHeHHfI KaKOH-J1H60 ceTeBoH MaCKH. nOCJIe 3TOro MO)KHO paCC'lHTaTb pa3Mep nOJ1f1 (T.e. KOJ1HlJeCTBO 6HTOB) no.n:ceTH, a OTBeTbI Ha OCTaBllIHeCfI BonpOCbl MO)KHO nOJ1yqHTb, 3Hafl 3TH .n:Ba napaMeTpa. CJIe.n:yJOIl{He onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nOMoryr npaBHJlbHO onpe.n:eJIHTb KOJlHlJeCTBO 6HTOB B ceTe- BOH qaCTH IP-a.n:peca, 6HTbI no.n:ceTH H KOJIH'leCTBO 6HTOB B Y3J10BOH lJaCTH a.n:peca. . CeTeBafi 'laCTb a.n:peca Bcer.na onpe.n:eJ1f1eTCfI KJIaCCOM ceTH a.n:peca. t:::::..aaA Y v K TeMB . 3J10BafI 'laCTb a,n,peca Bcer.na onpe.n:eJIHeTCfI MaCKOH no.n:ceTH. OJ1WIeCTBO . .n:BOHIJHbIX 0 B MaCKe (OHH Bcer.n:a eCTb B npaBOH qaCTH, T.e. B KOHue MaCKH) 3a.n:aeT KOJ1HlJeCTBO ceTeBblX 6HTOB B IP-a.n:pece. . nOCJIe TOro KaK ceTeBaSi It Y3J10BafllJaCTH 6bIJIH Hai1.n:eHbl, 6HTbi no.n:ceTH - 3TO TO, 'lTO OCTaJIOCb OT 3THX .n:BYX onepaUHH, T.e. OCTaBllIaflCfI lJaCTb 6HTOB 32-6HTOBOro a.n:peca. BHMMAHME! B YKa3aHHOM BbIIIIe cnHCKe nO.llpa3YMeBaeTCSI KIIaCCOBbIH nO.llxoll K IP-811peCaUItH, KOTOpbIH MO)l(eT 6blTb O'leHb none3eH npH H3yqeHHH nO.llCeTeH. B 6eCKllaCCOBOH MOllenH 6ltTbI cern H nO.llcern crpynnHpoBaHbI B OllHO none, H 3TOT nOllXO.ll TO)l(e MO)l(HO Hcnonb30BaTb. TeM He MeHee B :nOH rnaBe D.JISI npOCTOTbI ItcnOnb3yeTcSI 8llpecaultSi Ha OCHOBe KIIaCCOB cere". B Ta6J1. 12.10 npHBe.n:eH npHMep aHaJIH3a a,n,peca, a B Tpex nOCJIe.n:HHX cTpoKax nOKa3a- Ha HH<p0pMaUHfi 0 Tpex qaCTfiX IP-a,n,peca, onpe.n:eJIeHHafi C nOMOIllblO onHcaHHoro BbIllie npouecca. ):{Hana30Hbl 3HaqeHHH nepBoro OKTeTa,/I.IUI Tpex KJIaCCOB ceTeH, A,B H C, MO)l(- HO npoCMoTpeTb B Ta6JI. 12.2. Ta6J1HWl 12.10. npHMep onpe.aeJIeHHJI KOJIH'lecTI18 61r1'OB B CeTeBOH, Y3JIOBOH ..aCTH a.u.peca H B nO.llCeTH 3Tan npHMep 8.1.4.5 255.255.0.0 8 16 8 npallHJJO Al!.pec MacKa KOJllt'lecTBo 6ltTOB B ceTeBoA '1aCTJI KOJlJl'leCTBO 6J1TOB B Y31IoBoA '1aCTJI KOJlJl'lecTBo 6J1TOB B nOliCeTlt Bcerlla 3aJtaeTCH KJlaCCOM CeTJI: A, B MJI C Bcerna 3aJtaeTCH KOJlJl'leCT80M llBOJl'lHbIX HyneH B MacKe 32 MItHYC '1ltcno 6J1TOB B ceTeBoA '1aCTJI MJlHYC '1J1cno 6ltTOB B Y31IoBoA '1aCTJI B OnltCaHHOM BbIllie npHMepe K ceTeBoH lJaCTH OTHOCHTCfI 8 6HTOB, nOCKOJIbJ<y ceTb OTHOCHTCSI K KJIaccy A (8.0.0.0). K Y3JI0BOH 'laCTH OTHOCHTCSI 16 6HTOB 6J1aro.n:apSi MaCKe
rnaaa 12. IP-a,qpeCaI.4Mft M c03,qaHMe no,qceTeM 405 255.255.0.0 - B HeH eCTb 16 .n:BOH'lHbIX HYJIeH cnpaBa (MO)KHO nepeBeCTH MaCK)' B .n:OOH'l- HbIH <popMaT H y6e.n:HTbCfI B 3TOM). 11, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, 'lHCJIO 6HTOB B nOJIe no.n:ceTH - 3TO Bce, 'lTO OCTaJJOCb, T.e. 8 6HTOB. PaccMoTpHM erne llBa npHMepa C JIerKO KOHBepTHpyeMbIMH MaCKaMH, 'lT06bI 3aKpe- nHTb HaBbIK. npe.n:nOJIO)KHM, Y Hac eCTb a.n:pec 130.4.102.1 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.0. A.n:pec 130.4.102.1 OTHOCHTCfI K ceTH KJlacca B, CJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHO, B MaCKe eCTb 16 6ltTOB B ceTeBOH 'laCTH. B MaCKe 255.255.255.0 eCTb BoceMb .n:BOH'JHbIX HYJIeH cnpaBa, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, eCTb 8 6HTOB B Y3JI0BOH '-IaCTU, H, eCJIH OTHflTb OT 32 06a HaH.n:eHHbIe 'mCJIa, MbI nOJIyqHM 8 6H- TOB B 'laCTH no.n:ceTH .lI.fUI TaKoH MaCKH H a.n:peca. BTOpOH npHMep - ceTb 199.1.1.100 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.0. B 3TOM npHMepe Bo06Ille HeT HHKaKHX no.n:ceTeH! A.n:pec 199.1.1.100 OTHOCHTCfI K ceTH KJlacca C, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B MaCKe 6y.n:eT 24 6HTa B ceTeBOH 'laCTH. B npaooH '-IaCTH MaCKH eCTb BoceMb .n:BOH'lHbIX HY- JIeH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, Y3JIOBafi '-IaCTb co.n:ep)l(HT 8 6HTOB, a ,l{JIfi 'laCTH no.n:ceTH B MaCKe 6H- TOB He OCTaJJOCb. B lleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH eCJIH nOMHHTb, '-ITO CTaH.n:ap-rHafi MaCKa .lI.fUI ceTH KJlacca C BblrJIfl,l{HT KaK 255.255.255.0, TO no HeH H KJlaccy a.n:peca MO)l(HO cpa3Y )l(e CKa- JaTb. 'ITO no.n:ceTH B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae He HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI. .QBOM"IHbIH MeTO,Q paC"IeTa KO.nM"IeCTBa 6MTOB B ceTeBOH, Y3.nOBOH "IaCTM M nO,QCeTM nO.n:C'lHTaTb KOJIH'-IeCTBO 6HTOB B Y3JIOBOH 'laCTH a.n:peca, KOma HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI TOJIbKO .n:eCflTH'lHble 3Ha'-leHHSI 255 U 0, O'-leHb npOCTO, nOCKOJIbKY 255 npe.n:CTaBJIfleT C060H 8 .n:BOH'-IHbIX ellHHHl{. a 0 - 8 .n:OOH'-IHbIX HYJIeH. CJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHO, K!UK.Ll.OMY HYJIIO B MaCKe cooTBeTcTByeT 8 6HTOB B Y3JIOOOH '-IaCTH a.n:peca. TeM He MeHee Ha npaKTHKe (.n:a H B 3K3a- MeHax) Bce He TaK npoCTO: B MaCKax 3a'laCTyJO BCTpe'-laIOTCfI 3Ha'-leHHfI Me)K,ll,Y 0 H 255 H onpe.n:eJIHTb KOJIH'-IeCTOO Y3JIOBbIX 6HTOB CJIO)KHee. I1cCJIe.n:oBaHHe MaCKH no.n:ceTH B .n:BOH'IHOH 3anHCH cpa3Y )l(e nOMO)l(eT 0TBeTHTb Ha Bce BO- npOCbl, nOCKOJIbK)' UMeHHO B HeH HYJIflMH H e.n:uHHuaMH Ja,lI,aHbI paJJIH<J:HbIe 'laCTIt a.n:peca: . .n:BOH'lHble I B MaCKe 3a.n:a1OT 06Il{ee '-IHCJIO 6HTOB B ceTeBoH '-IaCTH It no.n:- CBSS! ceTH; 9Ma · .n:BOH'-IHbIe 0 B MaCKe 3a.n:alOT Y3JIOBYlO '-IaCTb a.n:peca; · npaBHJIa,l{Jlfl MaCOK KJlaCCOBblX ceTeH onpe.n:eJISIIOT pa3Mep ceTeOOH <J:aCTH a.n:peca. npHMeHHB nepe'-lHCJIeHHble BblIIIe npHHUHnbl K .n:OOH'-IHOH MaCKe, MO)KHO JIerKO HaH- TH pa3Mep ceTeBOH H Y3JIOBOH 'laCTH, a TaK)I(e KOJIH'leCTBO 6HTOB B no.n:ceTH,l{JIfi 3a.n:aHHOH cxeMbl a.n:pecaUHH. npHMepbl a.n:peCOB H MaCOK B .n:BOH'lHOM H .n:eCflTH'-IHOM BH,l{e nOKa3a- Hbl BTa6JI. 12.11. Ta6J1Hlla 12.11. npHMepbl 3.l1pecOB co CJI0JKHblMH MaCKaMH pec H MaCKa B .lI.eCRTH'IHOM BlI,lJ,e MacKa B .lUIOIf'IHOM BlI,lJ,e 130.4.102.1. MaCKa 255.255.252.0 1111 1111 11111111 1111 110000000000 9.1. I.1 00. MaCKa 255.255.255.224 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 11100000 KOJlH'leCTBO 6HTOB B Y3JIOBOH '-IaCTH MaCKH cpa3Y )l(e CTaHOBHTCfI O'-leBH,l{HbIM, nocJle Taro KaK MaCKa 6blJla npe06pa30BaHa B .n:BOH'-IHYIO <POp MY. HanpHMep, B nepBOH MaCKe (eM. Ta6JI. 12.11), 255.255.252.0. B .n:BOU'lHOM BH,l{e eCTb .n:eCflTb H)'JIeH cnpaBa, CJlellOBaTeJIb-
406 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3a4Mft HO, y3JIOBafi 'laCTb COCTaB.IUIeT 10 6HTOB. nOCKOJ1bKy MaCKa HCnOJ1b3yeTCfI C a.n:peCOM KJlac- ca B, 130.4.102.1, TO B CTaH.IIapTIfOH KlIaCCOBOH MaCKe K ceTeBOH lJaCTH OTHOCHTCfI 166HToB, a Ha no.n:ceTH B .n:aHHOM CJ1yqae BblAeJ1eHO 6 6HTOB (32-10-16=6). Bo BTOpOM npHMe- pe eCTb TOJ1bKO 5 HYJ1eH B MaCKe, 3HaIJHT, eCTb 5 6HTOB lI,JIfi a.n:pecaUHH Y3JI0B. npHBe.n:eH- Hafl MaCKa HCn0J1b3yeTcfI C a.n:peCOM H3 ceTH KJlacca C, B KOTOpOM 24 6HTa OTHOCHTCfI K ceTeooH 'laCTH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJ1bHO, ,/I.IUI no.n:ceTeH HCnOJ1b3yeTcfI Bcero 3 6HTa (32-5-24=3). HmKe <pOpMaJIbHO onHcaHbI 3Tanbl .n:BOH'lHOro MeTo.n:a paC'leTa KOJlHlJeCTBa 6HTOB B ceTeBoH, Y3JI0BOH H lJaCTH no.n:cern lI,JIfi MaCKl1. 3Tan l. CpaBHHTe nepBblH OKTeT a.n:peca C Ta6J1HueH MaCOK H a.n:peCOB ,l{JIfi ce- TeH KlIaCCOB A, B H C. 3anHIlIHTe KOJ1H'leCTBO ceTeBbIX 6HTOB B 3aBH- CHMOCTH OT KlIacca ceTH ,l{JIfi a.n:peca. Onpe.n:eJ1HTe KOJ1H'leCTBO Y3JI0BbiX 6HTOB: a) nepeBeAfl MacKy B .n:BOHIJH)'IO <POPMY; 6) nOllC'lHTaB KOJIH'leCTBO llOOH'lHblX HYJ1eH B MaCKe. PaCCIJHTaHTe KOJ1HlJeCTBO 6HTOB,l{JIfi no.n:ceTeH B MaCKe, Bbl'lTfi H3 32 'lHCJ10 6H- TOB B ceTeBOH 'laCTH H 'lHCJ10 6HTOB B Y3J1000H 'laCTH. CBaR eMa - 3Tan 2. 3Tan 3. .QeCflTMILfHbIM MeTO,Q paclLfeTa KOI1MlLfeCTBa 6MTOB B ceTeBoM, Y3110BOM lLfaCTM M nO,QceTM MCnOJ1b30BaTb .n:BOHIJHbIH MeTO.n: MO)l(eT 6bITb He O'leHb y.n:06HO, 3aTO OlJeHb Ha.n:e)l(- HO - B HeM HeB03MO)l(HO 0IlIH6HTbCfI. ECJ1H nOTpeHHpOBaTbCfI B npe06pa30BaHHH 'lHCeJ1 (H a.n:peCOB) B llBOH'IH)'IO H .n:eCSITH'lH)'lO <P0PMY, npol.{ecc 6y.n:ef npOCTbIM H 6e30IIIH60'lHbIM. TeM He MeHee MHorne Cnel.{HaJJHCTbI npe.n:nO'lHTaIOT HCnOJ1b30BaTb .n:eCflTHIJHYIO MaTeMaTH- Ky. nOCKOJ1bKy OHa npHBbI'lHee .n:BOH'lHOH. 3TanbilleCflTHIJHOro npouecca onHcaHbI HH)I(e. 3Tan l. CpaBHHTe nepBbIH OKTeT a.n:peca C Ta6J1Hl.{eH MaCOK H a.n:peCOB ,l{JIfi ce- TeH KlIaCCOB A, B H C. 3anHIIIHTe KOJ1HlJeCTBO ceTeBbIX 6HTOB B 3aBH- CHMOCTH OT KJlacca ceTH ,l{JIfi a.n:peca. 3TOT 3Tan nOJ1HOCTblO COBna.n:aeT C nepBbIM 3TanOM .n:BOH'lHOro MeTo.n:a. 3Tan 2. ECJ1H MaCKa 3anHcaHa B .n:ecflTH'lHOH <popMe, KOHBepTHPYHTe ee B npe<pHKcHYIO 3anHCb. 3Tan 3. 1..J.T06bI nOJ1yqHTb KOJ1HlJeCTBO 6HTOB B Y3J10BOH 'laCTH a.n:peca, OTHHMHTe OT 32 ,l{JIHHY npe<pHKca. 3Tan 4. PaCCIJHTaHTe KOJ1HlJeCTBO 6HTOB,/I.IUI no.n:ceTeH B MaCKe, Bbl'lTfi H3 32 'lHCJ10 6"- TOB B ceTeooH lJaCTH H 'lHCJIO 6HTOB B Y3JI0BOH lJaCTH. 3TOT 3Tan nOJ1HOCTblO COBna.n:aeT C TpeTbHM 3TanOM .n:BOH'lHOro MeTo.n:a. I0ilOlJeBOH MOMeHT B 3TOM npouecce 3aKJIlOIJaeTCfI B TOM, 'lTO B npe<pHKCHOM <pOpMaTe lI,JIfi MaCKH YKa3aHO IJHCJ10 .n:BOHIJHbIX I, n03TOMY OlJeHb npOCTO no.n:CIJHTaTb, CKOJlbKO B HeH 6y.n:eT HYJ1eH. HanpHMep, eCJIH MacKy 255.255.224.0 npe06pa30BaTb B npe<pHKcHbIi <popMaT, TO Mbl nOJ1yqHM /19. 3HafI, 'lTO 06IUafI ,l{JIHHa MaCKl1 paBHa 32, a IJTO /19 03HalJa- eT "19 JIOOHIJHblX 1", MO)KHO J1erKO no.n:C'lHTaTb, 'lTO B MaCKe eCTb 13 (32-19= 13) .n:oo H 1.J- HbIX HYJ1eH, T.e. 13 6HTOB ,/I.IUI a.n:pecaUHH Y3J10B. OCTaJJbHbIe paC'leTbl aHaJJOrlllJHbI uc- nOJlb3yeMbIM B npe.n:bIAYIlleM MeTo.n:e, HO OHH He Tpe6yJOT HCn0J1b30BaHHfI JIBOH'lHOi Ma- TeMaTHKH. CBaR eMa
rnaBa 12. IP-a,qpeCaL4Mft M C03,qaHMe nOAceTeM 407 PaC"IeT KOI1M"IeCTBa nO,QCeTeM M "IMCl1a Y3110B B nO,QceTM KaK B nOBce.n:HeBHoH pa60Te, TaK H Ha CePTHcpHKal.{HOHHOM 3K3aMeHe, cneUHaJJUCT no ceTSIM .n:OJl)KeH 6blTb cnoc06eH oTBeTHTb, HanpHMep, Ha CJIe.n:yJOuIHH Bonpoc. ".D.nfl llaHHoro IP-a.n:peca (HJlH a.n:peca ceTH B KJlaCCOooH cxeMe) H e.n:HHoH MaCKH no.n:ceTU, HCnOJlb3yeMbIx BO BeeH KJlaCCOBOH ceTH, CKOJIbKO no.n:ceTeH 6y.n:eT C03.n:a- HO H CKOJlbKO a.n:peCOB Y3JI0B 6y.n:eT B K!UK.Ll.OH no.n:ceTH?" npaBHJIbHblH OTBeT MO)I(HO paCC'-IHTaTb C nOMOIl{blO .n:BYX npocTbIX cpOPMYJI. 0603Ha- '-IHM KaK S KOJIH'leCTBO 6HTOB,l{JISi no.n:ceTH B MaCKe, a KaK h - KOJIH'-IeCTBO 6HTOB B Y3JIO- ooH '-IaCTH, Toma: KOJIH'leCToo nOllceTeH = t; h KOJIH'-IeCToo Y3JI0B B no.n:ceTH = 2 -2. CBaA eM8 06e cpOPMYJIbl yquTbIBalOT TOT cpaKT, 'lTO,l{JlSI no.n:C'leTa KOJIH'leCTBa KOM6HHaUHH, T.e. CKOJIbKO HOMepOB MO)l(HO nOJIyqHTb,l{JlSI 6HHapHoro 'lHCJIa, H}')KHO 003BeCTH 2 B CTeneHb, paBHyJO KOJlH'leCTBY 6HTOB B '-IHCJIe. HanpHMep, eCJIH 'lHCJIO COCTOHT H3 3 6HTOB, TO MO)l(- HO C03.n:aTb 2 3 =8 YHHKaJJbHbIX .n:BOH'lHbIX 'lHCeJI: 000, 00 I, 010, 0 II, 100, 10 I, 110 HIlI. ComaCHO npaBHJIaM I P-a.n:pecaUHH .n:Ba a.n:peca B Ka)I(JJ.OH no.n:ceTH flBJIfllOTCfI 3ape3ep- BHpOBaHHbIMH: caMbIH nepBblH a.n:pec (y KOTOpOro B Y3JIOBOH 'laCTH CTOfiT TOJIbKO llBOH'l- Hble 0) H nOCJIellHHH a.n:pec (y KOTOpOro B Y3JIOBOH 'laCTH CTOfiT TOJIbKO .n:BOH'lHbIe I). Ca- MbIH nepBblH a.n:pec HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca caMOH no.n:ceTH, a caMblH nOCJIe.n:- HHH - B Ka'-leCTBe IIIHpOKOBewaTeJIbHoro a.n:peca no.n:ceTH. TaKHe .n:Ba 3HaqeHHfI He MOryT 6bITb Ha3Ha'-leHbI Y3JIaM B Ka'leCTBe IP-a.n:pecoB, n03TOMY B cpopMYJIe paC'leTa KOJIH'-IeCTBa a.n:peCOB B no.n:ceTH OTHHMaeTCSI .n:BoHKa. KOI1M"IeCTBO nO,QceTeM: OTHMMaTb 2 MI1M HeT? npe)I(JJ.e '-IeM npo.n:OJDKHTb pa60TY C aJJropHTMaMH paC'leTOB MaCOK H no.n:ceTeH, CJIe.n:y- eT paCCMOTpeTb eIl{e O.n:HY oc06eHHOCTb npOl.lecca no.n:C'leTa KOJIH'leCTBa B03MO)KHbIX no.n:- ceTeH B ceTH. B HeKOTopbIX CJIy'faflX .n:Be no.n:ceTH H3 O.n:HOH KJIaCCOBOH I P-ceTH 1l0JI)I(HbI 6blTb 3ape3epBHpoBaHbI H He MorYT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI ,l{JIfi a.n:pecal.{HH YCTPOHCTB. B 3TOM pa311eJIe onHcaHbl TaKHe no.n:ceTH H 061>flCHeHO, Kor.n:a HX MO)I(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb, a KO- ma - HeT. nepByJO H3 3ape3epBHpOBaHHbiX ceTeH Ha3bIBalOT HY/le60U noiJcemblO (zero subnet, HJIH subnet zero). npH pa36HeHHH KJlaCCOBOH ceTH Ha 6JIOKH 3Ta no.n:ceTb HMeeT HaHMeHbIIIHH HOMep, H ee a.n:pec COBna.n:aeT C a.n:peCOM caMOH KJlaCCOBOH ceTH, HanpHMep, ,l{JISi ceTH KJIacca B 150.150.0.0 HYJIeBaSi ceTb 6y.n:eT HMeTb a.n:pec 150.150.0.0, '-ITO MO)l(eT C03.n:aTb HeKOTOPYIO nYTaHHI.{Y BHa'laJJe. TaKafi nYTaHHua KaK pa3 H 6bIJIa OllHOH H3 npH'lHH. no- '-IeMy TaK)'1O ceTb pe3epBHpyIOT H He HCnOJIb3YIOT. BTOPYIO 3ape3epBHpOBaHHyJO no.n:ceTb Ha3bIBalOT UlupOlco6eameJ/bHou (broadcast sub- net), OHa HMeeT HaH60JIbIIIUM HOMep B a.n:peCHOH cxeMe. npH'lHHa, no KOTOpOH 3TY ceTb He HCnOJIb30BaJJH, COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTO ee IIIHpOKOBeIIIaTeJlbHbIH a.n:pec COBna.n:aeT C IIIHpO- I<OBeWaTeJlbHbIM a.n:peCOM BceH ceTH. HanpHMep,,l{JIfi TOH )l(e caMOH ceTH, '-ITO H B npUMe- pe BblIIIe, naKeT, OTnpaBJIeHHbIH Ha a.n:pec 150.150.255.255, MO)l(eT 03Ha'-laTb "nepeCJIaTb naI<eT BceM Y3JIaM B ceTH KJlacca B 150.150.0.0", a B .n:pymx CJIyqaSIx - TOJIbKO BceM Y3- J]aM COoTBeTcTByJOIl{eii nOllceTH. TaKafi nYTaHHua, onflTb )Ke, 6bIJIa o.n:Hoii H3 npH'lHH, no I<OTOPOH TaI<He ceTH pe3epBupOBaJJHCb H He ItCnOJIb30BaJJUCb.
408 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aL4Mft '-I.ro6bI ycnellIHo OTBeTHTb Ha BOnpOCbI B CePTH<pHKaUHOHHbIX 3K3aMeHaX KOMnaHHH Cisco H peIIIaTb TeKyIl{He npo<peccHoHaJJbHble 3ana'lH, cnellHaJJHCT .n:OJDKeH YMeTb onpe- .n:eJIflTb, Kor.n:a cJIe.LIYeT HCnOJIb30BaTb HYJIeBYJO H UlHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHYJO no.n:ceTb, a Kor.n:a HeT. ECJlH TaKHe no.n:ceTH H}')KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb, TO KOJIH'leCTBO no.n:ceTeH paCC'lHTbIBaeT- CfI no <popMYJIe 2 5 , r.n:e S - KOJIHlJeCTBO 6HTOB nJJfI no.n:ceTH B MaCKe; eCJIH )l(e .n:Be no.n:ceTH H}')KHO 3ape3epBHpOBaTb, TO <popMYJIa 6y.n:eT BblrJISI.n:eTb TaK: 2'-2. Bonpoc B 3K3aMeHe MO- )l(eT -rpe60BaTb OT 3K3aMeHyeMoro Bbl60pa HCnOJIb3yeMbIx no.n:ceTeH, B TaKOM cJIyqae BbI .n:OJI)KHbl caMH pelllHTb, HCnOJlb30BaTb HJlH HeT HYJIeBYJO H IllHpOKOBeIIlaTeJlbHYJO nOllce- TH, OCHOBblBaSiCb Ha nOCTaHOBKe 3ana'lH B Bonpoce. TpH OCHOBHblX <paKTopa onpe.neJIfllOT Ha 3K3aMeHe, MO)l(HO HJIH HeT HCnOJIb30BaTb .n:Be 3ape3epBHpoBaHHbie nOllcern. Bo-nepBblx, eCJIH npOTOKOJI MapIIlpYTH3aI.{HH flBJIfleTCfI 6eCKJIaCCOBbIM, HX MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb, eCJIH npOTOKOJI MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH KJIaCCOBbIH - He peKOMeH.n:yeTcfI (KJIaCCH<pHlGlUHfi H npHHUHnbl pa60TbI npOTOKOJIOB MapIIlpYTH3al.{HH no.n:p06HO paCCMa-rpHBaIOTCfI B rJIaBe 14 "KOHl.{enI.{HH H KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIPYTHa3I.{HH", CeH'laC MbI He 6y.n:eM OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCfI Ha .n:eTaJJflX npOTOKOJIOB). Bo- BTOpbIX, eCJIH B Bonpoce HCnOJIb3YJOTCfI MaCKH VLSM, T.e. B paMKax O.n:HOH H TOH )l(e KJIaCCOBOH ceTH C03.n:aIOTCfI no.n:ceTH C pa3HOH nJJHHOH MaCKH, TO .n:Be Jape3epBHpOBaHHbie no.n:ceTH pa3peIIIeHO HCnOJIb30BaTb. 11 -rpeTHH <paKTOP, onpe.n:eJIfllOIl{HH, MO)KHO JIH HC- nOJIb30BaTb 3ape3epBHpOBaHHbie no.n:ceTH, CBfl3aH C rJI06aJJbHOH KOH<pHrypaI.{HOHHOH KOMaHD.OH ip subnet zero. ECJIH 3Ta KOMaHD.a eCTb B KOH<pHrypaIlHH YC-rpOHCTBa, TO IP-anpec H3 HYJIeBOH no.n:cern MO)l(eT 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH Ha HHTep<peHce, eCJIH)I(e YKa3aHa npOTHBOnOJIO)l(HaH KOMaH,LJ;a - no ip subnet zero - Tor.n:a He MO)l(eT. CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 'lTO Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb KOMaHD.a B BH,l{e ip subnet zero BXO.n:HT B CTaH- .n:apTHYJO KOH<pHrypaIlHIO, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, onepaUHOHHafI CHCTeMa Cisco IOS pa3peIIIaeT HCnOJIb30BaHHe HYJIeBOH nOllcern 6e3 1l0nOJIHHTeJIbHbiX Hac-rpoeK. nOCKOJIbKy TaKafi KO- MaH,LJ;a flBJIfleTCfI CTaHD.apTHOH nJJfI MHomx BepcHH Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbl lOS, OHa 3a- lJacTYIO He oT06paJKaeTCH B TeKylIJ.eM KOH<pHrypaUHOHHOM <paHJIe, HO HYJIeBYJO H IIIHpO- KOBemaTeJlbHYIO no.n:CCTb MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb. HYJIeBafi H II1HpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHafi no.n:ceTH MOryT nOBJIHflTb Ha Bbl60p npaBHJlbHorO OTBeTa cepTH<pHKaUHoHHoro 3K3aMeHa. '-I.T06bI peIIIUTb, H}')KHO JIH oT6paCblBaTb.n:BC no.n:- ceTH, 06paTHTeCb K Ta6JI. 12.12. C88JI Ta6J1Hna 12.12. UCnOJlb30BaHHe p83HbIX cjJoPMYJI paC'IeTa KOJIH'IeCTBa nO.ll.CeTeH eM8 cD0PMYJlY 2'-2 CJle.llYeT HCnOJlb30BaTb B CJle)lylOUUIX CJIy'laJIX HcnOJlb3yeTcH KJlaCCOBbIA npoTOKOJl MapllJpYlltJaUlt1t HcnOJlb3yeTcH RIP BepC1t1t I KJlIt IGRP B Ka'leCTBe npOTOKOJla Mapwpyrlt3aUItit BBeileHa KOMaHlla no ip Bubnet zero cD0PMYJlY 2' CJle.llYeT HCnOJlb30BaTb B CJle)lylOlUHx CJIy'laJlx HcnOJlb3yeTcH 6eCKJlaCCOBbIA npoTOKOJl MapllJpyrlt3aUItit HcnoJlb3yeTCH RIP BepC1t1t 2, EIGRP KJlIt OSPF B Ka'leCTBe npOTOKOJla MapllJpynt3aUHIt BBeileHa KOMaHlla ip Bubnet zero (oHa MO>KeT He nOKa3bIBaTbCH B KOHctJltrypaUHlt, HO 6bITb CTaHllapTHoA HaCTj)OHKoA) HcnOJlb3YlOTCH MaCKH VLSM Hm<aKItX IlOnOJlHHTeJlbHblX Tj)e60BaHHH It orpaHH'IeHHA B BOnpoce HeT
rnaaa 12.IP-a,qpeCa'-'Mft M C03AaHMe nOACeTeM 409 ECJHt B BOnpOCe CepnHpHKaWtOHHoro 3K3aMeHa CCNA HeT HHKaKHX .n:OnOJ1HHTeJ1b- HbIX OrpaHWleHHH H He }'Ka3aHO, HCn0J1b30BaTb HJlH HeT .n:Be pe3epBHpyeMbIe no.n:ceTH, CJ1e.n:yeT npellnOJ1araTb, 'lTO OHH MOryr 6bITb HCn0J1b30BaHbI, H paCC4HTbIBaTb KOJ1H'leCTBO no.n:ceTeH no <poPMYJ1e 2'. Tenepb MbI BepHeMCfI K OCHoBHoi1l.{eJ1H maBbI H .n:aJIbIIIe 6y.n:eM npe.n:nOJ1araTb, 'lTO .n:Be paCCMOTpeHHbIe BbIllie no.n:ceTH Moryr 6blTb HCn0J1b30BaHbI, HO 6y.n:eM nOMHHTb, KaK u.n:eHTH<pHI.{HpOBaTb HYJ1eBYIO H IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJ1bHYJO no.n:ceTb H Mfl 'lero OHH H}')KHbI. npaKTM"IeCKMe npMMepbl aHa.nM3a MaCOK B 3TOH maBe 6y.n:eT HCn0J1b30BaTbCfI nSITb pa3HbiX IP-a.n:pecoB H MaCOK,/I.IUI aHaJIH3a no.n:ceTeH. '-I.T06bl nOTpeHHpOBaTbCfI, nonp06YHTe OnpelleJ1HTb KOJ1H'leCTBO ceTeBbIX, Y3- J10BbIX H no.n:ceTeBbIX 6HTOB, a TIUOKe paCC4HTaTb 4HCJIO no.n:ceTeH H KOJ1H'leCTBO a.n:peCOB B Ka)l(llOH H3 HHX,/I.IUI CJ1e.n:yJOllIHX npHMepoB I P-a.n:pecoB: . 8.1.4.5/16; . 130.4.102.1/24; . 199.1.1.100/24; . 130.4.102.1/22; . 199.1.1.100/27. B Ta6JI. 12.13 npHBe.n:eHbI npaBHJlbHbIe OTBeTbI,/I.IUI caMonpOBepKH. Ta6J1Hlla 12.13. npHMepbl a.apeCOB, MaCOK H paC'IeTa KOJllf'leCTBa 6HTOB B ceTeBoH, Y3JIOBOH 'IaCTH MaCKH H KOJlH'IeCTBa no)),ceTeH A,npec 8.1.4.5/16 130.4.102.1/24 199.1.1.100/24 130.4.102.1/22 199.1.1.100/27 MacKa 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.255.224 KOJllf'lecTBo 8 16 24 16 24 CeTeBblX 6HTOB KOJlH'IeCTBO 16 8 8 10 5 Y3JlOBbIX 6HTOB KOJlH'IeCTBO 6HTOB 8 8 0 6 3 J1IUI no)),ceTeH KOJlH'IecTBO Y3JlOB 2,fi _ 2, 2" - 2, HJlH 254 2" - 2, HJlH 254 2'0 _ 2, HJlIt 1022 2' - 2, HJlIt 30 B no)),ceTH HJlIt 65 534 KOJlH'IeCTBO 2 8 . HJlIt 256 2", HJlIt 256 0 2 fi . Hnlt 64 i, HJlIt 8 nOllCeTeH Bbl60p MaCKM AI1f1 OnpeAel1eHHOrO AM3aMHa CeTM BbIIIIe npe.n:noJ1araJIOCb, 'lTO .n:pyrOH CeTeBOH HH)I(eHep }')Ke BbI6paJI MacK)' nOllceTH H cxeMY a.n:peCaI.{HH, TeM He MeHee, MOryr Bc-rpeTHTbCSI CHTYaI.{HH, Kor.n:a npH.n:eTCfI caMOMY BbI6HpaTb MacK)' no.n:ceTH H paCC'lHTbIBaTb nOllCeni. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJ1e onHcaHbl MeTo.n:bI BLl60pa npaBHJlbHbIX MaCOK no.n:ceTeH Ha OCHOBe -rpe60BaHHH .n:H3aHHa ceTH. Koma ceTeBOH UH)I(eHep pa3pa6aTbIBaeT HOBblH ceTeBoH KOMllJIeKC (internetwork), eMy HY)I(HO npUHSITb peIIIeHHe 0 TOM, KaK)'1O MacK)' HCn0J1b30BaTb. MaCKa 1l0J1)KHa llaBaTb
410 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3al.4Mft .n:OCTaT04HOe 'lHCJIO 6HTOB,lI)UI nO.n:CeTeH H Y3JIOB, 'IT06bl XBaTHJIO H nOllceTeH (2'), H anpeCOB Y3JIOB (2 h _2) B K(l)I(llOH ,lI)UI a.n:pecaUHH 'Tpe6yeMoro KOJIH4eCTBa YCTPOHCTB. npH 3TOM TalOKe CJlen.yeT yqecTb, MOryr JIH 6bITb HCnOJlb30BaHbi HYJleBaSi H IIIHpOKOBernaTeJlbHafi no.n:ceTb. B 3K3aMeHe MOryr BCTpe'laTbCfI BonpOCbI TaKoro nJlaHa. ",l],JuI ceTH KJIacca B HY)J(HO C03.n:an 200 no.n:ceTeH, B K(l)I(llOH U3 KOTOpblX 6y.n:eT He MeHee 200 Y3JI0B. KaKYJO H3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX MaCOK MO)KHO .llJISi 3TOro HCnOJlb30- BaTb?" (D.aJIbIIIe }'Ka3aHO HeCKOJlbKO MaCOK nOllceTeH, H3 KOTOpblX HO Bbl6paTb npaBHJlbHbIH oTBeT.) BHMMAHE! Bonpoc, KOHe4HO >K:e, MO>K:eT H He 6bITb CTOJlb npSIMOJlItHettHblM, TeM He MeHee, B 3a,aaHItH 6YlleT !f>aKTIt4eCKIt 3aByaJIHpOBaH nOllo6HbIH BOnpoc. '..IT06bI .n:an npaBJUIbHbIH OTBeT Ha Bonpoc TaKoro TUna, CHa'laJIa HY>K:HO peIIlHTb, CKOJlbKO 6HTOB,lI)UI no.n:ceTH H y:lJlOB CJIen.yeT BbIlleJlHTb. KOJlH'leCTBO y:lJlOB B no.n:CeTH paCC'IHTblBaeTCSI comaCHO <PoPMYJle 2 h - 2, r.n:e h - npe.n:CTarumeT co6oH OCTaBIIIeecSi KOJlH4eCTBO 6HTOB ,lI)UI an- pecaUHH y:lJlOB, nocJle TOro KaK 6bIJIH 3aHMCTBOBaHbI 6HTbI ,lI)UI C03.n:aHHSI no.n:ceTeH. AHaJIO- rH4HO, KOJlH4eCTBO no.n:ceTeH ,lI)UI MaCOK o.n:HHaKoBOH ,IJ.JIHHbl 6y.n:eT paCC4UTbIBaTbCfI no <pop- MYJle 2', me s - 'lHCJIO 6HTOB B MaCKe,lI)Ul nOllCeTeH. ECJlH )J(e B Bonpoce KaKHM-JIH60 06pa30M yKa3aHO, 'ITO eCTb J.I.Be CneIUtaJIH3HpoBaHHbIe no.n:CeTH (HYJleBafi H IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHafI) U OHH He HCnOJlb3YIOTCfI, ror.n:a CJIen.yeT HCnOJlb30BaTb yro4HeHHyJO <PoPMYJIY: 2'-2. nocJle TOro KaK KOJlH4eCTBO 6HTOB B Y3JI0BOH 'laCTH MaCKH H B no.n:ceru onpe.n:eJleHO, MO)KHO paCC4HTaTb, KaKafi MaCKa HJlH MaCKH no.n:xO,l{flT .llJIfi peIIIeHHfI nOCTaBJIeHHOH 3ana4U. B HeKoropblX cJlyqaSIx nOlI Tpe60BaHHfI .n:H3aHHa 6y.n:eT non.xo.n:HTb TOJlbKO OllHa MaCKa, B TaKOM cJIY'Iae cpa3Y 6y.n:eT nOJlyqeH npaBJUIbHblH OTBeT; B .n:PYrHX CJIyqaflx HeCKOJlbKO MaCOK 6y.n:yr no.n:xo.n:HTb no.n: YCJIOBHfI 3a.n:a'lH. B CJle.n:YlOrneM pa3.n:eJle paCCMO'TpeH npH- Mep, B KOTOpOM TOJIbKO o.n:Ha MaCKa B03MO)KHa, a HH)J(e 6y.n:eT npHBe.n:eH eIl{e O.n:HH npH- Mep, B KOTOpOM npHHflTb peIIIeHHe He TaK npOCTO - HeCKOJIbKO MaCOK COOTBeTCTBYIOT BbUI.BHHyrbIM Tpe60BaHHflM. PaC"IeT e,QMHCTBeHHOM B03MO>KHOM MaCKM I1TaK, paCCMO'TpHM npHMep 3a.n:a'lH, perneHHe KOTOpOH .n:aeT TOJlbKO O.n:HY MaCK)'. Ta- KOH Bonpoc 06bl4HO 3ByqHT TaK. "npellnOJlO)J(HM, 'lTO HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI a.n:peca ceTH KJIaCca B 130.1.0.0. C nOMOIIIblO KaKOH MaCKH MO)J(HO C03.n:aTb 200 no.n:ceTeH no 200 Y3JI0B B K(l)I(llOH?" npe)JC[Ie Bcero He06xo.n:HMO pernHTb, CKOJIbKO H)')KHO 3aHMCTBOBan 6HTOB, 'IT06bl C03- llaTb 200 nOllceTeH. ,l],JuI 3Toro HY>K:HO HCnOJlb30BaTb <POPMYJlY 2' H no.n:CTaBlUITb B Hee 3Ha- 4eHHfi .n:o Tex nop, nOKa He 6y.n:eT nOJIy'leHO 'lHCJIO, paBHoe HJlH 60JlbIIIe, 4eM 200. B paccMa'TpHBaeMOM npHMepes .n:OJUKHO 6bITb paBHO 8, nOCKOJIbK)' 2 7 =128, T.e. 7 6HTOB He 6Y.n:eT .n:aBaTb H)')KHoe 'lHCJIO no.n:ceTeH, a i=256, T.e. no.n:ceTeH 6y.n:eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO. D.PYrHMH CJlOBaMH, HY>K:HO n03aHMCTBOBaTb KaK MHHHM)'M 8 6HTOB, 4T06bI nOJl}'4UTb 200 no.n:ceTeH. AHaJIOrH'lHblM 06pa30M MO)KHO HaHTH KOJlU'leCTBO 6UTOB B Y3JI0BOH 4aCTH, no.n:CTaB- JISISI B napaMe'Tp h pa3Hbie 3Ha'leHHSI (2 h -2), .n:o Tex nop, nOKa He 6y.n:eT nOJlyqeHo 200 Y3- JIOB HJIH 60JlbIIIe. BnOJlHe 04eBH,l{HO, 4TO B .n:aHHOM cJlyqae h TalOKe .n:OJl>K:HO 6bITb paBHO 8.
rnaBa 12. IP-a,qpeCaL4Mft M c03,qaHMe nOAceTeM 411 BMeCTO Toro 'lT06bl npOCTO no.n:CTaBJISITb 'UiCJIa 11 npOBOlll1Th Bbl'lHCJIeHI1SI, MO)l(HO 3a- nOMHI1Th 3Ha'leHI1SI. CBfl3aHHbie co CTeneHflMI1 .n:Boihrn, nepe'll1CJIeHHhIe B Ta6JI. 12.14. Ta6J1Hua 12.14. MaKCHMaJIbHOe KOJlH'leCTBO nOllceTeii H y3J1OB KOJlH'lecTBO 6HTOB B y3J1oBoii 'faCTH HJlH 6HTOB nOllceTeii MaKCHMaJIbHOe KOJlH'fecTBO nOllceTeii 2' I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 MaKCHMaJIbHOeKOJlH'leCTBO Y3JIOB 2"-2 o 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 510 1022 2046 4094 8190 16382 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 KaK MO)l(HO 3aMeTHTh, eCJIH BhI }')Ke 3anOMHI1J1H CTeneHI1 .n:BOHKH, TO caMY Ta6JIHUY nOMHHTb He H}')KHO, .n:OCTaTO'lHO 3HaTh H}')KHhIe <P0PMYJIbI. npO.n:OJI)I(HM pa60TaTb C TeM )l(e caMbIM npHMepOM, ceThlO 130.1.0.0 KJIacca B. Il.rnI Hee CJIe.uyeT peIIIHTh, KaKM MaCKa RJIH KaKHe MaCKH 6y.nyr HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI, a BbIllie MbI }')Ke onpe.n:eJIRJII1, 'lTO H}')KHO BhI.aeJII1Tb 8 6HTOB,/I.IUI no.n:ceTeH 11 OCTaBHTb KaK MI1HI1MYM 8 6H- TOB ,l{JIfi a.n:peCal.{HH Y3JI0B, 'JT06bI pellIeHHe COOTBeTCTBOBaJJO Tpe60BaHI1f1M .n:H3aHHa. B HallieM CJIyqae, nOCKOJIbKY I1cnOJIb3yeTcfI ceTh KJIacca B, ee CTaHD.apTHaSi cereBafi MaCKa co.n:ep)l(HT 16 6I1TOB. TaKHM 06pa30M, 0603Ha'lHB KaK N 6HTbI, OTHOCflIl{HeCfI K CeTI1, 6YK- OOH S - 6I1ThI, OTHOCSIIl{l1eCSI K no.n:ceTI1, a KaK H - 6I1TbI, OTHOCflIl{HeCfI K Y3JIOBOH 'lac- TH, Mbl MO)l(eM 3anHcaTb MacK)' TaK: NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN SSSSSSSS HHHHHHHH. B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOM npl1Mepe cpa3Y nOJIyqRJIcfI TaKoH pe3YJIbTaT, T.e. nOJIHafi 3anl1Cb MacKH, nOToMY 'lTO Y Hac eCTh 16 ceTeBbIX 6I1TOB, 8 611TOB no.n:ceTeH 11 8 Y3JIOBhlX 6HTOB, KOTopble B CYMMe .n:alOT 32 - nOJIHhIH pa3Mep MaCKH,/I.IUI IP-a.n:peca. 11TaK, 6bIJIa nOJIyqe- Ha o.n:Ha-e.n:I1HCTBeHHM MaCKa, no.n:xOAflIlIM no.n: YCJIOBHfI 3a,lI,a'lH. QT06bl 3anHcaTb ee B 60- JIee npHBbI'JHOM Bl1.lle, CHa'laJJa Tpe6yeTcfI no.n:CTaBHTb B H}')KHhIe MeCTa .n:BOI1'lHble I 11 O. CBBS! 8M8 - CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTh, 'lTO 6HTbi CeTI1 11 no.n:ceTH no onpe.n:eJIeHI1IO .n:OJI)KHbl 6blTh paBHhI I, a 611Tbl Y3JI0Boii 'laCTI1 .n:OJI)I(HhI 6bITb paBHbl O. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO. B .n:BOI1'lHOM Bl1.lle MaCKa 6y.n:eT BhIrJIfIlleTb TaK: IIIIIIII IIIIIIII 11111111 00000000.
412 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3al.4Mft ECJIH npe06pa30BaTb ee B .n:eCflHt'lHyJO cpOPMY, MbI nOJlyqHM 255.255.255.0, a B npe- cpHKCHOM cpopMaTe - /24. PaceT HeCKOl1bKMX B03MO>KHbIX MaCOK B HeKOTOpbIX CJIy'IafIX HeCKOJl1>KO MaCOK MOryr y.n:OR11eTBOpSlTb YCJIOBHflM 3a.L1.aHHfI. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe paccMOTpeH npHMep TaKOH CHTYaUHH H onHcaH MeTOll paC'leTa Bcex B03MO)l(HbiX BapHaHToB MaCOK. CooTBeTcTByJOIl{HH Bonpoc Ha 3K3aMeHe MO)l(eT 3ByqaTb CJIe.n:yJOIl{HM 06pa30M. "B ceTH He06xo.n:HMO C03.n:aTb 50 no.n:ceTeH, npH'leM B HaH60JlbIIIeH H3 HHX eCTb 200 Y3JI0B. B opraHH3al.{HH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ceTb KJIacca B, U YBeJIH'lHTb a.n:peCHoe npo- CTpaHcTBo HeB03MO)l(HO. KaK)'lO ceTeByJO MacKy MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb B TaKOM cJIyqae?" B TaKOM 3aAaHHH 16 6HTOB 6y.n:eT OTBe.n:eHO no.n: ceTeByJO 'laCTb. nOCKOJIbKy HCnOJlb3Y- eTCSI ceTb KJIacca B. H}')I(Ho 6y.n:eT OCTaBHTb 8 6HTOB B Y3JI0BOH 'laCTH, nOCKOJIbKy 2 7 =126, T.e. 7 6HTOB He .n:aeT .n:OCTaTO'lHoro KOJIH'leCTBa Y3JI0B, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 2"=254 6YlleT BnOJlHe .n:OCTaTO'lHO. AHaJIOrH'lHO, .llJIfi no.n:ceTeH nOHa.n:06HTCfI 6 6HTOB, nOCKOJIbKy 2"=64, a i=32, T.e. B nOCJIe.n:HeM CJIyqae Mbl nOJIyqHM He.n:OCTaTO'lHOe 'lHCJIO no.n:cereH. ECJIH aHaJIOrH'lHO 0603Ha'lHTb KaK N 6HTbI, OTHOCflIl{HeCfI K ceTH, 6}'KBOH S - 6UTbl, OTHOCflIl{HeCfI K no.n:ceTH, a KaK H - 6HTbI, OTHOCflIl{HeCfI K Y3JI0BOH 'laCTH, Mbl MO)l(eM 3anHcaTb MacKy TaK: NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN SSSSSS HHHHHHHH. B TaKOH 3anHCH MHHHMaJIbHOe 'lHCJIO ceTeBbIX 6HTOB paBHo 16. 6HTOB no.n:ceTH - 6 H 6HTOB .llJIfi a.n:peCal.{HH Y3JI0B -8. TeM He MeHee .n:Ba 3HaKOMeCTa OCTaJIHCb HeHCnOJIb30- BaHHbIMH, a HMeHHO, nOCJIe.n:HHe 2 6HTa B TpeTbeM OIcreTe. 0603Ha'lHM 3TH 6HTbi KaK X. 'lT06bI no.n:'lepKHYTb, 'lTO 3TH 6HTbi MOryr OTHOCHTbCfI KaK K no.n:ceTH, TaK H K 6JIoKy yJ- JIOB (T.e. B3aHM03aMeHSIeMblH CHMBOJI): NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN SSSSSSXX HHHHHHHH. I1TaK, 3aMeHfleMbIe CHMBOJIbI, 0603Ha'leHHbIe KaK X, MOryr 6blTb OTHeceHbI KaK 6UTaM no.n:ceTH, TaK H K 6HTaM Y3JI0B, Tpe60BaHHfI .n:H3aHHa ceTH npH 3TOM 6yAYT C06JIIO.n:eHbI. B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae CB060.n:HbIMH OCTaJIHCb .n:Ba 6HTa, n03TOMY MO)l(eT CJIO)KHTbCfI Bne'laT- JIeHHe, 'lTO eCTb 'leTblpe B03MO)l(HbIX OTBeTa, o.n:HaKO 3TO He TaK. TOJIbKO TpH BapHaHTa nOllceTeH no.u.xOAflT no YCJIOBHflM 3a.n:a'lH 6JIarollapSI O.n:HOMY Ba)l(HOMY cpaKTY, CBfl3aHHO- MY C no.n:ceTflMH: CBaR "eMB Bce MaCKH .n:OJDKHbI Ha'lHHaTbCfI C Hepa3pbIBHOH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTH .n:BOIt'l- HblX I, a 3aKaH'lHBaTbCfI Hepa3pblBHOH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTblO O. TaKoe YTBep)l(JleHHe CTaHeT 60JIee nOHflTHbIM, eCJIH paccMoTpeTb npaKTH'leCKHH npH- Mep. npO.n:OJI)I(aSI peIIIaTb }'Ka3aHHYIO BblIIIe 3a.n:a'lY, Mbl 06Hap}')KHM, 'lTO eCTb TpH OTBeTa, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIIHe BbI.LlBHHYTOMY Tpe60BaHHIO: I H 0 1l0JI)I(HbI HATH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHO. B OTBeTaX TalOKe 6y.n:eT HenpaBHJIbHOe peIIIeHHe, B KOTOpOM 1 HOB O.n:HOM MeCTe HAyr BnepeMeIIIKy..lI.nfl Yll06cTBa 6HTbl, KOTopble MO)KHO OTHeCTH KaK K nOllceTH. TaK H K y3.Il 0 - BOH 'laCTH. BbIlIeJleHbI nOJIY)KHpHbIM: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (8 6UTOB.llJISI no.n:ceTet, 8 6HTOB .llJISI Y3.Il0 B );
rnaBa 12. IP-aApecaL4Mft M C03,QaHMe nOAceTeM 413 IIIII1I1 1111111I 1111111000000000 (7 6HTOB.D.JUI no.nceTen, 9 6HTOB.D.JUI Y3JI0B); 11111111 11111111 1111110000000000 (6 6HTOB.D.JIfi no.nceTen, 10 6HTOB.D.JIfi Y3JI0B); I1111111 11111111 11111101 00000000 - OIllH60'lHafi MaCKa (1 MYT C pa3pbIBOM). nepBbIe TPH BapHaHTa y.n:OBJIeTBopfilOT Tpe60BaHHflM K MaCKe: nOCJIe.nOBaTeJIbHbIH Ha- 60p .n:BOH'IHblX I 3aKaH'lHBaeTCfI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIM Ha60poM HYJIeH. B nOCJIe.n:HeM BapH- aHTe nOCJIe 22 .n:BOH'lHbIX 1 MeT .n:BOH'lHbIH 0, a 3aTeM CHOBa 1, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 3Ta MaCKa RBJlfleTCfI HenpaBHJlbHOH H HenpHMeHHMoH. B pe3YJIbTaTe B OTBeTe .D.JUI nOCTaBJIeHHOH 3a,l{a'lH MO}I(HO yx:a3aTb npaBHJlbHbIe MaCKH B .n:eCflTH'lHOM HJlH npe<pHKcHOM <popMaTe: 255.255.255.0, /24, 8 6HTOB.D.JIfi no.n:ceTeH, 8 6HTOB.D.JUI Y3JI0B; 255.255.254.0, /23, 7 6HTOB.D.JUI no.nceTeH, 9 6HTOB.D.JIfi Y3JI0B; 255.255.252.0, /22, 6 6HTOB.D.JUI no.n:ceTeH, 10 6HTOB.D.JUI Y3JI0B. Bbl60p MaCKM C MaKCMMaI1bHbIM KOI1M"IeCTBOM no,qceTeM MI1M Y3I10B EIlle O.n:HH THn BOnpOCOB, 'laCTO BCTpe'laIOIllHHCfI B 3K3aMeHax, CTaBHT 3a,l{a'lY TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lTO H}')KHO BbI6paTb TaKYIO MaCKY no.n:CeTH, 'lT06bI OHa COOTBeTCTBOBaJla YCJIO- BHflM 3a.u.aHHfI, HO npH 3TOM KOJIH'leCTBO no.n:CeTeH 6bIJIO MaKCHMaJlbHbIM (HJlH MHHH- MaJIbHblM). AHaJlOrH'lHO, no YCJIOBHIO 3a.u.aHHfI MO)l(eT nOTpe60BaTbCfI MaCKa, KOTOpafl 6y.n:eT .n:aBaTb MaKCHMaJlbHOe HJIH MHHHMaJlbHOe KOJlH'leCTBO a.u.peCOB Y3JI0B B no.n:ceTH. lh06bI BbI6paTb npaBHJlbHyJO MacKY .D.JIfi TaKHX CJIyqaeB, CJIe.n:yeT PYKOBO.n:CTBOBaTbCfI npHBe.n:eHHbIMH HH)I(e npaBHJIaMH. . MacKa C MaKCHM3.lIbHbIM 'lHCJIOM 6HTOB B 6JIOKe no.n:CeTH. B TaKOH MaCKe B 3a- CM" MeHfleMbIe 6HTbI H)')KHO yCTaHOBHTb ,l{BOH'IHbIe 1, nOJIy'lHB TaKHM 06pa30M BM8 60JIbruylO no pa3Mepy 'laCTb MaCKH .D.JIfi no.n:CeTeH H, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, C03,l{aB 60JIbIIIee KOJlH'IeCTBO no.n:CeTeH, HO MeHbIllee KOJlH'leCTBO a.u.peCOB y3JIOB B KIDKllOH. · MacKa C MaKCHMaJlLHblM 'lHCJIOM 6HTOB B 6JIOKe Y3JIOB. B TaKOH MaCKe 3aMeHfleMbIe 6HTbI .n:OJUKHbI 6bITb paBHbI .n:BOH'lHbIM 0 H Y3JI0Bafi 'laCTb a.u.peca 6y.n:eT YBeJlH'leHa 3a HX C'leT, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 6y.n:eT C03.n:aHO MeHbIllee KOJIH'leCTBO no.n:ceTeH C 60JIb- IllHM 'IHCJIOM a.u.peCOB Y3JI0B B KIDK.IJ:OH. B03BpaIllafiCb K nOCJIe.n:HeMY npHMepy paC'leTa MaCOK no.n:CeTeH, MaCKa 255.255.255.0 (/24), B KOTOPOH.D.JIfi no.n:ceTeH H .D.JIfi Y3JI0B Bbl}:leJleHO no 8 6HTOB, 6y.n:eT MaKCHMH3HpO- BaTh 'IHCJIO no.n:CeTeH H MHHHMH3HpOBaTb KOJIH'leCTBO a.u.peCOB Y3JI0B B Ka)KJ].OH no.n:CeTH H npH 3TOM OTBe'laTb YCJIOBHflM 3a.u.a'lH. MacKa 255.255.252.0 (/22), B KOTOpOH BbIAeJIeHO 6 6HTOB no.n:ceTeH H 10 6HTOB .D.JIfi Y3JI0B, Ha060poT, 6y.n:eT MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb KOJIH'IeCTBO Y3JIOB B no.n:ceTH, HO MHHHMH3HpOBaTb KOJIH'leCTBO no.n:CeTeH H COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nOCTaB- JIeHHOMY 3a.u.aHHIO. D..nfl y.n:06HOro 3anOMHHaHHfI HH)I(e npHBe.n:eH npou:ecc BbI60pa MaCKH no.n:ceTH Ha oc- HOBe Ha60pa Tpe60BaHHH, npH 3TOM npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO HYJIeBafi H IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJIb- Hafl no.n:ceTH MOryr 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI. 3Tan l. Onpe.n:eJlHTe KOJIH'IeCTBO ceTeBbIX 6HTOB (N) B MaCKe Ha OCHOBaHHH KJlacca ceTH: A, B lIJIH C. CM" eMa
414 3Tan 2. '-IacTb III. IP-MapwpYTM3aL4Mft 3Tan 3. 3Tan 4. 3Tan 5. 3Tan 6. 3Tan 7. 3Tan 8. PaCC'lHTaHTe KOJIH'leCTBO 6HTOB,l{JIfi no.n:ceTeH (S) B MaCKe, HCnOJIb3YfI <POPMY- JIY 2'. qHCJIO, nonyqeHHoe B <popMYJIe 2', .n:OJDKHO 6bITb 60JIbIlIe HJIH paBHO 'lHC- JIY no.n:ceTeu. PaCC'lUTaUTe KOJIH'leCTBO 6HTOB B Y3JI0BOU 'laCTH (H) MaCKH no <popMYJIe 2 h -2, nOJIyqeHHoe 'IHCJIO .n:OJDKHO 6bITb 60JIbIIIe HJIH paBHO 'lHCJIY Y3JI0B B no.n:ceTH. CJIeBa HanpaBO 3anHIIIHTe N+S .n:BOH'lHbIX 1. CnpaBa HaJJeBO .n:06aBbTe K MaCKe H .n:BOH'lHbIe HYJIH. ECJIH 06Illee KOJIH'leCTBO .n:BOWIHbIX 0 H 1 MeHbIlIe 32, TO: a) .n:onHIlIHTe B OCTaBIlIHeCfI n03HI.{HU 3aMeHfleMbIe 6HTbI, 0603Ha'lHB HX, HanpHMep, KaK X; 6) onpe.n:eJIHTe BCe KOM6HHal.{HH 3aMeHfleMbIX 6HTOB, KOTopbIe .n:alOT nOCJIe- .n:OBaTeJIbHbIe Ha60pbI .n:BOH'lHbIX 1 B MaCKe. npe06pa3yHTe MacKY (HJIH MaCKH) B .n:eCflTH'lHbIU <POp MaT lIJIH B npe<pHKCHbIH. QT06bI onpe.n:eJIHTb MacKY, .n:alOIllYIO MaKCHMaJJbHoe 'lHCJIO no.n:ceTeH, BbI6epH- Te MacKY C 60JIbIlIHM KOJIWIeCTBOM l. QT06bI onpe.n:eJIHTb MacK)', .n:alOIllYIO MaK- CHMaJJbHoe KOJIH'IeCTBO a,LIpeCOB Y3JI0B B no.n:ceTH, HCnOJIb3yHTe MacK)' C 60JIb- IlIHM KOJIH'IeCTBOM .n:BOH'lHbIX O. npaKTIII"IeCKlile COBeTbl nepe.n:e TeM KaK nepeUTH K H3yqeHHIO cJIe.n:yJOIllero pa3.n:eJIa, nonpaKTHKYHTeCb B Me- To.n:ax paC'leTOB, onHcaHHbIX BbIllie. . [Jepe'lHTaUTe TeMbI nplIJlO)l(eHHfI LJ., B KOTOpOM KpaTKo paccMoTpeHbI OCHoBHbIe MeTo.n:bI TeKYIllero pa3.n:eJIa: · aHaJJH3 IP-a,apeca 6e3 no.n:ceTeu; . aHaJJH3 CYIlleCTByJOIlleu MaCKH no.n:ceTH: .n:BOH'lHbIU MeTo.n:; . aHaJJH3 CYIlleCTByJOIlleH MaCKH no.n:ceTH: .n:ecflTH'lHbIH MeTOll; · BbI60p MaCKH no.n:ceTH. . BbInOJIHHTe 3a,aaHHfI npHJIO)l(eHHfI f: . 3a,aaHHe 2 onHCbIBaeT npol.{ecc aHaJJH3a IP-a,apeca 6e3 MaCKU no.n:ceTH; . 3a,aaHHe 3 onHCbIBaeT MeTO.n: aHaJJH3a cYIllecTByJOllleu MaCKH no.n:ceTH; · 3a,l{aHHe 4 onHCbIBaeT npOl.{ecc BbI60pa HOBOU ceTeBOU MaCKH. TpeHHpoBaTbCfI B BbmOJIHeHHH pa3JIH'lHbIX 3a,aaHHu CJIe.n:yeT .n:o Tex nop, nOKa BbI He CMO)l(eTe B cpe.n:HeM 3a 15 ceK)'HLI. YKa3aTb KOJIH'leCTBO Y3JI0B B no.n:ceTH, 'IHCJIO no.n:ceTell U .n:pyrHe napaMeTpbI ,l{JIfi npaKTH'leCKH JII060ro IP-a,apeca ceTH H MaCKH. CJIe.nyeT TaIOKe nOTpeHHpOBaTbCfI B MeTo.n:ax .n:H3aHHa ceTeu, T.e. B paC'IeTe HOBbIX ceTeBblX MaCOK }J.JUI .n:aHHou ceTH C onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH. B TaKHX 3a,aaHHflX H}')KHO yMeTb 3a 30 ceKYHA BbI6paTb HOByJO MacKY C onpe.n:eJIeHHbIM KOJIH'leCTBOM Y3JI0BbIX 6UTOB, 6HTOB no.n:ceTH H T.n. I1HTepBaJJbI BpeMeHH B .n:aHHOM cnyqae BnOJIHe cy6'beKTHBHbIe, HO, no MHeHUIO aBTopa, npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO Ha TaKHe CTaHAapTbI CJIe.n:yeT opHeHTHpoBaTbC5I, 'ITO- 6bI 6bICTpO H ycnelliHo OTBe'laTb Ha 3K3aMeHaUHOHHbIe BonpOCbI.
rnaBa 12.IP-aApeCaL4Mft M C03AaHMe nOACeTeM 415 AHa.nM3 cyeCTBYIOMX nOACeTeH O.n:HO H3 HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX 3a,n,aHHH, OTHOCflIJ.U1XCfI K nO.n:CeTflM, npH'leM KaK Ha 3K3aMeHax, TaK H B nOBCe.n:HeBHOH pa60Te, CBfl3aHO C aHaJIH30M cYIllecTByJOIllI1X no.n:CeTeH H nOHHMaHHeM I1X KJIlO'leBbIX napaMeTpOB. TaK, HanpHMep, OT BaC MmKeT nOTpe- 60BaTbCfI onpe)],eJIHTb, B KaKOM no.n:ceTH HaxO,lUITCfI a,n,peC, eCJIH H3BeCTeH IP-a,n,pec H MaCKa nQllCeTU. TaKYJO no.n:ceTb HHOr.n:a Ha3bIBaIOT pe3uiJeHmHou (resident subnet), 'IT06bl nOA'IepK- Hyrb TOT <paKT, 'ITO a,n,pec Y3JIa npHHa.u;Ie)KHT eM. Bonpoc MO)l(eT 3ByqaTb KaK .n:OCTaTO'IHO npfl- MO: "YKIDKlITe HOMep no.n:Cent, B KOTOpoM HaxOlIHTCfI TaKOH-TO IP-a,n,pec", TaK H 6bITb 3lBya- JIHP0BaHHbIM: "KaKOM H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe a,n,peCOB HaxO..lJ.lITCfI B TOH )I(e caMoH no.n:Cent, 'ITO H IP-a,n,pec TaKoM-To?". B 06011X CJIy'IafIX, ecJIH 'IHTaTeJIb B COCTOflHHH npoamUIH3HpOBaTb IP-a,n,pec TaK, KaK onHcaHO B 3TOM maBe, TO OH CMO)KeT .n:aTb npaBHJIbHbIM OTBeT. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbl TPH KJIlO'leBble xapaKTepHCTHKIt no.n:ceTeM, KOTopble MO)KHO onpe.n:eJlHTb no IP-a,n,pecy H MaCKe no.n:ceTH ,Il)lfI Y3JIa: . a,n,pec no.n:ceTH; . IIIHpOKOBeIllareJIbHbIM a,n,pec no.n:ceTH; . .n:Hana30H IP-a,n,pecoB no.n:ceTH. B caMOM Ha'laJIe onHcaH .n:BOH'lHbIM MeTO.n: onpe.n:eJIeHHfI YKa3aHHblX BbIllie napaMeT- pOB ,n.rm no.n:ceTH, .n:aJIee, KaK 06bI'IHO, onHcaH MeTO.n: C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM .n:eCflTH'lHOrO <popMaTa, KOTOpbIM .n:aCT TO'lHO TOT )I(e caMbIM pe3YJIbTaT. CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO .n:ecfI- TH'lHbIM MeTO.n: npH H3BeCTHOM .n:OJIe npaKTHKIt n03BOJUleT 6bICTpee nOJIy'IHTb npaBHJlb- HblM OTBeT, 'leM .n:BOH'lHbIM. t)npe,QeneHllle a.qpeca nO,QCeTIII: ,QBOIII"lHbllit MeTO,Q AiJpec noocemu (sub net address), 3a'lacTYIO Ha3bIBaeMbIM HOMepOM noiJcemu (subnet number), - :no 'leTbIpe .n:eCflTH'lHbIX 'lHCJIa pa3.n:eJleHHblX TO'lKaMH. 4allle Bcero a,n,peca no.n:ceTeM MO)KHO YBH.n:eTh, HanpHMep, B .n:OK}'MeHTaUHH, cxeMax CeTeM H Ta6JIHUax Map- rnPYTH3aUHH. B no.n:CeTH MO)l(eT 6bITb HeCKOJIbKO COTeH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX IP-a,n,pecoB, B TaKOM CJIyqae HX Ha3bIBalOT iJuana30HoM a,n,peCOB no.n:ceTH, .n:Hana30H 0.n:H03Ha'lHO 3a,n,aeT- CfI a,n,peCOM no.n:ceTH H MaCKOH. MapllIPYTH3aTopbl 06bIQHO He onepHpyJOT KOHKpeTHblMH IP-a,n,pecaMH Y3JIOB, OHH pa60TalOT HMeHHO C .n:Hana30HaMH, T.e. C a,n,pecaMH no.n:ceTeM H COOTBeTCTByJOIllHMH HM MaCKaMH, 'lTO n03BOJUleT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO C3KOHOMHTb Bbl'lHCJIH- TeJIbHbIe pecypCbI YCTpOMCTBa. BblllIe 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO 0 TOM, 'lTO KOMnblOTepHble YCTpOMCTBa BbmOJIHHIOT onepa- l{HIO 6YJIeBa "11" (HJlH JIOrH'IeCKOrO "11") ,Il)lfI IP-a,n,peca H MaCKIt, 'lT06bI nOJIyqHTb a,n,pec pe3lt.QeHTHOM no.n:CeTH. AHaJIOrH'lHbIM npouecc MO)KHO npOBeCTH caMOMY, PYKOBO.n:CTBY- flCb nepe'lHCJIeHHbIMH HH)I(e peKOMeH,lJ:aUHflMH. 3Tanl. 3Tan 2. 0Ba ,eMa npe06pa3YHTe MacKY B .n:BOHqHyJO <poPMY H 3anHllIHTe ee 6HThI CTporo no.n: co- oTBeTcTByJOIllHMH 6HTaMH a,n,peca H3 3Tana 1. BbITIOJIHHTe onepaUHIO JIOrH'leCKOrO "11" llJIfI.n:BYX 'lHCeJI: a) BbmOJIHHTe onepaUHIO llJIfi nepBOro 6HTa a,n,peca H nepBoro 6HTa Mac- KIt H 3anHllIHTe BHH3Y pe3YJIbTaT; npe06pa3YMTe IP-a,n,pec H3 .n:ecflTH'IHOM <pOpMbI B .n:BOH'lHyJO. 3Tan 3.
416 aCTb III. IP-MapwPYTM3aL4Mft 6) BbInOJIHHTe onepaUHIO ,n.JUT BTOpOro 6ltTa a.n:peca U MaCKH H 3anltIIIHTe BHH3y pe3YJIbTaT; B) BbinOJIHfIfTe BbI'lHCJIeHHfI .lI.1IfI Bcex 6HTOB a.n:peca H MaCKH nOCJIen:o- BaTeJlbHO, nOKa He 6y.n:yT 06pa60TaHbi Bce 32 6HTa "mCJIa. 3Tan 4. npe06pa3yHTe nOJIyqeHHoe .D:BOH'lHOe "IHCJIO i!pynnaMu no 8 6umo8 (m.e. no- 6aumo8o) B .n:eCflTH'lHoe. nOJIyqeHHblH pe3YJIbTaT H 6y.n:eT HCKOMOH MaCKOH. B Ta6JI. 12.15-12.19 npmUIJIIOCTpHpOBaH onHcaHHblH BbIIIIe npouecc Ha nfiTH npltMe- pax. B Ta6JIHUax YKa3aHbI a.n:peca B .n:BOH'lHOM H .n:eCflTH'lHOM BH,l{e, a TaJOKe npHBe.n:eH pe- 3YJIbTaT BbInOJIHeHHfI onepaUHH JIOrWIecKoro "11". Ta6J1Hua 12.15. PaC"IeT a,apeca nO,lJ,CeTH C nOMOlI{b1O J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" ,II,JIH a,apeca 8.1.4.5 H MaCKH 255.255.0.0 A,apec MaCKa 8.1.4.5 255.255.0.0 8.1.0.0 Pe3YJlbTaT J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" 0000 I 000 0000000 I 00000100 00000 I 0 I 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 0000 I 000 0000000 I 00000000 00000000 Ta6J1Hua 12.16. PaC"IeT a,apeca nO,lJ,CeTH C nOMOlI{b1O J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" ,II,JIH a.apeca 130.4.102.1 H MaCKH 255.255.255.0 A,apec MacKa 130.4.102.1 255.255.255.0 130.4.102.0 Pe3YJlbTaT J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" 10000010 00000100 01100110 0000000 I 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 100000 I 0 00000 I 00 0 II 00 II 0 00000000 Ta6J11wa 12.17. PaC"IeT a,apeca nO}:lceTH C nOMOlI{b1O J10l1f1leCKoro "Ii" ,II,JIH a.apeca 199.1.1.100 H MaCKH 255.255.255.0 A,apec MaCKa Pe3YJlbTaT J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" 199.1.1.100 255.255.255.0 199.1.1.0 11000 III 0000000 I 0000000 I 011001 00 11111111111111111111111100000000 11000111000000010000000100000000 Ta6J1Hua 12.18. PaC"IeT a,apeca nOllCeTH C nOMOWLIO J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" ,II,JIH a,apeca 130.4.102.1 H MaCKH 255.255.252.0 A,apec MacKa 130.4.102.1 255.255.252.0 130.4.100.0 Pe3YJlbTaT J10l1f1leCKoro "Ii" 10000010 00000100 01100110 0000000 I 11111111 11111111 1111110000000000 100000 I 0 00000 I 00 0 II 00 I 00 00000000 Ta6J1Hua 12.19. PaC"IeT a.apeca nOllceTH C nOMOlI{b1O J10rH"IeCKoro "Ii" ,II,JIH a.apeca 199.1.1.100 H MaCKH 255.255.255.224 Aapec MacKa 199.1.1.100 255.255.255.224 199.1.1.96 Pe3YJlbTaT J10rH"IeCKoro "u" 11000 III 0000000 I 0000000 I 0 II 00 0 111111111111111111111111111000 00 11000 III 0000000 I 0000000 I 0 1100000 -
rnaBa 12.IP-aApeCaI,4Mft M C03,QaHMe nOACeTeM 417 nOCJIe.n:HHH :nan <pOpMaJlH30BaHHora npouecca, npe06pa30BaHHe .llBOH'lHOrO 'lHCJIa B .n:eCflTH'IHOe, nO'leMY-TO BbI3bIBaeT HaH60JIbIIlHe Tpy.n:HOCTH Y Tex, KTO MaJlO CTaJlKHBaJlCfI C paC'IeTOM no.n:CeTeH. np06JIeMa B03HUKaeT B TOM CJIyqae, Kor.n:a rpaHHua Me}l(JJ,Y no.n:ce- TblO H Y3JI0BOH 'laCTblO MaCKH npoxo.n:HT me-TO B cepe.n:HHe 6aHTa a.n:peca, T.e. Kor.n:a 3Ha- '1eHHe OKTeTa MaCKH He paBHO 0 lIJIH 255 (B .n:ecflTH'IHOH <popMe). HanpHMep, .D.JUI a.n:peca 130.4.102.1 C MaCKOH 255.255.252.0 (CM. Ta6JI. 12.18) nepBbIe 6 6HTOB TpeTbero OKTeTa OTHOCflTCfI K no.n:CeTH, a .n:Ba nOCJIe.n:HHe 6HTa TOrO)l(e OKTeTa H BeCb '1eTBepTbIH OKTeT co- CTaBJIfilOT Y3JI0BYIO 'laCTb. 3a'lacTyIO,l{JIfi TaKOH MaCKH OIlIH60'lHO KOHBepTHpyJOT 6 6HTOB B MacK)' no.n:ceTH H COOTBeTCTByJOIllYIO 'laCTb a.n:peca, a OCTaBIIIHeCfI 10 6HTOB Y3JI0BOH 'laCTH e.n:HHbIM 6JIOKOM KOHBepTHpylOT B .n:eCflTH'lHOe 'lHCJIO. B pe3YJIbTaTe 6y.n:eT nOJIyqeH a6COJIIOTHO HenpaBHJlbHbIH OTBeT, B KOTOpOM nOCJIe.n:HHH OKTeT IP-a.n:peca Bo06111e BbIXO- .n:HT 3a paMKH CTaHAaPTHOH a.n:pecaUHH. CJIe.n:YeT nOMHHTb, '1TO K KaKOH 'laCTH He OTHOCH- JIHCb 6bI 6HTbI MaCKH, npH npe06pa30BaHHH IP-a.n:peca B .n:eCflTH'lHyJO <POPMY Bcer.n:a H}')KHO KOHBepTHpOBaTb 'laCTH a.n:peca nOOKTeTHO (T.e. no 8 6HTOB), HeB3Hpafl Ha TO, 'lTO B MaCKe 'laCTb o.n:Horo OKTeTa MO)l(eT OTHOCHTbCfI K no.n:ceTH, a '1aCTb - K a.n:pecaM Y3JI0B. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B Ta6JI. 12.18 a.n:pec no.n:CeTH (130.4.100.0) B .n:BOH'IHOM BH,l{e 6y.n:eT Bb[rJIfI.n:eTb KaK 10000010 0000 0100 0110 0100 0000 0000. TpeTHH OKTeT a.n:peca,l{Jlfl Ha- rJIfI,l{HOCTH Bbl,l{eJIeH nOJI}')KHpHb[M rnpH<pToM, eCJlH era npe06pa30BaTb, TO B .n:eCflTH'IHOM BH,l{e MbI nOJIyqHM 100. ECJIH npe06pa30BaTb Bce 'lHCJIO nOOKTeTHO (T.e. rpynnaMH no 8 6HTOB), Mbl nOJIyqHM Hcxo.n:Hoe 3Ha'leHHe 130.4.100.0. Onpe,Qel1eHllle aApeCa nOACeTIII: OnTIIIMIII3aLl,IIIJI ABOIII"lHOrO MeTO,Qa .l1a)l(e eCJIH .n:BOH'IHbIH MeTO.n: paC'IeTa no.n:ceTH Ka)KeTCfI BnOJIHe npHeMJIeMblM, npe06- pa30BaHHe a.n:peca H MaCKH H3 .necflTH'lHOH <pOpMbI B .n:BOH'lHyJO MO)l(eT 6blTb O'leHb TpY- .n:oeMKHM. KpoMe Toro, H}')KHO TalOKe BblnOJIHHTb onepaUHIO JIOrH'leCKOrO "11" ,l{JIfi Bcex 32 6HTOB, a nOTOM npe06pa30BaTb pe3YJIbTaT o6paTHo B .n:eCflTH'lHyJO <POPMY. TeM He Me- Hee, eCJIH nonpaKTHKOBaTbCfI B TaKHX BbI'lHCJIeHHflX, MO)l(HO 3aMeTHTb HeCKOJIbKO HHTe- peCHb[X H nOJIe3HbiX TeHAeHUHH, KOTopbIe nOMOryT ynpocTHTb H onTHMH3HpOBaTb .n:BO- M'lHblH MeTO.n:. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe no.n:'1epKHBaIOTCfI TaKHe TeHAeHUHH H nOKa38HO, KaK C HX nOMOlllblO MO)l(HO ynpocTHTb H YCKOPHTb npouecc paC'leTa, CBeAfl era K BbI'IHCJIeHHflM B paMKax o.n:Hora OKTeTa. CHa'laJIa CJIe.n:yeT npHBb[KHYTb K TOMY, 'ITO KIDKJ],bIH OKTeT H)')KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb He3a- BMCHMO. J1erKO 06HapTb, '1TO eCJIH OKTeT IP-a.n:peca CKJIa.n:b[BaeTCfI C nOMolllblO JIOrH'le- CKora "11" co CTpOKOH llBOH'lHbIX 1 B MaCKe, TO pe3YJIbTHpYlOlllee 3Ha'leHHe paBHO HCXO.n:- HOMY 'lMCny B a.n:pece. BnOJIHe O'leBH,l{HO, 'ITO Bce OKTeTbI MaCKH, KOTopble B .n:eCmw-IHOM Blt.1J.e 3anHcaHbl KaK 255, B .n:BOH'-IHOM COCTOfIT H3 BOCbMH ], CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, npH HCnOJIb30- BaHMH onepaUHH 6YJIeBa "11" .D.JUI COOTBeTCTBYlOlllHX OKTeTOB a.n:peca 6y.n:eT nOJIyqeHo TO'lHO TO)ICe caMoe 'lHCJIO, KOTOpoe CTOfIJIO B COOTBeTCTByJOilieM OKTeTe IP-a.n:peca. 2 PaccMOTpHM, HanpHMep, nepBbIH OKTeT a.n:peca H3 Ta6JI. ]2.]9 - 199.1.1.100, MaCKa 55.255.255.224. Era 3Ha'leHHe, 199, He06xo.n:HMO CJIO)l(HTb C nOMoiliblO onepaUHH JIOrH- 'lecKor o "TA"" Yl C nepBblM OKTeTOM MaCKH, 255. npe06pa30BaB ]99 B .n:BOH'IHbnt BH.n:, MbI nY1.HIM 11000111, a nepBoMY OKTeTY MaCKH, 255, B .n:BOH'IHOH CHCTeMe COOTBeTcTByeT 111111. BbInOJIHHB onepaUHIO, MbI nOJIyqHM B .n:BOH'IHOM BH.n:e '1HCJIO 11000111, T.e. a n:ecflTM'IHOM 199. D.a)Ke eCJIH npe06pa30BaTb BeCb IP-a.n:pec H MacKY B .L1BOH'lHYJO CHCTeM)', IC<OknblH OKTeT,,l{JIfi KOTopora B MaCKe CTOHT '1HCJIO 255, MO)l(HO npOHrHOpHpoBaTb, nOCKOJlbKY a Pe3ynbTIlTe HCnOJIb30BaHHfI JIOrH'leCKOH onepaum 6y.n:eT nOJIyqeHo TO)Ke caMoe '1HCJlO.
418 aCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aL4MR AAaJJorH'IHO, eCJIH paCCMalpHBaTb BCe OKTeTbI no OT.n:eJIbHOCTH, MO)I(HO 3aMeTHTb, 'ITa eCJIH CJlO)KHTb (c nOMOIllblO 6YJIeBa "J1") OKTeT C nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTbIO H3 8.n:BOH'IHbIX HYJIeH, B pe3YJIbTaTe 6y.n:eT nOJIyqeHo OnflTb)l(e BoceMb o. BnOJIHe O'leBH.n:HO, 'ITO 0 B .n:ecfI- TH'IHOH 3anHCH MaCKH COOTBeTCTByeT BOCbMH 0 B .n:BOH'lHOH, n03TOMY.lI.lIfi COOTBeTCT- ByJOIllHX OKTeTOB MO)l(HO cpa3Y 3aHOCHTb 0 B pe3YJIbTaT. B Ka'leCTBe npHMepa paCCMOlpHM a.n:pec H3 Ta6J1. 12.15 - 8.1.4.5 C MaCKOH 255.255.0.0. B nOCJle.n:HeM OKTeTe a.n:peca CTOHT .n:eCflTH'lHOe 'lHCJlO 5, KOTopoe B .n:BOH'IHOH CHCTeMe 6y.n:eT BbIrJIfI,l{eTb KaK 00000101. B nOCJIen:HeM OKTeTe MaCKH CTOHT .n:ecflTH'IHbIH 0, lIJIH 00000000 B .n:BOH'lHOH CHCTeMe. OnepaUHflJIOrH'leCKoro "J1" .lI.lIfi 3THX .n:BYX 'lHCeJI MCT B pe3YJIbTaTe BoceMb 0 B .n:BOH'lHOH: CHCTeMe, HJIH HYJIb B .n:ecflTH'lHoit PaccMolpeHHbIe BbIIlle .n:Be oc06eHHOCTH nOMOryT HaM BbIpa60TaTb 60Jlee 6bICTPbIti MeTO.n: paC'leTa a.n:peca no.n:CeTH, KOTOpbIH <pOpMaJJbHO MO)I(HO onHcaTb B Bl1.LI.e 'leTbIpex 3TanOB, nepe'lHCJleHHbIX HIDKe. 3Tan I. Cesa. IllHTe MacK)' TaK, 'IT06bI OKTeTbi COBna.n:aJJH. "eMa ECJIH B OKTeTe MaCKH CTOHT 'IHCJlO 255, npOCTO cKonHpyHTe 3Ha'leHHe H3 COOT- BeTCTBYIOIllero OKTeTa a.n:peca B pe3YJIbTaT. AAaJJOfH'lHO, eCJlH B OKTeTe MaCKH CTOHT 'lHCJlO 0, 3anHIllHTe B COOTBeTCT- BYIOIlleM OKTeTe pe3YJlbTaTa O. ECJlH O.n:HH H3 OKTeTOB pe3YJIbTaTa OCTaJJCfI He3anOJlHeHHbIM, BblnOJlHHTe CJIe- .n:YIOIllHe .n:eHcTBHfI: 3anHIllHTe IP-a.n:pec B .n:eCflTH'IHOM Bl1.LI.e, a B CTpOKe no.n: HHM 3anH- 3Tan 2. 3Tan 3. 3mn 4. a) npe06pa3yHTe oCTaBIllHHcfI OKTeT I P-a.n:peca B .n:BOH'lHyJO <POPMY; 6) npe06pa3YHTe COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHti OKTeT MaCKH B .n:BOH'IHyJO <POPMY; B) BbmOJlHHTe onepaUHIO JIOfH'IeCKoro "J1" .lI.lIfI.n:BYX nOJIyqeHHbIx 'IHceJl; r) npe06pa3yHTe nOJIyqeHHoe 8-6HTOBoe 'lHCJlO B .n:eCflTH'lHYIO CHCTeMY H 3anHIIIHTe B H}')KHbIH: OKTeT pe3YJIbTHpyJOIllero a.n:peca. J1cnOJIb3YfI onHcaHHbIH BbIIlle npol.{ecc, MO)I(HO HaHTH a.n:pec no.n:ceTH 6e3 .llBOH'IHblX Bbl'lHCJIeHHH, eCJlH B MaCKe eCTb TOJlbKO 'IHCJla 255 H O. B .n:pyrHx cJlyqaflx 06bI'IHO 3 OKTe- Ta npOC'lHTbIBalOTCfI O'leHb npOCTO, a onepaUHIO JIOrH'IeCKOfO "M" H}')KHO BbmOJlHHTb TOJlbKO.D.JUI O.n:HOro OKTeTa a.n:peca H MaCKH, 'lTO 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO YMeHblIlaeT 061>eM BbI'IHC- JIeHHH H BpeMfI, Ha HHX 3alpa'leHHoe. OnpeAe.neHllle WlilpOKOBel.l.&aTe.nbHOrO a,Q,peca nO,QCeTIII: ABOIII"lHbIH MeTO,Q WHpoKoBewaTeJlbHbIH a.n:pec no.n:CeTH, Ha3bIBaeMbIH TaIOKe Hanpa6JleHHblM LUUpOK06e- w,ameJlbHblM adpecoM (directed broadcast address), MO)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI.lI.lIfi nepeCblJlKlt naKeTOB BCeM YClpOHCTBaM B no.n:ceTH. HanpHMep, .lI.lIfi ceTH 8.1.4.0/24 IIIHpOKoBerna- TeJIbHblM a.n:pecoM 6y.n:eT 3Ha'leHHe 8.1.4.255, H naKeT, OTnpaBJleHHblH nOJIyqaTeJlIO C Ta- KHM a.n:peCOM, 6y.n:eT nepe.n:aH 'lepe3 CeTeBbIe YCTpoHcTBa, a KOma .n:OCTHfHeT 6JIlUKaHrn ero K ceTH MapIllpyTH3aTOpa, OH 6y.n:eT HHKanCYJIHpOBaH B lIlHpOKOBeWaTeJIbHbIH <ppei1M Ka- HaJJbHOro ypOBHfI (data-link). ,lJ,JJfI no.n:ceTH, Ha <pu3H'IeCKOM H KaHaJJbHOM ypOBHe ltC- C nOJIb3YlOweH TeXHOJIOrHlO Ethernet, naKeT 6y.n:eT HHKancymtpOBaH B Ethernet-<ppeltM MAC-allpeCOM nOJIyqaTeJlfl FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.
rnaBa 12. IP-aApecaL4MR M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 419 WHpOKOBelllaTeJ1bHbIH a.u.pec HHTepeCeH caM no ce6e, TeM He MeHee, B .n:aHHbIH MO- MeHT.lI)lfl Hac OH 6y.n:eT Ba)KeH TOJlbKO KaK HaH60J1bIIIHH npaBHJlbHbIH IP-a.u.pec nOllceTH, KOTOpbIH nOMO)f(eT peIIIHTb 3a.u.a'lH no pac'Iery no.n:ceTeH. B CJ1e.n:yJOllleM no.n:pa3.n:ene pac- 'lCT .n:uana30Ha a.u.peCOB .lI)lfl no.n:ceTH onHcaH B IJ:eTaJJflX. no onpe.n:eneHHIO IIIHpOKOBellla- TeJIbHblM a.u.peCOM Ha3b1BaeTCfI TOT. Y KOTOpOro B CeTeBOH 'IaCTH a.u.peca CTOfiT TC )f(e ca- MbIe 'lHCJ1a, 'ITO H B a.u.pece no.n:CeTH. a B Y3JI0BOM 'laCTH a.u.peca Bce 6HTbI 3an0J1HeHbI .n:BO- H'lHblMH ellHHHuaMH. (CJ1e.n:YeT nOMHHTb, '1TO ya.u.peca no.n:ceTH B Y3JI0BOH 'laCTH BO Beex 6HTax YCTaHOBnCHbI .n:BOU'lHbIe 0.) ,l],pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, a.u.pec no.n:ceTH - 3TO HaHMCHb- IIIHH a.u.pec B .n:Hana30He a.u.peCOB no.n:ceTH, a lllHpOKOBClllaTCJ1bHbIH - HaH60JIbIIIHH. WHPOKOBClllaTeJlbHbIH a.u.pec MO)KHO paCC'lHTaTb, HCn0J1b3Yfl .n:BOH'lHyJO MaTCMantKY 'lCpC3 a.u.pec no.n:ceTH. HO eCTb HaMHoro 60J1ee npOCTOH .lI)lfl 'leJIOBCKa MeTO.n, KOTOpbIH no.n:pa3YMeBaeT, 'lTO a.u.pec no.n:ceTH B .n:BOH'IHOM BHAe }')Ke eCTb. lIT06bI paCC'IHTaTb IIIH- pOKOBeIllaTCJ1bHbIH a.u.pCC no.n:CeTH, eCJ1H a.u.pCC no.n:ceTH }')Ke 3anHcaH B .n:BOH'IHOH CHCTe- Me, HY)KHO npOCTO 3aMeHHTb Bee 6HTbI B Y3JI0BOH 'IaCTH a.u.peca Ha .n:BOH'IHbIe I. BblIIIe 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO, 'ITO onpe.n:CJ1HTb Y3JI0BbIe 6HTbI MO)KHO no .n:BOH'IHblM 0 B MaCKC no.n:CeTH. npHMepbI paC'lCTOB.lI.JUI pa3HbIX no.n:CeTCH nOKa3aHbl B Ta6JI. 12.20-12.24. Y3J10Bafi 'IaCTb a.u.pcca, MaCKH, a.u.peca no.n:CCTH H IIIHpOKOBelllaTeJ1bHoro a.u.peca BblACJIeHa nOJl)')KHpHbIM. Ta6J1Hua 12.20. Pac'IeT IlIHpOKOBelUaTeJlbHoro 3.l1peca lLJIH no.aceTH 8.1.4.5 C MaCKOH 255.255.0.0 A!l.pec MacKa Pe3YJlbTaT J10rH'IeCKoro "u" llIHpoKoBelUaTeJlbHblH 3.l1pec 8.1.4.5 255.255.0.0 8.1.0.0 8.1.255.255 0000 1000 0000000 I 00000 I 00 00000 101 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 0000 I 000 0000000 I 00000000 00000000 00001000 0000000 I 11111111 11111111 Ta6J1HUa 12.21. PaC'IeT IlIHpOKOBelUaTenbHoro a.apeca lLJIH nOllCeTH 130.4.102.1 C MaCKoii 255.255.255.0 A!l.pec MacKa Pe3YJlbTaT nOIlf'leCKoro "Ii" llIHpoKoBelUaTeJlbHblH 3.l1pec 130.4.102.1 255.255.255.0 130.4.102.0 130.4.102.255 100000 I 0 00000100 0 II 00 110 0000000 I III 11111 IIIII III 1111111100000000 10000010 00000100 01100110 00000000 10000010 00000 I 00 01100110 11111111 Ta6J1HUa 12.22. PaC'IeT IlIHpOKOBelUaTenbHoro 3.l1peca lLJIH nOllCeTH 199.1.1.100 acKoH 255.255.255.0 pec 199.1.1.1 00 11000 III 0000000 I 0000000 I 0 II 00 I 00 MaCKa Pe3YJlbTaT J10llf'leCKoro "U" .E:!.H poKoBelUaTeJlbHblH 3.l1pec 255.255.255.0 199.1.1.0 199.1.1.255 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11000 III 0000000 I 0000000 I 00000000 11000 III 0000000 I 0000000 I 11111111
420 --.. aCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3a",MR Ta6J1HQa 12.23. PaC'IeT WHpoKOBewaTeJlbHoro II.!J.peca,lI,JUl nOllceTH 130.4.102.1 C MacKoH 255.255.252.0 Aapec MacKa Pe3ynbTaT nOrH'leCKoro "II" IllHpoKoBewaTeJlbHblH II.l1pec 30.4.102. 255.255.252.0 30.4. 00.0 30.4.103.255 100000 10 00000100 0 100 10 00000001 1111111111110000000000 100000 1 0 00000100 01 00 1 00 00000000 10000010 00000100 01100111 11111111 Ta6J1HQa 12.24. PaC'IeT wHpoKoBewaTMbHoro II.l1peca 1IJIH nOllCeTH 199.1.1.100 C MacKoH 255.255.255.224 AapeC MacKa 199...100 255.255.255.224 199...% 99..1.127 Pe3ynbTaT nOrH'IeCKoro "II" IllHpoKOBeWaTeJIbHblH II.!J.pec 100011 0000000 0000000 I 0 00100 1111111 1111111 1111111 11100000 1 0001 0000000 0000000 0 00000 1000 11 0000000 0000000 01111111 J13YQHB, KaK BbIrlIMHT IlIHpOKOBel1laTelIbHbIH a.n:pec no.n:ceTH B .n:BOH'mOH cHcTeMe, BHHMaTelIbHbIH 'lHTaTelIb, cKopee BcerO, 3aMeTHJI, 'ITO OH COBna.n:aeT C caMHM a.n:peCOM no.n:ceTH, TOJIbKO B Y3JIOBOH 'IaCTH BMeCTO 0 CTOfiT I (BbIAeJIeHHbIe l{H(PpbI B npHMepax). BHMMAHMEI ECJIlt '1HTaTemo HY>KeH cT]Jorltli MaTeMaTIt'leCKltli aJlrOpltTM C ItCnOnb30BaHiteM 6yneBoli nOrltKIt LUlH paC'IeTa IllltpOKOBewaTenbHoro aLlpeca, TO OH MO>K:eT BOCnOJlb30BaTbC1I cJle.n:YlOwltM MeTo.aOM. npe06pa3YllTe aLlpec It MaCK)' B .aBOH'lH}'IO CItCTeMY C'lItCneHIt1l. )].aJlee, ItHBePTItPYliTe MaCK)' (T.e. 3aMeHitTe Bce I H80 B MaCKe, a Bce HMelOWlteCH 0 - Ha I), a nOTOM BbInOJlHItTe n06HTOBYlO onepaUlt1O nOfit'leCKoro "1-11H1" LUlH .aBYX 32-6ItTOBbIX 'lltceJl. (OnepaUItH "1-1111-1" .aaeT B pe3ynbTare 0, eCJlIt 06a 6ltTa paBHbl 0, It .aaeT I BO Bcex OCTaJlbHblX CJlY'lIDIX.) nOnY'leHHbIli pe3ynbTaT It 6y.aeT ItCKOMblM IllHpoKoBewaTeJlbHblM aLlpeCOM. ,lJ,JJfI 061IerqeHHfI 3anOMHHaHHfI npol.{ecca paC'IeTa IlIHpOKOBeII.J.aTeJlbHoro a.n:peca noJJ.- ceTH HH.>Ke npHBe.n:eH n03TanHbIH aJJropHTM ,l{JIfi Bbl'lHClIeHHH. 3Tan I. 3anHllIHTe a.n:pec no.n:ceTH (HJlH IP-a.n:pec) H MacKY B .n:BOH'lHOH CHC- CesaR TeMe. 3anHCblBaTb 06a 'lHClIa H}')KHO TaK, 'lT06bI COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe 8"8 6HTbI 6bIJIH TO'lHO O.n:HH no.n: .n:pyrHM. 3Tan 2. Pa3.n:eJIHTe Y3JIOBYIO It ceTeBYIO (HJlH no.n:ceTH) 'laCTH, npOBe.LI:fI BepTHKaJJbHyK> lIHHHIO. TaKafi lIHHHfI .n:OJ1)!ma npoxo.n:HTb Me)K,l{Y rpynnoH I H rpynnoH 0 B MaCKe. 3Tan 3. '-IT06bI paCC'IHTaTb IlIHpOKOBeII.J.aTeJlbHbIH a.n:pec, B .LI:BOH'lHOH CHCTeMe: a) cKonHpyihe 6HTbI B a.n:pece no.n:CeTH (IP-a.n:pece), HaxO.n:flII.J.HeC1I ClIeBa OT lIHHHH, B pe3YJIbTaT; 6) .n:onHIlIHTe HY)KHOe 'I HClIO .n:BOH'IHbIX I cnpaBa OT BepTHKaJJbHOH JIHHHJt. 3Tan 4. npe06pa3yi1Te nOlIY'leHHoe 32-6HToBoe 'IHClIO B .n:eCflTH'lHYIO CHcTeMY rpynnaMH no 8 6HTOB (BepTHKaJJbHYIO lIHHHIO HY>K:HO Ha 3TOM 3Tane HrHO- pHpoBaTb).
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422 aCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aL4MR Ta6J1Hua 12.27. nOllceTb 199.1.1.100/255.255.255.0 OKTeT 2 3 4 AD,pec 199 100 MacKa 255 255 255 0 AD,pec nO,lJ,CeTH 199 0 nepBblii a.u.pec 199 lIIHpOKoBewaTeJlbHblit II.l1pec 199 255 nOCJle,lJ,HHii a.apec 199 254 Ta6J1Hua 12.28. nOllCeTb 130.4.102.1/255.255.252.0 OKTeT 1 2 3 4 AD,pec 130 4 102 MacKa 255 255 252 0 AD,pec nOllceTH 130 4 100 0 nepBblii a.u.pec 130 4 100 lIIHpoKoBewaTeJlbHblii a.u.pec 130 4 103 255 n OCJIe.lUlHH II.l1pec 130 4 103 254 Ta6J1Hua 12.29. nO,lJ,CeTb 199.1.1.100/255.255.255.224 OKTeT 2 3 4 AD,pec 199 100 MacKa 255 255 255 224 AD,pec nOllceTH 199 96 nepBblA a.apec 199 97 lIIHpoKoBewaTeJlbHblii a.apec 199 127 n ocJle.lUlHA a.u.pec 199 126 PaC'feT a,Qpeca nO,QCeTH, WHpOKOBel.l.&aTe.nbHOrO a,Qpeca H ,QHana30Ha: ,QeCJlTH'fHbIM MeTOA HCnOJIb30BaHHC .n:BOH'IHblX MCTO.n:OB paC'ICTa a.n:pcca no.n:ccTH H IllHpOKOBCWaTCJIbHOrO a.n:pcca nOJIC3HO ,l{JIfi YJIy'IIllCHHfI nOHHMaHHfI npHHUHnoB nocTpOCHHfI nO.n:CCTCH. TCM HC MCHCC MHOruC JIlOllH HCnblTblBalOT HCXBaTKY BpCMCHH Ha CCpTH<t>HKaUHOHHbIX 3K3aMe- HaX, Koma npHxo.n:HTCfI BbIllOJIHflTb MHoro BbI'lHCJIeHHH B .n:BOH'IHOH <t>OPMC, n03ToMY B HeCKOJlbKHX CJIC.n:yJOIllHX pa3.n:CJIaX onHcaHbl MCTO.n:bl paC'ICTa C HCnOJIb30BaHHCM .n:C CfI - TH'lHOH CHCTeMbI C'lHCJICHHfI, KOTOpafl npHBbI'IHce. TaKHC MCTO.n:bI nOMoryr 6blCTpO u npocTo paCC'IHTaTb H}')!(HbIe napaMCTpbl no.n:CCTeH, a pe3YJIbTaT 6YJIeT a6COJIIOTHO u.n:eH- TH'IeH TOMY, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI nonyqeH BbIIllC B npc.n:blAYIllHX pa3.n:CJIax.
rl1as a 12. I P-aApeca 4Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 423 ,QeCftnt'lHbIM MeTo,q AJ1ft npOCTblX MaCOK 113 Bcex B03MO)KHbIX MaCOK no.n:ceTei1 TOJIbKO lpH MO)KHO OTHeCTH K npOCTbIM: 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 H 255.255.255.0. "npOCTbIMH" HX Ha3bIBalOT nOTOMY, 'lTO a.n:pec no.n:cem H IllltpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHbli1 a.n:pec MO)l(HO Hai1TH O'leHb npOCTO, He HCnOJIb3YfI CJIO)KHbIX BbI- 'lUCJIeHui1. B .n:ei1cTBHTeJIbHOCTH MHorue JIIO.n:H HHTyHTUBHO MOryT Hai1TH npaBHJIbHblH OTBeT, eCJIH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npOCTafi MaCKa, n03TOMY 3TOT no.n:pa311eJI BnOJIHe MO)KHO npo- nYCTUTb H nepei1Tu K CJIe.n:YJOIl{eMY. 113 lpex }'Ka3aHHbIX MaCOK MaCKa 255.0.0.0 He npe.n:nOJIaraeT, 'lTO HCnOJIb30BaJJHCb Ka- KHe-JIu60 no.n:ceTH. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, H}')KHO paCCMOlpeTb TOJIbKO .n:Be npOCTbIe MaCKJt, KO- ropble MOryT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI npu C0311aHHH no.n:ceTeH: 255.255.0.0 H 255.255.255.0. npouecc paC'leTa HCKJIlO'lHTeJlbHO npoeT. l.{T06bI nOJlY'fHTb a.n:pec no.n:CeTH .lI,1UI 3alI:aHHoro IP-a.n:peca H MaCKH 255.255.0.0 HJlH 255.255.255.0, BbInOJIHHTe CJIe.n:yJOtl.{HeABa.neikTHBH. 3Tan 1. .[lJuI Kl)KlI.orO OKmema MaCKU noiJcemu co 3Ha'leHUeM 255 cKonHpyHTe 3Ha'le- Hue H3 COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{erO OKmema I P-aiJpeca. 3Tan 2. Bo Bce OCTaBIl{HeCfI OKTeTbI a.n:peca 3anHIllHTe O. KaK BHllHO H3 npHBe.n:eHHoro aJJropHTMa, npOl.{eCC HCKJIlO'lHTeJlbHO npOCT. HaHTH IllupoKoBeIllaTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec no.n:ceTH He MeHee npOCTO: nepBbIi1 3mn paC'leTa nOJIHOCTblO COBna.n:aeT C 3TanOM I ,l].J1f1 paC'leTa a.n:peca no.n- ceTH, a Ha BTOpOM 3Tane BMeCTO 0 HHO no.n:CTaBHTb 255. 3Hafl IllupOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHbIH H a.n:pec no.n:ceTH, MO)l(HO O'leHb JIerKO paCC'lHTaTb .n:Hana- 30H anpeCOB, HCnOJIb3YfI aJJropHTM, paCCMOTpeHHbIH BbIIIIe: · 'lT06bI HaHTU nepBbIH I P-a.n:pec .n:Hana30Ha no.n:ceTH, HHO K a.n:pecy no.n:ceTH npH6aBHTb I B 'leTBepTOM OKTeTe; · 'lT06bI HaHTH nOCJle.n:HHH a.n:pec .n:Hana30Ha, - OTHflTb I OT IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHOrO a.n:peca. AeCftTM'IHbIM MeTO,q AJ1ft CI10>KHbIX MaCOK ECJu MaCKa no.n:cem He paBHa 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 HJlH 255.255.255.0, ee MO)KHO C'lU- TaTb CJIO)KHOi1. nO'leM)'? npH'lHHa B TOM, 'lTO 60JbIIIHHCTBY Cnel.{HaJJHCTOB lpy.n:HO cpa3Y )l(e C nepBoro B3rJlf(,l{a }'Ka3aTb a.n:pec no.n:CeTH H IllHpOKOBeIl{aTeJlbHbIH a.n:pec.lI,1UI TaKoi1 MaCKJt. B J1060M cJlyqae AJIfI paC'leTOB MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb .n:BOH'lHbIi1 MeTO.n:, paCCMOlpeH- Hbli1 BblIlle, OH Bcer.n:a .n:aCT npaBUJbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. TeM He MeHee MO)KHO Haxo.n:HTb npa- BHJbHbJe napaMeTpbI no.n:ceTH C nOMOIllblO 60JIee 6bICTpOro MeTo.n:a, HO ,l].J1f1 ycneIllHoro era UCnOJIb30BaHUfi npHlleTCfI HeMaJJO nOTpeHupOBaTbCfI B paC'leTax. B .n:eCflTH'lHOM npOl.{eCce HCnOJIb3yeTcfI cneUHaJJbHafi Ta6JIHUa (Ta6JI. 12.30), KOTopafl nOMO)l(eT peIllaTb 3a.n:aqy nOCJe.n:OBaTeJIbHO. MbI 6y.n:eM Ha3bIBaTb ee cxeMOU noocemu (subnet chart), XOTfi :no He CTaHlIapTHbIH ceTeBOH TepMUH, a npOCTO HeKoTopoe y.n:06Hoe 0603Ha'ieHue. JIHIIa 12.30. CxeMa nO,lJ.CeTH OKTeT - MacKa pec 2 3 4
424 LlaCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3a4Mft O,WHltaHUe ma6J1. /2.30 OKTeT Aapec nQll,CeTII nepBblH aapec nOCJIeJUlHH aapec lllHpoKoBelltaTeJlbHblH aapec 1 2 3 4 HH)Ke onHcaH <t>OpMaJIbHbIi1 npol.{ecc paC'leTa a.n:peca no.n:ceTH ,lI,.IDI CJIO)I(HbIX ceTeBbIX MaCOK. 3Tan 1. 3anHIllHTe B nepBoH cTPoKe Ta6JIHI.{bl (cxeMbI no.n:ceTH) MaCK)', a IP-a.n:pec- BO BTOpOi1. 3Tan 2. Hai1.n:HTe OKmem MaCKU, 3Ha'leHHe KOTopora He paBHo 255 HJlH O. MbI Ha30BeM TaKoi1 OIcreT UHmepeCYIOU(UM Hac (npaCTO, 'lT06bI OTJIH'laTb era OT OCTaJIbHbIX). 06Be.n:HTe COOTBeTCTBy!oIl{HH eMY cToJI6el.{ <iepHOH nOJIHpHoi1 JIHHHeM. 3Tan 3. 3anHIIIHTe 3Ha<JeHHfI He HHTepeCy!oIllHX Hac OIcreTOB: a) .ZI.JUI Ka)f(,llOra OIcrern, HaXOllflIl{erOCH CJIeBa OT BbmeJIeHHOrO Ha 3Tane 2 cToJI6ua, cKonHpyHTe COOTBeTCTBy!oIl{ee 3Ha'leHHe H30Kmema I P-aiJpeca; 6),l{JIfi Bcex OKTeTOB cnpaBa OT BbI.n:eJIeHHOrO cToJI61.{a 3anHIIIHTe .n:eCflTH'l- HbIM O. 3Tan 4. 4acTb fI'leeK Ta6JIHI.{b1 Ha 3TOM 3Tane e 3anOJlHeHa npaBHJIbHbIMH 3Ha'le- HHflMH, He 3anOJIHeH TOJIbKO O.n:HH OKTeT. l.{T06bI nOJIy'IHTb a.n:pec no.nceTH, HHO paCC'lHTaTb 3Ha'leHHe ,l{JIfi HHTepeCy!oIl{era Hac OKTeTa: a) HO nOJIyquTb "MarHlJecKoe <mCJlO", OTHfiB OT 256 uHmepecylOU(uu Hac OKmem MaCKU; 6) HO paCC'lHTaTb '-!HCJla OT 0 .n:o 256, KpaTHbIe nOJIyqeHHoMY "MarH'leCKoMY <iHCJlY"; B) Tenepb CJle.n:yeT paCC<JHTaTb HHTepeCy!oIUHM OKTeT a.n:peca no.n:ceTH, on- pe.n:eJIHB 6J1u:JK:auwee KpamHoe "Ma2u'tecKoMY" 'tUCf/O, HO He 60JlbWee, <ieM OHO. TaIGtM 06pa30M 6y.n:eT nOJIyqeH HHTepeCy!oIUHR Hac OKTeT a.n:peca. npHBe.n:eHHoe BbIIl{e onHcaHHe npol.{ecca paC'leTa a.n:peca .n:OCTaTO'lHO .n:eTaJIbHoe, HO He HaCTOJlbKO, 'lT06bl OH Ka3aJICfI HeHMOBepHO CJlO)KHbIM. TpH nepBbIX 3Tana, 3a UCJ(J]IO- <ieHHeM npOl.{e.n:ypbI Bbl,l{eJIeHUfi HHTepeCy!oIl{ero cToJI6l.{a, npaKTH<ieCIGt nOJIHOCTblO COB- na.n:alOT C paC'leTaMH ,l{JIfi npOCTbIX MaCOK. l.{eTBepTblH 3Tan onHcaH no.n:p06HO, ero MO)KHO H3yqHTb, 3anOMHHTb, OTPa60TaTb H .n:a)Ke 3a6bITb, eCJIH 'lHTaTeJIb HayqHTcfI C nepBoro B3rJIflAa onpe.n:eJUlTb HHbIe napaMeTpbl no.n:ceTH. 06paTUTe BHUMaHHe, 'lTO caM npo- I.{ecc 3a3y6pHBaTb He HO, a CJlellYeT nOnpaKTUKOBaTbCfI B paC'leTe HY)KHbIX xapaKTepM- CTHK, 'lT06bl 6bICTPO, H npaKTH<ieCKH He 3a.n:YMbIBMCb, .n:aBaTb npaBHJlbHbIH OTBeT. HaHJIyqIlluM MeTO.n: 3anOMUHaHHH npOl.{eCca - npHMeHeHHe era Ha npaKTHKe. 110- nOJIHHTeJlbHbIe MaTepUaJIbI ,l{JIH HJlJIIOCTPal.{HH pa3HbiX MeTo.n:OB H TPeHHpOBOK B paC'leT ax
rnas a 12. IP-aApeCal.l.Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 425 eCTb Ha npHJIaralOIlleMcH K KHHre KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe, npe)l(lle Bcero, CeH'laC CJIellYeT npe- pBaTbCfI U npocMOTpeTb TpH BHlleOpOJIUKa, nOCBflIlleHHbIe no.n:ceTfiM. 3anoMHHTb npOl.{eCC TalOKe MO)l(HO, npopa6aTbIBafi npHMepbI, npHBe.n:eHHbIe B KHHre. PacCMOTpHM ceTb 130.4.102.1 C MacKoH 255.255.252.0. KaK MbI BHllHM, TpeTuH OKTeT MaCKH He paBeH 0 lIJIH 255, CJIe.n:oBaTeJlbHO, C HHM npu.n:eTcH npoBo.n:HTb 60JIbIllHHCTBO BbI'lHCJIeHHH. CHa'laJIa, comaCHO Tpe60BaHHIO 3Tana 1, MbI 3anHIlleM MacK)' H a.n:pec B .n:Be nepBbIe CTpOKH Ta6JIHl.{bI-CXeMbI. Ha BTOpOM 3Tane MbI 06Be.n:eM HHTepeCy!oIllHH Hac OK- TeT nOJIY)I(HPHOH JIHHHeH, a Ha TpeTbeM - npOCTO cKonHpyeM .n:Ba OKTeTa (nepBbIH H BTOpOH) IP-a.n:peca CJIeBa OT BbIAeJIeHHoro cToJI61.{a B pe3YJIbTaT, a ,l{JIfi OKTeTa cnpaBa ('leTBepToro) 3anHIIIeM O. B Ta6JI. 12.31 npe.n:CTaBJIeH pe3YJIbTaT BbmOJIHeHHbIX .neHcTBHH. Ta6J1HU3 12.31. CxeMa nQll,ceTH 130.4.102.1/255.255.252.0, 3T3n 3,a OKTeT 1 2 3 4 MacKa 255 255 252 0 Anpec 130 4 102 Anpec nO,lJ.CeTH 130 4 0 nepBblH 3,11,pec nOCJIeJUlHH 3,11,pec I1IHPOKOBeIQ3TeJIbHblA 3,11,pec nOCJIe.n:HUH 3Tan paC'leTOB MO)l(eT nOKa3aTbCfI 3anYTaHHbIM, TeM He MeHee, OH n03BO- JUleT HCnOJIb30BaTb .n:eCflTU'lHbIe 'lHCJIa, 'lT06bI H36e)l(aTb nepexo.n:a B .n:BOH'lHy!o CUCTeMY '::'lHCJIeHHfI. npe)K,[(e Bcero, H}')KHO paCC'lHTaTb napaMeTp, KOTOpbIH Ha3bIBalOT "MarH'leC- KHM 'lHCJIOM": OT 256 OTHflTb 3Ha'leHUe UHmepecYIOe20 Hac OKmema MaCKU. B paCCMaTpH- BaeMOM npHMepe 'lHCJIO paBHO 256-252, T.e. MbI nOJIyqHM 4. Bce MHO)l(HTeJlH 06bI'lHO HU- lITO He paCC'lHTbIBaeT, nOCKOJIbK)' OHH OqeBHllHbI, n03TOMY MbI cpa3Y 6y.n:eM HCKaTb 6JIH- )l(ai1Illee K a.n:pecy 'lHCJlO, KOTOpoe MeHbIl{e COOTBeTCTBYIOIllero OKTeTa IP-a.n:peca. B .n:aH- HOM CJIyqae MbI nOJIyqHM 'lHCJIO 100 (4x25, T.e. MHO)l(HTeJIb 25) - 3TO 6JIH)KaHIIIee 'lHCJIO, KpaTHoe 4, HO MeHbIIIe 102. HanpHMep, eCJIH MbI B03bMeM cJle.n:YIOIl{ee KpaTHoe 'lUCJIO, 104, OHO TalOKe 6JIH3KO K 102, HO 60JIbIIIe nOCJIe.n:Hero. J1TaK, 'lT06bI 3aKOH'lJilTb 3TOT 3Tan paCqeTOB, H}')KHO npOCTO 3anHcaTb B COOTBeTCTBy!oIl{YIO fI'leHK)' Ta6JIHI.{bI 'lHCJIO 100. nOCJIe Toro KaK a.n:pec no.n:ceTH H3BeCTeH, MO)l(110 JIerKO OnpelleJIHTb nepBbIH HCnOJIb- 3yeMbIH a.n:pec .n:Hana30Ha nOlIceTH: 'lT06bI nOJIyquTb nepBbIH IP-a.n:pec .lIJIfi no.n:CeTH, H}')KHO K a.n:pecy no.n:CeTH .n:06a- BHTb B 'leTBe(IToM OKTeTe 1. B Ta6JI.12.32 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaH TOT )l(e caMbIH npHMep C yqeToM TOH HH<l>oPMaI.{HH, KOTopafl 6bIJIa TOJIbKO 'lTO paCC'lHTaHa. Ta6J1HQa 12.32. CxeMa nO,lJ.CeTH 130.4.102.1/255.255.252.0 C 3,11,peCOM nO,lJ.CeTH H nepBblM IP-a,apeco llHana30Ha OKTer - l1acKa lapec 1 2 3 255 255 252 4 o KOMMeHTapHH 130 4 102
426 LlaCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3a4MSI OKOH'taHue ma6/l. /2.32 On" 2 Aapec nOllceTH 130 4 3 4 100 0 KOMMeHTapHH "Mam'1eCKOe '1I1CJlO" = 256-252 = 4. 100- 6J1illKaHWee MeHbllJee 102 '1I1CJlO, KpaTHoe 4 B nOCJleD.HeM OKTeTe K 3Ha'1eHItIO llo6aBJ1eHa 1 nepBbIIi an.pec 130 4 nOCJlellHHH an.pec IlIHpoKoBewaTeJ1bHblH a.apec 100 PaC'IeT WMpOKOBeL4aTeI1bHOrO a,q,peca: ,q,eCflTM'IHbIM MeTO,q, ECJlH 'lHTaTeJIb HCnOJIb30BaJI .n:eCflTH'lHbIH MeTO.n: .lIJUI paC'leTa a.n:peca no.n:ceTH, HaHTH IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM BbI'lUCJIeHHH B .n:eCflTH'lHOH CUCTeMe eMY 6y.n:eT O'leHb npOCTO. 3HM IllupOKOBeIllaTeJIbHblH a.n:pec no.n:CeTH, MbI <t>aKTH'leCKH cpa3Y )l(e 3HaeM nOCJIe.n:HHH a.n:pec ee .n:Hana30Ha. H}')KHO npoCTO OTHflTb 1 OT 'leTBepToro OKTeTa IllH- pOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHoro a.n:peca, H Mbl nOJIylJHM UCKOM)'lO BeJIH'lHHY. ArIropHTM paC'leTa IllHpO- KOBeIl{aTeJIbHoro a.n:peca Ha OCHOBaHHH a.n:peca no.n:ceTH.lIJUI CJlO)l(HbIX MaCOK onHcaH HU)I(e. 3Tan 1. CKonHpyihe COOTBeTCTByJOIl{ee 3HaljeHHe H3 OKTeTa 1 P-a.n:peca B IllupOKOBe- Il{aTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec.lIJUI OKTeTOB CJIeBa OT BbIAeJIeHHOrO cToJI6l.{a. 3Tan 2. B OKTeT (lIJIH oKTeTbI) cnpaBa OT BbIAeJIeHHOrO cToJI6ua :mnHIllHTe .n:eCSITHljHOe 3Ha'leHHe 255. 3Tan 3. Llrrfl OCTaBIllerOCfl OKTeTa K COOTBeTCTByJOIl{eMY 3Ha'leHHIO U3 aiJpeca nodcemu .n:06aBbTe "Mai!U'IeCKOe '1UCJlO" U 6b1'1mUme I. OnHcaHHbIH BhIIIIe npOl.{eCC }')Ke XOpOIIIO 3HaKOM 'lHTaTeJIIO 3a HCKJllO'leHHeM nocJle.n:- Hero 3Tana. .1T06bI 3anOJIHHTb OKTeT, KOTOpbIH MbI paHbIlle Ha3BaJIH HHTepeCYIOIIIltM (npoCTO, 'lT06bI KaK-TO ero OTJIHljaTb OT .n:pyrHX), HaM onflTb nOHa.n:06HTCfI "Marn'leCKOe 'lHCJIO". BcnOMHHM, 'lTO ero MO.>KHO nOJIyqHTb, OTHHB OT 256 3Ha'leHHe B UHTepeCyJOweM Hac OKTeTe, a B paCCMaTPHBaeMOM npHMepe MbI nOJIyqlIJlH 4 (265-252). Ha ljeTBepToM 3Tane aJIropHTMa MbI npU6aBJIfieM K 3HaljeHHIO HHTepeCYIOIllero OKTeTa TaKoe 'lHCJ10, OT- HHMaeM 1 H B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIyqaeM Il{HpOKOBeIllaTeJ1bHblH a.n:pec. HanpuMep: 100 (TPeTHH OKTeT a.n:peca no.n:ceTH) + 4 ("Marn'leCKOe 'lHCJIO") - 1 = 103. B Ta6J1. 12.33 npOHJIJIIOCTPHpoBaH TOT )l(e caMbIH npHMep C yqeToM no.n:C'lUTaHHbIX BbIIIIe 3Ha'leHHH. Ta6J1Hua 12.33. nOJ1HaH cxeMa nQll,CeTH 130.4.102.1/255.255.252.0 On" 1 2 3 4 KOMMeHTapHH MacKa 255 255 252 0 Aapec 130 4 102 1 Aapec nOllC"H 130 4 100 0 "Marl1'1eCKOe '1I1CJlO" = 256-252 = 4. 100 - 6J1I1JKaHWee MeHbwee 102 '1I1CJlO, KpaTHoe 4 nepBblH an.pec 130 4 100 1 B nOCJleD.HeM OKTeTe K 3Ha'1eHI1IO ll06aBJIeHa 1 nOCJ1ellHHH aLlpec 130 4 103 254 B nOCJleD.HeM OKTeTe OT 3Ha'1eHI1H B Wl1poKoBeWaTeJlbHOM a.apece OTHJITII 1 IlIHpoKoBewaTeJlbHblH aLlpec 130 4 103 255 HHTepecYIOWI1H Hac OKTeT WlIOC "Marl1'1eCKoe '1I1CJlO", MI1HYC 1 (100+4-1)
rl1asa 12. IP-aApeCal.l.Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeH 427 BHMAHEI ECJlIt npouecc paCqeTa napaMeTpOB no,Ucern HenOHJITeH. npOCMOTpItTe ewe pa3 weCTb BIt.ueopOJlItKOB, nOCBJIWeHHbIX paCqeTaM no,UceTej;j, Ha npltJlaraeMOM K KHltre ,UItCKe. Pe310Me no AeCftntHoMY MeToAY paceTa nOACent, ee AMana30Ha aApecoB M WMpOKOBeL4aTeI1bHOrO aApeca I1TaK, MbI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO paCCMOTpeJIH, KaK paCC'lUTaTb Bce napaMeTPbl no.n:ceTH. HH)Ke npHBe.n:eH nOJIHblH aJIrOpHTM paC'leTa Bcex paCCMOTPeHHbIX BbIIlle xapaKTepHCTUK. :han I. 3Tan 2. 3Tan 3. 3Tan 4. 3Tan 5. 3Tan 6. 3-ran 7. CBaA 9Ma 3anHIIIHTe B nepBoH cTPoKe Ta6JIHUbI-CxeMbI MacK)', a BO BTOPOH- I P-a.n:pec. HaH.n:HTe OKTeT 6 MaCKe noiJcemu. 3Ha'leHHe KOTOpOro He pa6Ho 255 HJIH O. Mbl Ha3bIBaeM TaKoH OIcreT UHmepecYIOU{UM Hac, 'lT06bI OTJIH'laTb ero OT .n:pyrHX. BbmeJIHTe COOTBeTCTByJOWHH eMY cToJI6eu nOJIHpHOH JIHHHeH. 3anHIllHTe OKTeTbI, He UHTepeCyJOIl{He Hac, H3 a.n:peca nOlIceTH CJle.n:yJOIIIHM 06pa30M: a),l{JIfi Ka)I(JJ.OrO OKTeTa CJIeBa OT BbmeJIeHHOrO (Ha 3Tane 2) cToJl6ua CKonH- pyHTe 3Ha'leHHe H3 COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{ero OKTeTa IP-aopeca; 6),lI,.IDI Ka)l(JJ.Oro OKTeTa, HaXOllf!Il{erocfI cnpaBa OT Bbl.!leJIeHHOrO cToJI6ua, 3anHIllHTe O. I-1T06bI nOJIy'IHTb 3Ha'leHHe HHTepecyJOIllero OKTeTa B a.n:pece no.n:ceUt: a) paCCljHTaHTe "MarH'lecKoe 'lHCJlO", OTHfiB OT 256 3HaljeHHe, CTOflwee 6 MaCKe UHmepecYIOU{e20 Hac OKTeTa; 6) paCC'lHTaHTe 'lHCJla B .n:Hana30He OT 0 .n:o 256, KpaTHbIe "MarH'leCKoMY ljHCJlY" ; B) 3anHIllUTe 3HaljeHHe HHTepeCYIOIllero OKTeTa, paCCljUTaB 6AU:JK:aUWee 'iUCJlO, KOTopoe MeHbwe, ljeM 3Ha'leHHe B COOTBeTCTBYIOIlleM OKTeTe IP- a.n:peca. I-1T06bI nOJIyqHTb IllHpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHblH a.n:pec: a),l{JIfi Ka)I(JJ.oro OKTeTa CJleBa OT BbIlIeJleHHOrO cToJl6ua CKOnupyHTe 3Ha'le- HHe u31P-aopeca; 6),l{JIfi Ka)I(JJ.OrO 3Ha'leHHSI cnpaBa OT BbIlIeJIeHHOrO cToJI6ua 3anHIllHTe B fI'leHKY 255; B),l{JIfi paCljeTa 3Ha'leHHfI HHTepeCyJOillero OKTeTa K COOTBeTCTByJOIl{eMY 3HaljeHUIO aopeca noocemu 1I06aBbTe "Ma2U'ieCKOe 'iUCJlO" U omHUMume I. 1.h06bI nOJIyqHTb nepBbIH I P-a.n:pec .n:Hana30Ha no.n:ceTH, K 3Ha'leHHIO B 'leTBep- TOM OKTeTe a.n:peca no.n:ceTH npu6aBbTe 1. I-1T06bI nOJIyqHTb nOCJIe.n:HHH 1 P-a.n:pec .n:Hana30Ha no.n:ceTH, B lllHpOKOBeIl{a- TeJlbHOM a.n:pece OTHI1MHTe OT ljeTBepToro OKTeTa I.
428 LlaCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3a4MJI BHMAHE! ECJlIt Bbl nOJlb3yeTecb MaTepHaJlaMIt npltJIO)l(eHItJI J]" 06paTitTe BHItMaHlte, 'ITO BMeCTO OJIHOrO npouecca 1t3 CeMIt 3TanOB, B HeM nOKa3aHbi JIBa: 3Tanbl C I no 4 OmeJIItHeHbl B OJIItH aJlrOpitTM. a 3TIWbi C 5 no 7 - B JIPyroH. npaKTM"IeCKMe COSeTbl 1-1T06bI CTaTb npo<t>eccHOHaJIOM KaK B .n:BOH'IHOM, TaK JiI B .n:eCflTJiI'lHOM MeTo.n:ax paclJe- Ta a.n:peca no.n:ceTH, IllupoKoBeIllaTeJIbHOrO a.n:peca H .n:Hana30Ha a.n:pecoB, npMJIeTCfI .n:OC- TaTO'lHO HaCTOH'lHBO nOTPeHHpoBaTbcfI. .LJ.BOH'lHbIH npol.{ecc .nOCTaTO<JHO npocT, HO Tpe- 6yeT npe06pa30BaHHfI U3 .necflTH'lHOH B .n:BOH'lHyJO <POp MY H 06paTHO. PaC'leTbI B .n:ecfI- TH'lHOM MeTo.n:e HaMHoro nporne, HO TPeHHpOBaTbCfI B ero HCnOJIb30BaHHU npMJIeTCfI 60JIbIlle, <JT06bI npO'lYBCTBOBaTb ero aJIropHTM. ECJIH 'lHTaTeJIIO nOHpaBHJlCfI .n:ecflTH'lHbIH MeTo.n:, CJIe.n:yeT npaKTuKoBaTbcfI B HeM .n:o Tex nop. nOKa npouecc He 6y.n:eT .n:OBe.n:eH .n:o nOJIHOrO aBTOMaTH3Ma, T.e. He CTaHeT O'le- BMJIHbIM. TaKoi1 MeTO.n TPeHHpOBKH CpO.n:HH H3yqeHHIO H 3anOMHHaHHIO Ta6JIHI.{bI YMHO- )KeHUfI, HanpHMep, B3pOCJIOMY 'leJIOBeKY HaMHoro npOIl{e nepeMHO)KHTb 22 H 51. 'leM 06DflCHHTb, KaK OH 3TO c.n:eJIaJI. TpeHHpoBKa, TPeHHpoBKa H eIl{e pa3 TPeHHpoBKa! B npHJIO)KeHHH r eCTb npaKTU'leCKUe 3a.n:aHHfI Ha nOHCK a.n:peca ceTH, IllHpOKOBerna- TeJlbHOrO a.n:peca H .n:Hana30Ha a.n:peCOB,l{JIfi 3a.n:aHHoro I P-a.n:peca H MaCKH. He3aBHcHMo OT Toro, KaKOH MeTO.n: BbI HCnOJIb3yeTe, CJIe.nyeT npaKTHKOBaTbCfI .n:o Tex nop, nOKa Bbl He 6y.n:eTe TPaTHTb npHMepHO 10-15 ceKYHA Ha pellIeHJile 3a.n:a<JH C paC'leTOM napaMeT- pOB no.n:ceTeH. HH)Ke nepe'lHCJIeHbI HeKOTopbIe nOJIe3Hbie HCTO'lHHKH .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX cBe.n:eHHH no MaTepHaJIaM TeKyrnero pa3.n:eJIa: . .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe MaTepHaJIbI npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI B npHJIO)KeHHU .LJ.: . Ta6JIHI.{bI .n:BOHlJHbIX 'lHCeJI, no KOTOpbIM JIerKO onpe.n:eJIflTb a.n:peca; . onHcaHHe .n:eCflTH'lHOrO MeTo.n:a H npUMepbI paC'leTa a.n:peCOB no.n:ceTeH; . onHcaHHe .n:eCflTH'lHOro MeTo.n:a H npHMepbI paC'leTa llIHpoKoBeIllaTeJlbHbIX a.n:peCOB H .n:Hana30HOB no.n:ceTeH; . onHcaHHe MeTo.n:a paC'leTa IllHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHOrO a.n:peca H .n:Hana30Ha no.n:ce- TH C nOMOIl{blO .n:eCflTH'lHOrO MeTo.n:a; . B npHJIO)KeHHH r npe.n:CTaBJIeH Ha60p 3a.n:aHuH, B KOTOpOM onHcaHO 25 np06J1eM. TPe6yJOrnHx paC'leTa a.n:peca no.nceTH, IllHpoKoBernaTeJIbHoro H .n:Hana30Ha HcnOJlb- 3yeMbIx a.n:peCOB,l{JIfi KmK1I.OH no.n:ceTH; . .n:onOJIHHTeJlbHbIe 3a.n:aHHSI MO)KHO c.n:eJlaTb caMOMY C nOMoIllblO KaJIbKYJIfiTOpa no.n:ceTeH, a nOTOM npOBepUTb npaBHJIbHOCTb OTBeTOB. B nOCJle.n:HeM pa3.n:eJIe :flOH maBe onHcaHbI aJIrOpHTMbl, KOTopbIe 06bI'lHO uCnOJlb3YlOT HH)KeHepbI,lI,.IDI BbI60pa e.n:HHoH ceTeBoH MaCKH B paMKax KaKOH-JIu60 KJIaCCOBOH IP-CeTU, 11 npHBe.n:eHbI npHMepbI BbI60pa MaCKH ,lI,.IDI 3a.n:aHHoro ceTeBoro .n:H3ai1Ha.
rl1asa 12. IP-aApeCa4Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 429 .QM3aMH: Bbl60p nOACeTeM AI1J1 K11aCCOBOM CeTM nOCJle.n:HHH THn BonpOCOB, KOTOpbIH MbI paccMoTPHM B :noH maBe, CBfl3aH C paC'le- TOM Bcex no.n:ceTeH .lIJIfi KaKOH-JIH60 KJlaCCOBOH ceTH. MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb KJlaCCH'le- CKHH ".n:OJIrHH" MeTO.n:, B KOTOpOM npu.n:eTCfI BbInOJIHflTb MHO)l(eCTBO BbI'lHCJIeHHH B .n:BO- H'lHOH CHCTeMe C'lHCJIeHHfI, MHoro pa3 KOHBepTHpOBaTb H3.n:BOHlJHOH <pOpMbI B .n:eCflTU'l- HyK> H Boo6ll.{e TPy.n:HTbCfI B nOTe JIHua. TeM He MeHee, nOCKOJIbK)' 60JIbIllHHCTBO cneUHaJIHCTOB HJlH JilCnOJIb3YJOT 60JIee 6bICTPbIe MeTo.n:bI, HJlU nOJIb3YJOTCfI Cnel.{HaJIbHbI- MH nporpaMMaMH-KaJIbKYJIfiTOpaMH B npaKTH'leCKOH pa60Te, MbI paccMOTpHM Cnel.{HaJIb- HbIH ynpOIl{eHHbIH H 60JIee 6bICTPbIH MeTO.n:, 'lT06bI C3KOHOMHTb BpeMfi. J1TaK, Bonpoc Ha 3K3aMeHe MO)l(eT 3ByqaTb TaKHM 06pa30M. "ECJIH,lI,.IDI ceTH KJlacca A, B HJlU C HCnOJIb3yeTcfI e.n:HHaSI MaCKa no.n:ceTH, Kalrne no.n:ceTU 6yAYT C03.n:aHbI C ee nOMoIllblO?" B TaKOM Tune Bonpoca npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MaCKa nOCTOflHHOH llJIHHbI (static-length subnet masking - SLSM), TeM He MeHee, KaK MbI YBHllHM HH)I(e, MOryT 6bITb npHMeHeHbI H nepeMeHHbIe MaCKH (variable-length subnet masking - VLSM). B Te- K}'lUeH maBe paccMaTPuBalOTcfI HMeHHO MaCKH nOCTOflHHOH llJIHHbl, a BTOpOH THn MaCOK H cOOTBeTcTBYJOIllHe eH BonpocbI nOn;p06Ho onHcaHbI BO BTOpOM TOMe KHuru. 061>flCHeHHe .n:eCHTHlJHOrO MeTo.n:a paC'leTa 6Y.n:eT .n:OCTaTOlJHO MHOrOCJIOBHbIM, n03TO- MY'lT06bI 06JIef'IHTb ero nOHHMaHJile, B MeTO.n: 6y.n:YT BBeJIeHbI .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe orpaHU- <JeHHfI: B nepBOM npH6JIH)I(eHUH aJIropuTM 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb, eCJlH ,lI,.IDI no.n:ceTH BbIAeJIeHO He 60JIee 8 6HTOB. TaKoe npe.n:nOJIO)l(eHUe n03BOJIHT COKpaTHTb onHcaHHe, a BnOCJIe.n:CT- BHH 6y.n:eT paCCMOTpeH 60JIee 06ll.{H:H no,l{Xo.n:. PaC"IeT nO,AceTelil, ,Anfl KOTOpblX Bbl,AeneHO MeHbwe 8 6MTOB B onucaHHOM HH)I(e .n:eCflTH'lHOM MeTo.n:e npeJInOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO npHMeHfleTCfI MaCKa nOCTOflHHOH llJIHHbI (SLSM) U .lIJIfi C03,l{aHHfI no.n:ceTeH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MeHbIlle 8 6UTOB. npe)K,[(e Bcero, CJIe.n:yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'lTO B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae 3anOJIHfleTCfI HeCKOJIbKO OTJIH'l- Hafl Ta6JIHl.{a, KOTOpYJO MbI B .n:aJIbHeHIlleM Ha30BeM cxeMOU noocemeu. TO'lHO TaK )l(e KaK H cxeMa no.n:ceTH, onHCblBaeMafi B npe.n:bIAYIlleM pa3.n:eJIe, TaKafi Ta6JIuI.{a H}')KHa Bcero JIHillb .lIJUI ynpomeHHfI H3JI0)l(eHHfI H ynopflAO<JeHHSI paCC'lHTblBaeMbIX no.n:ceTeH. KaK B nepCneKTHBe 6YJIeT BbImflAeTb Ta6JIHl.{a-CXeMa no.n:ceTeH, npOHJIJIIOCTPHpOBaHO B Ta6JI. 12.34. Ta6J1HI!a 12.34. Ta6J1Hua cxeMbi nO,lJ.ceTeA OKTeT l1acKa "Mal'll'leCKOe'lHCJlO" A.1J.pec nO,lJ.CeTH/UYJleBaH nQll,CeTb CJleD,yJomaH nO,lJ,CeTb CJleD,yJomaH nO,lJ.ceTb nOCJJeJJ.HHH nO,lJ.CeTb IIIHpoKoBemaTeJlbHaJI nO,lJ.ceTb .D.H an83oHa (HcnoJlb3yeTcH B MeTO,lJ.e) 1 2 3 4
---..... 430 LlaCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a4MJI npouecc paC'leTa H)')KHbIX napaMeTpOB nO.n:pa3YMeBaeT. 'lTO a.n:pec H MaCKa KJlaCCOBOH CeTH e U3BeCTHbI (H 3anUCaHbI, HanpHMep. B .n:eCflTH'lHOM <PopMaTe). ECJ1u )i(e B 3K3a- MeHaUHOHHOM BOnpOCe .naHbI IP-a.n:pec H MaCKa CeTH, npHlleTCfI CHa'laJJa paCC'lHTaTb H 3anHCaTb COOTBeTCTBy!oIllHH eMY a.n:pec KJlaCCOBOH CeTH. EcJ1H MaCKa YKa3aHa B npe- <t>HKCHOM <t>OpMaTe. TO ee CHa'laJJa H}')KHO 6y.n:eT npe06pa30BaTb B .n:eCflTH'lHbIH BHll. KJIlO'leBOH MOMeHT aJJropuTMa paC'leTa 3ByqHT CJ1e.n:yIOIl{HM 06pa30M. CBaR eMa Au,peca nO.n:CeTeH B HHTepeCy!oIl{eM HaC OIcreTe a.n:peca KpaTHbI "MarH<JeCKOMY 'I HCJIY" . HanpHMep, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO B npe.n:bI.n:YIl{eM pa3.n:eJIe maBbI. ,l{JIfi ceTH KJlacca B 130.4.0.0 C MaCKOH 255.255.252.0 "Maru'lecKoe 'lUCJIO" 6y.n:eT paBHO 256 - 252 = 4. CJ1e- .n:OBaTeJIbHO, no.n:ceTH .n:aHHoH ceTH 130.4.0.0/255.255.252.0 6y.n:YT KpaTHbl 4, T.e. 130.4.0.0 (HYJIeBafi no.n:ceTb), 130.4.4.0, 130.4.8.0, 130.4.12.0, 130.4.16.0 H T..n:. .no 130.4.252.0 (IllHpoKoBewaTeJIbHafi no.n:ceTb). ECJ1H npHBe.n:eHHbIH BblIlle npHMep UHTyHTHBHO nOHflTeH 'lHTaTeJlIO, TO OH rOTOB K JII060H HemKHllaHHOCTH. ECJIU )i(e HeT, TO CJ1e.n:yeT BHHMaTeJIbHO npO<JHTaTb OCTaTOK pa3- .n:eJIa, me no.n:p06HO onHcaHbI 3TanbI npOl.{eCca paC'leTa HHbIX 3Ha'leHUH. H MHOro Tpe- HHpOBaTbCfI B BbI'lHCJIeHHflX, 'lT06bI 1l0BeCTH ero .n:o aBTOMaTH3Ma. <1>OpMaJJbHO aJJropUTM pac<JeTa MO)i(HO pa36HTb Ha 3TanbI, nepe'lUCJIeHHble HIDKe. 3Tan 1. 3anHIllHTe B nepBOH CTpOKe Ta6JIHUbI-CxeMbI MacK)' no.n:ceTH. CBaR x eMa 3Tan 2. Onpe.n:eJ1HTe UHTepeCy!oIUHH Hac OKTeT, 3TO 'laCTb MaCKH, He paBHafi 0 HJIH 255. 06Be.n:HTe cToJI6el.{ HHTepeCy!owero OKTeTa nOJIY)I(J1pHOH JIHHHeH. 3Tan 3. PaCC'lHTaHTe "Maru'lecKoe 'lHCJIO", onUIB 3Ha'leHHe HHTepeCYlOwero Hac OIcre- Ta MaCKH OT 256 (nOJIy'IeHHoe 'lUCJIO H}')KHO 3aHeCTU B Ta6JIHuy, 'lT06bI OHO Bcema 6blJIO nepe.n: ma3aMH B npol.{ecce paC'leToB). 3Tan 4. 3anHIIIHTe a.n:pec KJlaCCOBOH ceTH, KOTOpbIH 6y.ne-r COBna.n:aTb C a.n:peCOM HYJIe- BOH no.n:ceTH, B cJ1e.n:y!oIl{eH CTpOKe Ta6JIHl.lbI. 3Tan 5. 1-1T06bI HaHTH a.n:peca nOCJIe.n:y!oIl{HX no.nceTeH: a),l{JIfi Bcex OIcreToB, KpOMe HHTepeCYIOIl{ero Hac, CKonHpYHTe COOTBeTCT- BYIOIllHe OKTeTbI a.n:peca H3 a.n:peca KJlaCCOBOH ceTH; 6),l{JIfi HHTepeCy!oIl{ero Hac OKTeTa .n:06aBbTe MarH'lecKoe 'lUCJIO K COOTBeT- CTBYIOIl{eMY OKTeTy a.n:peca npe.n:bI.lIYIl{eH no.n:ceTH. 3Tan 6. Kor.n:a 'lHCJIO, paCC'lHTbIBaeMoe Ha 3Tane 5,6 CTaHeT paBHO 256, npeKpaTHTe BbI- 'lHCJ1eHUfi. Au,pec C OIcreToM paBHbIM 256 BbIXO.n:HT 3a rpaHHI.{Y .n:Hana30Ha .n:o- nYCTHMbIX a.n:peCOB, ero HHO OT6POCHTb, a a.n:pec nepe.n: HUM - 3TO anpec IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJ1bHOH ceTH. CJ1e.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO eCJ1U 3anUCbIBaTb Bce pe3YJIbTaTbI. nOJIyqeHHbIe B onHcaHHOM BbIIlle aJJropHTMe. TO npOl.{eCC 3aHMeT MHoro BpeMeHH. TeM He MeHee OH HaMHoro 6bICT- pee, 'leM .n:BOHlJHbIH MeTO.n:, H eCJ1H nOnpaKTUKOBaTbCfI, 'lUTaTeJ1b CMO)i(eT .n:aBaTb OTBeTbI 6bICTpO H 6e30IIIH60'lHO. He 3anHCbIB<UI Bce ceTU Ha 6YMare.
..............- rl1as a 12. IP-aApeCa4Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 431 BHMAHME! Ha npltlIaraeMOM K KHltre ,UItCKe eCTb BIt,UeopOJlItK, ItJlJlIOCTpItPYlOlliltH OnltCaHHblH Bblllle npouecc. CeH'IaC caMoe BpeMH ero npOCMOTpeTb! npe)l(lle 'leM npHCTYTIaTb K paCCMOTpeHHIO 1I0nOJIHHTeJIbHbIX npHMepOB, Hy)KH0 3a- nOMHHTb, 'ITO B JII060M CJ1yqae a.n:pec KJlaCCOBOM ceTH COBna.n:aeT C a.n:pecoM nepBoH pac- C<iUTaHHOM no.n:ceTH, KOTopafl HMeeT Cnel.{HaJIbHOe Ha3BaHHe - HYJle6Qfl noiJcemb {subnet zero, WlU zero subnet}. npu paC'leTe OHa 6y.n:eT nepBOH (HO Be.n:b Bce nporpaMMHCTbI Ha'lU- HalOT C'leT C HYJIfI!), HO HOCHT Ha3BaHue HYJIeBOH H 3TO o.n:Ha H3 .n:BYX, B03MO)KH0, 3ape- :repBHpOBaHHbIX ceTeM, KOTopafl He MO)l(eT HCn0J1b30BaTbCfI B YCTapeBlueM 060Py.n:OBamm. J13Ha'laJIbHO a.n:pec TaKOM ceTU He UCnOJIb30BaJICfI no TOH npH'lHHe, 'lTO CTapoe 060PY.n:0- BaHue He Momo pa3JIH'lHTb a.n:pec caMoii KJlaCCOBOM ceTH H a.n:pec no.n:ceTH, nOCKOJIbK)' OHH COBna.n:aIOT; Ha cero.n:HflllIHuii .n:eHb TaKoro orpaHH'leHUfi 06bI'lHO HeT. Tenepb 06paTUMCfI K paccMoTpeHHOMY BbIIlle npuMepy H 3anHIlleM cxeMY no.n:ceTeM B Ta6JIHUY, KaK 6bIJIO 06eIllaHO BblIlle. B Ta6J1. 12.35 npe.n:CTaBJ1eHbI pe3YJIbTaTbI paC'leTOB BnJ10Tb.n:0 3Tana 4. B <iaCTHOCTH, Ha 3Tanax 1 H 2 3anl1CaHa MaCKa, Hai1.n:eH H BbUleJIeH UH- TepecyJOllIHM OIcreT, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae TpeTHM, nOCKOJIbK)' B HeM CTOHT 3Ha'leHHe 252. Ha 3Tane 3 paCC'lHTaHO Maru'leCKOe 'lHCJIO: 265 MHHYC 252. A Ha 3Tane 4 3anHcaH a.n:pec KJlaccoBoii ceTH, flBJlfllOIl{HHCfI TaIOKe a.n:peCOM HYJIeBOH no.n:ceTH. Ta6J1Hua 12.35. CxeMa no.uceTeA,lI,JIJI ceTH 130.4.0.0/22: paC'leT HYJleBOA nO,UCeTH OKTeT 1 2 3 4 MacKa 255 255 252 0 "Maru'leCKOe 'IHCJ10" 4 AzqJec no,UceTH/HYJ1eBaH nO,UCeTb 130 4 0 0 LI.aJIee MbI HeCKOJ1bKO pa3 BbInOJIHHM 3Tan 5, 'lT06bl paCC'lHTaTb a.n:peca paJHbIX no.n:ce- Teii. Ha 3Tane 5,a OKTeTbI 1, 2 11 4 HyxHO npOCTO cKonHpOBaTb H3 ClpOKH HYJIeBOM no.n:ce- HI. Ha 3Tane 5,6 "MarH'leCKOe 'lHCJ10" (4) HyxHO .n:06aBHTb K HHTepeCYIOll{eM)' Hac OKTeTY HYJ1eBoii no.n:ceTH (3Ha'leHHIO 0), MbI nOJIyqHM a.n:pec no.n:ceTH 130.4.4.0. nOBTOpfifl TaKOH npouecc, MbI nOJ1yqHM CJ1e.n:yJOIllHii a.n:pec 130.4.8.0, nOTOM 130.4.12.0 Ii T.1I. B Ta6JI. 12.36 nepe<JuCJ1eHbI Bce paCC'lHTaHHbIe 3Ha'leHHfI, a TaIOKe }'Ka3aHO HeCKOJ1bKO nOCJ1e.n:HHX 3Ha- <JeHHii, KOTOpblMU 3aoepIllaeTcfI paC'leT. Ta6.1Hua 12.36. Ta6J1Hua cxeMbl no,UceTeA OKTeT 1 2 3 4 MacKa 255 255 252 0 "Maru'lecKOe'lHCJ10" 4 pecno'ucerH/UYJleBaHno,UceTb 130 4 0 0 nepBaH HeUYJ1eBaH no,UceTb 130 4 4 0 CJ1eUlaH no,UceTb 130 4 8 0 CJJeUlaH no,UceTb 130 4 12 0 .IU1O UlaH nO,UCeTb 130 4 16 0
432 YaCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aMSI OKOH'taHue ma6J/. J 2.36 OKTeT I 2 3 4 CJle.lQ'lOWaH nO,lJ.CeTb 130 4 20 0 CJle.uyIOW3H nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 24 0 OCTaJlbHble nO}:lCeTH onymeHbI (HX CJlHlUKOM MHOro) 130 4 X 0 nOCJIeJUlHH HewHpoKoBemaTeJJbHaH nO,lJ.CeTb 130 4 248 0 IIIHpOKOBeWaTeJJbHaH nO,lJ.CeTb 130 4 252 0 BHe JUlana30Ha (HcnoJlb3YeTCH B MeTO}:le KaK npH3HaK 130 4 256 0 OCTaHOBKH aJIropHTMa) B onHcaHHOM BbIIIIe aJITOpHTMe 3Tan 5 MO:>KHO nOBTopflTb CKOJIbKO yrO.n:HO pa3, TeM He MeHee, HY:>Kf{O 3HaTb, KOma OCTaHOBHTbCfI. npH3HaKOM OCTaHOBKH ,l{.I1f1 aJITOpUTMa CJlY- :>KHT 'lHCJIO 256, KOTopoe flBJlfleTCfI HenpaBHJlbHbIM, nOCKOJlbKY BbIXO.n:HT H3 .nuana30Ha .n:onYCTHMbIX 3Ha'leHHU ,l{.I1f1IP-a.n:peca. BHMMAHMEI B 3aBItCItMOCTIt OT TOro, KaK nOCTpOeH Bonpoc Ha 3K3aMeHe, HYJleBYIO Ii IllltpOKOBelllaTeJlbHYIO nO.lICeTIt HY>K:HO 6Y,lJ.eT }"IeCTb, Jllt60 npOltrHOpltpOBaTb B OTBeTe. PeKOMeHLIaUItIt, KaK nocrynltTb, nO,lJ.p06HO OnltCaHbl BbIIlle, B pa3.lIeJJe .. KOJlIt'leCTBO nO,lJ.CereH: OTHItMaTb 2 ItJlIt HeT?". PaceT nOACeTeill, A11J1 KOTOpblX BblAeneHO 8 6MTOB Koma ,lI,.IDI C03.n:aHHfI no.n:ce-reu UCnOJIb3ye-rCfI pOBHO 8 6HTOB, pac 'leT a.n:peCOB 6y.n: eT OT'-IaCTH HH'fYHTHBHblM. HanpHMep, 06paTUMCfI K TOMY )Ke caMOM)' npHMepy ceTH 130.4.0.0, HO C MaCKOU 255.255.255.0. ECJIH, fJIfIAfI Ha TaKYJO ceTb, 'lHTaTeJlb MO:>KeT cpa3Y }'Ka3aTb no.n:ceTU (a pe3YJIbTaT MO)KHO npOBepUTb no Ta6JI. 12.37), TO MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 'lTO MeTO.n: paCljeTa HHTYHTHBHO nOHflTeH. ECJIH OTBeTbI npaBlIJIbHbIe, TO MO:>KHO nepeHTH K cJle.n:yJO- Il{eMY no.n:pa3.n:eJIY: eCJlH :>Ke 3TO He TaK. TO CJlellYeT npO'lHTaTb onHcaHHe npOl{eCca paC'le- Ta HH:>Ke. Koma,lI,.IDl C03.n:aHUfi no.n:ceTeH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI pOBHO 8 6HTOB, MaCKa,l{.l1f1 ceTH KJlacca A 6YlleT BbIfJIfI.lI.eTb TaK - 255.255.0.0, a ,l{.I1H no.n:ceTeH ceTH KJlacca B - 255.255.255.0. B 060HX cJlyqafIX ,lI,.IDI C03.n:aHHfI no.n:ce-reu 3aHMCTByeTcH l{eJIbIH OKTeT a.n:peca, BHyrPU Hero a.n:peca no.nceTeH Ha'lHHalOTCfI C HOMepa, u.neHTH'lHOrO a.n:pecy HYJIeBOU no.n:ceTIt (zero subnet), H }'BeJlH'lHBaIOTCfI Ha I ,l{.I1f1 KroK.1I.OU no.n:ceTH B 3TOM :>Ke OKTeTe. HanpHMep. ,lI,.IDI ceTH 130.4.0.0 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.0 BeCb TpeTHH OKTeT HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ,l{.I1f1 C03.lIa- HHfI no.n:ceTeH, a.n:pec HYJIeBOH ceTH paBeH 130.4.0.0. a.n:pec CJIe.n:yJOIlleH no.n:ceTIt- 130.4.1.0 (3.n:ecb MbI .n:06aBHJlH I B TpeTHu oKTeT), cJle.n:YIOIlleu no.n:ceTH - 130.4.2.0 U T..n:. )]..JuI paC'leTa TalOKe MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb aJIrOpHTM. KOTOpbIH BbIIlle HCnOJlb30BaJl CR ,l{.I1f1 no.n:ceTeu C 'lHCJIOM 6HTOB MeHbIlle 8. B Hero HY:>Kf{O BHeCTH O.n:HO H3MeHeHHe, nO- CKOJIbKY npH 3aHMCTBOBaHHH 8 6HTOB ,l{.I1H no.n:ceTeH He BnOJIHe O'leBu.nHO. KaKOH OKTeT 6y.n:eT Hac UHTepeCOBaTb npH paC'le-rax. J1TaK. ljT06b1 u.neHTH<t>Hl{HpOBaTb HHTepe c yJOIllI1H Hac OKTe-r, HY)KHO HaHTH OKTeT, B KOTOpOM pa3MeIl{eHbI Bce 8 6UTOB no.n:ceTeH. CHoBa 06paTHMCfI K TOMY )Ke CaMOM)' npuMepy ceTH, 130.4.0.0/255.255.255.0. KaK 6bIlIO CKa3aHO BbIUle, TpeTUH OKTeT l{eJIHKOM OTBe.lIeH J]JIH no.n:ceTei1 B .n:aHHoH CeTIt. CJle.n:oroTeJlbfl O ,
-- rl1aBa 12. IP-aApeCa'-'Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 433 OH It 6y.n:eT Hac HHTepeCOBaTb. C 3TOro MOMeHTa MO)l(HO HCn0J1b30BaTb onHcaHHblH BbIUle aJIrOpHTM. HanpHMep, "Marn'lecKoe 'lHCJ10" 6y.n:eT paBHO ] (noCKOJ1bKY 256-255 .n:aCT HaM TaKoe 'lHCJlO). HYJleBaH no.n:ceTb 6y.n:eT COBna,aaTb C a,apeCOM KJlaCCOBOH ceTH KJlacca B, T.e. paBHa ] 30.4.0.0; ,l{JIfi CJle.n:yJOIlleH no.n:ceTH B'TpeTheM OKTeTe 3Ha'leHHe 6y.n:eT YBeJ1H'leHO Ha ] (CO maCHO paCC'lUTaHHOMY MarH'leCKOMY 'lHCJIy) H T..n:. B Ta6JI. ]2.37 npHBe.n:eHbl paC'leTHble napaMe'Tpbl no.n:CeTeH ,l{JIfi paCCMa'TpHBaeMoH ceTH KJlacca B. Ta6J1Hua 12.37. CxeMa nO.ll.CeTeH.lUIR a.apeca 130.4.0.0/24 OKTeT 1 2 3 4 MacKa 255 255 255 0 "Maru'lecKoe '1HCJlO" Aapec nO.ll.CeTH/HYJleBaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 0 IlepBaR HeHYJleBaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 CJeJI,ylOmaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 2 0 CJeJI,ylOmaR nO.ll.ceTb 130 4 3 0 OCTaJIbHbie nO.ll.CeTH onyweHbI (ux CJlHWKOM MHoro) 130 4 X 0 IlOCJlelUlRR HewHpoKoBemaTeJlbHaR nO.ll.ceTb 130 4 154 0 llJHpoKoBemaTeJlbllaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 255 0 HHe .lI.Hana30Ha (HcnOJlb3yeTcR B MeTO.ll.e KaK npH3HaK OCTaHOBKH aJIrOpHTMa) 130 4 256 0 npaKTIo1eCKlo1e COBeTbl npOl.{eCC paC'leTa no.n:ceTeH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM MaCOK nOCTOflHHOH D.J1HHbI (SLSM), KOma D.J1f1 no.n:ceTeH ItCnOJIb3yeTcfI 60J1ee 8 6HTOB, 'Tpe6yeT HaJJH'lHfI HeKoTopoH TOJIHKH HHTyHI.{HH H Bo06pa)l(eHUfi y cneUHaJJUCTa. nepe.n: TeM KaK npHCTYllaTb K paC'lery 60JIee CJlO)I(HblX no.n:ceTeH, CJle.n:yeT HHTeHCHBHO nO'TpeHHpOBaTbCfI B onHcaHHblX BblUle aJJro- PHTMax H .n:OBeCTH 3TOT npouecc npaKTH'leCKH .n:o aBTOMaTH3Ma. ,lJ,onOJ1HHTeJ1bHble 3a,aa- HUfi no paC'lery ceTeH eCTb B nplIJlO)l(eHHH r, HanpHMep, TaM eCTb 3a,aaHHfI no paC'lery no.n:ceTeH, JJ.JUI KOTOpblX Bbl,l{eJIeHO MeHbUle 8 6HTOB. AnropHTMbl paC'leTOB KpaTKO onH- caHbl B npHJIO)l(eHHH E. KpoMe nepe'lHCJleHHblX BbIUle MaTepHaJJOB, Ha nplIJlaraeMOM K KHHre .n:HCKe eCTb BH- l1eOpOJlHK, lIJIJIIOC'TpHPYlOlllHH npOl.{eCC paC'leTa. PaceT nOACeTelil, AI1S1 KOTOpblX BbIAeI1eHO 60I1bWe 8 6101TOB Ope)f(D,e 'leM npHCTYllaTb K onHcaHHIO MeTo.n:a paC'leTa no.n:ceTeH, .LLTIfi KOTOpbIX Bbl,l{e- J1eHO 60JIee 8 6HTOB, CJle.n:yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'lTO, B OTJIH'lHe OT npe.n:bI.n:ymHX npHMepOB, 'lHCJlO nOl1CeTeH 6y.n:eT 60JIbUlHM lIJIH O'leHb 60J1bUlHM. CJ1e.n:yeT TalOKe nOMHHTb, 'lTO 6HTbi D.J1f1 nOl1CeTeH 6YllYT 3aHHMaTb 60JlbIlle O.n:HOro OKTeTa, a, B03MO)l(HO, .n:aJKe 3aXBaTblBaTb (He nOJ1HOCTblO) ueJ1b1X TpH OKTeTa. n03TOMY pa60TaTb npH.n:eTCfI cpa3Y C HeCKOJ1bKHMH OKTe- TaMH, H paC'leTbl 6YllYT HaMHoro CJlO)I(Hee, 4eM B npe.n:bl,l{yIl{HX MeTo.n:ax. OPOIl{e Bcero nOHflTb MeTO.n: paC4eTa no.n:ceTeH Ha KaKOM-J1H60 npHMepe (Ha KOMnaKT- l1HCKe eCTb COOTBeTCTBy!oIl{HH BHlleOpOJ1HK, KOTOPblH HJIJlIOC'TpHpyeT onHCblBaeMblH HH- )f(e npOl.{ecc). KaK 06b14HO, Mbl D.J1S1 npHMepa 6y.n:eM HCnOJIb30BaTb 3HaKOMYlO y)Ke HaM
434 "IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft ceTb 130.4.0.0, HO B He 6y.n:eT BbI,l{eJIeHO 10 6HTOB Ha nO.n:CeTH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, MaCKa 6y.n:eT paBHa 255.255.255.192. B cnHCKe HH)I(e nepe'lHCJIeHbI nepBble 13 no.n:ceTeH, KOTO- pble MO)l(HO nOJIyqHTb C TaKO MaCKO. . 130.4.0.0 (HYJIeBafi no.n:ceTb) . 130.4.0.64 . 130.4.0.128 . 130.4.0.192 . 130.4.1.0 . 130.4.1.64 . 130.4.1.128 . I 30.4. 1.192 . 130.4.2.0 . 130.4.2.64 . 130.4.2.128 . 130.4.2.192 . 130.4.3.0 Johyqafl a.n:peca no.n:ceTe, MO)I(HO 3aMeTHTb HeKOTopble TeHlleHI.{HH, HJIH rna6J10Hbl. CaMblH npocToH BbIBO.n: - a,upec Ka)I(J].OH nocJIe.n:yJOIl{eH no.n:ceTH 60JIbrne npe.n:bIAYIl{ero. CJle.n:yJOIl{afi oc06eHHOCTb - 3Ha4eHHfI nOCJIe.n:Hero OKTeTa nOBTopfilOTCSI C onpe.n:eJleH- HOH nepHo.n:H'lHOCTblO (0, 64, 128 HI92 B .n:aHHOM cJIyqae), a 3Ha4eHHe B TpeTbeM OKTeTe YBeJIH'lHBaeTCSI Ha I nOCJIe onpe.n:eJleHHoro 'lHCJIa nonceTe. Tenepb paCCMOTpHM caM}'lO nOJIHyJO BepCHIO aJIropHTMa paC'leTa Bcex H}')KHbIX no.n:ce- TeH. B npOl.{eCce paC'leTa BHa'laJIe HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI Te )Ke caMbIe llfITb 3TanOB, KOTopbIe 6bI- JIH onHCaHbI,l{JIfi no.n:ceTeH, B KOTOpbIX MeHbIlle 8 6HTOB. nOJIHOCTblO nOMeHfleTCfI 3Tan 6. 3Tan 6. KaK TOJlbKO Ha KaKO-JIH60 HTepal.{HH paC'leTa no.n:ceTeH 6y.n:eT nOJIY- 'leHO 3Ha'leHHe 256, H}')KHO BbInOJIHHTb CJIe.n:yJOlllHe .n:eHcTBHfI: Coao 9Ma 3Tan 7. 3Tan 8. a) D.JIfi OKTeTa, 3Ha'leHHe KOTOpOro .n:OCTHrJIO 256, 3anHIllHTe 0; 6) .lI.1UI OKTeTa, CJIeBa OT .n:OCTHrrnero 3Ha'leHHfI 256, npH6aBbTe I K ero 3Ha- 'leHHIO; B).lI.1UI Bcex OCTaJIbHblX OKTeTOB npOCTO CKonHpyHTe 3Ha'leHHe H3 aApeca B pe3YJlbTaT; r) BepHHTeCb Ha 3Tan 5. Ka)f(JJ,bIH pa3, KOma paC'leTbl .n:alOT B OKTeTe 'lHCJIO 256, nOBTopHTe 3Tan 6. nOBTOpflTe 3TanbI.n:0 Tex nop, nOKa Ha 3Tane 6.6 He 6y.n:eT .n:OCTHrHYTO 'lHCJlO 256. 1I..r1fl HJIJIIOCTpal.{HH MexaHH3Ma paC'leTa no.n:ceTe 06paTHMcfI K TOMY)l(e caMOMY npu- Mepy ceTH -130.4.0.0/255.255.255.192. B .n:aHHOM cJIy'Iae Hac 6y.n:eT HHTepeCOBaTb 4eT- BepTbIH OKTeT (T.e. OH flBJIfleTCfI UHmepeCYIOUM). B Ta6J1. 12.38 npOHJIJIIOCTPHpOBaHbl paC'leTbl B paMKax paccMoTpeHHoro aJIropHTMa C yqeToM HOBOro 3Tana 6.
.............-- rl1aBa 12. IP-aApeCa'-'Mft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 435 Ta6J1Hua 12.38. CxeMa nO.ll.CeTeA.lUIR a,apeca 130.4.0.0: HOBbdi BapHaHT 3Tana 6 OKTeT 1 2 3 4 MacKa 255 255 255 192 "MarH'IeCKOe 'IHCJlO" (256 - 192 = 64) 64 AlIpec nO.ll.CeTH/HYJleBaJI nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 0 nepBaR HeHYJleBaR no.ll.cen. 130 4 0 64 CJle.ll.YIOmaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 128 CJle.n,ylOwaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 192 256 B 'IeTBepTOM OKTeTe 130 4 0 256 ComaCHO HOBon BepCHH 3Tana 6 B aJJropHTMe paC'leTa, onHcaHHOM BbIIlle, 3Ha'leHHe H3 nOCJle.n:HeH CTpOKH Ta6J1. 12.28 He HY)I(HO 3anHCblBaTb, a BMeCTO Hero CJIe.n:yeT: . 3anHcaTb 0 B nOCJle.n:HHH OKTeT; . npH6aBHTb I K 3Ha'leHHIO OKTeTa CJleBa OT nOCJle.n:Hero (T.e. B TpeTHH B .n:aHHOM cJIY'Iae). B Ta6J1. 12.39 nOKa3aHa HCnpaBJIeHHafi 3anHCb B CTpOKe Ta6JIHI.{bI H .n:06aBJleHbI cJle- .n:yJOIl{He TpH no.n:ceTH (KoTopble paCC'lHTaHbl C nOMOIl{blO Toro )Ke caMoro MeTo.n:a). B Ta6- JlHl.{e }'Ka3aHbI no.n:ceTH.n:o TOro MOMeHTa, KaK Bbl'lHCJIeHHfI BO BTOpOH pa3.n:a.n:yT pe3YJIb- TaT 256. Ta6J1Hua 12.39. CxeMa nO.ll.CeTeii.lUlR a,apeca 130.4.0.0: .lI.aJlbHeiiwHe BbI'IHc.JIeHHR OKTeT 1 2 3 4 MacKa 255 255 255 192 "MarH'IeCKOe'lHCJlO" (256 - 192 = 64) 64 A1qJec nO.ll.CeTH/HYJleBaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 0 nepBaR HeHYJleBaJI nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 64 CJlell,ylOwaR nOnCeTb 130 4 0 128 CJlell,ylOwaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 0 192 I1cnpaBJIeHHaR CJle.lJ.YlOWaR nO.ll.CeTb (B 'IeTBepThlii OKTeT 3anHcaH O. 130 4 0 K 3Ha'leHHIO TpeTl.ero npH6aBJIeHa 1) CJleD,yIOWaJI nOD.CeTb 130 4 64 CJleD,ylOwaR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 128 S 1e.:Q' lO waR nO.ll.CeTb 130 4 192 ECJlH npo.n:OJl)l(HTb paC'leTbI .n:aJJbIlle H .n:06aBHTb K pe3YJIbTary B nOCJIe.n:HeH cTpoKe Ta6nHI.{bi "MarH'leCKOe 'lHCJIO" (64), TO B HHTepeCYIOIl{eM Hac OKTeTe 6y.n:eT nOJIY'IeHO 'Utcno 256. ComacHo 3Tany 6 B HOBOH pe.n:aKU.HH H}')KHO 3anHcaTb B HHTepecYIOIl{HH OK- TeTO , a OKTeT CJleBa OT Hero YBeJIH'lHTb Ha I, B pe3YJlbTaTe Mbl nOJIyqHM 130.4.2.0. T 0pO.n:OJl)l(HB paC'leTbi no onHcaHHOMY anropHTMY, Mbl nOJIyqHM Bce HOMepa nOJICeTeH. eM He MeHee, KaK 06bl'JHO, HaM H}')KeH HeKoTopbli1 KpHTepHH, no KOTOPOMY Mbl CMO)l(eM
436 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft onpe.n:eJIHTb, 'lTO nopa OCTaHOBHTbCfI. ComaCHO omlcaHHOMY BbIUJe aJJropHTMY, .n:OCTHf- HYB 3Ha<JeHHfI B 256 B KaKOM-JIHGo OKTeTe, Mbl .n:omKHbl 3anHcaTb B Hero 0, a OIcreT CJIeBa OT Hero YBeJIHLIHTb Ha 1. B HeKOTOpbl11 MOMeHT BpeMeHH B 1'peTbeM OIcreTe Mbl TalOKe no- JlyqHM 'lHCJIO 256. ComacHo «pOpMaJJbHOMY onHcaHHIO aJJropHTMa B 3TOT OKTeT Ho 3anHcaTb 0, a OKTeT CJIeBa OT Hero (T.e. BTOpOH> H}')KHO YBeJIH'lHTb Ha I, H MbI nOJIY'IHM ceTb C a,upeCOM: 130.5.0.0. KaK BH.n:HO H3 a,upeca - 3TO COBceM .n:pyrafl ceTb KJIacca B, nOCKOJIbKY O.n:HH H3 .n:BYX nepBbIx OKTeTOB H3MeHHJlCfI. J.1TaK, KpHTepHeM OCTaHOBKH paC'leTOB 6y.n:eT CH'ryaI.{HSI, Kor.n:a MeHfleTCfI 3Ha'leHHe OKTeTa B ceTeBOH 'laCTH a,upeca, a nOCJIe.n:HfIfi npaBHJlbHafi no.n:- ceTb, 130.4.255. 192, 6y.n:eT IllHpoKoBeWaTeJIbHOH no.n:CeTblO. .QonOI1HIo1Tel1bHble npaKTIo1eCKlo1e peKOMeHAa....1011o1 Tenepb, Koma GbIJI paccMoTpeH HaHGOJIee YHHBepcaJJbHbII1 aJJropHTM paC'leTa no.n:ce- Tel1, npe.n:nOJIaraIOIllHH, 'lTO D.JIfi no.n:ceTeH Bbl)J.eJIeHO 60JIee 8 6HTOB, HMeeT CMblCJI eIlle pa3 n01'peHHpOBaTbCR B nOC1'poeHHH no.n:ceTeH. B npHJIO>KeHHH r npHBe.n:eHbl .n:onOJIHH- TeJIbHble 3a,uaHHfI no paC'le'ry no.n:ceTel1, a B npHJIO)l(eHHH.D: npHBelleHa KpaTKafi cxeMa aJJropHTMa paC'leTa, onHcaHHOfO BblUJe. KpoMe nepeqHCJIeHHblX BblUJe MaTepHaJJOB, Ha npHJ1araeMOM K KHHre .n:HCKe eCTb .n:o- nOJlHHTeJIbHbl11 BHlleOpOJIHK, HJIJIIOCTpHPYiOIllHH npOl.{eCC paC'leTa no.n:ceTel1 C 'lHCJlOM 6HTOB, 60JIbIllHM 8.
rl1aBa 12. IP-aApecaMft M C03AaHMe nOAceTeM 437 nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe BCe KnIO"IeBble TeMbl CBaA eMa CJIe.n:yeT nOBTopUTb Bce KJllO'leBble TeMbI .n:aHHoH maBbl, KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI nHI<TorpaMMoH Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6n. 12.40 nepe'lHCneHbl Bce OCHOBHble KJllO'leBble TeMbI H COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{He HM CTpaHHl.{bI. B 3TOH maBe npe.n:CTaBJIeHO MHOro BIDKHOH HH<t>opMaI.{HH, B 'laCTHOCTH, no.n:p06Hble onHcaHHfI MeTo.n:OB paC'leTa MaCOK H no.n:ceTeH. CaMH npOl.{eCCbI H 3Tanbl 3anOMHHaTb He H}')KHO, a CJle.n:yeT KaK MO)KHO 60JlbIlle n01peHHpOBaTbCfI B paC'leTe pa3JIH'lHbIX BapHaHTOB no.n:ceTeH C nOMOIl{blO nOHpaBHBUJerOCfl MeTo.n:a: .n:BOH'IHOro HJlH .n:eCflTH'IHoro. AnroPHTMbl, YKa3aHHble B Ka'leCTBe KJlI04eBbiX TeM maBbI, HY)l(HbI D.J1f1 nOHHMaHHfI MeTo.n:OB paC'leTa H caMonposepKH, HO He D.J1f1 3a3y6pHBaHHfI. 3J1eMeHT Ta6J1Hua 12.40. KrnO'IeBble TeMbl rJlaBbl 12 OnHcaHHe Ta6n. 12.2 Ta6J1. 12.3 Ta6n. 12.4 LmlCOK 3Tanbl anropl1TMa 3Tanbl anropl1TMa Ta6J1 129 mnbl anrOpl1TMa 3Tanbl anropl1TMa Cnl1COK Cnl1COK 3Tanbl anrOpl1TMa 'hanbl anropl1TMa Cnl1COK Ta6J1.12.12 - KOJlI1'1eCTBO cereH, p33Mep CeTeBOH 11 Y3JIOBOH '13CTl1lLJ1J1 1 P-CeTeH KJI3CC3 A. B 11 C CeTI1 KJI3CC3 A, B M C 11 I1X cTaHll3pTHbie M3CKI1 Cnl1COK '13CTHbIX IP-ceTeH (RFC 1918) COBeTbl no npe06p330BaHI11O 113 nBOI1'1HOfi CI1CTeMbl C'II1CJleHI1J1 B necJlTI1'1HYIO 11 H306opOT JI)UIIP-anpeCOB llBOI1'1HbIH MeTon npeo6pa30BaHI1J1 M3CIG1113neCJlTI1'1HOH tlJOpMbl B npetlJl1KCHYIO llBOI1'1HbIH MeTon npeo6p330BaHI1J1 M3CIG1 113 npetlJl1KcHofi tlJOPMbl B necHTI1'1HYIO lleBHTb neCHTI1'1HbIX 3H3'1eHI1H, KOTopble MO>KHO BCTpeTl1Tb B M3CKax, H HX nBOH'IHble 3KBHBaneHTbl llecHTI1'1HbIH MeTQJI npeo6p330B3HIDI M3CIG1 H3neCJlTH'IHOH CI1CTeMbl B npetlJl1KCHYIO tlJOPMY llecHTI1'1HbIH MeTOn npeo6pa30BaHI1H M3CKI1 113 npetlJl1KCHOH tlJOPMbl B necHTI1'1HYIO KaK onpeneJlI1Tb 11 npo3Hanl1311pOBaTb pa3Mep cereBOH 11 Y3JIOBOH '13CTI1, 3 TaKJKe H3HTII 611Tbl nQJICeTl1 B IP-anpece K3K M3CK3 nonCeTl1 3a.ll3eT '1aCTI1 11 CTPYKTYPY IP-anpec3 llBOI1'1Hbll1 MeTOn onpeneJleHI1J1 crpYKTYPbl (ceTI1, nonCeTl111 Y3JIOBofi '1aCTI1) IP-anpeC3 llecJlTI1'1HbIH MeTon onpeneJleHI1H CTPYKTYPbl (ceTI1. nonCeTl111 Y3JIOBofi '1aCTI1) IP-anpec3 KnIO'IeBble MOMeHTbl anropHTM3 p3C'IeT3 KOJlI1'1ecTB3 nonceTefi 11 '1I1CJl3 Y3JIOB B nOnCeTI1 OnI1C3HO. K3K onpeneJlI1Tb, no K3KOH Q>opMYJle C'II1T3Tb KOJlI1'1ecTBO nocrynHblx nonceTeH HQMep cTpaHHQbI 388 390 391 396 400 400 401 401 402 404 405 406 406 407 408
438 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a,-,Mft OnHcaHHe OKOH'IaHUe ma6A. 12.40 3J1eMeHT A633U CnHCOK 3TanbI 3JlmpllTMa 3T3nbl 3JlrOpHTMa 3T3nbI 3JlmpHTMa 3TanbI 3JlmpllTMa 3T3nbl 3JlrOpllTMa 3Tanbl3JImpHTMa A633U 3Tanbl3JlmpHTMa 3Tanbl 3JlmpltTMa B3JlCH3H HH<l>opMaUHJI 0 D.BOH'lHbIX 3Ha4eHIDIX B MaCK3X nOD.CeTH OnHCaHO, KaK BbI6paTb MacK}', D.3101llY1O Hall60Jlblllee KOJlll4eCTBO nOD.ce-refi HllH Y3JlOB B nOD.CeTH npHBeD.eH 3JlmpHTM BbI60pa MaCKII Ha OCHOBe Bbl)lBHHYTblX TPe60B3HHfi .l!:BOH4Hblfi MeTOD. onpeJleJleHHJI pe3H.!leHTHol nOJICeTH C onepaUHefi 6YJleB3 "11" 6e3 HCnOJlb30B3HIDI Ta6J1HUbl D.BOH4HbIX 4HCeJl .l!:BOH'lHblfi MeTOD. paC'leTa WHpOKOBelllaTeJlbHOm 3.llpeca nOJICeTH .l!:ecJITH4HbIH MeTOD. onpeD.eJleHHJI D.Han330Ha 3.l1peCOB nOD.CeTH, nocJle Toro K3K paCC'lltTaHbl 3.llpec nOD.CeTH H WHpOKOBem3TeJlbHblfi 3.l1pec MeTOD. onpeD.eJleHHJI D.Han330Ha I P-3.l1peCOB nOD.CeTH .l!:eCJITH4HbIH MeTOD. paC'leTa 3.llpeca nOD.CeTH, WHpOKOBem3TeJlbHOm 3.llpeca H D.Hana30Ha nOJICeTH I1H<l>opMaUHJI 0 TOM, 4TO 3.llpeca nOJIceTefi KJIaccoBofi ceTH KpaTHbI "MarH4ecKOMY'lHCJlY" .l!:eCJITH4HbIH MeTOJI paC4eT3 Bcex nOD.CeTeH KJIaccoBofi ceTIlllJlJI MaCKH nOCTOJIHHOH llJIHHbI p33MepOM MeHbwe 86ltTOB .l!:eCJITIl4HbIH MeTOD. paC4eT3 Bcex nOD.CeTeH KJIaCCoBol CeTH llJIJI MaCKII nOCTOJIHHOfi llJIHHbl p33MepOM 60JlbWe 8 6HTOB HOMep cTpaHHQbI 411 413 413 415 418 420 421 427 430 430 434 3anonHIo1Te Ta6nlo1....bl 101 cnlo1CKIo1 no naMJlTIo1 PaCne'laTaHTe npHJIO)KeHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH ero pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CflIllHHCR K 3TOH maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHl.{bI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)l(eHHH 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbie Ta6JIHl.{bI H cnHCKH )].JUI caMOKOHTPOJIfi. KmoeBble TepMIo1Hbl rnaBbl llaHTe onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)I(e TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: n06HTOBoe 6YJIeBO "11", lIIHpoKoBemaTeJIbHafi ceTb, KJIaCCOBaSi ceTb, cTaH.n:apTHafi MaCKa, npe<t>HKcHblH <t>opMaT, 'laCTHblH IP-allpec, 3aperHCTPHpOBaHHbIH IP-allpec, no.n:- ceTb, MaCKa no.n:ceTH, allpec no.n:ceTH, HYJIeBafi no.n:ceTb. npOIo1TalilTe nepBOe 3aAaHIo1e B nplo1nO>KeHIo1Io1 E B npHJIO)l(eHHH E npe.n:CTaBJIeHbl .n:Ba .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX 3allaHHSI, KOTopbIe nOMoryr npoaHaJJH3HpoBaTb pa3JIH'lHbIe CTPYKrypbI CeTeH, np06JIeMbl H pe3YJIbTaTbi BbIllOJIHeHUSI KOMaHll, a TaIOKe nOMOryT nOHflTb, KaK B3aHMOCBSl3aHbl KOHl.{enl.{HH ceTeBbIX TeXHOJIOrHi1 H3 pa3HbIX maB 3TOH KHHrH. CJIe.n:yeT Ha'laTb BblllOJIHflTb nepBoe 3allaHHe HMeHHO cei1- 'lac, nOCKOJIbKY 3TO JIHlIIHfIfi B03MO)l(HOCTb nOTpeHHpOBaTbC5I B nJIaHHpOBaHHH cxeMbI IP-allpecoB ceTH.
rl1aBa 12. IP-aApeca'-'Mft M c03,D.aHMe nOAceTeM 439 BonpOCbl no nOACeTJlM 101 MeTOAbl paC'IeTa B 3TOH maBe 6bIJIO onHcaHO MHO)KeCTBO MeTo.n:OB, KaK nOJIyqHTb pa3HYIO HH<t>opMa- l{HIO 0 no.n:ceTflX, a TalOKe 6b1J1H npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI <t>OpMaJJH3HpoBaHHbIe aJJropHTMbI paC'le- Ta. TaKHe aJJropHTMbI npe.n:CTaBJIfllOT C060H CTpOrHH Ha60p 3TanOB paC'leTa pa3JIH'lHbiX napaMeTpoB H C HHMH 06f13aTeJlbHO HY)f(HO nOTpeHHpoBaTbCfI. KOHKpeTHble aJJropHTMbl caMH no ce6e He flBJIfllOTCfI OCHOBHOH l{eJlblO maBbI, HX He H}')KHO 3anOMHHaTb. AJIropHTMbI onHcaHbI ,l{JIfi TOro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mor caMOCTOflTeJIb- HO nOTpeHHpOBaTbC5I B paC'leTaX, HayqHTbCfI npaBHJIbHO nOHHMaTb pa3HbIe 3allaHHfI, HC- nOJIb30BaTb aJJropHTMbl Ha npaKTHKe H nOJIyqaTb npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT. K KOHl{Y ma- Bbi 'lHTaTeJlb e 1l0JI)I(eH He 3a.n:yMblBaTbCfI 0 caMHX aJJropHTMax, a MeTo.n:bI paC'leTa H- HbiX napaMeTpOB 1l0JI)KHbl 061>e.n:HHHTbCfI co 3HaHHflMH no IP-allpeCaUHH H no.n:ceTfiM. nOCJIe npO'lTeHHfI rJlaBbl H HHTeHCHBHOH TpeHHpOBKH 'lHTaTeJlb .n:OJI)KeH 6bITb B COCTOfl- HHH caMOCTOflTeJIbHO }:laTb OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbI, no.n:06Hble npHBe.n:eHHbiM HIDKe. npO'lH- TaHTe BonpOCbI H, eCJlH MeTO.n: C nOMOIllblO KOTOpOro MO)f(HO nOJIyqHTb npaBHJIbHbIH OT- BeT, HeficeH, 06paTHTeCb K COOTBeTCTBYJOlUeMY pa3.n:eny rJlaBbl (YKa3aHHOMY B cK06Kax), nepe'lHTaHTe ero H BblnOJIHHTe 3allaHHfI eIl{e pa3. 1. Artpec A.E.B.f K ceTH KaKoro KJIaCca OTHOCHTCfI? ("IP-aaoafiaoey")? 2. KaK B npe<t>HKcHoH '3anHCH 6y.n:eT BblrJIfl.n:eTb MaCKa 1J,.E.)I(.3? ("npe<t>HKCilafl, HJIH CIDR-3anHcb MacKH".) 3. KaKafi MaCKa B .n:eCflTH'lHOM <t>opMaTe 6y.n:eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb npe<t>HKcy Ix? ("Ope- <t>HKcHafl, HJIH CIDR-3anHcb MacKH".) 4. CKOJlbKO 6HTOB B ceTeBOH 'laCTH allpeca A.E.B.r C MaCKOH lJ,.E.)I(.3? B Y3JIOBOH 'lac- TH? CKOJIbKO 6HTOB no.n:ceTeH? ("MaJJH3 MaCKH no.n:ceTH B cymecTBYlOllieH ceTH".) 5. .z:vm 3allaHHOH KJlaCCOBOH ceTH C MaCKOH 1J,. E.)I(.3 CKOJIbKO MO)f(HO C03.n:aTb no.n:ceTeH? CKOJIbKO Y3JIOB 6y.n:eT B Ka)l(J{OH no.n:ceTH? ("AHaJJH3 MaCKH no.n:ceTH B cymecTBYJOllieH ceTH" .) 6. 1J,aHa KJlaCCOBafi ceTb, ,l{JIfi KOTOpOH H}')KHO C03.n:aTb A no.n:ceTeH c E Y3JIOB B Ka)l(J{OH no.n:ceTH, npH'leM JtcnoJlb3yeTcfI MaCKa nocToflHHOH ,l{JIHHbl. KaKafi MaCKa no.n:ceTH y.n:OBJIeTBOpHT TaKHe Tpe60BaHHfI? (" Bbl60p MaCKH)J.JUI onpe.n:eJIeHHoro .n:H3aHHa ceTH".) 7. 1J,aHa KJlaCCOBa51 ceTb, .n:JlfI KOTOpOH HHO C03.n:aTb A no.n:ceTeH C E Y3JIOB B Ka)l(J{OH no.n:ceTH, npH'leM HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MaCKa nOCTOflHHOH .LLTIHHbI. KaKafi MaCKa no.n:ceTH .n:aCT HaH60JIbIllee 'lHCJlO Y3JIOB B no.n:ceTH? KaKafi MaCKa no.n:ceTH .n:aCT HaH60JIbIllee KOJlH'leCTBO no.n:ceTeH? (" Bbl60p MaCKH.LLTIfi onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO .n:H3aHHa ceTH".) 8. KaKoBa 6y.n:eT pe3H.n:eHTHaH no.n:ceTb)J.JUI allpeca A.E.B.r C MaCKOH 1J,.E.)I(.3? KaKOH 6y.n:eT IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJlbHbIH allpec y TaKOH no.n:ceTH? KaKHM 6y.n:eT .n:Hana30H ,l{JIfi pe- 3H.n:eHTHOH ceTH? ("MaJJH3 cymeCTBYIOIllHX no.n:ceTeH".) 9. KaKHe H3 YKa3aHHbIX no.n:ceTeH OTHOCflTCfI K .n:aHHoH KJlaCCOBOH ceTH, eCJIH HCnOJIb3Y- eTCfI MaCKa 1J,.E.)I(.3? ("1J,H3aHH: BbI60p no.n:ceTeH,l{JIfi KJlaCCOBOH ceTH".)
I. ) il 11 1 rr I ...1 B :nOH maBe... .; . YCTaHOBKa MapmpyrH3aTopOB Cisco. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbl MaprupyrH3aTopbI ypOBHfI npe.n:- npIDI.THfi H nOTpe6HTeJlbCKOrO cerMeHTa, a TalOKe paccKa3aHo, KaK TaKHe yerpoi1cTBa HCnOJIb- 3yJOTCfI ,l{JIfi no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI nOJIb- 30BaTeJIeH K ceTH. . MHTepcIJeHc KOMaH.LJ.HOH cTpOirn MapmpyrH3aTopa. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI CXO)l(He 3JIeMeHTbi H MeTo.n:bl HHTeP<l>eHca KOMaHAHOH crpOlrn MaprupyrH3aTOpa H KOM- MYTaTopa (nepBafi 'laCTb onHca- HIDI. npe.n:cTaBJIeHa B rJIaBe 8), a TalOKe paCCMOTpeHbI <l>YHKI.{HH, xapaKTepHble TOJIbKO,l{Jlfl Map- rupyrH3aTopOB. . 06HOBJIeHHe onepaIUloHHoH CHC- TeMbi Cisco IOS H npo..ecc Ha- 'UUIbHOH 3arpY3KH YCTpOHCTBa. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaH npol.{ecc Ha'laJIbHoro 3anYCKa Maprupynt.- 3aTopa H paCCMOTpeH aJIropHTM BbI60pa HCTO'lHHKa 3arpY3KH onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI Cisco 10S.
rJlABA 13 Pa60Ta C MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco MapIIIPYTH3aTOpbI OTJIH'lalOTCfI OT KOMM)'TaTopOB, npe)K,l{e Bcero, CBOltMH OCHOBHbIMH <PYHKlI.HflMH. CaMafi rJIaBHafi 3a.n:a'la KOMMYTaTopa - nepeCbIJIaTb Ethernet-<ppeMMbI, cpaBHHBafi MAC-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfl C Ta6JIHUeM MAC-a.n:peCOB (T.e. Ta6J1HueM KOMMYTa- UHH) YCTpOMCTBa; OCHOBHafi :>Ke 3a.n:a'la MapIIIpYTH3aTopa - nepeCbIJIaTb naKeTbI, cpaB- HHBafi IP-a.n:pec nOJlyqaTemI co CBoeM Ta6JIHUeM [P-MapIIIPYTU3aI.{UU. B COBpeMeHHbIX Ethernet-KOMMYTaTopax eCTb O.n:HH HJlH HeCKOJIbKO pa3J1It'lJ-lbIX TunOB Ethernet-HHTep- <peHCOB, B MapIIIpYTU3aTopax )Ke eCTb KaK Ethernet-HHTep<peMCbI, WAN-HHTep<peHCbI. TaK H MHorHe .n:pyrHe THnbI nopTOB, n03BOJIfllOlliHe nom<JlIO'lHTbCfI K TeJIeKOMMYHHKaUH- OHHOM HH<ppaCTPYKT}'Pe 'lepe3 TeJIeBH3HOHHbiM Ka6eJ1b, nocpellCTBOM llU<PPOBOM a60- HeHTCKOM JIUHHH H TeXHOJIOrHH DSL, a TaIOKe MHOrltX .n:pyrHX H nOJIyqHTb .n:ocTYll K ceTH HHTepHeT. HTaK, MapIllPYTH3aTOpbI MOryT pa60TaTb C O'leHb 60JIbIIIHM 'lltCJlOM TeXHO- JIOrHH H pa3JIH'lHbIX cpe.n: nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX, a KOMMYTaTopbI paCC'lUTaHbI Ha pa60TY TOJIbKO B JIOKaJIbHbIX cenIX It KOMMYTallHIO Ethernet-<ppeMMOB K ycrpOMCTBaM ceTH. He- CMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO 06a THna YCTpOMCTB npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHbI ,l{JIfi nepeCbIJIKIt .n:aHHbIX, aJIro- pHTMbI H npoueCCbI nepeCbIJIKIt, a TaIOKe THn YCTpOMCTB, KOTOpbIM MOryT 6bITb nepe.n:aHbI nOTOKH .n:aHHbIX, CYIlleCTBeHHO OTJlH'laIOTCfI. HTaK, 6a30Bbie <PYHKlI.HH YCTPOMCTB CYIlleCTBeHHO pa3J1U'lHbI, TeM He MeHee B KOMMY- TaTopax H MapIllpYTH3aTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco HCnOJIb3yeTcR O.n:HH H TOT :>Ke HHTep<peHC KOMaHAHOM CTpOKlt. B 3TOM maBe no.n:p06HO paCCMOTpeHbI <PYHKllUU HHTep<peHca Map- IIIPYTH3aTOpOB, KOTopbIe OTJIH'lalOTCR OT <PYHKllHM HHTep<peMca KOMaH.n:HQM CTpOKlt KOMM)'TaTopOB, paCCMOTpeHHbIx, B'laCTHOCrn B maBe 8 "Pa60Ta C KOMM)'TaTopaMH KOM- naHHH Cisco" BbIllie. B nOCJIe.n:HeM pa3.n:eJIe no.n:p06HO onHCaHa TaIOKe YCTaHOBKa Map- IIIpYTH3aTopoB KOMnaHHH Cisco, a TaIOKe no.n:p06HO paCCMOTpeH npouecc Ha'laJIbHOM 3arpY3K1t onepauHoHHoM CHCTeMbl IOS. KOHTPOl1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJ1 npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH )J.JUI Toro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJ1b Mor npe.n:BapHTeJlbHO oueHHTb COOH 3HaHHfI H peIIIHTb, lfY)KH0 JIH eM)' 'lHTaTb rJIaBY ueJ1HKOM. ECJ11t OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBRTb H3 .n:eCflTH BonpOCOB llaHbI npaBHJlbHO, MO)KHO cpa3Y :>Ke nepeifrH K nOCJ1eAHeMY pa3.n:eJIY "no.n:- rOTOBKa K 3K3aMeH)'''. OCHOBHble TeMbl 3TOM rJIaBbI H npe}:lBapHTeJ1bHblX KOHTpOJIbHblX BO- npOCOB nepe'lltCJ1eHbI B Ta6JI. 13.1. OrBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbl H ItCn0J1b3Y51 TaMH- u.y, 'lHTaTeJIb CMO:>KeT .n:OCTaT04.HO TO'lHO OnpelleJ1HTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOM HJIH HHOH 06JIaCTU. OrBeTbl Ha BonpOCbI npHBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)KeHHH A "OrBeTbI Ha KOHTpOJ1bHble BonpocbI".
442 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft Ta6J1Hua 13.1. TeMbl KOHTpOJlbHbIX BOnpOCOB OCHOBHaa TeMa YCTaHOBKa MapwpynnaTopOB KOMnaHHH Cisco I1HTep<!>eHc KOMaHllHoA CTJ>OKH Cisco IOS 06HORJIeHI1e onepaUl10HHOH CI1CTeMbl Cisco IOS 11 npoue.aypa Ha'laJIbHOH 3arpY31G1 HOMepa BonpocoB 1,2 3-7 8,9 1. KaKHe ::nanbl npH YCTaHOBKe YCTpOHCTBa npHCYIl{H MapIllPYTH3aTopaM KOMnaHHH Cisco, HO OTCYTCTBYIOT npH BHe.n:peHHH KOMMYTaTOpoB? a) OO,l{l(JIIO'leHHe Ethemet-Ka6eJIeH. 6) Oo.n:KJIIO'leHHe nOCJle.n:OBaTenbHbIX (serial) Ka6eneH. B) nO.n:KJIIO'leHHe K KOHCOJIbHOMY noPTY. r) Oo.n:KJIIO'leHHe nHTaHHfI. .n:) OepeKJIlO'leHHe BbIKJIIO'laTeJIfi yerpoHCTBa B nOJlO)f(eHHe "BKJII04eH". 2. KaK HCnOJIb3yeTcfI <PYHKI.{HfI npHCBoeHHfI allpeCOB B SOHO-MapIllPYTH3aTOpax? a) DHCP-cepBep 3anYCKaeTCfI Ha HHTep<peHce, no.n:KJlIO'leHHOM K npoBaH.n:epy. 6) DHCP-cepBep 3anYCKaeTCfI Ha HHTep<peHce, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJl104eH .n:OMarn- HHH nK HJlH O<pHcHble nK. B) DHCP-KJlHeHT 3anYCKaeTCfI Ha HHTep<peHce, no.n:KJlI04eHHOM K npmmH.n:epy. r) DHCP-KJlHeHT 3anYCKaeTcfI Ha HHTep<peHce, K KOTOpOM)' no.n:KJlIO'leH .n:oMarn- HHH OK HJlH O<pHcHble nK. 3. KaJ<YlO H3 yJ<a3aHHbIX HIDKe KOMaH.D. MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb B HHTep<peHce KOMaH.D.HOH CTpOKH MaprnpYTH3aTopa, HO OHa OTCYTCTByeT B KOMMYTaTOpax? a) KOMaH.D.a clock rate. 6) KOMaH.D.a ip address. B) KOMaH.D.a ip address dhcp. r) KOMaH.D.a interface vlan 1. 4. Barna KOMnaHHfI TOJlbKO 'lTO npH06pena .n:Ba MaprnPYTH3aTopa KOMnaHHH Cisco J].JUI HcnOJIb30BaHHfI Ha JIa60paTopHoM CTeH.D.e. YerpoHcTBa no.n:KJlIO'leHbI K pa3HbiM cer- MeHTaM JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH uHTepcpeHcaMH FaOjO, a nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHble HHTep<peHcbI (serial) no.n:KJlIO'leHbI .n:pyr K .n:pyry HanpflMyJO. KaKHe H3 YKa3aHHbix HH)f(e .n:eHCTBHH He H}')KHO BbInOJlHSlTb, 'lT06bI 06eCne'lHTb nepe.n:a'lY IP-naKeTOB? a) CKOH<pHrypHpOBaTb IP-allpeca Ha H}')KHbIX FastEthemet- H nocne.n:OBaTenbHblX HHTep<peHcax 060HX MaprnPYTH3aTopoB. 6) YKa3aTb Ha nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOM HHTeP<t>eHce KOMaH.D.Y bandwidth ,l{JIfi o.n:Horo MapIllPYTH3aTopa. B) CKOH<PHrypHpoBaTb KOMaH.D.Y clock rate Ha nOCJle.n:OBaTeJlbHOM HHTep<peHce O.n:HOro MapIllpYTH3aTopa. r) 3allaTb C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH.D.bl description onHcaHHe Ha HY)l(HblX FastEther- net- H nocnellOBaTenbHblX HHTep<peHcax 060HX MapIllpYTH3aTopoB
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 443 5. BbIBO.n: KOMaH,l{bI show ip interface brief MaprnpYTH3aTopa nOKa3bIBaeT KO- .n:hI COCTOflHI1H "BhIKJIIO'leHO" ("down" H "down") ,lIJm I1HTep<peHca Serial 0/0. B 'leM MO}l(eT 3aKJIIO'laThCfI npH'lI1Ha? a) B .n:aHHOM HHTep<peHce BBelleHa KOMaH,l{a shutdown. 6) B HHTeP<PeHce Maprnpyrn3aTOpa 6bIJIO CKOH<pm)'pHpoBaHo HCnOJIh30BaHHe Texno- JIOrnH Frame Relay, HO Ha .n:pyrOM KOHl.{e KaHaJla HCnOJIh3YeTcfI HHKanCYJUII.{HfI PPP. B) B COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIhHhIH HHTep<peHC He BKJIlO'leH nOCJIe.n:OBa- TeJIhHbIH Ka6eJIh. r) 06a MaprnpYTH3aTopa Ha KOHl.{aX KaHaJla no.n:KJIIO'leHbI K pa60TalOIlleH cpe.n:e (nocpe.n:cTBoM CSU/DSU), HO TOJIhKO Ha O.n:HOM H3 HHX YCTaHOBJIeH IP-a.L1pec. 6. KaKM H3 YKa3aHHhiX HIDKe KOMaH,l{ He nOKa)KeT HaC'rpOHKH IP-a.L1pecoB H MaCOK B YCT- poHCTBe? a) show running-config. 6) show protocols !1'JlUIa HOHep. B) show ip interface brief. r) show interfaces. .n:) show version. 7. lJeM OTJIH'lalOTCfI HHTep<peHchI KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKH MaprnPYTH3aropa H KOMMYTaropa KOMnaHHH Cisco? a) KOMaH,l{aMH ,lIJIfi KOH<pHlypHpOBaHHfI npocToH npOl.{e.n:yphI npOBepKH napOJIeH ,l{JIfI KOHCOJIH. 6) KOJIH'leCTBOM CKOH<pHrypHpoBaHHhIX IP-a.L1pecoB. B) THnOM BonpOCOB, 3a.L1aBaeMbIX B pe)KHMe Ha'laJIhHOil KOH<pHlypaI.{HH ycrpOilCT- Ba (setup mode). r) KOH<PHlypHpOBaHHeM Ha3BaHHfI Y3JIa (hostname). .n:) KOH<PHlypHpOBaHHeM onHcaHHH ,l{JIfI HHTep<peHcOB. 8. C nOMOIl.{hlO KaKoil H3 YKa3aHHhIX KOMaH,l{ MO)I(HO H3MeHHTh HCTO'lHHK 3arpY3KH one- pal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMhI Cisco IOS? a) KOMaH,l{hI reload. 6) KOMaH,l{hI boot. B) KOMaH,l{hI reboot. r) KOMaH,l{hI KOH<pHlypHpOBaHHfI boot sys tem. .n:) KOMaH,l{bI KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI reboot system. e) CMeHoH 3Ha1.JeHHfI B KOH<pHlypaI.{HOHHOM perHCTpe. 9. KaKoe rneCTHa.L1l.{aTepH'lHOe 3Ha'leHHe B nOCJIe.n:HeM 3HaKe KOH<pHlypaI.{HOHHOro perH- cTpa YKa)KeT MapIllpYTH3aTOpy, 'lTO He HO HCKaTb Onepal.{HOHHyJO cHcTeMY Cisco IOS BO flash-naMflTH? a) O. 6) 2 B) 4. r) 5. ll) 6.
444 LtacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a""Mft BaeAeHMe YCTaHOBKa MapwpYTI>13aTopoB Cisco MapWPYTH3aropbI 06eCne'lHBalOT pa60Ty OCHOBHOH CJlY)K6bI ceTeBoro ypOBHSI (:na- JIOHHOH Mo.n:eJlH) - nepeCbIJIK)' naKeTOB 1.Jepe3 ceTb B CKB03HOM pe)KHMe. KaK 6bIJIO pac- CKa3aHO B maBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a.L1peCal{HH H MapWPYTU3al{HU", MapwpYTH3aropbI nepe- CbIJlalOT naKeTbi 1.Jepe3 pa3JIH1.JHbIe <pH3H1.JeCKJte CeTeBble coellUHeHUSI. HanpuMep, Ether- net-KaHaJIbl, nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHbIe KaHaJIbI, cpe.n:y Frame Relay, a TaIOKe ucnOJlb3YlOT aJIro- pHTMbl YPOBHSI 3 ,l{JIfi npHHflTHfi peIlleHHfI 0 TOM, Ky.n:a HMeHHO CJIellyeT OTnpaBl1Tb KaJK.lI:bIH naKeT. B Ka'leCTBe HanOMHHaHI1SI, OTMeTHM, 'lTO B rJIaBe 3 "OCHOBbl JlOKaJIbHblX cereH" 6bIJII1 onHcaHbI <pH3H1.JeCKJte coe.n:I1HeHHfI C Ethernet-ceTblO, a B maBe 4 "OCHOBbI WAN-cereH" 6bIJIH paCCMOTpeHbI WAN-TexHoJIorHH H HX Ka6eJIbHbIe no.n:KJlI01.JeHHfI. B nepBOM pa3.n:eJle maBbIonHcaHbI no.n:p06HOCTH npOl{eCca YCTaHOBKJt MapIllpYTH3a- Topa, CHa1.JaJIa C ro'lKJt 3peHHfI ero pa3BeprbIBaHHfI B ceTH npe.n:npHflTHSI, a nOTOM - ,l{JIfi no.n:KJlI01.JeHHSI MaJIblX H 1l0MaIllHHX O<pHCOB (small office/home office - SOHO) K npo- Bai1.rr.epy ceTH I1HTepHeT C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM BbICOKOCKOpOCTHbIX reXHOJlOrHH a60HeHT- CKJtX KaHaJIOB. YCTaHOBKa Mapwpyn13aTopa B cent npeAnpMs:lTMs:I B THnH'lHOH ceTH KpynHoro npe.n:npHSITHSI eCTb HeCKOJlbKO l{eHTpaJIH30BaHHbIX nJlo- Il.{a.L10K (site) H HeCKOJIbKO He60JlbWHX YllaJIeHHbIX <pHJII1aJIOB. )J,JIfi nOllKJIlO'leHHfI YCT- POHCTB (KoMnbIOTepoB, IP-TeJIe<poHoB, npI1HTepOB H .n:p.) Ha Ka)l(J{OH nJIOIlla.L1Ke eCTb KaK MHHHM}'M O.n:HH KOMMYTaTop JIOKaJIbHOH ceTU. KpoMe TOro, B ceTH Ka)l(J{OH nJIOIl.{a.L1KH .n:OJI)KeH npHcYTcTBOBaTb KaK MHHHM}'M O.n:UH MapwpYTH3aTOp, nocpe.n:CTBOM KOTOpOro JIOKaJIbHM ceTb (LAN) 6y.n:eT no.n:KJlI01.JeHa K pacnpe.n:eJIeHHOH (WAN). WAN-KaHaJI B Ta- KOH cTpYK'rype HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ,l{JIfi nOllKJIlO1.JeHI1f1 y.n:aJIeHHblX nJlOIlla.L10K K l{eHTpaJIbHOMY o<PHcy H ,l{JISI .n:pyrux TeJIeKOMMYHHKal{HOHHbIX H}')K,1I. Ha pHC. 13.1 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHa o.n:Ha H3 B03MO)KHbIX cxeM pacnpe.n:eJleHHOH ceTH npe.n:npHflTHfI, B 'laCTHOCTH, CJIeBa nOKa3aHa ceTb <pHJlHaJIa, B KOTOpOH eCTb MapIllpYTH3a- TOp, HeKOTopoe KOJIH'leCTBO nepCOHaJIbHbIX KOMnblOTepOB H YCJIOBHM Ethernet-ceTb (KOMMYTaTOp Ha cxeMe onYIlleH). U,eHTpaJIbHafi nJIOIlla.L1Ka KOMnaHHH, nOKa3aHHafi cnpa- Ba, nOCTpoeHa Ha npaKTI1'leCKJt Tex )Ke caMbIX KOMnOHeHTax, a Me)l(ll)' nJlOIl.{a.L1KaMU I1C- nOJIb3yeTcfI .n:BYXT01.Je'lHbIH TeJIeKOMMyHUKal{HOHHbIH KaHaJI. B l{eHTpaJIbHOM O<p uce KOMnaHI1H TalOKe eCTb cepBepHbIH cerMeHT (server farm) C .n:BYMfI KopnopaTHBHblMI1 cep- BepaMH, XpaHflIllI1MH HeKOTopbIe .n:aHHbIe. Ha pHC. 13.1 npe.n:HaMepeHHO onYIlleHbI HeKOTopble lleTaJIH. 'lT06bI MO)KHO 6bIJIO nOll- 'lepKHYTb caMbIe BIDKHbIe COCTaBJIfllOIl.{He cOBpeMeHHoH ceTH. Ha pHC. 13.2 nOKa3aHa Ta )Ke caMaSI ceTb, HO 60JIee .n:eTaJIbHO, BnJlOTb 110 Toro, 1.JTO nOKa3aHbI 3JIeMeHTbI Ka6eJIbHOH CHCTeMbI.
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 445 ct>l1nl1aJ1 UeHTpaJ1bHbli1 O<l>I1C ---. r -;;1 _ R nK4 nK5 nK6 nOnb30BaTenl1 ./ ---. l -;;2- CepBepbl Puc. 13.1. 0606w,eHHGJl cxeMa Kopnopamu6Hou cemu <PIo1Jl1.1aJ1 UeHTpaJ1bHbl O<j>Io1C friK: J- - , , , , , , Ka6en UTP CepBepbl -;.. - BbIJeneHH nHR C1 R1 .. .. R2 .. C2 nOcneAOBaTenbHbli1 Ka6enb I I nOCneAOBaTenbHbli1 I1HTep<>ei1c c I1HTerpl1pOBaHHblM MOAyneM CSU/DSU I Ka6enl1 UTP Ka6enb UTP (nepeKpelljeHHbli1 ) --- ------ nK6 .15 f:41 .. .. Ka6enl1 UTP Puc. 13.2. floiJpo6HGJl cxeMa Kopnopamu6Hou cemu Ha pHC. 13.2 yKa3aHbI KaK I1CnOJIb3yeMbIe paCnaHKI1 Ka6eJIeH ,l{JISI JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH (UTP), TaK H .n:Ba BapHaHTa no.n:KJl104eHl1f1 K WAN-ceTH. B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH npeuMYIlle- CTBeHHO HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI Ka6eJIH C npSIMoH pacnaHKoH KOHTaKTOB (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe npfl- MbIe Ka6eJIH), 3a HCKJIlO4eHHeM Ka6eJIfI, coe.n:HHfllOIllero .n:Ba KOMMYTaTOpa, ,l{JIfi KOTOpOro HCnOJIb3yeTcSI nepeKpeCTHafi pacnaHKa KOHTaKTOB (crossover). D.nfl nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHOrO KaHaJIa nOKa3aHbI .n:Ba B03MO)KHbIX MeTo.n:a no.n:KJII04eHHfI, c pa3JI114HbIMH BapHaHTaMI1 annapaTHOH peaJIH3aUHH MO.n:yAA 06CJI}')KHBaHUfi KaHaJIa/Mo.n:YAA 06pa60TKJ1 .n:aHHbIX (Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit - CSU/DSU): c YCTaHOB- KOH OTlleJlbHOrO annapaTHoro MO.n:yAA (TaKoH BapuaHT HCnOJlb3YeTCfI B <pHJIuaJIe) H C uc- nOJlb30BaHHeM HHTerpupoBaHHoro B nOCJle.n:oBaTeJlbHbIH uHrep<peHc MapIllpYTlUaTOpa Mo.n:YJIfi (TaKoH BapHaHT ucnOJIb3yeTcfI B l{eH1-paJIbHOM o<pHce). B COBpeMeHHOM 060py.n:0- BaHHU MOllYJIb CSU/DSU 06bI'lHO UHTerpHpOBaH B nOCJlellOBaTeJlbHblH uHTep<peHc Map-
446 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3aL4Mft IllpYTH3aTopa. WAN-Ka6eJIb OT OnepaTOpa CBfl3H HJII1 nOCTaBIl{HKa YCJIyr 06b1'fHO 3aKaH- 'lHBaeTCfI pa31>eMOM RJ-48, KOropblH no <popMe H pa3Mepy COBnallaeT C pa31>eMOM RJ-45. TaKOH Ka6eJIb BKJllO'lalOT B MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU, a B paCCMOTpeHHOH cxeMe B l.{eHTpaJIbHOM O<puce OH BKJllO'leH HenOCpellCTBeHHO B MapIllpYTH3aTOp maBHOH nJIOIl{allKU. COOTBeTCT- BeHHO B <pHJIHaJIe Ka6eJIb BKJllO'leH B M0.lIYJIb CSUjDSU. a caM MOllYJIb no.n:KJlI01.JeH Ka6eJIeM K nOCJIellOBaTeJIbHOMY HHTep<PeHCY MapIllpYTH3aTopa. (DOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHble WAN-Ka6eJIu npOHJIJIIOCTpupOBaHbI Ha pHC. 4.4 maBbI 4 "OCHOBbI WAN-ceTeH".) Mapwpynt3aTopbl C MHTerpMpoBaHHblMM Cl1Y>K6aMM KOMnaHMM Cisco npOH3BOllHTeJIH ceTeBoro 060Py.n:oBaHHfI, B TOM 'lHCJIe H KOMnaHUfi Cisco, 06bl1.JHO BbIllYCKalOT HeCKOJIbKO pa3JIH1.JHbIX BapHaHTOB MaprnpYTH3aTopOB, KaK YCTpOHCTB, KOTO- pbIe MOryT TOJIbKO MaprnpYTH3HpOBaTb, TaK H YCTpOHCTB, KOTopbIe MOryT BbillOJIHflTb MHorue .n:pyrHe <PYHKl.{HH. THnH'lHOMY <pHJIHaJIY npellnpHflTHfi MapIllpYTH3aTOp H}')KeH, npe)l()1e Bcero, .lIJ1f1 nOllKJIlO'leHUSI JIOKaJIbHOH CeTI1 K paCnpelleJleHHOH, a KOMMYTaTOp no- Hall06HTCfI .lIJ1f1 nOCTpoeHHfI BbICOKOCKOpOCTHOH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTU U nOllKJIlO'leHHfI K MapIllpYTH3aTOPY. Bo MHorHX opraHH3al.{l1f1X Ha cero.n:HflIllHUH .n:eHb HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TeXHO- JIOrufi nepella'lU rOJIOca B IP-cpe.n:e (Voice over IP - VoIP), KpOMe roro, npaKTU'leCKU JII060MY O<PHCY nOHall06f1TCSI 6a30BbIe cpe.n:CTBa 06eCne'leHUSI 6e30naCHOCTH. (O.n:Ha H3 HaH60JIee nonYJISIpHblX CJI}')K6. CBfl3aHHM C 6e30naCHOCTblO. a HMeHHO TeXHOJIOrHfI 'laCT- HOH BHpTyaJIbHOH ceTH (Virtual Private Networking - VPN), onHcaHa B maBe 6 "OCHOBbI npOTOKOJIa TCPjIP: nepe,l{a1.Ja .n:aHHbIX, npHJIO)((eHHfI U 06eCne1.JeHHe 6e30naCHOCTH ceTH".) BMeCTO YCTaHOBKH HeCKOJIbKHX He3aBHCHMbIX YCTpOHCTB Ha OllHOH llJIOIllallKe, KOMnaHUfi Cisco npe.lIJlaraeT HCnOJIb30BaTb YCTpOHCTBa, KOTopbIe MOryT pa60TaTb o.n:HOBpeMeHHO H KaK MaprnpYTH3aTOp, H KaK KOMMYTaTOp (pHC. 13.2), a TaIOKe 06eCne1.JHBaTb .n:onOJIHH- TeJIbHbIe <PYHKI.{HU. Pa3BHBM TaKYIO KOHl.{enUHIO, KOMnaHI1SI Cisco npOH3Bo.n:HT HeCKOJIbKO Mo.n:eJIbHblX cepHH MaprnpYTH3aTopOB, KOTopbIe KpOMe MaprnpYTH3al.{UU MorYT BbmOJIHflTb TalOKe MHO)((eCTBO <PYHKI.{I1H. Y KOMnaHHH Cisco eCTb HeCKOJIbKO cepHH MapIllpYTH3aTopOB, KO- Topble Ha3bIBalOT Mapwpymu3amopOMU C UHmezpup06aHHblMU CJIYJ#C6OMU (I ntegrated Serv- ices Routers - ISR), 'lT06bI no.n:'lepKHYTb TOT <paKT, 'lTO MHO)((eCTBO CJIy)((6 UHTerpupo- BaHO B O.n:HOM YCTpOHCTBe. ECJIH 'lUTaTeJIb HHKorlla He BHlleJI MapIllpYTU3aTopa KOMnaHHU Cisco "B)KHByJO", OH MO)((eT 3aHTH Ha Be6-caHT http: J Jwww. cisco. cornJgoJisr H nocMoTpeTb TpexMepHbIe .n:eMoHcTpaUHH 060PYJlOBaHHfI H conYTcTByJOIllHe HM npe3eHTa- UHH.lIJIfi Bcex Mo.n:eJIeH MaprnPYTH3aropoB ISR. TeM He MeHee.lIJ1f1 ynpOlueHufi Marepl1aJIa U nOBblrneHHfI 3<p<peKTHBHOCTU 06yqeHHfI B Kypcax H 3K3aMeHax CCNA MapIllpYTH3aro- pbl H KOMMYTaTOpbl KOMnaHHH Cisco paCCMaTpHBalOTCfI TOJIbKO KaK OT.n:eJIbHble YCTPOH- CTBa, 'lTO 06JIer1.JaeT nOHHMaHl1e 6a30BbIx TeXHOJIOrHH. Ha pHC. 13.3 nOKa3aHbI .n:Be HJlJIIOCTpaI.{UH, n038UMCTBOBaHHble H3 uHTepaKTuBHOH lleMoHCTpal.{HU MaprnPYTH3aTopa Cisco 1841 ISR, a TalOKe Bbl,l{eJIeHbl HeKOTopbIe Ba)((HbIe KOMnOHeHTbI. B BepxHeH 1.JaCTH pHC. 13.3 nOKa3aHa <poTorpa<pHfI 3a.n:HeH naHeJII1 Map- IllpYTu3aTopa, a B HH)«HeH - YBeJIH'leHHblH <pparMeHT 3allHeH naHeJII1. Ha KOTOpOM MO)((HO no.n:p06HO paCCMOTpeTb FastEthernet-HHTep<peHcbl, KOHCOJIbHbIH I1 1l0nOJlHU- TeJIbHbIH (auxiliary - aux) nopTbl, a TalOKe llJIaTy nOCJIellOBareJIbHoro I1HTep<peHca co BCTpoeHHbIM Mo.n:YJIeM CSUjDSU. (DOJIHyJO npe3eHTal.{HIO, H3 KOTOpOH 6blJIH B3f1Tbl <p o - Torpa<pHH, MO)((HO npOCMOTpeTb Ha Be6-caHTe, YKa3aHHOM BbIIlle.)
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 447 JJ.ononHIHenbHaR MOJJ.ynbHaR nnaTa I1HTepcj>ei>icoB Pa3beM nl1TaHI1R BblK11IO'iaTenb r.- :- M J .1 ".1... - -, -- ____r __ :=: ... 1111 . = a.. .... -... - .......7 :.. -'-' '.. .' ROT. --- . JJ.Ba I1HTepcj>ei>ica FastEthernet III . - ---- iil =i=i;"II, Lf' "l CD k r , L .J Aux-nopT KOHCOnb nOcneJJ.OBaTenbHbli>i I1HTepcj>ei>ic CO BCTpOeHHblM MO.nyneM CSU/DSU PuC. 13.3. C/JomozpaifJUUMapwpymU3amopaCiscoMoiJeAU 18411SR cJ>M3MeCKaJl YCTaHOBKa YCTpOMCTBa OpellCTaBJIflfI ce6e THnH'lHyJO TOnOJIOrHIO ceTH npellnpHflTHfi (CM. pHC. 13.2) U nopTbI U KOMnOHeHTbI MapIllpYTH3aTopa (CM. pHC. 13.3), MO)f(HO npHCTYllaTb K <pH3H'IeCKOH YC- TaHOBKe YCTpOHcfBa. 3TanbI YCTaHOBKH nepe'lHCJIeHbI HH)!(e. 3Tan 1. nO.n:KJIIO'JHTe Ka6eJIH JIOKaJIbHOtt ceTH K LAN-nopTaM YCTpOHCTBa. CB8A eMa 3Tan 2. ECJIH HCnOJIb3yeTcSI BHernHHH MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU, nOllKJIlO'lHTe nOCJIe.n:OBa- TeJIbHbIH HHTep<peHc MaprnpYTH3aropa K MOllYJIIO, a caM MO.n:YJIb - K JIHHHH OT TeJIeKOMMYHHKal.{HOHHOH KOMnaHHH. 3Tan 3. ECJIH UCnOJIb3yeTcfI BCTpoeHHbIH MO.n:yJIb CSUjDSU, no.n:KJlIO'lHTe nOCJIe.n:OBa- TeJIbHbIH uHTep<peHc MaprnpYTH3aTopa K JIHHHH OT TeJIeKoMMYHHKal.{HOHHOH KOMnaHUU. 3Tan 4. nO.n:KJIIO'lHTe KOHCOJIbHbIH noPT MapIllpYTH3aTopa K nepCOHaJIbHOMY KOMnblO- Tepy (c nOMOIllblO HHBePTHpOBaHHoro Ka6eJIfl, T.e. KOHCOJIbHoro). 3Tan 5. nOllKJIIO'JHTe Ka6eJIb nHTaHHfI K pa31>eMY nHTaHHSI YCTpOHCTBa H HaCTeHHOH p03eTKe. 3Tan 6. BKJIIO'JHTe nHTaHHe MaprnpYTH3aTopa. CJIellyeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO }'Ka3aHHbIe :nanbI YCTaHOBKH npaKTH'JeCKU nOJIHOCTblO COOT- BeTcTBYIOT 3TanaM <pu3U'leCKOH YCTaHOBKU KOMMYTaTopa JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH: K era HHTep- <peHcaM TO)Ke HO no.n:KJIIO'lHTb Ka6eJIH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH, no.n:KJIIO'lHTb KOHCOJIbHblH nopT H BKJIlO'lUTb H npOBepUTb nHTaHHe. TeM He MeHee eCTb OllHO OTJIU'lHe: B 60JIbIllHH- <-'Be KOMMYTaTopoB Catalyst KOMnaHHH Cisco HeT BblKJIlO'laTeJIfl m1TaHHfI, KaK TOJIbKO YCTpOHCTBO BKJllO'leHO B p03eTKY, OHO cpa3Y Ha'lHHaeT 3arp}')KaTb onepal.{UOHHyJO CHCTe- My H pa60TaTb, a B MapIllpYTH3aTOpax TaKOH BbIKJllO'laTeJIb eCTb.
448 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aL-'Mft YCTaHOBKa MapwpyrM3aTopa Aocryna K CeTM MapIllPYTH3aropbI mpalOT KJII01.JeBYIO ponb B SOHO-ceTflX, nOCKOJIbKY OHI1 coe.n:HHfI- lOT nOllKJII01.JeHHbIe K JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH YCTpOHCTBa nOnb30BaTeneH C BbICOKOCKOpOCTHOH CJI}')K60H .n:oCTYlla K ceTH HHTepHeT. OHa MO)f(eT 6b1Tb HcnOnb30BaHa B MaJIbIX U .n:OMarn- HHX ceTfiX .lIJ1f1 nOJIyqeHHfI .n:ocTYlla C l.{eHTpaJIbHOH ceTH npellnpHflTHfI, KOMnaHHH HJII1 yqe6Horo 3aBe.n:eHI1f1. TO'lHO TaK )f(e KaK H Ha pbIHKe 060PYllOBaHHSI YPOBHSI npellnpHflTHfI, npOU3BOlll1TenH B 3TOM cerMeHTe TalOKe CTapalOTCfI npOH3BOllHTb H npOllaBaTb MHoro<l>YHKI.{UOHaJIbHble YCTpOHCTBa. TeM He MeHee B KYPce CCNA .lIJ1f1 ynpOlueHI1f1 nOHHMaHHfI MaTepl1aJIa <l>YHKI.{HH YCTpOHCTB pa3.n:eJIeHbI H pa3HeceHbi no pa3HbiM YCTpOHCTBaM. CJIellYfi TaKoMY no.n:xollY, HU)f(e 6y.n:YT UCnOJIb30BaTbCfI pa3Hbie YCTpOHCTBa .lIJ1f1 pa3Hblx <l>YHKUHH, a no- TOM 6y.n:eT om1caHa peaJIbHafi CUTYaI.{HSI, B KOTOpOH pa3Hbie <l>YHKI.{HH UHTerpHpOBaHbI B O.n:HO YCTpOHCTBO, H nOKa3aH npHMep ero HCnOnb30BaHUfi. Pa3BepTbiBaHMe SOHO-CeTM C OT,Ael1bHbiM KOMMyraTopoM, MapwpyrM3aTopOM M Ka6el1bHbiM MO,AeMOM Ha pHC. 13.4 nOKa3aHa cxeMa ceTU, a TalOKe YCTpOHCTBa H Ka6enH, Hcnonb3yJOlliHeCfI .lIJ1f1 no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI SOHO-ceTH K ceTU HHTepHeT 'lepe3 BblCOKOCKOPOCTHYIO CJI}')K6y ne- pe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX Ka6eJ1bHoro TeJIeBHlleHUfi (Cable TV - CATV). Cne.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO B cxeMe ceTH nOKa3aH O.n:HH BapHaHT I1CnOnb30BaHHfI ceTeBbIX YCTpOHCTB H Ka6eJIeH, XOTfi Ha caMOM .n:ene HX MHO)f(eCTBO. nK2 SOHO 6ecnpoBoAHaSl ceTb r-- r-- ..... // Ethe,-I1H:p<l>ecbl , , ,--., r , , .r- A , , . . . nK1 -- ---- . ... , , R1 ..... Ka6enbHbI MOAeM Ka6enl1 UTP Ka6enl1 UTP Puc. 13.4. Ycmpoucm6a SOHO-cemu u 6b1COKOCKOpOCmHaR C/lYJ/C6a nepeda'lu iJaHHblX '1epe3 KaH{JJI Ka6eflbHOi!O me.tle6uiJeHW/ PHC. 13.4 O'leHb nOXO)f( Ha cxeMY ceTH Ha pHC. 13.2, Ha KOTOpOM nOKa3aH TUnH'lHblH llH:laHH ce-m H nOllKJIIO'leHHfI o<l>l1ca <l>unuaJIa KpynHOro npe.n:npHSITUfi. nonb30Barenb-
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 449 CIGte pa60'lHe CTaHI.{UH no.n:KJIIO'leHbl K KOMMyraToPY, a KOMMyraTop no.n:KJIIO'leH K Ether- net-UHTep<!>eHcy MaprnpyrH3aTopa. MapIllpyrH3aTop BbInOJIHfleT <!>yHKI.{HH MaprnpyrH3a- W1H, npe06pa30BaHHfI U nepeCbIJIIGt IP-naKeToB. HeMHoro OTJIH'laeTCfI peaJIH3al.{Hfi ro- JIOCOBbIX cn}')K6 Ha .n:BYX cxeMax, B OCHOBHOM nOTOMY, 'lTO Ha pHC. 13.4 nOKa3aHO THnU'l- Hoe 1l0MarnHee nOllKJIIO'leHHe K Cn}')K6aM ceTH J.1HTepHeT, a .n:OMa 06bI'lHO eCTb aHaJIoroBM TeJIe<!>OHHafi cJI}')K6a U Onl.{HOHaJIbHO MO)f(eT I1CnOJIb30BaTbCSI a.L1anTep ,l{JIfi npe06pa30BaHHfI rOJloca H nepe.n:a'lH ero no naKeTHOH IP-ceTH. OCHOBHoe OTJIH'lUe Me)f(,ll.Y SOHO-ceTblO, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 13.4, I1 HH<!>pacTp}'K- TYPOH <!>unHaJIa npe.n:npHSITHfi (CM. pUC. 13.2) 3aKJII01.JaeTCfI B pa3HbIX MeTo.n:ax no.n:KJIIO'le- HHfI K ceTH J.1HTepHeT. .lI.JIfi HHTepHeT-KaHaJIa, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3yeTcfI HH<!>pacTpYKTYPa Ka6enbHoro TeJIeBHlleHHfI HJlH TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL, nOHa.L106I1TCfI YCTpoilcTBo, OCYIlleCTB- JIfllOIllee npe06pa30BaHHe TeXHOJIOrHH H CTaHllapTOB 1 H 2 ypoBHeH KaHaJIa nOCTaBlll.HKa ycJIyr B Ethemet-cpe.n:y, K KOTOpOH no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI MapIllpyrl13aTOp. TaIGte YCTpOMCTBa- npe06pa30BaTeJIH Ha3bIBalOT Ka6eAbHbtMU MooeMOMu H DSL-MooeMOMu COOTBeTCTBeHHO. HeCMoTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO npHHI.{HnbI pa60TbI U lleTaJIH Ka6eJIbHbIX MOlleMOB H DSL-MO- lIe MOB CYIlleCTBeHHO OTJIH'laIOTCfI, OHH flBJIfllOTCfI aHaJIOraMH Mo.n:yJIeH CSUjDSU .lI.IUI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHoro HHTep<!>eHca. MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU OCYIII.eCTBJIfieT npe06pa30BaHHe CHrHaJIa H CTaHAaPTOB ypOBHfI 1 WAN-KaHaJIa onepaTopa CBfl3H HJII1 Tene<!>OHHOH KOM- naHUH B CTaHAapT nocnellOBaTeJIbHoro HHTep<!>eHca MaprnpyrH3aTopa. AHaJIOrH'lHO, Ka- 6eJIbHbIH Mo.n:eM npe06pa3yeT CHrHaJIbI <!>opMaTa Ka6eJIbHoro TeJIeBHlleHHfI (T.e. CTan.n:ap- Tb! ypOBHfI 1 I1 2) B <!>opMaT, npHeMJIeMbIH .lI.IUI MapIllpyrH3aTopa, HanpHMep Ethernet. DSL-Mo.n:eM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, KOHBepTHpyeT CHrHaJIbI <!>opMaTa DSL,l{JISi a60HeHTcKoro Tene<!>oHHoro KaHaJIa B CTaHAapT Ethernet. llT06bI OCYIlleCTBI1Tb <!>H3H1.JeCKYJO YCTaHOBKY SOHO-ceTH I1 pa3BepHyrb B HeM YCTpOM- CTBa (CM. pHC. 13.4), nOHa.L106f1TCfI npaBHJlbHbIe UTP-Ka6eJIH .lI.IUI Ethernet-coe.n:HHeHHH H Ka6enbHbIH BbIXO.n: onepaTopa Ka6eJIbHOrO TeJIeBHlleHI1f1 HJlH TeJIe<!>OHHM JIHHIDI (.lI.IUI KaHa- JIa DSL). 06panrre BHHMaHHe, 'ITO Maprnpyrn3aTopy B TaKOM CJIy'Iae .n:OCTaTO'lHO Bcero .n:BYX Ethernet-HHTep<l>eHcOB: O.LI.HH H}')KeH.lI.IUI nO,l{KJllO'leHHfI KOMM)'TaTopa JIOKaJIbHOM ce- TH, a BTOpOH - .lI.IUI MOlleMa. 3TanbI YCTaHOBIGt SOHO-ceTH nepe'lHCJIeHbI HH)f(e. 3Tan 1. Coe.n:HHI1Te npfiMbIM (straight-through) UTP-Ka6eJIeM KOMMyraTop H MapIllpy- T113aTOp. 3Tan 2. CoellHHHTe npfiMbIM UTP-Ka6eJIeM Mo.n:eM H Maprnpyrl13aTop. 3Tan 3. nO.n:KJIIO'lHTe KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT MaprnpyrH3aTopa K nepCOHaJIbHOMY KOMnblO- Tepy C nOMOIllblO KOHCOJIbHOrO Ka6eJIfi. 3Tan 4. nOllKJIlO'lHTe Ka6enb nI1TaHI1f1 K pa31>eMY nHTaHUSI YCTpOHCTBa H HaCTeHHOH p03eTKe. 3Tan 5. BKJIlO'lHTe nHTaHHe Maprnpyru3aTopa. Pa3BepTbiBaHMe SOHO-ceTM c MHTerpMpOBaHHblMM B O,qHOM YCTpOMCTBe KOMMYTaTopOM, MapwpyrM3aTopOM M Ka6el1bHbiM Mo,qeMOM B COBpeMeHHbIX SOHO-ceTSIx 06bI'IHO ucnOJIb3}'1OTCfI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe HHTerpHpoBaHHble YCTpOHCTBa, T.e. ycrpOHCTBa, o61>e.LI.HHflIOIllHe B ce6e HeCKOJIbKO <!>yHKl1HH, a He OTlleJJbHbIe KOMMyraTopbl, Maprnpynt3aTOpbI H T.n., nOKa3aHHbIe Ha pl1C. 13.4. <f>aKTU'leCIGt COBpeMeH- libIe MapIllpyrl13aTOpbI J]JIfi SOHO-cereH 06'belll1lUIIaf B ce6e cpa3Y HeCKOJIbKO YCTpOHCTB:
450 LtacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aL-'Mft . MapWPYTH3aTOp; . KOMMYTaTOp; . Ka6eJIbHblH HJlH DSL-Mo.n:eM; . roJIOCOBOH a.n:anrep; . 6ecnpoBo.n:HYIO TO'll<)' .n:ocTYlla; . annapaTHbIH Mo.n:ynb WH<PP0BaHI1f1 Tpa<pHKa. B 3K3aMeHe CCNA, KaK}')Ke He pa3 ynOMUHaJIOCb BbIIlle, OCHOBHOH ynop .n:enaeTCfI Ha He3aBHCHMbIe YCTpOHCTBa, 'lT06bI 06ner'lHTb nOHI1MaHUe I1 06yqeHHe. TeM He MeHee CO- BpeMeHHaSI SO HO-ceTb 06bI'lHO BbIrJI5l1IHT TaK, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 13.5. IiIHTerpI1POBaH1 ::: oe YCTPOCTBO Ka6ell11 UTP , , , , ! . . ---;- --- r .../:" triK1 R1 Ka6ellbHoe TelleBI1):eHl1e npOBaHAep/ HTepHeT '---" 1 EiecnpOBO):HaR ceTb .) TellecpOHHbI Ka6ellb InK2 Puc. 13.5. SOHO-cemb c UHmei!pUp06aHHblM ycmpoucm6oM U noiJKJlIO'IeHUeM K onepamopy Ka6eJ/bHOi!O meJ/e6uoeHuH SOHO-YCTpOHCTBa, OnMCblBaeMble B 3TOH KHMre KOMnaHHfI Cisco npOH3BO.n:HT KaK YCTpOHCTBa ypOBHfI npe.n:npHflTHSI, TaK H cereBoe 060PYlloBaHue ypOBHfI KOHe'lHoro nOTpe6HTeJIfi. YCTpOHcTBa nOTpe6HTenbcKoro KJIaCca npOU3BO}:lflTCSI no.n: MapKoH Linksys. TaIGte MapIllPYTI13aTOpbl, KOMMYTaTopbI, TO'lKH 1l0C- TYlla MO)KHO nerKO HaHTH B I1HrepHeT-Mara3HHax H Mara3HHax O<pUCHOH TeXHHIGt. YCT- pOHcTBa ypOBHfI npe.n:npHflTHfi KOMnaHHfI Cisco npOllaeT Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO KpynHbIM no- Tpe6HTeJIfiM HJlI1 'lepe3 CBOHX cepTH<pUI.{UpOBaHHblx nOCTaBII.{I1KOB H peCeJIJlepOB (Cisco Channel Partners). Cne.n:yeT nOMHUTb, 'lTO B 3K3aMeHe CCNA He BCTpe'lalOTCfI BonpOCbI I1 3a.n:aHI1f1, KaCalOII.{HeCfI YCTpOHCTB nOTpe6UTenbcKoro KJIaCca, T.e. npo.n:}'KTOB Linksys, U MeTo.n:OB UX HaCTpOHKH 'lepe3 BCTpoeHHblH Be6-HHTep<peHC, a OCHOBHOH ynop .n:enaeTCSI Ha UHTep<peHC KOMaHllHOH CTpOIGt Onepal.{HOHHOH CI1CTeMbI lOS, HCnOJIb3yeMoH B Map- IllpYTH3aTOpax ypOBHfI npellnpHHTHfi.
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpyrM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 451 HTep<l>eMc KOMaHAHOM CTpOK MapWpYT3aTOpa B MapwpYTH3aTopax KOMnaHUU Cisco HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TOT )l(e CaMbIH HHTep<peHC KO- MaHllHOH CTpOlG1, 'lTO H B KOM, MYTaTOpax KOTOpbIH 6bIJI OnHCaH B rJIaBe 8 "Pa60Ta C KOMMYTaTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco". TeM He MeHee <PYHKl.{HH MapwpYTH3aTopOB I1 KOMMY- TaTOpOB B ceTH pa3JIH'lalOTCfI, 'lTO HaKJIa,l{bIBaeT CBOH OTne'laTOK H Ha KOMaHllbI HHTep- <peHca. B 3TOM pa3.n:ene CHa'laJIa onHcaHbI HaH60nee Ba)I(HbIe HaCTpOHIGt, KOTopbIe O.n:H- HaKOBO BbIrJIfl,l{flT KaK B MapwpYTH3aTopax, TaK I1 B KOMMYTaTopax, a TaIOKe onHcaHbI KO- MaHllbI, KOTopble B 060HX THnax ycrpOHCTB OTJIH'laIOTCfI. CpaBHeHMe MHTePc:l>eMca KOMaHAHOM CTpOKM MapwpyrM3aTopa M KOMMyraTopa B cnHCKe HIDKe nepe'lHCneHbI 3JIeMeHTbI KOH<pHrypaUI1U YCTpOHCTBa, onHcaHHbIe BbIwe B rJIaBe 8, KOTopbIe B KOMaHllHoH crpOKe MapwpYTH3aTopa H KOMMYTaTopa BblrJIfI- MT a6COJIIOTHO o.n:HHaKOBO. EcnH 'lHTaTeJIb He O'leHb XopOWO nOMHHT, KaK KOH<pHrypl1- PYJOTCfI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe <PYHKI.{HH Hcnonb3YJOTCfI KOMaHllbI, MO)I(HO BepHYTbCSI Ha3a,l{ I1 npOCMOTpeTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIllYJO rJIaBY eIII.e pa3. O.n:HHaKOBO BblrJIflASiT CJIellYJOIII.He KOMaHllbI HaCTpOHKJt H KOMnOHeHTbI HHTep<peHca KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKJt MapIllpYTH3aTopOB I1 KOMMYTaTopOB: . pe)KHM 06bI'lHOrO U npUBl1nerHpOBaHHoro (enable) nOnb30BaTeneH; CUR . KOMaHllbI nepeKJII01.JeHHfI B pe)KHMbI KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI H KOMaHllbI BbI- 8..a xo.n:a H3 Hero, B TOM 'lHCJIe KOMaHllbI configure terminal, end, exit H KOM- 6HHauHfi KJIaBHW <CtrI+z>; . KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe KOHCOJI, bHOro npUBHJlerHpOBaHHOrO naponeH H aYTeHTH<pH- Kal.{HH Telnet-ceaHcoB; . KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe KJIlO'leH WI1<ppoBaHI1f1 npOTOKOJIa SSH H HaCTpOHKa HMeH H naponeH nonb30BaTeJleH; . KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe Ha3BaHHfI YCTpoHcTBa (hostname) H onHcaHHH .lIJIfi HHTep- <peHcOB; · HaCTpOHKJt Ethemet-HHTep<peHcoB, aBTOMaTH'leCKOe onpe.n:eJIeHHe napaMeTpoB, a TalOKe KOMaHllbI speed I1 duplex; · KOMaHAbI BbIKJIlO'leHHfI (shutdown) H BKJIlO'leHHfI (no shutdown) HHTeP4>eHcoB; · nepeKJIlO'leHHe H3 OllHHX pe)l(UMOB KOH<pHrypl1pOBaHHSI B .n:pyrHe C nOMOIII.blO KO- MaHll, TaIGtX KaK line console 0 H interface; · <PYHKl.{Hfi BCTpoeHHoH HHTepaKTHBHOH no.n:CKa3KH KOMaHllHoH cTpOIGt H MeTOllbl H KJIaBUWH nOBTopHoro Bbl30Ba KOMaHll; · <PYHKl.{HH pa3JIH'lHbIX KOH<purypaI.{HOHHbIX <pai1:JIoB: startup-config B naMfiTU NVRAM. running-config B onepaTHBHoH naMfiTH (RAM); B3aHMolleHcTBHe co BHeWHUMH XpaHHJlI1IllaMH, HanpHMep, TFfP-cepBepoM; a TaIOKe npUHI.{HnbI HC- nonb30BaHHfI KOMaHllbl copy .lIJIfi nepeMeIl{eHUfi KOH<purypauuoHHbIX <pai1:JIoB H 06pa30B Onepal.{HOHHOH CUCTeMbl Cisco IOS;
452 LtaCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft . MeTO.n:bI 3anycKa HHTepaKTHBHoro .n:HaJIOra Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHfI ycr- pOHCTBa (setup) 'lepe3 nepe3arpY3KY KOMMYTaTOpa HJIH MapIllpYTH3aTOpa C npe.n:Ba- pHTeJIbHbIM y.n:aJIeHUeM Ha'laJIbHOH KOH<t>HrypaI.{HH startup-config HJIH 'lepe3 KOMaHllY setup. Ha nepBbIH B3mfl,l{ MO)f(eT nOKa3aT1>CfI, 'lTO BCe BIDKHbIe KOMaHllbI }')Ke 6bIJIH onHcaHbI Bblwe B maBe 8, H :'ITO lleHCTBHTeJIbHO TaK, MHorne KOMaHllbI Ha'laJIbHOrO KOH<t>HrypHpoBa- HUfi YCT)JOHCTBa TaM 6bIJIl1 paCCMOTpeHbI no.n:p06HO. TeM He MeHee HeKOTopbIe C.lI)l)K6bI H <t>YHKLl.HH pa60TalOT B KOMM)'TaTopax H MapIllpYTl13aTopax COBceM no-pa3HOMY, a HMeHHO: . HeCKOJIbKO OTJIU'laeTCSI KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHe IP-anpecoB; . OTJIH'IaIOTCfI BonpocbI ,l{HaJIora Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<t>HrypupoBaHHfI ycrpOHCTBa; . B MapIllpYTH3aTOpax eCTb Cnel.{HaJIbHbIH .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHbIH noPT (AUX- auxiliary). npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHHbIH .D.JIfi no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI BHeIllHero Mo.n:eMa H TeJIe<t>oHHoH JIHHI1H, 'lT06bI 6bIJIa B03MO)f(HOCTb nOJIy'IHTb y.n:aJIeHHbIH .n:ocT)'n K KOMaHllHoH CT)JOKe YCT)JoHCTBa 'lepe3 TeJIe<t>oHHYIO ceTb. KpoMe T)Jex yJ<a3aHHbIX BbIwe MOMeHTOB. KOMMYTaTopbI H MapIllpYTH3aTopbI OTJIH'la- IOTCfI no CBOHM <t>YHKI.{I1f1M. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, OTJIl1'lalOTCfI KOMaHllbI B HHTep<t>eHce KO- MaHllHoH CT)JOKe. B npHMepe 10.5 maBbI 10 "nOHCK H YCT)JaHeHl1e HeHcnpaBHocTeH B Ethernet-KoMMYTaTopax" 6bIJI nOKa3aH pe3YJIbTaT BblllOJIHeHHfI KOMaHllbI show mac address - table dynamic, B KOTOpOM nepe'lHCJIeHa Hau60JIee B<UKHafi C TO'lKH 3peHHfI KOMMYTaTopa I1H<t>opMaI.{HfI, CBfl3aHHafi C nepeCbIJIKOH <t>peHMoB. B Onepal.{HOHHOH CI1C- TeMe IOS MapIllpYTH3aTopoB TaKoH KOMaHllbI HeT. 3aTO eCTb KOMaHlla show ip route, BbIBOMIII.afI H3BeCTHbIe YCTpOHCTBY MapIllpYTbI, KOTOpbIe, C TO'lKI1 3peHHfI MapIllpYTH3a- Topa. flBJlSIIOTCfI Hal160JIee Ba)f(HOH .D.JIfi Hero HH<t>opMaI.{HeH, nOCKOJIbKY Ta6J1Hl.{a Map- IllPYTOB I1cnOJIb3yeTcfI YCT)JOHCTBOM .D.JIfi nepeCblJIKJ1 naKeTOB. BnOJIHe O'leBHllHO, 'lTO KOMMYTaTOpbI BToporo ypOBHfI, paCCMaTpHBaeMbIe B Kypce CCNA, He nO.ll.1lep)KHBaIOT KOMaH.n:y show ip route, nOCKOJIbKY OHH He BblllOJIHfllOT IP-MapWPYTH3aI.{HIO. B oCTaBweHcSI 'laCTH pa3.n:eJIa 6y.n:YT onHcaHbI pa3JIH'lHSI Me)l(l{y HHTep<t>eHcaMH KO- MaHllHoH CT)JOKH MapIllpYTH3aTOpa H KOMMYTaTopa. B maBe 14 "KoHl.{enl.{HH U KOH<t>Hry- pHpOBaHHe npOTOKOJIOB MapIllPYTHa3I.{HH" 6YlleT npo.n:OJI)f(eHO paCCMOTpeHHe OTJIH'lHH MapwpYTH3aTopoB H KOMMYTaTopOB, B 'laCTHOCTH, 6YlleT paCCKa3aHO, KaK CKOH<t>HryPH- pOBaTb IP-MapWPYTH3aI.{HIO B YCT)JoHcTBax. B TeKYIlleH maBe OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe 6y.n: eT YlleJIeHO CJIe.n:YIOIII.HM KOMnOHeHTaM: c..... eMa . HHTep<t>eHcaM MapwpYTU3aTopa; . KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHIO IP-anpeca MapwpYTH3aTopa; · .n:UaJIory Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<t>l1rypHpoBaHHfI MapwpYTH3aTOpa. HHTepcpeHCbl Mapwpynt3aTOpa .D.nfl Cnel.{HaJIHCTa ypOBHfI CCNA H}')KHO XopOWO 3HaTb H nOHHMaTb npUHI.{Hn pa60TbI I1 KOH<t>urypHpoBaHHe .n:BYX THnOB HHTepq:,eHcoB MapIllpYTH3aTOpOB: Ethernet H nOCJIe.n:OBa- TeJIbHbIX (serial) HHTep<t>eHcoB. nOlI TepMuHoM Ethemet-unmeprjJeuc B .n:aHHOM cJIy'lae no- HHMalOT JII060H THn TexnOJIOrl1H Ethernet. OllHaKo CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 'lTO B KOMaHlle I1H- Tep<t>eHc yJ<a3blBaeTCSI no MaKCI1MaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH, Ha KOTOpOH OH MO)KeT pa60TaTb. Ha- npl1Mep, eCJIH B MapIllpYTI13aTOpe eCTb Ethernet-I1HTep<t>eHc. KOTOpblH MO)J(eT pa60TaTb
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 453 TOJIbKO Ha CKOpocnt 10 M6HT/c, TO 6y.n:er HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI KOMaH,l{a interface ethernet HOMep B pe)KHMe m06aJ1bHoro KOHq>HrypHp()BaHHfI YC1'pOHCTBa. ECJIH )l(e B MaplllpYTH3aTO- pe eCTb HHTep<t>eHc, MOryIl{HH pa60TaTb MaKCItMaJlbHOH CKOpocTH B 100 M6HT/C, .D.a)Ke He- CMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO 3a C'leT aBToonpe.n:eJIeHHfI xapaKTepHCTItK MO)l(er 6bITb BbICTaBJIeHa KaK CKOpOCTb B 10, TaK H B 100 M6HT/C, B KOH<t>HrypaUHH ycrpoHcTBa TaKoH HHTeIXt>eHc YK83bI- BaeTCfI no HaH60JIbllleH CKOpOCTH, T.e. KOMaH.n:oH interface fastethernet HOMep. AHaJlOrH'lHO, eCJIH nopT nOllJlep)KlIBaer CTaH,l{apT Gigabit Ethernet H pa60Taer Ha rHra6HTO- BbIX CKOpOCTflX, TO OH YIG13bIBaeTCfI KOMaH,l{OH interface gigabi tethernet HOMep. nOCJle.n:oBaTeJIbHbIe nopTbI - 3TO BTOpOH HaH60JIee pacnpoc1'paHeHHbIH THn HHTep- <t>eHcoB MaplllpYTH3aTopa. KaK 6bIJIO paccKa3aHo BbIllle, B maBe 4, .n:BYXTO'le'lHble Bbl.ll.e- JIeHHbIe JIHHHH, KaHaJlbI Frame Relay H HeKOTopbIe .n:pyrHe coe.n:HHeHHfI HCnOJIb3YlOT o.n:- HH H Te )l(e CTaH.n:apTbl ypOBHfI I. TaKHe CTaH,l{apTbI peaJIH30BaHbI B nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX HHTep<t>eHcax MapIllpYTH3aTopOB KOMnaHHH Cisco. B 3a,l{a'lY ceTeBoro HmKeHepa 06bI'lHO BXO.n:HT Bbl6paTb, KaKYIO TeXHOJIOrHIO KaHaJlbHOrO ypOBHfI HCnOJIb30BaTb: BbICOKOypOB- HeBbIH npOTOKOJI ynpaBJIeHHfI KaHaJlOM nepe.n:a'll1 .n:aHHbIX (High-Level Data Link Control- HOLC), npOTOKOJI .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX coe.n:HHeHHH (Point-to-Point Protocol- PPP) J])UI Bbl.ll.eJIeHHbIX JIHHHH JIH60 HHKanCYJIflUHIO Frame Relay llJIfi 1l0C1)'I1a K cpelle Frame Relay; a BnOCJlellCTBHH HlDKeHepy H}')I(HO npaBHJIbHO CKOH<t>HrypHPOBaTb bI6paH- HYIO TeXHOJIOrHlO. (CJlellyeT nOMHItTb, 'lTO 06bI'lHO Ha nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX HHTep<t>eHcax MaplllpYTH3aTopOB KOMnaHHH Cisco YCTaHOBJIeHa HHKanCYJIflUHfi HOLC B Ka'leCTBe Tex- HOJlOrHH KaHaJlbHOrO ypOBHfI.) B MaplllpYTH3aTopax HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI 'lHCJlOBbIe u.n:eHTH<t>HKaTopbI ,l{JIfI pa3JIH'leHHfI UH- Tep<t>eHcoB o.n:Horo H TOro )l(e THna. B MapIllpYTH3aTopax HHTep<t>eHc MO)l(eT 6bITb 0603Ha- 'leH O.n:HHM 'lHCJIOM, .D.BYMfI 'lHCJlaMH 'lepe3 KOCyJO 'lepTY H 1'peMfi 'lHCJlaMH, pa3.n:eJIeHHbI- MH KOCOH 'lepToH. HanpHMep, 'TpH YKa3aHHbIe HH)I(e BapHaHTa KOH<t>HrypaUHoHHbIX KO- MaH,l{ MO)l(HO BC'TpeTHTb B pa3HbIX Mo.n:eJIfiX MaplllpYTH3aTopOB KOMnaHHH Cisco. interface ethernet 0 interface fastEthernet 0/1 interface serial 1/0/1 nOJIyqHTb BIDKHyJO HH<t>opMaUHIO 06 HHTep<t>eHcax MO)l(HO C nOMOIllblO HeCKOJIbKHX KOMaH,l{, HanpHMep, HX KpaTKHH cnHCOK MO)l(HO BbI3BaTb C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI show ip interface brief. KpaTKyJO HH<t>opMaUHIO no onpe.n:eJIeHHoMY HHTep<t>eHcy MO)KHO nOJlyqHTb C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI show protocols TUIT HOMep (CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 'lTO 3Ta KOMaH,l{a .n:OC1)'I1Ha He BO Bcex BepCHfiX onepaUHOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco 10S). nO.D.po6HYIO HH<t>opMauHIO H MHO)l(eCTBO .n:eTaJleH 06 HHTep<t>eHce, B TOM 'lHCJIe CTaTH- CTItKy BXOllflIllHX H HCXOllflIUHX naKeTOB, MO)l(HO Y3HaTb C nOMoIllblO KOMaH,l{bI show in- terfaces. OnUHOHaJlbHO BO MHorHX TaKHX KOMaH,l{aX MO)l(HO yx:a3aTb THn H HOMep ItH- Tep<t>eHca, HanpHMep, show interfaces TUIT HOMep, H npocMo'TpeTb BCIO HH<t>OP- Mal.{UIO TOJIbKO no KaKoMY-JIH60 KOHKpeTHoMY nopTY. B npHMepe 13.1 nOKa3aHbI pe3YJlbTaTbI BbInOJIHeHltfi nepe'lHCJleHHbIX BbIIlle KOMaH,l{. npltMep 13.1. nOI1Y'4eHlte ItHOpMa"'ltlt 06 ItHTepeMcax MapwpYTlt3aTOpa Albuquerque#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
454 aCTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3aL-'Mft FastEthernetO/O unassigned YES unset up up FastEthernetO/l unassigned YES unset administratively down down SerialO/O/O unassigned YES unset administratively down down SerialO/O/l unassigned YES unset up up SerialO/l/0 unassigned YES unset up up SerialO/l/l unassigned YES unset administratively down down Albuquerque#show protocols faO/O FastEthernetO/O is up, line protocol is up Albuquerque#show interfaces sO/1/0 SerialO/l/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is GT96K Serial MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usee, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation HOLC, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 see) CRC checking enabled Last input 00:00:03, output 00:00:01, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations % (allocated/max allocated) Available Bandwidth 1158 kilobits/sec 5 minute input rate 0 bits/see, 0 packets/see 5 minute output rate 0 bits/see, 0 packets/see 70 packets input, 6979 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 70 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles o input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort 36 packets output, 4557 bytes, 0 underruns o output errors, 0 collisions, 8 interface resets o output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 13 carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up BHHMAHHEI KOMaH1lbI.llI1H pa60TbI C ItHTep4>eHCaMIt MO}KHO 3HaIJUTeJlbHO COKpaTItTb. HanpuMep, 3anltCb sh int faO/O HBJlHeTCH nOJlHbIM aHaJIoroM KOMaH1lbI show interfaces fastethernet 0/0. 3aIJacTYIO, 3arJlSUbIBaH IJepe3 IJbe-TO nJleqo, ItH}KeHepbl roBOpHT IJTO-JIIt60 nOXO}Kee Ha 4>Pa3Y "noKa>KIt-Ka MHe show int F-A It T.ll.", a He nblTaIOTCH npOlt3HeCTit nOJlHblH BapltaHT KOMaH1lbl. KOAbl COCTOflHMM MHTep4>eMcoB KmK.lI.aH H3 KOMan.n: B npHMepe 13.1 BblBOllUT .n:Ba KoiJa cocmORHUJ/ uHmepf/Jeuca. EcJIH B 060lIX KOll.ax yJ<a3aHO CJIOBO "up", 3Ha'lHT, HHTepcPeHc pa60Taer, H MapIllpYTH3aTOp MO)l(eT nepe.n:aBaTb 'lepe3 Hero naKerbI. nepBblH KO.n: COCTOflHHfI OTHOCItTCfI K ypOBHIO I, a BTOpoil: 06bI'lHO (HO He Bcema) yi<a3blBaer COCTOHHHe npOTOKOJIa KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI. B Ta6JI. 13.2 orlltCaHbI.n:Ba Ko.n:a COCTOHHUH H I1X 3Ha'-leHHe.
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 455 B8 Ta6JIHUa 13.2. KOllbl COCTOHHHH HHTepclleAcoB H HX :lHa'leHHe Ha3BaHHe MecTono- 3Ha'leHHe nO}KeHHe COCTOHHHe nepBbljj KOll OnHCbIBaeT COCTOHHHe ypOBHH I, HanpHMep, nOllKJIIO'IeH nH Ka6enb, npaBHJ1b- nHHHH COCTOHHHII Hbljj nH 3TO Ka6enb, BKJlIO'IeHO nH nHTaHHe ycrpojjCTBa Ha llpyroM KOHue KaHaJla COCTOHHHe npOTOKona BTOpOjj KOll COCTOHHHII OnHCblBaeT COCTOIIHHe ypOBWI 2. B 3TOM none Bcerlla BbLaaeTCII CJlOBO "down". eCJlH He pa60TaeT nepBbljj ypOBeHb (ero COCTOIIHHe - "down"). ECJlH KOll COCTOHHHR nHHHH paBeH "up", COCTOIIHHe npoTOKOJla. paBHoe "down". 06bl'lHO 03Ha'laeT OWI16KH B KOH<!ml)'pHpOBaHHH npOTOKOJla KaHaJlbHOrO ypOBHII CymeCTByJOT 'leTbIpe KOM6uHaUltit 3Ha'leHHH B KO.n:ax COCTOHHUH, KOTOpbIe H}')KHO 'leT- KO pa3JIH'laTb Mfl ycneuIHoro nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B ceTfiX. B Ta6JI. 13.3 nepe'lHCJleHbI KaK caMH KOM6HHal.{HU, TaK H npHBe.n:eHO HX 061>flCHeHHe H onHcaHHe B03- MO)l(HblX npH'lHH TaKoro COCTOflHItH. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, 'lTO eCJIH COCTOflHHe JIHHHH He paBHO "up" (nepBblH KO.n: COCTOflHltfl), TO BTOpOH KO.n: BCema 6y.n:eT YCTaHOBJIeH B COCTOfl- HHe "down", nOCKOJIbKY KaHaJIbHblH ypOBeHb He MO)l(eT <PYHKUHOHHpOBaTb, eCJlH eCTb np06J1eMbI Ha <pH3H'leCKOM ypOBHe. CB8 Ta6JIHua 13.3. Ko)J,bl COCTOHHHH HHTePclleHcoB H HX 3Ha'leHHe eM8 COCTOHHHe nHHHH H npoTOKOJIa THnH'lHble npH'lHHbl Administratively down, down down, down up, down B KOH<!ml)'paUHH HHTep<!>ejjca BBelleHa KOMaHlla shutdown B KOH<!mrypaUHH HHTep<!>ejjca BBelleHa KOMaHlla no shutdown, HO eCTb npo6neMbi Ha <!>H3H'IeCKOM ypoBHe. HanpHMep, B HHTep<f>eik He BKJlIO'IeH Ka6enb; eCJlH Hcnonb3yeTcH Ethemet-KaHaJI, TO HHTep<!>ejjc KOMMyraTopa Ha llpyrOM KOHue KaHaJla BbIKJIIO'IeH HJlH BbIKJlIO'IeHO nHTaHHe caMoro KOMMyraTopa npaKTWlecKH Bcema 3TH KOllbl COCTOHHHH }'Ka3blBaIOT Ha npo6neMbi KaHaJlbHOrO ypOBHH, Ja'lacrylO - np06J1eMbl B KOH<!mrypaUHH. HanpHMep, lL1IH nOCJlellOBaTeJlbHblX HHTep<!>ejjcoB Ha OllHOM KOHue KaHaJla MO>KeT 6bITb YKa3aHa HHKanCYJUlUHH PPP, a Ha llpyroM - H DLC Bce OTnH'IHO! I1HTep<!>ejjc pa60TaeT Up,up IP-a,qpec MHTep4>eMca MapwpyrM3aTopa KaK HeO.n:HOKpaTHO ynOMHHaJIOCb BbIIIIe, B MapIllpYTH3aTOpe He06xo.n:HMO yCTaHoBHTb IP-an:pec Ha Ka)l(,l{OM HHTep<peHce. ECJIU Ha HHrep<peHce He YKa3aH an:pec, TO .n:IDKe He- CMOTpfl Ha TO, 'lTO COCTOflHHe ero MO)l(eT 6b1Tb "up, up", IP-naKeTbl 'lepe3 TaKOH nopT ne- pellaBaTbCH He 6y.n:YT. KOH<p H rypHp()8aHUe I P-an:peca MH uHTep<peHca OTHOCHTeJIbHO npoCToe, HY)KHO Bcero JIHIIIb YKa3aTb I P-a.n:pec H MacKY C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbl ip address a.l!pec MaCKa B no.n:pe)l(HMe KOH<purYPHpoBaHHH HHTep<peHca. B npHMepe 13.2 npOHJlJlIOCTpHpoBaH npol.{ecc npHcBOeHHH 1 P-an:pecoB .n:BYM HHTeP4>eHcaM, a TaIOKe nOKaJaHO, KaK 6y.n:YT BblrJIfl- D.eTb B TaKOM cJIy'Iae KOMaHllbI show ip interface brief U show interfaces, YTIoMHHaBIllHecfI B npHMepe 13.1. (B npHMepe 13.1 I P-an:peca He 6blJIIt YCTaHOBJIeHbl Ha MOMeHT BbinOJIHeHltfi YKa3aHHbIX KOMaH.LJ. )
456 aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aL-'Mft npMMep 13.2. KOHMrypMpoBaHMe IP-a,qpecoB B MapwPYTM3aTopax Cisco Albuquerque#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Albuquerque (config)#interface FaO/O Albuquerque (config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 Albuquerque (config-if)#interface SO/O/l Albuquerque (config-if)#ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0 Albuquerque (config-if)#A Z Albuquerque#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernetO/O 10.1.1.1 YES manual up up FastEthernetO/l unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/O/O unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/O/l 10.1.2.1 YES manual up up SerialO/l/0 unassigned YES NVRAM up up SerialO/l/l unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down Albuquerque#show interfaces faO/O FastEthernetO/O is up, line protocol is up Hardware is Gt96k FE, address is 0013.197b.5004 (bia 0013.197b.5004) Internet address is 10.1.1.1/24 ! qacTb HopMau onyeHa nR KpaTKocT YCTaHOBKa napaMeTpoB Bandwidth M Clock Rate AJ1f1 MHTep4>eMcoB Ethernet-uHTep<t>eMcbI pa60TalOT lIJIH Ha O.n:HOH CKOpOCTH, lIJIH MOryr nepeKJ1IO'laTbCfI Bcero B HeCKOJIbKO pe)l(HMOB pa60TbI C pa3HbIMH CKOpOCTflMH, eCJlH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI aBToon- pe.n:eJleHHe napaMelpOB KaHaJJa. KaK 6bIJIO }'Ka3aHO B rJlaBe 4 BbIllle, pa3Ho06pa3ue TeXHO- JIOruH H CKopocTeM WAN-KaHaJJoB O'leHb BeJIHKO. 1..1T06bI HCnOJIb30BaTb pa3HbIe CKOpOCTU nepella'lH .n:aHHbIX, MaplllpYTH3aTopbI pa6OTaJOT B Ka'leCTBe Be.n:OMoro ycrpoHCTBa H noJIy- 'lalOT HacrpoHKH CKOpOCTH OT MO.n:yllil CSUjDSU nocpe.n:CTBOM npouecca CUHXPOHU3 Q t4 UU (clocking). B pe3YJlbTaTe nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIe KaHaJJbI MaplllpYTH3aTopa pa60TalOT 6e3 .n:o- nOJIHHTeJIbHoro KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHfI, aBToonpe.n:eJIeHHfI CKOpOCTH KaHaJJa H T.n. YClpOHCT- BO CSUjDSU BCer.n:a "3HaeT" CKOpOCTb pa60TbI TeJleKoMMYHHKaUHoHHoro KaHaJJa, nepe- CbIJIaeT CHHXpoHMnyJlbCbI no Ka6eJIIO MapIllpYTH3aTopy, a nOCJIe.n:HHM no.n:crpaHBaeT CBOH HHTep<t>eHc comaCHO TaKHM HMnyJlbCaM. <J>aKTH'leCKH MO.n:YJIb CSUjDSU yi<a3bIBaeT Map- IllpYTH3aTopy, Kor.n:a CJIe.n:yeT OTnpaBHTb CJIeJJ:YlOIllHM 6HT no Ka6eJllO H Kor.n:a CJle.n:yeT npH- HHTb 6HT, a MapIllPYTH3arop npOCTO cJleno cJle.n:yer TaKHM HHcrpyKI.I.HHM. <J>H3H'leCKHM MexaHH3M pa60Tbi npouecca onpe.n:eJIfleT, C KaKOM CKOpoCTblO H B KaKHe MOMeHTbl BpeMeHH MapIllpYTH3aTOp MO)l(er nepe.n:aBaTb 6HTbI HH<t>opMaI.{HH, a JIOrH'leCKafi CKOpOCTb JlHHHH MO)l(eT He COBnanaTb C TOM, 'lTO 3anaHa nocpe.n:CTBoM CHHxpOHMnYJIbCOB OT MO.n:yJIfi CSUjDSU I . n03TOM)' BnOJlHe JlOru'lHO, 'lTO B MaplllpYTu3aTopax HCnOJIb3yJOT- CfI .n:Be KOMaH.n:bI pe)l(HMa KOH<t>HrypHpOBaHHfI HHTeP<t>eMca ,l{JIfi YCTaHoBKH CKOpOCTU prnu urn{}J/fo"lVemCR cJlCamue oaHHblX 6 KaHane. - npltMelJ. pe.l1.
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 457 WAN-KaHaJJa, no.n:KJIIO'leHHOrO K nOCJIellOBaTeJlbHOMY HHTepeHcy, a UMeHHO. nOllKO- MaH,l{bI clock rate H bandwidth. KOMaH,l{a clock rate 3a.rr.aeT .n:eikTBHTeJlbHyJO CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH 6HTOB no nOCJIe- .n:oBaTeJIbHoMY KaHaJJY, HO OHa HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, Kor.n:a .n:Ba MapIllpYTH- 3aTopa coelluHeHbI Me)l(Jly C060H Ka6eJIeM HanpflMYIO (HanpHMep, B JIa60paTopHOH ceTU). TaKoe HenocpeiJcmeeHHoe nOdKAIO'teHue nOCAedoeameJ/bHblX uHmepl/Jeucoe (back-Io-back se- rial cables) HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B npHMepax :nOH KHHru, B JIa60paTopHbIX ceTflX, ceTeBbIe HH- :>KeHepbI MOIyr ,l{JIfi ce6f1 .n:eJIaTb BpeMeHHbIe CTeH,l{bI,l{JIfi TecTHpoBaHHH 'lero-JIIt:60, a TaK- :>Ke, HanpHMep, B Bonpocax 3K3aMeHa CCNA H T.n. (TaKoe no.n:KJIIO'leHHe no.n:p06HO onu- caHO B rJIaBe 4.) B Henocpe.n:cTBeHHoM JIa60paTopHoM no.n:KJIIO'leHHH YCTPOHCTB He UCnOJIb3YIOTCfI MO.n:YJIU CSUjDSU, n03TOMY O.n:HH MapIIIPYTH3aTOp .n:OJI:>KeH BbICT)'I1aTb B Ka'leCTBe Be.n:YI1lero, T.e. reHepHpOBaTb HMnYJIbCbI CHHxpOHH3aI.{HH, a BTOpOH - B Ka'le- CTBe Be.n:OMoro, T.e. nOllCTpaHBaTbCfI no.n: HUX. npH'leM BTOpOH, T.e. BelloMbIH, MapIIIPY- TH3aTOp pa60TaeT B 06bI'lHOM pe:>KHMe TaK, KaK eCJIH 6bI OH 6bIJI nO}:lKJIlO'leH K MOn,YJIIO CSUjDSU, 0 TOM 'lTO CHHxpOHU3al.{HIO BelleT llPYTOH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp, OH H He 3HaeT. B npUMepe 13.3 nOKa3aHa KOHHrypaI.{Hfi MapIllpYTH3aTopa C 06Cy;K.lIaBIIIHMHcfI BbIIlle Hacl'pOHKaMH, a TalOKe eIlle o.n:Ha nOJIe3Hafi KOMaH,l{a. BHI1MAHI1EI B npltMepe 13.3 onYILleHa 60JIbWaH qaCTb BbIBo.aa KOMaH,QbI show running-config, T.e. y6paHo Bce, qTO He OTHOCItTCH K 06CY>KllaeMoi1 TeMe. npMMep 13.3. KOHMrypa"'Mfi C Mcn011b30BaHMeM KOMaH,Qbl clock rate Albuquerque#show running-config ! OCTanbHaR HopMauR onyeHa R KpaTKocT interface SerialO/O/l clock rate 128000 interface SerialO/1/0 clock rate 128000 bandwidth 128 interface FastEthernetO/O ! OCTanbHaR HopMaUfI onyeHa nfl KpaTKocT Albuquerque#show controllers serial 0/0/1 Interface SerialO Hardware is PowerQUICC MilK860 DCE V.35, clock rate 128000 idb at Ox8169BB20, driver data structure at Ox816A35E4 ! OCTanbHaR HopMaUR onyeHa nR KpaTKocT KOMaHlla clock rate CKOpOCTb no.n:pe)KlIMa KOHurypHpoBaHufi HHTepeika 3a- .n:aeT CKOpOCTb pa60TbI nopTa H BBOllHTCfI ,l{JIfi TOro uHTepeHca, B KOTOpbIH BKJIlO'leH DCE-Ka6eJlb. EcJlH He H3BeCTHO, B KaKOH MapIllpYTH3aTOp BKJIlO'leH DCE-Ka6eJIb, TO THn no.n:KJIIO'leHHOrO Ka6eJIfi MO:>KHO Y3HaTb C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bl show controllers, KaK nOKa3aHO B npHMepe 13.3. ECTb He60JIbIIIafi oc06eHHOCTb: Onepal.{HOHHaH CHCTeMa Cisco IOS npHHHMae-r KOMaH):{y clock rate Ha HHTepeHce JIH60 B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH Ka6eJlb Boo6Ille He nOllKJIIO'leH, JlH60 eCJlH THn Ka6eJIfi - DCE. ECJlH K HHTepeHCY nOllKJIIO'leH
458 aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aI.4Mft DTE-Ka6eJIb, OnepaUHOHHaS! CHCTeMa TUXO HrHopHpyeT KOMaH.U.Y H B HaCl'pOMKaX OHa He nOS!BJIfleTCfI, npH 3TOM co06IlleHHe 06 01llH6Ke He BbIBO.n:HTCfI. BTopafl nOJIe3HafI KOMaH}:Ia CBfl3aHa C HacrpOHKOM CKOpOCTH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHoro Ka- HaJIa: bandwidth CKOpOCTb (CM. HaCTpoHKH ItHTep<peHca serial 0/1/0 B npuMe- pe 13.3). KOMan.n:a bandwidth 3a.n:aeT onepal.{UOHHOH CUCTeMe CKOpOCTb KaHaJIa B K6HT/C, npH'leM TaKafi CKOpOCTb HHKOHM 06pa30M He 3aBHCHT OT CHHxpOHMnYJlbCOB H <pU3H'le- CKOH CKOpOCTH coellHHeHHfI. TeM He MeHee KOMaH}:Ia bandwidth He MeHfleT <pH3U'le- CKyIO CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH H npHeMa 6HTOB HHTep<peHCOM. a BJIHfleT Ha paC'leT napaMel'pOB 3arpy)l(eHHOCTH KaHaJIa, Mel'pHK npOTOKOJlOB MapIllpYTH3aUHH H T.n. B 'laCTHOCTH, Ha- npUMep, npOTOKOJlbI MapwpYTH3aUHH EIGRP H OSPF HCnOJIb3YIOT 3Ha'leHHe KOMaH}:IbI bandwidth HHTep<peHCa)J)lfl nOllC'leTa CBOHX cTan.n:apTHblx Mel'pHK, KOTopbIe nOBJIHfllOT Ha TO, KaKOH HMeHHO MaplllpYT 6YlleT BbI6paH B Ka'leCTBe OnTHMaJIbHOro K KaKOH-JIH60 ceTU. (nOn,p06HO npOTOKOJIbI MaplllpYTH3al.{UH H UCnOJIb30BaHHe ynoMuHaeMOH KOMaH- .n:bI paCCMOl'peHbI BO BTOpOM TOMe KHHrH.) Y KIDK,lJ.Oro UHTep<peHca eCTb CTaH}:IapTHaS! HaCTpOHKa IllHpUHbl nOJIOCbI nponYCKa- HitS!, KOTopafl UCnOJIb3yeTcH, eCJIIt )J)IfI HHTep<peMca He CKOH<pHrypHpoBaHa KOMaHAa bandwidth. HanpHMep, llJIfi nOCJle.n:0BaTeJIbHbIX HHTep<peHcoB CTaH}:IapTHO HCnOJIb3Y- eTCfI 3Ha'leHHe napaMeTpa bandwidth, paBHoe 1544, 'lTO 03Ha'laeT 1544 K6HT/C, ItJIH 1,544 M6HT/C, .n:pyruMU CJlOBaMU, ItCnOJIb3yeTcfI CKOpOCTb KaHaJIa Tl. ,l],pyroH BapH- aHT - CKOpOCTb Ethernet-HHTep<peMca CBfl3aHa C TeKyweH CKOpOCTblO ero pa60TbI H Ethernet-TeXHOJIorueH. HanpHMep, eCJlu HHTep<peHc FastEthernet pa60TaeT Ha CKO- pOCTH 100 M6HT/C, TO ero nOJIOca nponycKaHHfI (Le. 3Ha'leHHe napaMel'pa bandwidth) 6y.n:eT paBHa 100000 (K6HT/C); HO eCJIH HHTep<peHc pa60TaeT Ha CKOpOCTH 10 M6uT/C, TO ero nOJIOca nponycKaHHfI 6y.n:eT paBHo 10 000 (K6HT/C). YKa3aHue KOMaH}:IbI bandwidth B KOH<pHrypaUItH HHTep<peHca nepeOnpelleJIfieT CTaH}:IapTHbIe 3Ha'leHHfI. BHI1MAHI1E! CJle.ll.YeT JanOMHItTb, IJTO B KOMaHlle clock rate YKa3blBaeTcH 3HaIJeHite B 6ItT/C, a B KOMaH.lI.e bandwidth - B K6ItT/C. CJIe.ll.OBaTeJlbHo. eCJlIt KOMaHlla show nOKa3blBaeT 3HaIJeHite nOJlOCbl nponycKaHItH to 000, TO :no 03Ha1JaeT to 000 K6ItT/C, ltJut to M6ItT/C. AOnOI1H'-1Tel1bHbl nopT MapwpYT'-13aTOpa B MaplllpYTH3aTopax eCTb TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM iJonoJ/HumeJ/bHblu (auxiliary - aux) nopT. 'lepe3 KOTOpbIM MO)l(HO nOJIyqHTb .n:OC1)'I1 K HHTep<peMcy KOMaH}:IHOH CTpOKH nocpe.n:cTBoM nporpaMMbl 3MYJIfiTOpa TepMHHaJIa. 06bl'lHO aux-nopT nOllKJIIO'leH Ka6eJIeM (c pa31>eMO M RJ-45, 'leTblpexnapHbIM C npS!MoH pacnaHKoH) K BHeIllHeM)' aHaJIoroBOM)' Mo.n:eMY. CaM Mo.n:eM nOllKJIIO'leH K TeJIe<poHHoH JIHHHH, a ceTeBoH HII)KeHep MO)l(eT nOllKJIIO'lHTbCS! K He- M)' C YllaJIeHHoro nepCOHaJIbHOro KOMnblOTepa, HCnOJIb3Yfl nporpaMM)' 3M)'JIflUHH TepMHHa- JIa, OnflTb )l(e. nOCpellCTBOM nOllKJIlO'leHHoro K KOMnblOTepy MOlleMa H TeJIe<pOHHOH JlHHHU. nO.n:KJIIO'lHBIllHCb, HH)I(eHep nO.rry<IHT CTaH.LJ.apTHbIH .n:ocryn K HHTep<PeHCY KOMaHAHOM Cl'pOKU ycrpOHCTBa TaK, KaK eCJIH 6bI OH 6bIJI nOllKJIIO'leH K KOHCOJIbHOM)' nopT)'. napaMel'pbl aux-nopTa 3allalOTCfI nOCJIe nepeXOlla B pe)l(HM KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHfI COOT- BeTCTBYIOIlleH JlHHHU C nOMOWblO KOMaHllbI line aux O. B pe)l(HMe KOH<pUrypHpOBa- HHS! JIHHHH aux-nopTa MO)l(HO BBeCTH MHorHe KOMaHAbl, KOTopble 06C}')KllaJIHCb BblIlle, B rJlaBe 8. HanpltMep, MO)l(HO CKOH<pHrypltpOnaTb npocT)'1O aYTeHTu<puKauHIO C nOMOIllblO
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 459 KOMaH.LJ. login H password; B pe3YJIbTaTe npH BXOllflIlleM y.n:aJIeHHOM coe.n:HHeHHH Y nOJlb30BaTeJIfl 6y.n:YT 3anparnHBaTbcfI HMH H napOJIb. A'-1aI1or HaaI1bHOM HaCTpOMK'-1 npouecc Ha'laJIbHOH HaCTpoHKH MapIllpYTu3aTopa no.n:'lHHfleTCfI TeM )l(e npaBlIJIaM H npHHUHnaM, 'lTO H cooTBeTcTByJOIllHH llHaJIOr KOMMYTaTopoB. nO.n:p06Hoe onHcaHHe HH- TepaKTUBHOrO llHaJIOra npHBelleHo B maBe 8, HH)I(e YKa3aHbI KJIIO'leBbIe MOMeHTbI, KOTO- pbIe o.n:HHaKOBbI KaK llJIfi MaprnpYTH3aTOpoB, TaK U llJIfi KOMMYTaTopOB. . ,l],HaJIOr Ha'laJIbHOH Hac-rpoHKH npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH llJIfi KOHq>HrypupoBaHHfI :B8 6a30BbIx napaMeTpOB B HHrep<peHce KOMaHllHoH C-rpOKH, KOTopbIe BBO- ::eMa MTCfI B HHTepaKTHBHOM pe)KHMe B BH,l{e OTBeTOB Ha BOnpOCbI. . 3anycTHTb pe)KHM Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<pHrypHpoBaHuH MaprnpYTH3aTopa MO)I(HO, y.n:a- JIUB <paH.ri Ha'laJIbHOH KOH<pHrypaI.{HH (startup-config) H nepe3arpY3HB YCTPOHCTBO, lIJIH C nOMOlllblO KOMaH.LJ.bI setup B pe)KHMe npHBlIJIerHpOBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTeJIfi. . B KOHl.{e .n:HaJIOra 6Ylle BbIBe.n:eHO MeHIO C T}JeMfi BapHaHTaMH BbI60pa (uH<ppaMH 0, I H 2), C nOMOlllblO KOTOpOro MO)I(HO, npoHrnopHpoBaB CBe)l(eC03AaHHbIe HaCTpOHKH, nepeHTH B HHTep<peHc KOMaH.LJ.HOH C-rpOKH (0), nepe3anYCTHTb llHaJIOr Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHH, OnfITb )l(e, npOHrHopHpoBaB TOJIbKO 'ITO BBe.n:eHHbIe HaCTpOHKH (I), lIJIH coxpaHHTb H Ha'laTb HCnOJIb30BaTb BBe.n:eHHyJO KOH<pHrypauHIO (2). . ECJlH npOl.{eCC KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI 'lepe3 .n:HaJIOr BaM HalloeJI, TO MO)l(HO HIDKaTb KOM6HHaUHIO KJIaBHIll <Ctrl+c>, 'lT06bI ero npepBaTb H nepeHTH B HHrep<peHC KO- MaHlIHOH C-rpOKH. . ECJlH B KOHl.{e .n:HaJIOra BbI6paTb coxpaHeHHe nOJIyqeHHoH KOH<pHrypauuu, OHa 6y- lleT 3anHcaHa KaK B <paH.ri CTapTOBOH (startup-config), TaK H B <paH.ri TeKyllleH (running-config) KOH<pHrypaI.{Hu. OCHoBHble OTJIH'lHfI B .n:HaJIOre Ha'laJIbHOH KOH<pHrypaUHu YCTpoHCTBa.D.JIfi MaprnpYTH- 3aTopOB H KOMMYTaTopOB 3aKJIIO'lalOTCH B 3anparnHBaeMoH HH<popMauHH B npOl.{eCce OT- BeTa Ha BonpOCbI llHaJIOra. HanpHMep, B OTJIH'lHe OT KOMM)'TaTopOB, y KOTOpbIX eCTb TOJlbKO OllHH allpec Ha Bce YC-rpOHCTBO, B MaprnpYTU3aTOpax H}')KHO YCTaHOBHTb IP-allpec U MacK)' ,l].JUI KIDK,lJ.OrO HHTep<peHca. B npUMepe 13.4 nOKa3aH pe)KHM Ha'laJIbHOrO KOH- <pHrypupOBaHUfi MarnpYTH3aTopa (setup). ECJlU Y'lUTaTeJIfi HeT MaprnpYTH3aTopa, B KOTO- pOM OH MO)l(eT 3anYCTHTb .n:HaJIOr, TO CJIe.n:yeT no-rpaTHTb HeKOTopoe BpeMfi Ha u3yqeHHe npUBe.n:eHHbIx B npUMepe BonpOCOB H -rpe6yeMoH MapIllpYTH3aTOpy HH<popMaUHU. BHHMAHHEI BonpoCbl, 3a,aaBaeMble ItHTepaKTHBHblM nHaJIOrOM HaqaJIbHOH HaCTPOHKH, MOIyr ClIerKa OTlIHqaTbCH. Tltn, KOllltqeCTBO H <fJopMaT BonpocoB 3aBltCitT OT BepCHH onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbl Cisco IDS, Ha60pa «t>YHKLlItH CHCTeMbl H YCTPOHCTBa It MOnellH MaprnpYTlt3aTOpa. npMep 13.4. Ir1HTepaKTBHbIM Aanor Ha'4anbHOro KOHca>ryppoBaHfI MapWPYT3aTopa --- System Configuration Dialog --- Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no] yes
460 LlaCTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3a,-,Mft At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt. Default settings are in square brackets '[]' .Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity for management of the system, extended setup will ask you to configure each interface on the system Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a valid con- figuration Interface EthernetO SerialO Serial 1 IP-Address unassigned unassigned unassigned OK? NO NO NO Method unset unset unset Status up down down Protocol down down down Configuring global parameters: Enter host name [Router]: Rl The enable secret is a password used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration. Enter enable secret: cisco The enable password is used when you do not specify an enable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images. Enter enable password: fred The virtual terminal password is used to protect access to the router over a network interface. Enter virtual terminal password: barney Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: no Configure bridging? [no]: Configure DECnet? [no]: Configure AppleTalk? [no]: Configure IPX? [no]: Configure IP? [yes]: Configure RIP routing? [yes]: Configure CLNS? [no]: Configure bridging? [no]: Configuring interface parameters: Do you want to configure EthernetO interface? [yes]: Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: IP address for this interface: 172.16.1.1 Subnet mask for this interface [255.255.0.0] : 255.255.255.0 Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24 Do you want to configure SerialO interface? [yes]: Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: Configure IP unnumbered on this interface? [no]: IP address for this interface: 172.16.12.1 Subnet mask for this interface [255.255.0.0] : 255.255.255.0 Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24 Do you want to configure Serial 1 interface? [yes]: Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: Configure IP unnumbered on this interface? [no]:
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 461 IP address for this interface: 172.16.13.1 Subnet mask for this interface [255.255.0.0] 255.255.255.0 Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24 The following configuration command script was created: hostname R1 enable secret 5 $1$VOLh$pkleOXjx2sgjgZ/Y6Gt1S. enable password fred line vty 0 4 password barney no snmp-server ! ip routing ! interface EthernetO ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface SerialO ip address 172.16.12.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial1 ip address 172.16.13.1 255.255.255.0 ! router rip network 172.16.0.0 end [0] Go to the 10S command prompt without saving this config. [1] Return back to the setup without saving this config. [2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit. Enter your selection [2]: 2 Building configuration... [OK]Use the enabled mode 'configure' command to modify this con- figuration. Press RETURN to get started! BHHMAHHEI B npHBe.n:eHHoM BblIIIe npHMepe HcnoJlb3YeTCH onepaUHOHHaH CHCTeMa Cisco IDS, B KOTOPOH HeT AOnOJlHHTeJlbHOH 4>YHKUHH, Ha3blBaeMOH aemOMamU'IeCKOU HacmpouKou 6e30nacHocmu Cisco (Cisco Auto Secure), n03ToMY B .aHa.rlOre oHa He 0T06pa>KaeTCH. B onpe.aeJleHHblX BepcltHX onepaUHoHHoH CItCTeMbI 3Ta 4>YHKUHH eCTb, oHa aBTOMaTH'leCKH 3811aeT OnTHMaJIbHble HaCTPOHKH 6e30naCHoCTH. HanpHMep, OTKJllOqaeT npOTOKOJl CDP. 06HOB11eHMe OnepaMOHHOM CMCTeMbl Cisco 105 M npoecc Ha"lal1bHOM 3arpY3KM YCTpOMCTBa CeTeBOMY uIDKeHepy 06f13aTeJIbHO H}')KHO 3HaTb, KaK 06HOBUTb onepaUHOHHYJO CHC- TeMY Cisco IOS. T.e. KaK nepeHTH Ha CTapIllYJO BepCHIO nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHUH. 06bI'lHO 06pa3 onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI xpaHHTCfI BO flash-naMHTH MapIllpYTH3aTopa. H HMeHHO :na BepCHfi CHCTeMbI HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npu 3arpY3Ke yC'rpoHCTBa. (TepMHHoM o6pa3 CucmeMbi IDS Ha3bIBalOT afuI Onepal.{HOHHoi1 cHcTeMbI.) npouecc 06HOBJleHHfI onepa-
462 LlaCTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3aI.4Mft UHOHHOH CUCTeMbl IOS MO)l(eT BKJIlO'laTb B ce6f1 HeCKOJIbKO 3TanOB: KOnHpOBaHHe HOBOro 06pa3a OnepaUHOHHOH CUCTeMbI BO flash-naMflTb; YKa3aHUe C nOMOlllbJO KOHqm:rypaUH- OHHbIX KOMaHA, KaKOH <pafuI H OTKy.n:a .n:OJDKeH 3arp}')KaTb MapIllPYTH3aTOp; YllaJIeHHe CTa- poro 06pa3a onepaUUOHHOH CUCTeMbI, nOCJIe TOro, KaK pa60TOCnoc06HOCTb HOBOrO npo- BepeHa H H3BeCTHO, 'lTO BCe C.lI}')K6bI <PYHKUHOHUpyJOT npaBlIJIbHO. AnbTepHaTHBHbIH Ba- pHaHT npe.n:nOJlaraeT, 'lTO 06pa3 CHCTeMbI IOS MO:>KHO CKOnHpOBaTb Ha TFIP-cepBep, BbInOJIHHTb .n:OnOJlHHTeJlbHbIe KOH<pHrypaI.{HOHHbIe KOMaHAbl B MapIllpYTH3aTOpe, KOTO- pbIe YKmKYT, 'lTO 3arpY3Ka CHCTeMbI nocJle nepe3arpY3KH YCTpOHCTBa 1l0JI:>KHa BbmOJIHflTb- CfI C CepBepa. B TeKyllleM pa3.n:eJIe OnHCaHO, KaK 06HOBHTb OnepaUHOHHyJO CHCTeMY, CKOnHpOBaB HOBblH 06pa3 IOS BO flash-naMflTb MapIllpYTH3aTOpa, H KaK YKa3aTb YCTpOHCTBY, H3 Ka- KOro HCTO'lHHKa H}')KHO npOBO.n:HTb 3arpY3Ky. nOCKOJlbKy HCTO'-lHHK 3arpY3KH BbI6HpaeT- CfI B npOl.{eCCe HHHI.{HaJIH3al.{HH YCl'pOHCTBa, HU:>Ke TalOKe 6YlleT paCCMOTpeH npOl.{eCC Ha- 'laJIbHOH 3arpY3KH H CaMOTeCTHpOBaHUH. B KOMMYTaTOpaX HCnOJlb3yeTCfI aHaJIOrH'lHblH npouecc, HX npOuellypa 3arpY3KH OTJIH'laeTCfI OT TaKOBOH B MapIllpYTlt3aTOpaX TOJlbKO B MeJlKHX .n:eTaJIflX, KOTOpbIe 6y.n:YT OTlleJlbHO oroBopeHbl. 06HOBl1eH'-1e onepa....'-10HHOM C'-1CTeMbl Cisco 10S BO flash-naMs:lT'-1 06bl'lHO 06pa3 Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS xpaHHTCfI BO flash-naMfiTH Map- IllpYTH3aTopa lIJIH KOMMYTaTopa. TaKafi naMflTb flBJIfleTCfI nepe3anHcbIBaeMoH H 3Hepro- He3aBHCHMOH (T.e. .n:aHHble B HeH coxpaHHIOTCfI npH BbIKJIlO'leHHH nHTaHHfI), n03TOMY OHa npellCTaBlliIeT C060H u.n:eaJIbHblH BapuaHT XpaHHJIHIlla ,l{JIfi .n:aHHbIX, KOTopbIe 6y.n:YT H}')KHbI KIDK.IJ.bIH pa3 npH 3arpY3Ke MapIllPYTlt3aTopa. B YCl'pOHCTBax KOMnaHUH Cisco npe.n:HaMepeHHo ucnOJIb3yeTcfI flash-naMflTb, a He HaKOnHTeJIH Ha )l(eCTKHX .n:HCKaX, no- TOMY 'lTO B HeH HeT MeXaHH'leCKHX JJ.BUHXCfI 'laCTeH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, BepOfiTHOCTb OTKa3a onepaUHOHHOH CHCTeMbI U nOTepu llaHHbIX KpaHHe MaJIa. KpOMe TOro, Onepal.{H- OHHafi CUCTeMa MO:>KeT 6bITb pa3MeIlleHa Ha BHeIllHeM TFIP-cepBepe, HO TaKOH non.xo.n: 'laCTO HCnOJIb3yeTcSI TOJlbKO B l.{eJIfiX TeCTHpOBaHHH, B peaJIbHbIX ceTfiX Onepal.{HOHHafi CHCTeMa BO H36e:>KaHUe np06JIeM 3arp}')KaeTCH U3 JIOKaJIbHOH flash-naMHTH. Ha pHC. 13.6 npOHJIJIIOCTpUpOBaH npOl.{eCC 06HOBJIeHHfI Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS BO tlash-naMfiTH. 3Tan 1. He06xollHMO nOJIyqHTb 06pa3 onepauuoHHoH CHCTeMbI OT KOMnaHHH Cisco, 06bI'lHO 06pa3 3arp}')KaeTcfI C Be6-caHTa KOMnaHHH Cisco. com C nOMOlllblO npOTOKOJIOB HTTP lIJIH FIP. 3Tan 2. J],aJIee, H}')KHO nOMeCTHTb <paHJI Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI B CTaHAapTHYIO (KopHeByJO) nanKy TFIP-cepBepa, a caM cepBep 1l0JDKeH 6bITb 1l0cryneH ,l{JIfi MapIllpYTH3aTopa 'lepe3 ceTb. 3Tan 3. He06xo.n:HMO HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaH.n:y copy C napaMel'paMH B MapIllPYTH3arope H CKonHpOBaTb <pafuI BO tlash-naMfiTb. B npHMepe 13.5 nOKa3aH nOCJle.n:HuH 3Tan, KonHpOBaHHfI 06pa3a onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbl BO flash-naMflTb. 06parnTe BHUMaHHe, '-ITO nOKa3aHHafI B HeM KOMaHAa copy tftp flash pa60TaeT aHaJIOrH'lHO onHcaHHoH BbIIlle KOMaHAe copy tftp startup-config, KO- TopaH HCnOJlb30BaJIaCb ,l{JIfi coxpaHeHHfI pe3epBHoti KOnHIt KOH<pHrypauHoHHoro <paHJIa B naMfiTIt NVRAM.
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c Mapwp)'TM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 463 VoWW.cisco.com FTP/HTTP I (nI060i1 npa.1eMl1eMbli1 MeTOA) Copy tftp flash -","""--"r ,r- Puc. /3.6. llpou,ecc o6Ho6AeHuR onepau,uoHHoU cucmeMbi Cisco IDS npMMep 13.5. KonMpoBaHMe 06pa3a onepaLlMoHHoM CMCTeMbl Cisco 10S BO flash-naMflTb C nOMOblO KOMaHAbl copy tftp flash R1#copy tftp flash System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 7530760 c4500-d-mz.120-2.bin [7530824 bytes used, 857784 available, 8388608 total] Address or name of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 134.141.3.33 Source file name? c4S00-d-mz.120-S.bin Destination file name [c4500-d-mz.120-5.bin]? Accessing file c4500-d-mz.120-5.bin ' on 134.141.3.33... Loading C4500-d-mz.120-5.bin from 134.141.3.33 (via EthernetO): [OK] Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase? [confirm] Copy 'c4500-d-mz.120-5.bin I from server as 'c4500-d-mz.120-5.bin I into Flash WITH erase? [yes/no]y Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased Loading C4500-d-mz.120-5.bin from 134.141.3.33 (via EthernetO) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! !
464 YaCTb III. IP-MapWp)'TM3aMft ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! (3,1:eCb onYlI.!eHO MHOI'O BOCKnHuaTenbHX 3HaKoB!) [OK 7530760/8388608 bytes] verifying checksum... OK (OxA93E) Flash copy took 0:04:26 [hh:mm:ss] B npOl.{eCce KonHpOBaHHfI 06pa3a CHCTeMbI IOS BO flash-naMflTb MapIllpyTH3aTOpy He- 06xo.n:HMO nOJIyqHTb HeKOTOpyJO BIDKHyJO HH4>0pMaI.{HIO: . IP-a.n:pec TFfP-cepBepa; . Ha3BaHHe 4>afula 06pa3a; . npOBepHTb, .n:OCTaTO'lHO JIH MeCTa BO flash-naMflTH; . npOBepHTh, eCTb JIH 4>afu1 C yKa3aHHbIM HMeHeM Ha cepBepe; . cnpOCHTb Y nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, XO'leT JIH OH y.n:aJJHTb CTapbIe 4>afu1bI. I1HTeP4>eMc KOMaH,l{HOM CTPOKH MapIllpyTH3aTopa nepecnpOCHT BCIO H}')KHYIO eMY ItH4>opMaI.{HIO B .n:HaJJOre. .L.mI Ka)l()].oro oonpoca HY)KHO JIH60 Bne'laTaTb OTBeT, JIH60 Ha- )!CaTb KJIaBHIllY < Enter>, 'lT06bI HCnOJIb30BaTb CTaH,l{apTHyJO HaCTPOMKY (nOI<a3aHHYIO B KBa.n:paTHbIX cK06Kax), eCJIH OHa eCTb. nOcJIe OKOH'laHHSI .n:HaJJora MaprnpyTH3aTOp y.n:a- flHT Bce, 'lTO eCTb BO flash-naMSlTH, eCJIH 3TO 6bIJIO YKa3aHO, npOBepHT KOHTpOJIbHyJO ::YMMY 4>aMJIa, tIT06bI y6e.ll.HTbCfI, 'lTO OH 6bIJI nepe,lI,aH ycrpOMCTBY fie3 ornH60K. nOcJIe JaBepIlleHHfI npOl.{e.nypbI MO)KHO npOBepHTb co.n:ep)KHMOe naMfiTH C nOMOIl.{blO KOMaH,l{bI 3how flash, KaK nOKaJaHO B npHMepe 13.6. (BblBO.n: 3TOH KOMaH,l{bI MO)l(eT OTJIH'laTbCSI J 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Mo.n:eJlH HJIH cepHH YCTPOHCTBa. B npHMepe 13.6 nOKa3aH BblBO.n: KO- l1aH,l{bI show flash.llJISi MapIllpyTH3aTopa cepHH 2500.) lpMMep 13.6. npoBepKa COAep>KMMOrO flash-naMflTM C nOMOblO KOMaHAbl show flash Ered#show flash ystem flash directory: ile Length Name/status 1 13305352 c2500-ds-l.122-1.bin [13305416 bytes used, 3471800 available, 16777216 total] l6384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY) B npHMepe 13.6 Bbl.ll,eJleHa CTP0I<a, B KOTOpOM nOKa3aH pa3eMep flash-naMflTH, 06'beM iCnOJIb3yeMoH H cB06o.n:HoH naMfiTH. npH KonHpOBaHHH 06pa3a Onepal.{HOHHOM CHCTe- IIbI BO flash-naMflTb KOMaH,l{a copy 3anpOCHT, H}')KHO JIH O'lHCTHTb naMflTb, a CTan.n:apT- IbIM OTBeTOM 6Y.ll.eT ",lI,a" ([yes]). ECJIH OTBeTHTb "HeT" (no) Ha TaKOM Bonpoc H KOMaH.n:a )6Hap}')KHT, 'lTO naMfiTH He.ll.OCTaTO'lHO.llJIfi HOBOM Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI, KOnltpOBa- me 060PBeTCfI. AHaJJorH'lHO, .n:a)Ke eCJIH OTBeTHTb ".n:a" Ha Bonpoc H naMSlTb 6y.n:eT O'lH- ueHa, eCJIH 06pa3 60JIbIlle 'leM flash-naMflTb YCTPOMCTBa, KOnltpOBaHHe 6y.n:eT npepBaHO. nOCJIe TOro KaK HOBbIH 06pa3 Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbl CKonHpOBaH B MaprnpyTH3aTop, 'crpOHCTBO H}')KHO neperpY3HTb, 'IT06bI HCnOJIb30BaJJaCb HOBafi BepCHfi. B CJIellYlOIlleM pa3- leJle paccMaTPHBaeTcfl npOl.{eCC 3arpY3KH Onepal.{HOHHOM CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS H OnItCaHO, :aK yKa3aTh MapIllpyTH3aTopy, KaKYIO HMeHHO Onepal.{HOHH)'1O CHereM)' 3arp}')KaTh.
- rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c Mapwp)'TM3aTOpaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 465 npoeAypa 3arpY3KIII OnepaIIIOHHOM CIllCTeMbl Cisco 10S MapIllpynnaTopbl 4>aKTH'leCKH BbInOJlHSlIOT Te )Ke caMbIe .n:eMCTBHSI, 'lTO H fl1060M KOMnbIOTep, KOma HX neperp}')KalOT (c nOMOIl.{blO KOMan.n:bI reload) HflH BKJIlO'lalOT nH- TaHHe. B 60flbIllHHCTBe nepCOHaJlbHbIX KOMnblOTepoB YCTaHOBJIeHa Bcera o.n:Ha Onepal.{H- OHHafI CHCTeMa H cTan.n:apTHo 3arp}')KaeTcSI HMeHHO OHa. B MapIllpyTH3aTopax MO)Ker 6bITb HeCKOflbKO BapHaHToB Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI KaK BO flash-naMSITH YCTpOMCTBa, TaK H Ha BHeUlHeM TFTP-cepBepe, n03ToMY 3a'lacTYIO YCTpOMCTBY H}')KHO }'Ka3aTb, KaKoH 06pa3 IOS cfle.n:yer JarpY)KaTb. B TeKYIlleM pa311efle paccMoTpeH BeCb npol.{ecc 3arpY3KH MapIllpyTH3aTopa, a oc060e BHHMaHHe y.n:eJIeHO TOMY, KaK MaplIIpyTH3aTop Bbl6HpaeT, Ka- K}'IO Onepal.{HOHHYIO cHcreMY 3arpY3HTb. BHMMAHME! npouelIypa 3arpY3KIt Mapwpyrlt3aTOpa, OnltCaHHaH B 3TOM pa31IeJJe, B '1aCTHOCTIt, ItCnOflb30BaHI1e KOH<!>ltIypaul1oHHbIX perl1cTpoB It onepaUl10HHOH CItCTeMbl ROMMON, OTfllt'lae-rcSi OT aHaJlOrlt'lHOHllJISi KOMMyraTopoB, HO npltMeHI1Ma llJISi 60flbWltHCTBa MOlIeJIeH Mapwpyrlt3aTopoB. B 3TOH KHltre He OnltCbIBae-rcSi npouecc 3arpY3KIt H ynpaBJIeHlte ItM llJISi KOMMyraTopOB. B npol.{ecce 3arpY3KH MapIllpyTH3aTOp npoxo.n:HT CJIe.n:ylOlI.{He 3TanbI. 1. nOCJIe BKJIlO'leHHSI lIJIH nepeKJIlO'leHHfI nHTaHHSI MaplIIpyTH3aTOp BbInOflHSI- er npoue.n:ypy caMOTeCTHpOBaHHfI npH BKJIIO'leHHH (power-on self-test - POST), C nOMOIl.{blO KOTOpOH 06Hap}')KHBaeT annapaTHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI H npoBepSleT, 'lTO Bce OHH pa60TalOT npaBUflbHO. 2. .lI.aJlee MapIllpyTH3aTOp H3 nOCTOSlHHora 3anOMHHalOII.{erO YCTpOHCTBa (n3Y - ROM) KonHpyeT 3arpY30'lHyJO no.n:nporpaMMY (bootstrap) B onepaTHBHyJO naMHTb (RAM) H BbInOJIHSleT ee. tCBaM eMa 3. 3arpY30'lHaSi no.n:nporpaMMa "peIllaer", KaKoH 06pa3 onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI CJIe.n:y- er 3arpY3HTb B onepaTHBHyJO naMSlTb H 3arp}')KaeT ee. nOcJIe 3arpY3KH 06paJa IOS 3a- rpY30'lHafi no.n:nporpaMMa nepe.n:aer ynpaBJIeHHe YCTpOMCTBOM Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTe- Me Cisco IOS. 4. ECflH 3arpy30'lHaSi no.n:nporpaMMa ycneIllHo JarpY3Ufla 06pa3 cHcreMbl, Onepal.{HOH- HaSi CHCTeMa Cisco IOS HIller KOH4>HrypaI.{HOHHbIM 4>afu1 (06bI'lHO 4>aHfl startup- config B naMfiTH NVRAM) H Jarp}')KaeT era B onepaTHBHyJO naMflTb (RAM) B Ka'leCTBe 4>aHJIa TeK}'IlleH KOH4>HrypauHH (running-config). Bce MapIllpyTH3aTOpbI HcnOflb3YlOT onHcaHHbIM BbIIlle npol.{ecc H3 'leTbIpex 3TanOB npH BKJIlO'leHHH H 3arpY3Ke YCTpoHCTBa. B nepBbIX .n:BYX 3Tanax nOBJIHSlTb Ha pa60T)' MapIllpyTH3aTopa HeB03MO)KHO. ECJIH B npOl.{eCce HX BbInOJIHeHHSI B03HHKalOT C60H H OIllH6KH. HY)KHO 06paTHTbcSI B cfl}')K6y TeXHH'leCKOH no.n:.n:ep)KKH KOMnaHHH Cisco (Cisco Technical Assistance Center - T AC) HJIH K nOCTaBII.{HK}' YCTpoHcTBa J].1IfI rapaH- THHHoro peMOHTa. D.JJSI 3TanOB 3 H 4 eCTb Cnel.{HaJlbHbIe KOH4>HrypaI.{HOHHbIe KOMaH.n:bI, C nOMOIllblO KOTOpbIX MO)KHO ynpaBflSlTb npOl.{eCCOM .n:aJlbHeHIlleH 3arpY3KH MapIllpyTH- 3aTopa. Ha pHC. 13.7 nOKa3aHbI B03MO)f(Hble Onl.{HH H npoHflfllOCTpHpoBaHbl 3TanbI 3a- rpY3KH YCTpoHcTBa co 2 no 4. 1-13 onHcaHUSI H HJIJlIOCTpaUHH npOl.{eCca MO)f(HO YBHlleTb. '1TO MapIllpyTH3aTOp MO)f(er 3arpY3HTb Onepal.{HOHHYIO CHCTeMY H3 Tpex HCTO'lHHKOB. U KOH4>urypauuoHHblM ct:>ai1JJ
166 "IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft alOKe HUleT B 'Tpex MeCTax. C'Tporo rOBOpSl, npaKTH'leCKH Bcer.n:a 60JIbIllHHCTBO MapIllpy- rH3aTOpOB 3arp}')KaeT KOH4>HrypaI.{HOHHbIM 4>afu1 H3 naMSITU NVRAM (4)aMJI CTapTOBOM WH4>HrypauHH startup-config). KaKHX-JIH60 .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX npeHMYUleCTB 3arpY3Ka TapTOBOH KOH4>HrypauHH H3 .n:pyrHX HCTO'lHHKOB He .n:aeT, n03TOMY 3Tan 4 He 6y.n:er )'leHb .lI.eTaJIbHO paCCMa'TpHBaTbCSI B TeKYIlleM pa3.n:eJIe. TeM He MeHee HenJIOXOM npaKTH- <OM 6Y.lI.eT xpaHeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX 06pa30B IOS BO flash-naMSlTH, a TaIOKe coxpaHeHlte pe- 3epBHoM KonHH Ha KaKHX-JIH60 cepBepax, n03ToMY HH)Ke 6y.n:er nO.ll.p06HO 06c}')I<.lIaTbCfI :Han 3 onHcaHHoro BbIIlle npOl.{ecca. B 'laCTHOCTH, 6y.n:yT onHcaHbI HeCKOJIbKO aJIbTepHa- rHBHbIX onepaUHoHHbIX CHCTeM MapIllpyTH3aTopoB, a TalOKe 'lTO TaKoe KOHrPu2ypauoHHble De2ucmpbl H KaK OHH HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI npH 3arpY3Ke YC'TpOHCTBa. RAM 3Tan 2 I Bootstrap I 3Tan 3 3Tan 4 TeK)'LlIHi:1 KOH<pHrypa- LlHOHHbli:1 <pai:111 Puc. /3.7. flpou.ecc 3ai!pY3KU onepau.uoHHoU cucmeMbi Cisco IDS BHMMAHME! 06pa3 onepaUItOHHOH CI1CTeMbI Cisco IDS 06bl'lHO HaXOlIltTCSI B C>K:aTOM <t>afuJe, 'IT06bl OH 3aHI1MaJI MeHbUle MeCTa BO flash-naMSITIt. MapUlpyrlt3aTOp pa3apxI1BltpyeT 06pa3 onepaUItOHHOH CHCTeMbl no Mepe 3arpY3KIt ee B OnepaTItBH}'1O naMSlTb (RAM). TpM Onepa1!.MOHHble CMCTeMbl MapWpYTM3aTOpa 06bl'lHO MapIllpyTH3aTOp HOpMaJIbHO 3arp}')KaeT nOJIHo4>YHKl.{HOHaJIbHyJO onepal.{u- OHHYIO CHCTeMY Cisco lOS, n03BOJISIIOIllyJO BbillOJIHflTb YC'TpOMCTBY Bce He06xo.n:HMble 4>YHKl.{HH no MapUlpyTH3aU:UH naKeTOB. TeM He MeHee MapIllpyTH3aTopbl KOMnaHHH Cisco MOryT HCnOJIb30BaTb aJIbTepHaTHBHyJO CHCTeMY J].1ISI nOHCKa H YC'TpaHeHHSI HeHcnpaBHo- cTeM, BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI napOJISI YCTpoMcrBa H ,lI../ISi KonHpOBaHHSI HOBOro 4>afu1a 06pa3a 10S B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH CHCTeMa BO flash-naMfiTH 6bIJIa Henpe.n:HaMepeHHO y.n:aJIeHa UJIH nOBpe>K:.lIeHa. B HOBOM JIHHeMKe npo.n:yIcrOB KOMnaHHH Cisco (HanpHMep, B MapIllpyTH3a- Topax cepHM 1800 H 2800) HCnOJIb3yeTcSI TOJIbKO o.n:Ha aJIbTepHaTHBHaSi onepaUHoHHafi cHcreMa, a B CTapbIX Mo.n:eJlflX (HanpHMep, B cepHH 2500) B .n:eMcTBHTeJIbHOCTH 6bIJIO .n:Be aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX Onepal.{HOHHbIX CHCTeMbI, KOTopbIe BbmOJIHSlJlH pa3Hble Ha60pbI 4>YHK- UHM. B Ta6JI. 13.4 nepe'lHCJIeHbI H onHcaHbI .n:Be aJlbTepHaTHBHbie Onepal.{HOHHbIe CHCTe- MbI, KOTopbIe MO)KHO BC'TpeTHTb B MapIllpyTH3aTopax.
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c Mapwp)'TM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 467 tC':B8R "eMa Ta6JIHua 13.4. CpaBHeHHe onepaUHoHHLIX CHCTeM ROMMON H RxBoot OnepaUHOHHaH CHCTeMa H83BaHHe r.ll.e XpaHHTCH ROM-MoHHTop (ROM Monitor) ROMMON ROM r.ll.e HCnOJIL3YeTCH 3arpYJO'lHaSl ROM (Boot ROM) RxBoot, boot helper ROM B CTapLIX H HOBblX MO.l1eJlSlX MapwpyrHJaTOpOB B CTapbIX MO.l1eJlSlX Mapwpyrl1JaTOpOB nOCKOJIbK)' onepamtOHHaSi CHCTeMa RxBoot eCTb TOJIbKO B CTapbIX Mo.n:eJISIX MaprpyTH- 3aTopOB H B HaCTOSlIllee BpeMSI pe.n:KO BCTpe'laeTCSI, B TeK)'ll1eM fJIaBe B OCHOBHOM 6y.n:er onHCblBaTbCSI onepaUHOHHaSi CHCTeMa ROMMON H ee CneU;HaJIbHbIe 4>YHKUHH. KOH4>MrypaMoHHbIM perMCTp KOHCPUi!ypOU,UOHHblU pei!ucmp (configuration register) npe.n:CTaBJUIeT C060H cneUHaJJbHoe I6-6HToBoe 'lHCJIO, KOTopoe MO}l(eT 6blTb YCTaHOBJIeHO B JII060M MapIllpyTH3aTope KOMna- HHH Cisco. E>HTbl KOH4>HrypaI.{HOHHoro perHCTpa KOHTpOJIHPYIOT pa3JIHllHbIe napaMeTpbI pa60TbI YCTpOMCTBa Ha HH3KOM ypoBHe. HanpHMep, KOHCOJIbHOe no.n:KJIIO'leHHe K MapIllpy- TH3aTOpy cTan.n:apTHo pa60TaeT Ha CKOpOCTH 9600 60D" HO 3Ta HaCTpOHKa MO}l(er6blTb H3- MeHeHa B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aMeHbI 3Ha'leHHM napbI 6HTOB B KOH4>HrypaI.{HOHHOM perHCTpe. BHMMAHME! C nOMOWblO KOMaHlIbl show version, KOTopaSi OnltCaHa HIDKe B npHMepe 13.7, MO}l(HO yBHlleTb TeJ<yIllee 3Ha'leHl1e KOHt!mrypaUItOHHoro perltCTpa, a TalOKe Y3HaTb, 6Y.lI.eT JIlt nOCJIe nepe3arpY3KI1 YCTaHOBJIeHO HOBOe 3Ha'ieHue. 3Ho'teHue KOHCPUi!ypOU,UOHHOi!O pei!ucmpo MO)((er 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHO C nOMOIllblO KOMaH- .n:bI config-register B pe)l(JtMe fJI06aJJbHOH KOH4>HrypaI.{UH. I1IDKeHepbl YCTaHaBJIH- BalOT pa3JIH'IHble 3Ha'leHHSI )lJ1S1 pa3JIH'IHbIX l.{eJleM, HO HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHoe npHMeHeHHe pa3HbIx 3Ha'leHHH - nOBJIHSlTb Ha npouecc 3arPY3KH 06pa3a onepaUHoH- HOH CHCTeMbl IOS H BOCCTaHOBHTb napOJIb YCTpOHcTBa. HanpHMep, KOMaH.n:a config- register Ox2100 YCTaHaBJIHBaeT B perHcTp IlleCTHa.IJ:l.{aTepH'IHOe 3Ha'leHUe 2100, 6JIa- ro.n:apSi KOTOPOMY MapIllpyTH3aTOp 3arpY3HT onepaUHOHHyJO cHcreMY ROMMON, a He lOS, '1TO He06xo.n:HMO JJ)UI npou;e.n:ypbI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI napOJIfi. CJIe.n:yer nOMHHTb, 'lTO 3Ha'leHHe 6y.n:eT coxpaHeHO B CTapTOBOM KOH4>HrypaU;HH cpa3Y )Ke nOCJIe Ha}l(aTHSI KJIa- BHIllH <Enter>, cpa3Y nOCJIe KOMan.n:bl config-register, n03TOMY He HY)((HO coxpa- HflTb TeKYWHH KOH4>urypaI.{HOHHbIH 4>afu1 (running-config) B CTapTOBbIM (startup-config) nOCJIe CMeHbl 3Ha'leHHSI. TeM He MeHee HOBoe 3Ha'leHHe perucTpa 6y.n:er HCnOJIb30BaTbCSI TOJIbKO nOCJIe nepe3arpY3KH YCTpOHCTBa. BHMMAHME! B 60JIbWI1HCTBe Mapwpyrlt3aTOpOB KOMnaHlt1t Cisco CTaHlIapTHoe 3Ha'leHlte perltcTpa paBHo wecTHMUaTeplt'lHoMY 'IItCJIY 2102.
68 "IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft KaK MapWpYTM3aTOp Bbl6MpaeT MCTO"lHMK 3arpY3KM MapIIIPYTH3aTOp BbI6HpaeT HCTO'lHHK 3arpY3KH OnepaUHOHHOH CHCfeMbI Cisco IOS Ha OCHOBaHHH 4 MJIa.IJ:IIIHX 6HTOB KOH<tmrypal.{HoHHoro perHCTpa H napaMeTpoB KOMaH.n:bI boot system B no.n:pa311eJIe fJI06aJJbHOH KOH<tmrypauHH YCTpoHcTBa B cTapToBoM KOH- ctmrypal.{HOHHOM <t>afu1e. MJIa.IJ:rnue 'leTbIpe 6HTa (4-SI rneCTHa.IJ:uaTepH'lHafi I.{H<t>pa) KOH- ct>Hrypal.{HOHHoro perHcTpa Ha3bIBalOT 3QZPY30'tHbLM nOJ/eM (boot field), H OHO npOBepfleTCfI nepBbIM, Koma MapIIIpYTH3aTOp 3arp}')KaeTCfI H peIIIaeT, KaKoH 06pa3 onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbl IOS HCnOJIb30BaTb. 3Ha"IeHUe 3arpY30'lHOrO nOJISI perHcrpa HCnOJIb3YeTCSI KaK npH nepe3arpY3Ke, TaK H npH BKJIlO'leHHH nHTaHHfI YCTpOHCTBa. BHMMAHMEI 4T06bl pa3JIWlaTb, HanpltMep, n.eCSITWIHbIe It rneCTH3D.uaTeplt4Hble 4ltClIa, B n.0KYMeHTaUItIt H KHltraX KOMnaHlt1t Cisco nepen. rneCTH3D.UaTepWIHbIM 4ltClIOM CTaBHTCSI npe<t>ItKC "Ox", HanpHMep, "Ox4" 6yn.eT 03Ha4aTb IIIeCTH3D.uaTep1t4HOe 4ltCJIO 4. AJIropHTM BbI60pa HCTO'lHHKa onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS.lIJISI COBpeMeHHbIX MapIIIpYTH3aTOpoB, B KOTOpbIX HeT nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHHfI RxBoot, OnHcaH HH)Ke. 3Tan I. ECJIH 3arpy30'lHOe nOJIe perHCTpa paBHO 0, 6y.n:eT 3arp}')KaTbCSI CHC- TeMa ROMMON. CB8R "eMa 3Tan 2. ECJIH 3arpY30"IHOe nOJIe perHCTpa paBHO 0, 6y.n:eT 3arp}')KaTbCfI nepBbIH 2 06pa3 onepauuoHHoH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS H3 flash-naMfiTIt. 3Tan 3. ECJIH 3arpY30'lHOe none perHCTpa co.n:ep)KHT 3Ha'leHlte C 2 .n:o F: a) BbmOJlHfleTCfI nepe60p Bcex KOMan.n: boot system B cTapToBoM KOH- <t>HrypaI.{HOHHOM <t>afu1e no nopMK)', .lI.O Tex nop, nOKa KaKOH-JIH60 H3 Ba- pHaHToB KOMan.n:bI He cpa60TaeT; 6) ecnH HH o.n:Ha H3 KOMan.n: boot system He cpa60TaJJa, 3arp}')KaeTCSI nepBbIH 06pa3 onepaUHOHHOH CHCfeMbI Cisco IOS H3 flash-naMSITH. BHMMAHMEI YKa3aHHbie HOMepa 3TanOB He Ba>KHbl, CnltCOK lleHCTBItH npOHYMepOB8H npOCTO D.JISI yn.06CTB8. nepBbIe .n:Ba .n:eHCTBHfI MapIIIpyru3aTopa .lI.OCTaTO'lHO npOCTbI, HO Ha TpeTbeM :nane MaprnpYTH3aTOp HCnOJIb3yeT BTOpOH B03MO.>KHbIH MeTO.n: yJ<a3aHHSI HCTO'lHHKa 3arpY3KH YCTpOHCTBa: KOMan.n:y fJI06aJJbHOH KOH<t>HrypaI.{HH boot system. 3Ta KOMan.n:a MO)KeT 6blTb HeCKOJIbKO pa3 BBe.n:eHa B KOH<t>HrypaI.{HU YCTpOHCfBa C pa3HbIMH napaMeTpaMH, MO)l(eT yJ<a3bIBaTb <t>aHJIbI-06pa3bI onepauHoHHoH CHCTeMbI BO flash-naMSITH, Ha3BaHHfI <t>aHJIOB H IP-a.IJ:peca cepBepoB, Ha KOTOpbIX He06xo.n:uMO HCKaTb 06pa3 Onepal.{HOHHOH CUCTeMbI Cisco IOS. ECJIH MaprnpyrH3aTop ycneIIIHo 3arpY3HJI onepauHoHHyJO cUCTeMY H3 HCTO'lHUKa, yJ<a3aHHoro TaKOH KOMan.n:oH, npOl.{eCC nOHCKa 3aBeprnaeTCSI H OCTaBIIIHe- CSI KOMan.n:bI boot system HrHopHpyJOTCfI. ECJIH)I(e Bce BapHaHTbI KOMan.n:bI B fJI06aJJb- HOH KOH<t>HrypaUHH .n:aJJH OTpHl.{aTeJIbHbIH pe3ynbTaT, MapiliPYTH3aTOp B03BpaIl.{aeTCSI Ha 3Tan 2 H nbITaeTCSI 3arpY3HTb nepBbIH 06pa3 U3 flash-naMfiTH. 2 T.e. f/JauJI o6pa3a C Hou6oJlee n030Heu damou C03dOHUR UIIU 30nucu. - npltMe4. pen..
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c Mapwp)'TM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 469 Ha 3Tanax 2 H 3,6 MapIIIpyTH3aTop, KaK YKa3aHO B onHcaHHOM BbIllie aJJropHTMe, 3a- rpY)Kaer "nepBbIM" <t>afuI cHcreMbl IOS. l.JTO )Ke 03Ha'laeT B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae "nepBbIH"? MapIIIpyTH3aTOpbI HYMepYIOT <t>aMJIbl, xpaHHMble BO flash-naMS!TH, a KIDK,lJ,bIH HOBblH <t>afuI nOJIyqaer 60JIbIIIHM HOMep 'leM npe.n:bUJ.YI1lHM. Koma YCTpOMCTBO nbITaeTCS! BbmOJI- HHTb 3Tan 2 UJIH 3,6, OHO HallHHaeT nepe60p C HOMepa I, 3aTeM npOBepS!er 'lHCJIO 2 H T..n:., nOKa He HafuJ.eT <t>afuI 06pa3a Onepal.{HOHHOM CHCTeMbI C MeHbIIIHM HOMepOM. H 3arp}')Ka- eT TaKOH <t>aMJI. CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, '1TO 60JIbIIIHHCTBO MapIIIpyTHa3TopOB HaXO,l{flT <t>aMJI 06pa3a one- pal.{HOHHOM CHCTeMbl Ha 3Tane 3,6. CTaH,l{apTHbIe 3aBo.n:CKHe HacTpOHKH YCTpoHcTBa npe.n:nOJIaralOT, 'lTO B MapIIIpyTH3aTopax Cisco HeT KOMaH.n: boot system, B .n:eMcTBH- TeJIbHOCTH B HHX Her Bo06Il1e HUKaKOM CTapTOBOM KOH<t>HrypaI.{HH. T.e. <t>afuI startup- config OTCyTCTByer. KOMnaHHS! Cisco KonHpyer B MapIIIpyTH3aTopbI o.n:HH-e.n:HHcTBeHHbIH <t>afuI onepaUHoHHoM CHCTeMbl Cisco lOS, a 3Ha'leHHe KOH<t>HrypaI.{HOHHoro perucTpa YC- TaHaBJIHBaeTCS! B Ox2102, T.e. 3Ha'leHHe 3arpY30'lHOro nOJIS! paBHO Ox2. C TaKHMH Ha- cTpoHKaMH YCTpOHCTBO CHa'laJJa BbmOJIHS!eT 3Tan 3 (noCKOJIbK)' 3arpY30'IHoe nOJIe paBHO 2), He Haxo.n:HT KOMaH,l{ boot system (noCKOJIbK)' <t>afuI cTapToBoH KOH<t>m"ypaI.{HH MH OTcyTcTByer UJIH nycT), CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, HIlIeT nepBblH <t>aMJI 06pa3a onepaUHoHHoM CHC- TeMbl BO flash-naMS!TH. Ha pHC. 13.8 npe.n:CTaBJIeHa cxeMa KJlIO'IeBbIX 3TanOB nOHCKa H 3arpY3KH 06pa3a one- pauHoHHoH CHCTeMbI. Cea.. eMa nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHMe FTP-cepBepa ROM RAM Bootstrap H BOOT = 0 ROMMON Flash .......... 1. <l>a1110S BOOT = 1 2. <l>a1110S nocl1eAHH 4>a1110S BOOT = 2..F NVRAM (Startup-config) C Boot system (1) Boot system (2) nOBTOpSlTb C AO ycnewHoro cpa6aTBaHHSI C nocl1eAHSlSlKOMaHAa boot system 80 Puc. /3.8. BapuaHmbl3aPY3Ku onepauoHHoU cucmeMbl6 C06peMeHHbIX MapUJpymu3amopaxCisco
470 "IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft B KOMaHAe boot sys tem .n:OJDKHO 6hITb TO'IHO yJal3a.H0 Ha3BaHHe <pafuIa, KOTOpoe 6Y.lI.eT 3arpYJlGlTb MapIIIPYTH3arop. B Ta6JI. 13.5 npHBe.n:eHO HecKOJIbKO npHMepOB 3TOH KOMaHAbI. Ta6JIHua 13.5. npHMepbl KOMall.lU>l boot system KOMaaaaboot system boot system flash Pe3YJIbTaT 6Y.lleT Jarp}')KeH nepBbIH o6pa3 onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI H3 flash-naMHTH 06pa310S C Ha3BaHHeM Hd3BdHne_4Jdhnd 6Y.lleT Jarp}')KeH H3 H3 flash-naMHTH C Ha3BaHHeM Hd3BdHne_4Jdhnd 6Y.lleT Jarp}')KeH C TFP-cepBepa boot system flash Hd3BdHne_4Jdhnd boot system tftp Hd3BdHMe_4Jdhnd 10.1.1.1 B onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX CJIyqMX MapIIIpyTH3aTOp nOCJIe BbInOJIHeHHfI TpeX3TanHOrO npouec- ca He CMO)KeT 3arpY3HTb onepauUOHHyJO cHCTeMY. TaKaS! cHryauHS! npoH30H.rreT, HanpH- Mep, B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH KTO-TO CJIyqaHHo y.n:aJJUJI Bce co.n:ep)KHMOe flash-naMflTH, B TOM 'lHCJIe H 06pa3 CHCTeMbI IOS. YCTpoikTBO .lI.OJI)KHO 'ITO-TO npe.n:npHHS!Tb B TaKoH HeO)KH- .n:aHHoH, HO BnOJIHe BepOfiTHOH cHryauuH. ECJIU MapIIIpyTH3aTOp He Haxo.n:HT onepaUH- OHHYIO CHCTeMY Ha 3Tane 3, OH paCCbmaeT llIHpOKOBell.{aTeJIbHbIe 3anpOCbI nOHCKa TFTP- cepBepa, nblTaeTCS! yra.n:aTb Ha3BaHHe <pafu1a 06pa3a CHCTeMbI IOS H 3arpY3HTb ero (eCJIH cepBep HaH.rreH). Ha npaKTHKe TaKM B03MO)KHOCTb BPAA JIH 3apa60TaeT. B Ka'leCTBe no- CJIe.n:Hero cpe.n:CTBa YCTpOHCTBO 3arpyJKaeT CHCTeMY ROMMON, KOTopaS! 'laCTH'lHO H npe.n:Ha3Ha<IeHa KaK pa3 ,l{JIfi TaKHX C06bITUH - ,l{JIfi BOCCTaHOBJIeHHS! pa60Tocnoc06HocTH MapIIIpyTH3aTopa B CJIyqae B03HHKHOBeHHfI HeIIITaTHbIX cHryaUHH. HanpHMep, C nOMO- IllblO CHCTeMbI ROMMON MO)KHO BpyqHyJO CKonHpOBaTb 06pa3 Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI C TFTP-cepBepa. llnfl yCTapeBllIHX Mo.n:eJIeH MapIIIpyTH3aTopOB Cisco, B KOTOpbIX eCTb CHCTeMa RxBoot (HJIH boot helper) B naMS!TH ROM, npouecc BbI60pa 3arpyJKaeMoro 06pa3a Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI IOS pa60TaeT B o6IlleM-To O<IeHb nOXO)l(e, 6e3 CYIlleCTBeHHbIX OTJIH'IHH. ECJIH B 3arpY30'lHOM nOJIe KOH<pHrypaUHoHHoro pefHCTpa YCTaHOBJIeHO 3Ha'leHHe Ox I, MapIIIpy- TH3aTop 3arpY3HT CHCTeMY RxBoot H3 naMfiTH ROM. OnS!Tb )l(e, eCJIH nonbITKH 3arpY3HTb cHcTeMY H3 Bcex HCTO'lHHKOB He YBeH'laIOTCS! ycnexoM, MapIIIpyTH3aTOp HCnOJIb3yeT 06- pa3 RxBoot H nonp06YeT ero 3arpY3HTb. KOMaHAa show version III 3Ha"leHllle KOH<I>lIIrypalIIoHHoro perlllcTpa KOMaHAa show version Bbl}:laeT O'leHb MHOro pa3Ho06pa3HoH H nOJIe3HOH HH<POP- Mal.{UH 0 MapIIIpyTH3aTope, B TOM '1HCJIe TeKYIllee H O)l(J1JI,aeMOe nOCJIe nepe3arpY3KH 3Ha- 'leHHe KOH<pHrypaI.{HOHHoro perHCTpa. K HaH60JIee nOJIe3HOH HH<popMaUHH, BbIBO.n:HMOH 3TOH KOMaHllOH, MO)l(HO OTHeCTH: . BepCHIO Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS; Csaso . BpeMfi HenpepblBHoH pa60TbI YCTpOHCTBa (uptime HJIH BpeMS!, npo- eMa IIIe.n:IIIee C nOCJIe}:lHeH nepe3arpY3KH YCTpoHCTBa); . npH'lHHY nOCJIe.n:HeH nepe3arpY3KH Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbl (BbInOJIHeHa KO- MaHAa reload, npOH30IllJIO BbIKJIlO'leHHe nHTaHHfI, npOH30IIIeJI OTKa3 npo- rpaMMHoro 06eCne<IeHHfI);
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c Mapwp)'TM3aTOpaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 471 . BpeMfi nocne.n:HeH 3arpY3KH MapIIIpyrH3aTopa (ecnH B YCTpOHCTBe 6bIJIH npa- BHJIbHO BbICTaBJIeHbI .n:aTa H BpeMSI); . HCTO'lHHK, H3 KOToporo 6bIJI 3arp}')KeH HCnOJIb3yeMbIH o6pa3 CHCTeMbl lOS, . 061>eM onepaTHBHoH naMfiTH (RAM) YCTpOHCTBa; . KOnH'IeCTBO H THn HHTep<t>ei1coB YCTpOHCTBa; . 061>eM naMSITH NVRAM; . 061>eM flash-naMSITH YCTpOMcTBa; . TeK)'lll.ee H 6y.n:YIllee 3Ha'leHHe KOH<t>HrypaI.{HOHHoro perucTpa (ecnH OHH OTnH- 'laIOTcSI). B npHMepe 13.7 nOKa3aH pe3ynbTaT BbInOJIHeHUfi KOMaH.lI.bI show version, B KOTO- pOM Bbl,l{eJleHbI HaH60nee BIDKHbIe CBe.n:eHHSI. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, 'lTO B cnHCKe BblIIIe KJlIO'IeBaSi HH<t>opMaI.{HSI YKa3aHa B TOM)Ke nopMKe, '1TO H B BbIBo.n:e KOMaH,l{bi. npMMep 13.7. BblBOA KOMaHAbl show version Albuquerque#show version Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVENTERPRISEK9-M), Version 12.4(9)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri 16-Jun-06 21:26 by prod_reI_team OM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Albuquerque uptime is 5 hours, 20 minutes System returned to ROM by reload at 13:12:26 UTC Wed Jan 17 2007 System restarted at 13:13:38 UTC Wed Jan 17 2007 System image f1.le is "flash:c1841-adventerprisek9-mz.124-9.T.bin" This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption. Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are un- able to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately. A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at: http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to export@cisco.com. Cisco 1841 (revision 4.1) with 354304K/38912K bytes of memory Processor board ID FTX0906Y03T 2 FastEthernet interfaces 4 Serial(sync/async) interfaces
472 YaCTb III. IP-MapWp)'TM3aMft 1 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Module DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled. 191K bytes of NVRAM. 125440K bytes of ATA Compact Flash (Read/Write) configuration register is Ox2102 (will be Ox2101 at next reload) BbIAeJIeHHyJO B BbIBo.n:e KOMaH,l{bI HHl}>opMauHIO MO)l(HO JIerKO aCCOUHHpOBaTb C YKa- 3aHHbIM BbIIIIe cnHCKOM. Cne.n:yeT OTMeTHTh, 'lTO 061>eM onepaTHBHOM naMfiTH (RAM) YKa3aH B BHlle .n:BYX 'lHCeJI, pa3.!1.eneHHbIX KOCOM 'lepTOM: 354304Kj38912K. CYMMa 060HX '1HCen KaK pa3 H MCT HCKOMbIH 06IllHH 061>eM onepaTHBHoM naMSITH YCTpOMCTBa, unH B .n:aHHOM cnyqae 72 M6aHTa.
rnaaa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTOpaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 473 nO.QrOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopHTe BCe KnIO"IeBble TeMbl CJIeJIyeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHoi1 maBbI. KOTopbIe nOMe'leHbI nmcrorpaMMoi1 Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 13.6 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI H COOTBeTCTBYlOlUHe HM CTpaHHUbI. CUR "eM8 3neMeHT Ta6nHua 13.6. KnIO'feBbie TeMbi rnaBbi 3 OnHcaHHe CmtCOK CnHCOK CnHCOK Ta6n.13.2 Ta6n.13.3 CnHCOK CnHCOK Ta6n.13.4 CnHCOK PHC. 13.8 CnHCOK 3Tanbl YCTaHOBKH MaprnpYTH33Topa O.llHHaKOBble KOMaH.Abl H HaCTj)OHKH HHTep<tJeAca KOMaH.AHOA CTj)OKH MaprnpYTH33TOpa H KOMMyraTopa KOMaH.Abl H HaCTpoAKH. OnHCblB3BrnHeCH B rJlaBe 8. KOTopble OTJlH'IaIOTCH B Mapwp}'TH33TOpax H KOMMyraTOpax KO.llbl COCTOHHHA HHTep<peAcoB MaprnpYTH33Topa H HX 3Ha'leHHe KOM6HHauHH .llBYX KOllOB COCTOHHHH HHTep<peAca H BepOHTHbie npH'IHHbl HeHcnpaBHocTH KpaTl(HA cnHCOK B3)1(HbIX CBe.lleHHA O.llHaJlOre Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<pHrypHpOB3HHH lJeTblpe :nana 3arpY3KH MapwpYTH33Topa CpaBHeHHe onepaUHOHHblX CHCTeM ROMMON H RxBoot 3Tanbl Bbl60pa HCTO'lHHK3 onepauHoHHoA CHCTeMbi Cisco IOS B npouecce 33rpy3KH YCTj)oAcTBa CxeMa Bbl60pa HCTO'lHHK3 onepauuoHHoA CHCTeMbl Cisco IOS B npouecce 3arpY3KH yCTj)oACTBa CnHcoK HaH60nee B3JKHoA HH<popMaUUH, KOTOPYIO MOXHO nonY'JHTb C nOMOWblO 471 KOMaH.Abl show verllion HOMep CTpaHHQbI 447 452 452 455 456 459 466 468 469 470 3an0l1HMTe Ta611Mbl M cnMCKM no naMJlTM PaCne'laTaHTe npHJlO)!(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:MCKa HJlH era pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CJlIUHi1CJI K :noi1 maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJ10)!(eHHH 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbie Ta6JIHLlbI H CnHCKH.lUIfi caMOKOHTpOJIfi. KI1IO'IeBble TepMMHbl rl1aBbl }],ai1Te onpeJIeJIeHHSI nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)!(e TepMHHOB H npoBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HamtCaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: nOJIoca nponycKaHHfI, 3arpY30'lHOe nOJIe perHCTpa, KOHcPHrypaUHoHHbIi1 perHCTp, 06pa3 CHCTeMbl IOS. caMOTeCTHpoBaHHe npH 3arpY3Ke (POST). ROM MON. RxBoot.
474 l.IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft 3aAaHMst npMl10>KeHMst E B npHJlO)KeHHH E npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI .n:Ba .n:OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX 3a.n:aHltfl, KoropbIe nOMOryT npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb pa3JIH'lHbIe CTPYKTYpbI ceTeM, np06JIeMbI H pe3YJIbTaTbI BbmOJIHeHHfI KOMaH,l{. CeM'lac CJIe.llYeT 06paTHTbCfI KO BTOpoMY 3a.n:aHHIO, B KOropOM npOHJIJIIOCTPHpO- BaHO HCnOJIb30BaHHe npOTOKOJIa CDP. CnMCOK KOMaHA B m6JI. 13.7 H 13.8 npHBe.n:eH CmtCOK KOMaH,l{ 3TOM rJIaBbI. a TaIOKe .n:aHbI HX KOpOTI<He onHcaHHfI. ,l],JIfi ycneuIHoM Clla'lH 60JIbllIHHCTBa cepTH«puKauHoHHbIX 3K3aMeHOB KOMna- HHH Cisco YKa3aHHbIe KOMaH,l{bI Hf)KHO nOMHHTb HaH3YCTb. '-IT06bI nOTpeHupOBaTbCfI B HX 3anOMHHaHHH, CJIe.llYeT 3aKpbITb JIeByJO 'laCTb Ta6JIHu.bI JIHCTKOM 6YMarH H no onHca- HHIO B npaBOM cToJI6u.e no naMfiTH 3anHcaTb COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe KOMaH,l{bI, a nOTOM npo- BepHTb, npaBHJIbHO JIH 6bill YKa3aH OTBeT. Ta6J1Hla 13.7. KOMaH,lUol roIH KOHI)IHrypHpOBaHHH MapmpyrH3aTopoB Cisco KOMaH,lI,a handwidth KHT/C clock rate 3HageHUe config-register 3HageHUe hoot system { url-aMRa I Ha3BaHue} hoot system flash [flash-fs:] [Ha3BaHue] hoot system rom hoot system {rcp I tftp I ftp} Ha3BaHue [ip-apec] OnHcaHHe 3anaeT nOJlocy nponycKaHlU1 B K6lu/c .WIS! HHTepQ>eika. KOMaH.1la BBOllHTCSI B pe)l(HMe KOHQ>HrypHpoBaHiffi HHTepQ>eHca 3anaeT qaCTOTY CHHxpoHMnYJlbCOB H CKOpOCTb nepellaqH D.aHHbIX qepe3 HHTepQ>eHc. 3Ta KOMaH.LJ,a npHMeHHMa TOJlbKO .lIJISI HHTepQ>eAcoB, K KOTOpblM nOllKJIIO'JeH DCE-Ka6eJlb. KOMaHlla BBOllHTCSI B pe)l(J1Me KOHQ>HrypHpoBaHHSI HHTepQ>eHca KOMaH.LJ,a pe)l(HMa m06a.rrbHoH KOHQ>HrypaUHH ycrpoHcTBa. 3anaeT 3Ha'JeHHe KOHQ>HrypaUHoHHoro perncrpa B weCTHanuaTepH'JHoM Q>opMaTe KOM3H.lla pe)l(HMa m06a.rrbHoH KOHQ>HrypaUHH yCTpoHCTBa, 3analOIUaSI BHewHHH HCTO'JHHK CHCTeMbI IOS KOMaH.LJ,a pe)l(J1Ma m06a.rrbHoH KOHQ>HrypaUHH yC'rpoHcTBa, 3analOIUaSI HCTOqHHK CHCTeMbI IOS BO flash-naMSlTH KOMaH.LJ,a pe)l(HMa m06a.rrbHoH KOHQ>HrypaUHH yC'rpoHCTBa, YKa3blBalOwaSl, qTO H)')I(HO 3arpY3HTb cHcTeMY RxBoot H3 ROM- naMHTH KOM3H.lla pe)l(HMa m06a.rrbHoH KOHQ>HrypaUHH YCTpOHCTBa. YKa3b1BaIOIUaSl BHewHHA cepBep, npOTOKOJl H Ha3BaHHe Q>aillIa, KOTopble 6YllYT HCnOJlb30BaTbCSI .lIJISI 3arpY3KH onepauHoHHoit CHCTeMbl KOMaH,lI,a Ta6J1Hl3 13.8. KOMaH,lUol roIH nOHCK3 H YCTJIaHeHHH HeHCnp3BHOCTeii OnHcaHHe show interfaces [Tun HOMep] show ip interface hrief show protocols Tun HOMep nOKa3bIBaeT nOllP06H)'1O HHQ>opMaUHIO 0 COCTOSlHHH HHTepQ>eHca, HacTPoAKax Hero CqerlHKaX nOKa3blBaeT CTpOK)' HHQ>opMaUHH 0 KaJK.!OM HHTepQ>eHce, B TOM qHCJle I P-aapec, KOll COCTOSlHHSI JlHHHH H npOTOKOJla, a TaIOKe MerOll nOJlY'!eHHSlIP-anpeca: BPY'!HyJO illIH qepe3 npOTOKOJl DHCP nOKa3bIBaeT CTP0K)' HHQ>0pMauHH ° Ka)I(,LIOM HHTepQ>eHce. B TOM 'JHCJle IP-anpec, MaCK)' H KOllbl COCTOSlHHH JlHHHH H npOTOKOJla
rnaBa 13. Pa60Ta c MapwpYTM3aTopaMM KOMnaHMM Cisco 475 OKOHliaHUe ma6A. 13.8 show version OnHcaHHe BblBOJIHT MHO)l(eCTBO HH<popMaUHH 06 HHTep<peHce, a HMeHHO 06 anrrapaTHoM KOHTjJOJlJJepe.,lLIDi nOCJleJIOBaTeJlbHbIX HHTeJX1>eAcoB 3Ta KOMaH.la rr03BOJlHeT onpeJIeJlHTb. nOJIKJlIO'JeH DTE- ItJIH DCE-Ka6eJlb BblBOJIHT MHoro nOJle3HOH HH<pOPMauHH, HarrpHMep, HOMep BepCHH orrepauHoHHoH CHCTeMbI Cisco IOS H JIp. (CM. rrpHMep 13.7) Pe>KHM rrpHBltJlernpOBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTeJUl. KOMaH.la 3anYCKaeT HHTepaKTHBHblH JlHaJIor Ha'JaJIbHOA HaCTpOHKH MapwpyrH3aTopa (ItJIH KOMMyTaTopa) Pe>KHM npHBltJlernpOBaHHOrO nOJlb30BaTeJlH. KOMaH.la KOrritpYeT <pafuI H3 OJIHoro MeCTa B JIpyroe. B Ka'JecTBe HCTO'JHHKa H npHeMHHKa <paiiJIa MO)l(eT HCnOJlb30BaTbCH TeKYillIDI H CTapToBIDI KOH<pmypaUHJI, TFTP- H RnK-cepBep, flash-HaKOnHTeJlb KOMaH,ll,3 show controllers [Tun HOMep] setup copy OTKY.Qa KY.Qa show flash reload Pe)l(HM npHBltJlerHpOBaHHoro nOJlb30BaTemI. KOMaH.la Bbl3blBaeT rrepe3arpY3K)' KOMMyraTopa ItJIH MapwpyTH3aTopa
!. -J J If 1 ". , , I. i B :nOH rJIaBe... 1 . nOJIKJIlOlJeHHbIe H CTaTlI'IeCKHe MapmpYTbI. B 3TOM pa311eJIe onH- caHO, KaK MaprnpYTH3aTopbI yc- TaHaBJIHBalOT MaprnpYT K Heno- cpe.n:CTBeHHO no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIM no.n:ceTflM, H nOKa3aHO, KaK CKOH«pHrypHpoBaTb CTaTH'leCKHe MaprnpYTbI. . 0630p npOTOKOJIOB MapmpYTH3a- IUtH. B pa3.n:eJIe o6DflcHfleTCfI TepMHHOJIOrHfI H TeopHSI npOTO- KOJIOB MaprnpyTH3aLI.HU B 06IlleM, a TaIOKe no.n:p06HO onHcaH O.n:HH npOTOKOJI MaprnpyTH3aLI.HH - RIP. . KouclmrypHpOBaHHe H npooepKa pa60TbI npOTOKOJIa RIP-2. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe OmtCaHO, KaK CKOH«pH- rypHpoBaTb npOTOKOJI Maprnpy- TH3aLI.HH RIP BepCHH 2 (RIPv2) U KaK y6e.n:ltTbcfI, 'lTO OH pa60Ta- eT KOppeKTHO.
rJ1ABA 14 KOHenMM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npOTOK0I10B MapwpyrMa3MM TIO'lTOBafi cJI6a CIlIA nepeCbIJIaeT orpOMHoe KOJIH'leCTBO nHceM Ka)K)],bIH .n:eHb. CHa'laJIa nO'lTa COpl"HpyeTcfI nO'lTOBbIMH MarnHHaMH, KoropbIe MOryT 6bIC-rp0 06pa60TaTb 60JIbrnOe KOJIH'leCTBO KOHBepTOB. nHCbMa paCKJIa.LI.bIBaIOTCfI B CneUHaJIbHbIe KOHTeHHe- pbI, KOTopbIe nOTOM Ha3eMHbIM -rpaHcnopTOM HJIH CaMOJIeroM JIOCTaBJIfllOTCfI .n:o TO'lKH Ha3Ha'leHHfI. TeM He MeHee, eCJIH He 3anporpaMMHpOBaTb MarnHHbI, 'lT06bI OHH npa- BHJIbHO pacn03HaBaJIH HHAeKCbI Ha nO'lTOBbIX OTnpaBJIeHHflX, MarnHHbI He CMOryT pa60- TaTb. AnaJIOrH'lHO, MaprnpYTH3aTopbI KOMnaHHH Cisco MOryT MaprnpyTH3HpOBaTb JIeCSIT- KH H COTHH TbICfI'l naKeTOB B ceK)'HAY, HO eCJIH Y HHX HeT MaprnpYTOB - T.e. 3anHceH 0 TOM, KY.n:a OTnpaBJISlTb naKeTbI, - TaKHe YC-rpOHCTBa He CMOryT BbInOJIHflTb CBOIO OCHOB- HYIO 3a,n,a'lY. B 3TOH fJIaBe onHcaHbI OCHOBHbIe KOHuemUtH MaprnpyTH3aUHI1 H paCCKa3aHO, KaK MaprnpyTH3aTOpbI 3anOJIHHIOT CBOH Ta6JIHQbI MaprnPYTH3aQHH. MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI MOryT nOJIy'IaTb HH<popMaQHIO 0 MaprnpYTax H3 pa3HbIX HCTO'lHHKOB: H3 HenOCpeJICTBeHHO no.n:- KJIlO'leHHbIX K HHM ceTeM H nOJICeTeH, nocpe.n:CTBOM CTaTH'leCKH CKOH<pHrypHpOBaHHbIX 3anHceH, a TaIOKe C nOMOIllblO npOTOKOJIOB JIHHaMH'leCKOH MaprnpYTH3aQHH. BnOJIHe O'leBH,l{HO Ha .n:aHHbIH MOMeHT, 'lT06i!1 nOHHTb Bce HlOaHCbI pa60Tbl npOTOKO- JIOB MaprnpYTH3aUHH, nOHa,n,06HTCfI xopornee nOHHMaHHe npouecca MaprnpYTH3aQHH BO- 06rne, T.e. MexaHU3Ma nepeCbIJIKH naKeTOB, a TaIOKe 3HaHHe IP-a,n,pecaQHH H npHHUHnOB noc-rpoeHI1f1 no.n:ceTeH. n03TOMY B Te.KYI-U:eH fJIaBe .n:06aBJIeHbI 1l0nOJIHHTeJIbHbIe CBe.n:e- HHfI K MaTepHaJIY, H3JIO)l(eHHOMY B fJIaBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a,n,pecaQHH H MaprnpYTH3aIIHH", fJIaBe 12 "IP-a,n,pecaQI1f1 H C03.n:aHHe no.n:CeTeH" H maBe 13 "Pa60Ta C MaprnpYTH3aTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco", a TaIOKe npe.n:npHHHTa nonblTKa CBfl3aTb Boe.n:HHO OCHOBHbIe H.n:eH, KO- TopbIe 6bIJIH H3JI0)l(eHbi B YKa3aHHbIX fJIaBax. KOHTPOl1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe I1H Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJI npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH ,l{JIfI Toro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mor npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO OQeHHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI H pernHTb, HHO JIH eMY 'lHTaTb maBY QeJIHKOM. ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBflTb H3 .n:eCflTH BonpOCOB .n:aHbI npaBHJIbHO, MO)l(HO cpa3Y )l(e nepeMTH K nOCJIe.n:HeMY pa3.n:e.rry "nO.n:rOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHoBHbIe TeMbI 3TOM rJIaBbI H npe.n:BapHTeJIbHbIX KOH-rpOJIb- HbIX BonpOCOB nepe'lHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 14.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOH-rpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI H HCnOJIb- 3YSI Ta6JIHQY, 'lUTaTeJIb CMO)l(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI B TOM HJIH HHOM 06JIaCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbl npHBelleHbI B npHJIO)l(eHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- TpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI" .
478 l.IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft Ta6JIHua 14.1. TeMbi KOHTpOJIbHbIX BonpocoB OcHOBHaH TeMa Henocpe.acTBeHHo no.aKJIK)qeHHble K Mapwp}'THJaTOPY ceTH H CTaTHqecKHe Mapwpyrbl OnHcaHHe npOTOKOJlOB Mapwp}'TH3aUHH KOHlIJHl)'pHpoBaHHe H npOBepKa npOTOKOJla RI P BepCHH 2 HOMepa BonpocoB 1,2 3-6 7-10 I. KaKoe H3 yJ<.a3aHHbIx HH)I(e Tpe60BaHHH .n:OJI)I(HO BbmOJIHHTbCSI, 'lT06bI CTaTH'leCKHH MapIIIpYT 6bill YCTaHOBJIeH B Ta6JIuLlY IP-MapIlIPYTH3aI.{HH YCTpOHCTBa? a) BbIXO.n:HOH HHTepcPeHC, yJ<.a3aHHb1H B MapIIIpYTe 1l0JI)I(eH 6bITb B COCTOSlHHH "upup" . 6) MapIIIPYTH3aTOp .n:omKeH nonyqHTb aHOHC MapllIpYTu3aUHH OT coce.n:Hero Map- IIIpYTH3aTOpa. B) B KOHcPHrypal.{HIO YCTpOHCTBa .n:OJDKHa 6bITb .n:06aBJIeHa KOMaH,l{a ip rou ta. r) B KOMaH,l{e ip address Bblxo.n:Horo HHreP<l>eHca B KOHue .n:omKHO 6bITb .n:06aB- JIeHO KJllO'leBOe CJIOBO special. 2. KaKafi H3 yJ<.a3aHHbIx HH)I(e KOMaH,l{ npaBHJlbHO 3a,l{aeT CTaTH'leCKHH MapIIIpYT B YCT- pOHCTBe? a) ip route 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.130.253. 6) ip route 10.1. 3.0 serial O. B) ip route 10.1. 3 . 0 /24 10.1.130.253. r) ip route 10.1.3.0 /24 serial O. 3. KaKHe H3 YKa3aHHbIX HH)Ke npOTOKOJIOB pa60TalOT no }:IHCTaHUHOHHO-BeKTopHOMY (distance vector) aJIropHTMY? a) RIP. 6) IGRP. B) EIGRP. r) OSPF. 4. KaKHe H3 yJ<.a3aHHbIX HU)I(e npOTOKOJIOB pa60TalOT no aJIropHTMY C yqeToM COCTOSlHHfI KaHaJIOB (link-state)? a) RIP. 6) RIP-2. B) IGRP. r) EIGRP. .n:) OSPF. e) IS-IS. 5. KaKHe H3 YKaJaHHblX HU)I(e npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH nOAllep)KlIBalOT TeXHOJIOrHIO VLSM? a) RIP_ 6) RIP-2.
rnaBa 14. KOHem"MM M KOHMrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapWPYTMa3MM 479 B) IGRP. r) EIGRP. JI) OSPF. e) IS-IS. 6. KaKHe H3 YKa3aHHbiX HH)I(e npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3aWtH 6bIC-rp0 KOHBeprnpYiOT? a) RIP. 6) RIP-2. B) IGRP. r) EIGRP. JI) OSPF. e) IS-IS. 7. Y MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa NQ I Ha HHTepq,ei1cax YCTaHOBJIeHbI IP-a.n:peca 9.1.1.1 H 10.1.1.1. MapIIIPYTH3aTOP NQ2 no.n:KJ1IO'leH K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy NQ I 'lepe3 nOCJIeJIOBaTeJIbHbIi1 KaHaJI, H Ha era HHTepq,ei1cax YCTaHOBJIeHbI a.n:peca 10.1.1.2 H 11.1.1.2. KaKHe H3 yJ(a- 3aHHbIX KOMaH,l{ H}0KHO BHeCTH B KOHq,HrypaI.{HIO npOTOKOJIa RIP-2 MapIIIpYTH3aTopa NQ2, 'lT06bI OH paCCbIJIaJI aHOHCbI 'lepe3 Bce HMelOlUHeCfI Y Hero HHTepq,ei1cbI H aHOH- CHpOBaJI Bce ceTH? a) router rip. 6) router rip 3. B)network 9.0.0.0. r) version 2. JI)network 10.0.0.0. e) network 10.1.1.1. )I()network 10.1.1.2. 3) network 11.0.0. O. H)network 11.1.1.2. 8. KaKoi1 H3 YKa3aHHbIX HH)I(e BapHaHTOB KOMaH,l{bI network, BBeJIeHHoi1 nOCJIe KOMaH- .n:bl router rip, 3aCTaBHT npol.{ecc MapIIIpYTH3armH npOTOKOJIa RIP paCCbIJIaTb 06- HOBJIeHHfI MaplUpYTHbIX Ta6JIHU 'lepe3 HHTepq,ei1cbI C I P-a.n:pecaMH 10.1.2.1, 10.1.1.1 H MacKoi1 255.255.255.0? a) network 10.0.0.0. 6)network 10.1.1.0 10.1.2.0. B)network 10.1.1.1. 10.1.2.1. r)network 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0. .n:) network 10. 3) nOCTaBJIeHHafi 3a.n:a'la He MO)KeT 6bITb peIIIeHa C nOMOlUblO OJIHOH KOMaH,l{bI network.
480 l.IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft 9. KaKafi KOMaH.n:a (HJlH KOMaH.n:bI) BbIBO.n:HT HHcPopMal.{HIO, B KOropOi1 yx:a3aHbI coce.n:- HHe MaprnpYTH3aropbI, nepeCbIJIalOlUHe 06HOBJIeHHfI MaprnpYTHoi1 HHcPopMal.{HH .n:aH- HOMY MapIIIPYTH3aropy? a) show ip. 6) show ip protocol. B) show ip routing-protocols. r) show ip route. e) show ip route neighbor. )show ip route received. 10. B BbIBo.n:e KOMaHAbI show ip route eCTb CJIeJIYlOlUaSi c1poKa: R 10.1.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.128.252, 00:00:13, SerialO/0/1 KaKHe YTBep)l()J,eHufi CnpaBe,l{JlHBbI,l{JIfI nOKa3aHHoi1 3anHCH B Ta6JIHLle MapIIIPYTOB? a) MMHHHC1paTHBHOe paccToSlHHe MaprnpYTa paBHo I. 6) MMHHHC1paTHBHOe paCCTOflHHe MapIIIpYTa paBHO 120. B) Me-rpHKa MaprnpYTa paBHa 1. r) Me1pHKa MaprnpYTa He YKa3aHa. .n:) MaprnpYTH3arop .n:06aBHJI 3TY 3anHCb B Ta6JIHLlY 13 ceKYHA Ha3a,l{. e) MapIIIPYTU3arop aHoHcHpyeT yx:.a3aHHYIO ceTb 'lepe3 13 ceKYH,l{.
rnaBa 14. KOHenMM M KOHMrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapWPYTMa3MM 481 BBe.QeHMe nOAKnIOeHHble H CTaTHeCKHe MapWPYTbl B Ta6JIHQax MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB .n:OJDKHbI npHCYTCTBOBaTb MapIIIpYTbI, 'lT06b1 npoQeCC nepeCbIJIKH (HJlH MapIIIPYTH3aQHH) pa60TaJI. LJ:Ba OCHOBHbIX I1CTO'lHHKa MapIIIPYTHOH HHcPopMaQHH - 3TO no.n:ceTH, CBfl3aHHbIe C HHTepcPeMcaMH ycrpoMcTBa, H MapIIIpYTbI, .n:06aBJIeHHbIe C nOMOIllblO fJI06aJIbHbIX KOHcPHrypal.{HOHHbIX KOMaHA, Ha3bIBaeMbIe CTa- TH'leCKHMH MapIIIpYTaMH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI 06a THna MapIIIPYTOB, a B OCTaBIIIHX- CfI .n:BYX TpeTfiX fJIaBbI no.n:p06HO paCCMo-rpeH TpeTHM MeTO}:l nOJIyqeHHfI MapIIIpYTOB- .n:HHaMH'leCKHe npOTOKOJIbI MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. MapWPYTbl K HanpstMYIO nOAKntO'leHHbIM CeTstM MapIIIPYTH3aTOp aBTOMaTH'leCKH .n:06aBJIfieT B CBOIO Ta6JIHQY MapIIIpYTI13al.{HH Map- IIIPYTbI Ha no.n:ceTH. CKOHcPHrypHpoBaHHbIe B era HHTepcPeMcax. {IT06bI MapIIIPYT 6bill .n:o- 6aBJIeH B Ta6JIHQY, IP-a.n:pec H MaCKa 1l0JDKHbI 6bITb CKOHcPHrypHpoBaHbI Ha HHTeP4>eMce: CTaTH'leCKH C nOMOll(blO KOMaHAbI ip address HJlH .n:HHaMH'leCKH C nOMOIllblO npoTo- KOJIa DHCP, a TaIOKe 06a KO}:la COCTOflHHfI HHTepcPeHca }:IOJDKHbI 6blTb B pe)I(HMe "up" (pa60TaeT). KOHQenQI1f1 TaKoro no.n:xo.n:a O'leHb npoCTa: eCJIH y MapIIIpYTH3aTopa eCTb HH- TepcPei1c B KaKoM-JIH60 no.n:CeTH, y Hero .n:OJDKeH 6bITb MeTO.n: nepeCbillKH naKeTOB B TaKYlO no.n:ceTb, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, eMY H}0KeH MapIIIpYT B Ta6JII1Qe MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. Ha pHc.14.1 nOKa3aHa cTpyJ<Typa ceTH, KOTopafl 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B npHMe- pe 14.1 ,l{JIfI HJIJllOcTpal.{HI1 MapIIIpYTOB K no.n:coe.n:HHeHHbIM K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy ceTfiM (directly connected networks) H HeKOTOpbIX nOJIe3HbiX KOMaHJ], show. CeTb Ha pHC. 14.1 COCTOHT H3 IIIeCTH no.n:ceTeM, no.n:KJlIO'leHHbIX K TpeM MapIIIPYTH3aTopaM. B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH (LAN) Ka)lQJ,ora MapIIIPYTH3aTopa MO)!(eT 6bITb O.n:HH KOMMYTaTOp, O.n:HH KOHQeHTpa- TOp HJlH MHOro KOMMYTaTOpOB H KOHQeHTpaTOpOB H eIlle 60JIbIIIe pa60'lHX cTaHQHM. Ha .n:aHHOM 3Tane .n:eTaJIH JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeH H KOJIH'leCTBO YCTpOHCTB B HHX He BIDKHbI. nOCJIe TOro KaK HHTepcPeHCbI Bcex MapIIIPYTH3aTopOB B npe.n:CTaBJIeHHoM cxeMe ceTH CKOHcPHry- pHpoBaHbI 11 HOpMaJIbHO pa6oTalOT (HaxoMTcfI B COCTOflHHH "up"), y Ka)lQJ,OrO H3 -rpex MapIIIPYTH3aTopoB B Ta6JIHQe MaIIIpYTH3al.{HH .n:OJDKHO 6bITb no TpH MapIIIpYTa ,l{JIfi no.n:- KJIlO'leHHbIX K HHM ceTeM. B npHMepe 14.1 nOKa3aHbi MapIIIpYTbl K HanpfiMYlO no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIM ceTfiM MapIIIpy- TH3aTopa C Ha3BaHHeM Albuquerque, npH 3TOM npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO ,l{JIfi HHTepcPeHcoB 6billH npaBHJlbHO CKOHcPHrypHpoBaHbI IP-a.n:peca, nOKa3aHHbIe Ha pHC. 14.1. B npHMe- pe TalOKe nOKa3aHbI .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHble KOMMeHTapHH, a BbIBO}:lbl KOMaHJ], no.n:p06HO onH- caHbI HIDI<e.
-- 482 l.IacTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3aLlMft Bugs Daffy ... 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.251 FaC/O ----.. ;- ..r. -- Albuquer 10.1.130.252 50/0/1 ----.. ;r .,.--- 10.1. 129.253 - 50/1/0 Savill FaO/O 10.1.3.253 10.1.128.252 50/0/1 10.1.129.252 Yosemitp 50/1/0 10.1.2.252 FaO/O 10.1.129.0/24 / 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.3.0/24 r Sam Emma Elmer Red Puc. 14. I. llpocmaH cxeMa cemu, ucnO/Ib3yeMaH 6 npUMepax Z/Ia6b1 14 npMMep 14.1. MapwPYTbl Ha nOAK1IIO'IeHHble K MapwpYTM3aTopy Albuquerque ceTM ! B KOMaHe HM*e npOCTO YKa3aH IP-apeca MHTepecoB MapwpYTM3aTopa Albuquerque. ! qacTb BBOMMO MHopMaUMM Oa onyweHa M OCTaBneH TonbKO CTpOKM, CBR3aHHble C ! MHTepecaMM. KOTope nOKa3aH Ha PMC. 14.1. ! Albuquerque#show running-config interface FastEthernetO/O ip address 10.1.1.251 255.255.255.0 interface Serial 0/0/1 ip address 10.1.128.251 255.255.255.0 interface Serial 0/1/0 ip address 10.1.130.251 255.255.255.0 ! OCTanbHe CTpOKM BBoa KOMaH onYweH
rl1asa 14. KOHl.4enl.4MM M KOH4>MrypMposaHMe npOTOK0l10S MapWPYTMa31.4MM 483 ! CneyaR KOMaHa BBOHT cnHCOK HHTepeHCOB H nHWHHH pa3 nOTBep- JKaeT, t,lTO ! TpH HHTepeHca MapwpYTH3aTopa Albuquerque (CM. PHC. 14.1) HaXORTCR B COCTORHHH ! "up H up" H HM npHcBoeH npaBHnbHe IP-apeca. Albuquerque#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status protocol FastEthernetO/O 10.1.1.251 YES manual up up FastEthernetO/l unassigned YES manual administratively down down SerialO/O/O unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/O/l 10.1.128.251 YES NVRAM up up SerialO/l/0 10.1.130.251 YES NVRAM up up SerialO/l/l unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down ! YKa3aHHaR HHJKe KOMaHa BBOHT Bce MapwpYT, H3BeCTHe MapwpYTH3aTo- PY Albuquerque - ! Bce HenocpecTBeHHo nOKnt,leHHe K HeMY ceTH. ! Albuquerque#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area Nl - OSPF NSSA external type I, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 El - OSPF external type I, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, Ll - IS-IS level-I, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, 0 - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O C 10.1.130.0 is directly connected, SerialO/l/0 C 10.1.128.0 is directly connected, SerialO/O/l HCnonb3yeMaR HH>Ke KOMaHa MeHReT opMaT OTOOpa>KeHHR MaCKH B KOMaHe show ip route ! Albuquerque#terminal ip netmask-format decimal Albuquerque#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area Nl - OSPF NSSA external type I, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, Ll - IS-IS level-I, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS in- area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, 0 - ODR ter
484 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft p - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 is subnetted, 3 subnets C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O C 10.1.130.0 is directly connected, SerialO/l/0 C 10.1.128.0 is directly connected. SerialO/O/l CHa'laJIa 06paTHMCfI K KOMaH}:le show ip interface brief B npltMepe 14.1. OHa no.n:TBep)l(llaeT, '1TO l"plt ItHTep<l>eHca MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa C Ha3BaHiteM Albuquerque COOT- BeTCTBYIOT l"pe60BaHltflM, nplt KOTOpbIX no.n:KJIIO'leHHble K HItM CeTIt 6y.n:YT 3aHeceHbI B Ta6JIltl.{y MapIIIPYTJt:3al.{ltlt. 06paTitTe BHHMaHlte, 'lTO ,l{JIfi 3TltX ItHTep<l>eHcoB B Ko.n:ax co- CTOflHItH YKa3aHbI "up" It "up" It 3a,uaHbI IP-anpeca. B BbIBO.n:ItMOH KOMaH}:lOH show ip route ItH<l>opMaI.{HIt no.n:TBep)l(llaeTCfI, qTO y MapIIIPYTH3aTopa Albuquerque eCTb l"plt O)l(H,l{aeMbIX MapIIIpYTa B Ta6JIltl.{e MapIIIPYTIt3a- I.{ltlt. 3anltCb MapIIIpYTa Ha'litHaeTCfI C 0.n:Ii06YKBeHHoro Ko.n:a, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae - JIItTe- pbI C, KOTOpafl 03HaqaeT, 'lTO 3TO no.n:coe.n:ItHeHHafI K YCl"pOHCTBY ceTb (OT aHrJIltHCKOrO "connected"). Bce 3anitCit MapIIIpYTOB Ha'iItHaIOTCfI C 0.n:H06YKBeHHoro Ko.n:a, no KOTOpO- MY MO)l(HO onpe.n:eJIItTb ItCTO'lHItK MapIIIpYTa, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae Bce TPIt MapIIIpYTa 060- 3Ha'leHbI nHTepoH "C". Cne.n:yeT 06paTHTb BHItMaHlte, '1TO ecnlt ,l{JIfi Bcex no.n:ceTeH ItC- nOnb3yeTcfI o.n:ItHaKOBafi MaCKa, .n:pyrltMIt CJIOBaMH, MaCKa nOCTOflHHOH ,l{JIItHbI (static- length sub net masking - SLSM), TO B KOMaH}:le show ip route MaCKa BbIBO.n:ItTCfI B CTpoKe cBepxy, T.e. TaM, r.n:e }'Ka3aHa KJIaCCOBafi ceTb, a He BO Bcex no.n:ceTSIx. B .n:aHHOM npltMepe B Cl"pOKax C 3anltCflMH ceTeH 10.1.1.0, 10.1.128.0 H 10.1.130.0 MaCKa He BbIBO- .n:ItTCSI, HO B CTpOKe Ha,u HHMH YKa3aHa KJIaCCOBafi ceTb, B KOTOpYlO BXOMT nepe'lItCJIeH- HbIe no.n:ceTIt, B HeH )l(e It OT06pIDKaeTCfI MaCKa,l{Jlfl no.n:ceTeH (CM. npltMep 14.1, BbI.n:e- JIeHHbIe Cl"pOKH). 11 HaKOHeu, no )l(enaHItIO MO)l(HO CMeHItTb <l>opMaT oT06pa)l(eHitfi MaCKH B KOMaH}:laX show, TaKafi HaCl"pOHKa 6y.n:eT .n:eHcTBoBaTb Ha npOTfI)I(eHlt1t TeKYIllero ceaHca CBfl31t C MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpOM It BBO.n:ItTCfI OHa C nOMOIllblO KOMaH}:lbI terminal ip netmask- format decimal, KaK nOKa3aHO B KOHl.{e npHMepa 14.1. BHHMAHHEI lJTo6bl XOpOlIIO nOllrOTOBItTbCSI K 3K3aMeHY, CJ1ellYeT BHItMaTeJ1bHO npOCMaTpItBaTb BbIBOlIItMyK> KOMaHlIaMIt show ip interface brief H show ip route HH«1>opMaUItlO B Ka)I(lIOM H3 npltMepOB TeICyIIIeH rnaBbl. B npltMepe 14.6 HItJKe 6YllYT lIaHbl 6oJ1ee nOllPo6Hbie KOMMeHTapHIt K pe3ynbTaTaM BbInOJ1HeHItSi KOMaH.l1bl show ip route. CTaTeCKe Mapwpyrbl MapIIIPYTbl Ha no.n:KJIIO'IeHHble K YCTPOHCTBY ceTH, HeCOMHeHHO, BIDKHbI, HO Maprnpy- Tlt3aTOpaM TaIOKe H}')KHO 3HaTb MaprnpYTbI K .n:pyrHM nO.n:CeTfiM B ceTH, '1T06bI nepe.n: aBaTb ry.n:a naKeTbI. TaK, HanpltMep, paCCMal"pHBaeMbIH MapIIIPYTU3aTop Albuquerque BnOJlHe ycneIIIHo OTnpaBJUIeT ping-naKeTbI H nonyqaeT OTBeTbI ,l{JIfi a,upeCOB, HaxOMIllHXCfI Ha .n:pyroM KOHl.{e nocne.n:OBaTeJlbHoro KaHaJIa (serial link), HJIIt ,l{JISi I P-a.upecoB H3 ero JIO- KaJIbHOH CeTIt (10.1.1.0/24). TeM He MeHee KOMaH}:la ping BepHeT OTpltl.{aTenbHbI11 pe3YJIb- TaT ,l{JIfi a.upeCOB cereH, He no.n:KJIIO'IeHHblX K .n:aHHOMY MaprnpYTlt3aTOpy (CM. npltMep 14.2).
rl1asa 14. KOH,-,en'-'MM M KOH«I>MrypMposaHMe npOTOK0l10S MapwpYTMa3'-'MM 485 B npltMepe 14.2 npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, '1TO y MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa Albuquerque HeT .n:pymx Map- rnpYTOB, nOMHMO Tpex 06C}')KLI:aBrnItXCfI BbIIIIe. npHMep 14.2. KOMaH.qa ping .qaeT nOnO>KHTenbHblH pe3ynbTaTTonbK0,qJ1Jt Henocpe.qcTBeHHo no.qKl1IO'feHHbIX ceT8M K MapwPYTH3aTopy Albuquerque ! Ping-3anpoc OTnpaBnRDTCR Ha HHTepeHc SO/O/l MapwpYTH3aTopa Yosem- ite Albuquerque#ping 10.1.128.252 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.128.252, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!! ! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/4/8 ms ! Ping-3anpoc oTnpaBnRDTcR Ha HHTepeHc FaO/O MapWPYTH3aTopa Yosemite Albuquerque#ping 10.1.2.252 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.2.252, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) KOMaHJIa ping OTnpaBJIfieT ICMP-naKeTbI 3xo-3anpocoB no }'Ka3aHHoMY IP-a.n:pecy nOJIyqaTeJlfl. nporpaMMHoe o6ecne'leHHe CTeKa TCP /IP CTaHI.{HIt-n0JIY'IaTeJlfl OTBe'laeT Ha naKeTbI 3XO-3anpOCOB nOXmKItM naKeToM, KOTOpbIH Ha3bIBaeTCfI ICMP-naKemoM 3XO- om6ema. KOMaHJIa ping OTnpaBJIfieT nepBbIH naKeT It O)KH,l{aeT OTBeTa. ECJIIt OTBeT nOJIY- '1eH, B BbIBo.n:e KOMaHJIbI oT06pIDKaeTcfI BOCKJIltl.{aTeJIbHbIH 3HaK ("!"). ECJIIt OTBeT He no- JIyqeH B Te'leHlte CTaHJIapTHOro ItHTepBaJIa BpeMeHIt (2 CeJ<yHllbI), TO KOMaHJIa BbIBo.n:ItT TO'IKY ("."). 06bI'IHO B nporpaMMHOM 06ecne'lemm Cisco IOS nepeCbIJIaeTCfI nflTb TaKItX naKeTOB. B npltMepe 14.2 KOMaHJIa ping 10.1.128.252 BbIAaeT nOJIo)!(J.{TeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT (T.e. BbIBO.n:ItT nflTb BOCKJIHl.{aTeJIbHbIX 3HaKoB), nOCKOJIbKY B MapIIIpyr3aTope Albuquerque a.apec nOJIyqaTeAA 10.1.128.252 nona.n:aeT no.n: MapIIIpYT Ha ceTb 10.1.128.0/24. KOMaHJIa ping 10.1.2.252 .n:aeT OTpItu.aTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT, nOCKOJIbKY y MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa HeT MaprnpYTa Ha ceTb 10.1.2.0/24, B KOTOpOH Haxo.n:ItTCfI a.apec Y3J1a-nOJIyqaTeJIfi 10.1.2.252. B pe3YJIbTaTe YCTpOHCTBO Albuquerque He MO)!(eT .n:IDKe OTnpaBItTb nflTb naKeTOB- 3anpOCOB. n03TOM}' B BbIoo.n:e KOMaHJIbI 0T06pIDKaIOTCSI nSITb TO'leK. CaMbIM npOCTbIM H JIOrH'IHbIM perneHlteM 3TOH np06JIeMbI 6y.n:e-r KOHqmrypHpOBaHlte KaKoro-JI1t60 npOTOKOJIa MapIIIpYTlt3al.{Itit Ha Tpex MaprnpYTlt3aTopax. TeM He MeHee,l{Jlfl Ha'laJIa MO)!(HO orpaHIt'lHTbCSI KOHqmrypitpOBaHlteM CTaTH'leCKItX MapIIIpYTOB. B npltMe- pe 14.3 nOKa3aHO KOHq,ltrypltpOBaHlte .n:BYX KOMaHJI ip route B pe)!(J.{Me rJI06aJIbHOH KOHq,ltrypaI.{HIt MaprnpYTlt3aTOpa Albuquerque, C nOMOIllblO KOTOpbIX .n:06aBJIfllOTCfI .n:Ba CTa- TI1'leCKHX MaprnpYTa Ha JIOKaJIbHbIe cent MapIIIpyrn3aTopoB Yosemite It Seville. KOHq,ItI)'- PltpoBaHHe }'Ka3aHHbIX .n:BYX KOMaHJI ip route npltBe.n.eT K TOM}', 'lTO KOMaHJIa ping BO BTOPOH'laCTIt npltMepa 14.2 TalOKe 6y.n:eT B03BpaIllaTb nOJIO)!(JffeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. npHMep 14.3. KOH'I>HrypHpoBaHHe CTaTH'feCKHX MapwpYToB AIlJt MapwPYTH3aTopa Albuquerque Albuquerque#configure terminal Albuquerque(config)#ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.128.252 Albuquerque(config)#ip route 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.130.253 Albuquerque#show ip route static 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets CB8A 'x: eM8
486 '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft s s 10.1.3.0 [1/0] via 10.1.130.253 10.1.2.0 [1/0] via 10.1.128.252 C nOMoIllblO KOMaHAbI ip route B pe)KHMe rn06aJIbHOH KOHqmrypaIJ.lut YCl"pOHCTBa 3a,aaeTCfI a,apec cent, MaCKa H IP-a,apec CJIe.n:YIOIllero l"paH3HTHoro nepexo.n:a (next-hop). OepBafi KOMaH.n:a ip route 3a,aaeT MapIIIpYT Ha ceTb 10.1.2.0 (c MaCKOH 255.255.255.0), KOTOpa51 HaXOAltTCfI "3a" MapIIIpYTH3aTopoM Yosemite, CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, IP-a,apec CJIe- .n:yJOIIIero l"paH3HTHoro Y3JIa}:lJlfl MapIIIpyrn3aTopa Albuquerque 6YJIeT paBeH 10.1.128.252, T.e. a,apecy HHTepq,eHca SerialOjOjl MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa Yosemite. AHaJIOm'lHO, MapIIIPYT Ha ceTb 1O.1.3.0j24, JIOKaJIbHyJO ceTb MapIIIPYTH3aTOpa Seville YKa3bIBaeT Ha IP-a,apec HH- Tepq,eHca SerialOjOjl YCl"poi:kTBa Seville, T.e. a,apec 1O.1.130.253. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha TOT q,aKT, '1TO IP-a,apec CJIe.n:YIOIllero TpaH3HTHoro Y3JIa (next-hop) .n:OJI)KeH Haxo.n:HTbCJI B HanpflMYIO no.n:KJIIO'IeHHOH K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy ceTH (directly connected network). Ha .n:aHHOM 3Tane MapIIIpYTH3aTOp Albuquerque 3HaeT, KY.n:a OTnpaBJIflTb naKeTbI }:lJlfI 06eHX no.n:ceTeH. OpOCMOTpeTb Bee MapIIIpYTbI B Ta6JIHI.{e MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH MO)KHO C nOMOIl{blO KOMaH- .n:bl show ip route, KOMaH.n:a show ip route static BbIBO.n:HT TOJIbKO CTanl'le- CKHe IP-MapIIIPYTbI. JlHTepa "S" B nepBoH KOJIOHKe 03Ha'laeT, '1TO MapIIIpYTbI 6bIJIH YKa- 3aHbI CTaTH'IeCKH (static). B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH, '1T06bI MapIIIpYTbI 6bIJlH .n:06aBJIeHbl B Ta6JIHI.{Y MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH, H}')KHO He TOJIbKO CKOHq,urypHpOBaTb COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe KO- MaHAbi ip route, HO H BbIXOllHOH HHTeP<t>eHC, B ceTH KOTOpOro HaxollHTcfI TpaH3HTHblH MapIIIpyrn3aTop (next-hop), YKa3aHHbIH B KOMaH,l{e, .n:OJDKeH 6bITb B COCTOSIHHH "up" U "up" (T.e. TaKMMH .n:OJDKHbI 6bITb .n:Ba Ko.n:a COCTOflHHH MapIIIPYTH3aTopa). HanpHMep, TpaH3uTHbIH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp JJ,JUI nepBoH KOMaH,l{bI ip route YCl"pOHCTBa Albuquerque HMeeT I P-a,apec 1O.1.128.252, BXO,l{flIl{UH B no.n:ceTb uHTepq,eHca SOjOjl nOCJIe.n:Hero. Ec- JIH }:lJlfI HHTepq,eHca SOjOjl MapIIIpYTH3aTopa Albuquerque He oTo6p<UKalOTCfI KO.n:bI CO- CTOflHUH "up" H "up", TO MapIIIpYT Ha YKa3aHHYIO no.n:ceTb He 6y.n:eT 3aHeceH B Ta6JIHI.{Y MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. CHHTaKCHC KOMaH.n:bI ip route llJISi llBYXTO'le'lHbIX nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX KaHaJIOB MO)KeT OTJIH'laTbCfI OT YKa3aHHOrO B npHMepe BbIIIIe. .lI..rrSi .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX KaHaJIOB BMeCTO IP-a,apeca CJIe.n:yJOIllero l"paH3HTHoro y3JIa MO)KHO YKa3aTb BbIXO.n:HOH HHTepq,eHC. Ha- npHMep, llJISi nepBoro MapIIIpYTa B npHMepe 14.3 BMeCTO HCnOJIb30BaBIIIeHcfI KOMaHAbI MO)KHO YKa3aTb KOMan.n:y ip route 10.1. 2.0 255.255.255.0 serialOjOjl, pe3YJIbTaT 6y.n:eT a6COJIIOTHO o.n:HHaKOBbIM. K CO)KaJleHHIO, KOHq,HrypupoBaHue CTaTH'IeCKHX MapIIIpyroB B YCl"pOHCTBe Albuquerque He peIIIaeT Bcex np06JIeM C MapIIIPYTH3amleH B paCCMal"pHBaeMOH ceTH. Ha .n:BYX OCTaB- IIIHXCfI MapIIIpYTH3aTopax TaJOKe H}')KHO CKOHq,HrypHpOBaTb CTaTH'IeCKHe MapIIIpYTbI. Ha .n:aHHbIH MOMeHT Y MapIIIPYTH3aTOpa Albuquerque eCTb CTaTH'leCKMe MapIIIpYTbI, '1epe3 KO- TopbIe OH MO)KeT nepeCbIJlaTb naKeTbI B .n:Be y.n:aJIeHHbIe JIOKaJlbHbIe ceTH, HO .n:Ba OCTaB- IIIHXCfI MapIIIpYTH3aTopa MapIIIpYTOB K JIOKaJIbHbIM ceTSIM .n:pyr .n:pyra H MapIIIPYTH3aTopa Albuquerque He HMelOT. HanpHMep, H3 JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH MapIIIPYTH3aTopa Albuquerque (pa6o'lafl CTaHI.{Hfi C Ha3BaHHeM Bugs) He MO)KeT nepeCJIaTb 3XO-3anpOCbI B JIOKaJJbHyJO ceTb MapIIIpYTH3aTopa Yosemite (cTaHI.{HH C Ha3BaHHeM Sam). Op06JIeMa COCTOHT B CJIe- .n:yJOIlleM: HecMoTpfl Ha TO, '1TO Y MapIIIPYTu3aTopa Albuquerque eCTb MapIIIpYT Ha nOllceTb 10.1.2.0 (B KOTOpOH Haxo.n:HTCfI CTaHUHfi Sam), Y MapIIIpYTU3aTopa Yosemite HeT MapIIIpy- Ta Ha JIOKaJlbHyJO no.n:ceTb 10.1.1.0 (B KOTOpOH Haxo.n:HTCJI CTaHI.{Ufi Bugs). OT CTaHmHt Bugs .n:o CTaHuHH Sam ping-naKeTbl .n:OXO,l{flT BnOJIHe ycneIIIHo, a BOT OTBeTbI Ha HUX OT
rl1asa 14. KOHl.4enl.4MM M KOH«I>MrypMposaHMe npOTOK0l10S MapWPYTMa31.4MM 487 CTaHI.{IUt Sam He MOryT 6bITb npOMaprnpYTH3HpOBaHbI Maprnpynt3aTOpOM Yosemite no 06paTHoMY nynt, nOCKOJIbKY y Hero HeT MapIIIpYTa Ha H}')KHYJO no.n:ceTb B Ta6mme Map- rnpYTlt3al.{Itit - KOMaHAa ping B03BpaIllaeT OT}JHl.{aTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. PacwpeHHbll7t BapaHT KOMaHAbl ping Ha npaKTItKe ceTeBOH a.n:MItHHCT}JaTOp BPAA JIlt CMO)l(eT HaHru .n:P}')KeJII06Horo nOJIb3O- BaTeJlfl (HanpItMep, nOJIb30BaTeJlfl KOMnblOTepa Bugs Ha ItcnOJIb3yeMoH HaMlt cxeMe ceru), KOTOpblH comaCHTCfI no T}Je60BaHItIO 3anycKaTb ping-nporpaMMY co cBoero KOMnblOTepa .lI)UI TeCTltpOBaHHfI CeTIt. KpoMe TOro, 3a'lacTYIO O'leHb np06JIeMaTH'IHO It He3<p<peKTHBHO <p1t31t'leCKH nYTerneCTBOBaTb OT <pHJIltaJIa K <pHJIltaJIy (HanpHMep, 3a COTHIt KHJIOMeT}JOB), 'IT06bI BbIllOJ1HHTb KOMan.n:y ping Ha KOMnblOTepe nOJIb30BaTeJlfl H nocMoT}JeTb, KaK npo- XQIUIT 3xo-3anpocbI. B Ka'lecTBe aJIbTepHaTHBbI MO)KHO ItcnOJIb30BaTb CJIe.n:yJOIllHH nollXO.n:: no.n:KJIIO'IHTbCfI C nOMoIllblO nporpaMMbI Telnet K 6JIIDKaHIIIeMY K nOJIb30BaTeJlIO MapIIIpYTIt- 3aTopy It HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaHllY ping ,WIfi npoBepKH pa6OTocnoc06HoCTH ceTH. KOMaHAa B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca OTnpaBItTeJlfl 6y.n:eT no.n:CTaBillITb a.n:pec BblXOAHOro ItHTep<peHca MapIIIpy- TH3aTopa, a ItHor.n:a HO npOBepltTb, KaK npoxoMT naKeTbI 'lepe3 YCT}JOHCTBO H30npe.n:e- JIeHHoro cerMeHTa ceru. PerneHlte nU<OH 3a,!I.a'lit MO)l(eT 6bITb nOJIy'leHo C nOMOIl{blO pac- IIIHpeHHoH KOMan.n:bI ping, B KOTOPOH eCTb .n:onOJIHItTeJIbHbIe B03MO)KHOCTIt. PacIIIHpeHHbIH BapitaHT KOMaHAbI .n:ocTYlleH B onepauHoHHoH CHCTeMe Cisco (OS H3 pe)l(HMa npltBItJIempOBaHHoro nOJIb30BaTeJIfi. OH n03BOJIfieT YKa3bIBaTb MHO)l(eCTBO .n:o- nOJIHUTeJIbHbIX OnI.{HH, B '1aCTHOCTIt YKa3aTb flBHO IP-a.n:pec OTnpaBUTeJIfi ,WIfi ICMP- naKeTOB, KOJIlt'leCTBO nepeCbIJlaeMbIX naKeTOB, BpeMfi O)l(HllaHltfi OTBeTOB It .n:p. B npltMe- pe 14.4 nOKa3aHO OTJIIt'llte llBYX BapHaHTOB KOMaHAbI: CHa'laJIa B MaprnpYTlt3aTOpe Albu- querque ItCnOJIb3yeTcSI CTaH.n:apTHafi KOMaHAa, ping 10.1.2.252, nOTOM - pacrnH- peHHafi KOMan.n:a ping, KOTopafl pa60TaeT TaK, KaK eCJIIt 6bI OHa 6bIJIa 3anYIl{eHa C KOM- nblOTepa Bugs, a B Ka'leCTBe nOJIy'IaTeJlfl YKa3bIBaeTCSI KOMnblOTep Sam. Bo BTOpOM CJIyqae KOMaHAa .n:aeT OT}JHl.{aTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT, nOCKOJIbKY MapIIIpYTlt3aTOp Yosemite He MO)l(eT OTnpaBItTb ICMP-naKeTbI 3XO-OTBeTOB YCT}JOHCTBY Albuquerque no 06C}')KLI:aBIIIeHcfI BbI- IIIe nplt'lItHe. npHMep 14.4. Mapwpynt3aTop Albuquerque: KOMaHAa ping pa60TaeT nocne Ao6aBneHHfI cTaHAapTHblx MapwpYT0B, pacwHpeHHblM BapHaHT KOMaHAbl AaeT OTpHLlaTenbHblM pe3ynbTaT Albuquerque#show ip route static 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets S 10.1.3.0 [1/0] via 10.1.130.253 S 10.1.2.0 [1/0] via 10.1.128.252 Albuquerque#ping 10.1.2.252 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.2.252, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!! ! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/4/8 ms Albuquerque#ping Protocol [ip]: Target IP address: 10.1.2.252 Repeat count [5]:
488 "4acTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aI.4Mft Datagram size [100]: Timeout in seconds [2]: Extended commands [n]: y Source address or interface: 10.1.1.251 Type of service [0]: Set DF bit in IP header? [no]: Validate reply data? [no]: Data pattern [OxABCD]: Loose, strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose [none] : Sweep range of sizes [n]: Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.2.252, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) npOCTOH (T.e. CTaH.II.a)JTHbIH) BapitaHT KOMaHJIbI, ping 10.1.2.252, .n:aeT nOJIO)l(H- TeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT (T.e. Ha 3anpOCbI npHXOMT OTBeTbI) no .n:B}'M nplt'lItHaM: o.n:Ha 1t3 HHX OlJeBHAHa, BTopafl - He COBCeM. MapIIIPYTH3aTOp Albuquerque nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT B no.n:- ceTb 10.1.2.0, nOCKOJIbKY Y Hero eCTb CTaTltlJeCKHH MapIlIpYT Ha Hee. 06paTHbIH naKeT, OmpaBJIeHHblH MapIlIpYTlt3aTOpOM Yosemite, nepeCbIJlaeTCfI Ha a.n:pec 10.1.128.251 - IP- a.n:pec ItHTeP<l>eHca SerialOjOjl MapIlIpyrn3aTOpa Albuquerque. nO'leMY? ):l.rrfl :noro cYIlle- CTByJOT .n:Be YKa3aHHbIe HH)I(e nplt'lItHbI. . KOMaHJIa ping B MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpax Cisco HCnOJIb3yeT IP-a.n:pec BbIXO.n:HOro ItH- Tep<peHca B KalJeCTBe a.n:peca OTnpaBHTeJISI, eCJIIt a.n:pec flBHO He YKa3aH B KOMaHJIe ping. nepBafi KOMaHJIa ping B npltMepe 14.4 HCnOJIb3yeT a.n:pec OTnpaBItTeJUI 10.1.128.251, nOCKOJIbKY MapIlIpYT, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH B MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpe Albuquer- que, YKa3bIBaeT Ha ItHTep<peHc SerialOjOjl B Ka'leCTBe BbIXO.n:HOro ItHTep<peHca, It ero a.n:pec KaK pa3 H paBeH YKa3aHHOMY 3HalJeHItIO. . B OTBeTax Ha ping-3anpocbI IP-a.n:peca MeHfllOTCfI MeCTaMH. CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, paJ I P-a.n:pec 10.1.128.251 MapIlIpYTlt3aTOpa Albuquerque 6bIJI HCnOJIb30BaH B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca OTnpaBItTeJIfi ,l{JIfi naKeTOB 3anpoCOB, TO MapIlIpYTH3aTop Yosemite 6y.n: eT ItCnOJIb30BaTb 10.1.128.251 B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJlfl B naKeTax 3XO-OTBeTOB. CeTb 10. I. I 28.0j24 ,l{JIfi MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa Yosemite flBJISIeTCfI HanpflMyJO no.n:KJIIO- 'leHHbIM cerMeHTOM, T.e. y Hero eCTb HHTep<peHC B 3TOH CeTIt, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, yCT- poHCTBO 3HaeT MapIlIpYT K HeH It MO)l(eT OTnpaBItTb naKeT no Ha3HalJeHItIO. B npOl.{eCce noltCKa It YC'l'paHeHltfi HeltCnpaBHocTeH pacIlIHpeHHbIH BapHaHT KOMaH,l{bI ping MO)l(eT ItCnOJIb30BaTbCfI, lJT06bI naKeTbI BbIrJISIlleJIIt TaK, 6y.llT0 OHIt 6bIJIlt OTnpaBJIeHbI H3 KaKoH-To onpe.n:eJIeHHOH cern, HO nplt 3TOM He H}')KHO 6bIJIO npOCItTb KOro-TO BbIllOJI- HHTb KOMaH.l{y Ha CBoeM KOMnblOTepe BHYfPH ceTH. TaKoH BapitaHT KOMaHJIbI MO)l(eT 6bITb ItCnOJIb30BaH .lI.1UI YTO'lHeHltfi npH'lHH It TOlJHOH .n:uarnOCTItKIt np06JIeMbI B CeTIt. Hanplt- Mep, B peaJIbHOH cern, Kor.n:a KOMaH.II.a ping .n:aeT nOJIO)l(ltTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT, T.e. naKeTbI npoxoMT, nplt 3anycKe C MapIlIPYTlt3aTOpa 6e3 .n:onOJIHHTeJlbHbIX napaMe'l'poB, a npH 3anyc- Ke C nepCOHaJIbHOrO KOMnblOTepa naKeTbI He npoXOMT, TO C nOMOIllblO paCIlIHpeHHoro Ba- pHaHTa KOMaHJIbI ping MO)KHO BOCC0311aTb H)')KHYIO cHTYal.{HIO 6e3 06IlleHitfi C nOJIb3oBaTe- JIeM no TeJle<PoHY It .n:OJIrHX o6DflcHeHHH, 'lTO H KaK H}')KHO 3anYCTHTb Ha KOMnbIOTepe. KaK nOKa3aHO B npHMepe 14.4, B paCIIIltpeHHOM BapuaHTe KOMaH.n:bl ping B KalJeCTBe a.n:peca OTnpaBItTeJIfi naKeTOB ItCnOJIb3yeTC5I I P-a.n:pec 10.1.1.251 (T.e. a.n:pec HHTep<p eHca FaOjO MapIIIpyrH3aTopa Albuquerque), a B KalJeCTBe nOJIyqaTeJlfl - 10.1.2.252 (T.e. a.n:pec
rnasa 14. KOHl.4enl.4MM M KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapwpYTMa31.4MM 489 ItHTep<peHca FaOjO MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa Yosemite). no BbIBO.n:HMOH KOMaH,l{OH HH<PoPMal.{HIt BHllHO, '1TO OTBeTbI Ha 3XO-3anpOCbI He nonY'IeHbl. npH 3TOM OTBeTbI OT 06bI'lHOrO Baplt- aHTa KOMaH,l{bI ping ycneIIIHo npHHItMaIOTCfI, nOCKOJIbK)' JJ,JUI OTnpaBKH 3anpocoB B Ka- 'leCTBe a,apeca OTnpaBItTeIDI ItcnOJIb3yeTcfI IP-a,apec BbIXO.n:HOro HHTep<peHca MapIIIpYTIt- 3aTopa Albuquerque. B nepBOM cnyqae (pacIIIHpeHHblH BapltaHT) ICMP-3anpocbI npuxo- ,l{fiT KaK 6bI 1t3 no.n:ceTIt 10.1.1.0, T.e. C TO'lKIt 3peHHfI MaprnpYTH3aTopa It ero Ta6JIltl.{bI MapIIIpYTlt3al.{Itit 3anpOCbI HllYT OT nOnb30BaTenbCKOH CTaHl.{lt1t B COOTBeTCTByJOIlleM cer- MeHTe. MapIIIPYTlt3aTOp Yosemite CTpOItT OTBeT TaKItM 06pa30M, '1TO a,apec nonyqaTeJlfl paBeH 10.1.1.251, HO B 3TOM MaprnpYTlt3aTOpe HeT MapIIIpYTa Ha ceTb 10.1.I.Oj24. n03TO- MY YCTpOHCTBO He MO)l(eT OTnpaBHTb OTBeT Ha 3XO-3anpoc, H KOMaH,l{a BbIAaeT oTpltl.{a- TeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. PeIIIeHlteM ,l{JIfi onHcaHHOH np06JIeMbi 6y.n:eT .n:06aBJIeHHe CTaTIt'leCKoro MapIIIpYTa B MaprnpYTlt3aTOpe Yosemite Ha ceTb 10. I. 1.0j24 HJlH BKJIlO'leHHe KaKoro-JI1t60 npOTOKOJIa .n:HHaMIt'leCKOH MaprnpYTlt3aUitH Ha Bcex Tpex MapIIIpYTH3aTopax. CTaHAapTHble Mapwpyrbl npouecc MapIIIpYTlt3al.{Itit npe.n:nonaraeT, '1TO MapIIIpYTlt3aTOp cpaBHHBaeT IP-a,apec nOJIyqaTenfi naKeTa C Ta6JIltUeH MaprnpYTlt3al.{ltlt. ECJIIt MapIIIpYTlt3aTOp He 06Hap}')KHBa- eT B CBoeH Ta6JIHUe MapIIIpYT Ha ceTb nOJIyqaTeJIfI, TaKOH naKeT 6y.n:eT OT6porneH It nonbI- TOK KaK-TO HCnpaBItTb cltryal.{ltlO He npe.n:npItHItMaeTCfI. CmaHiJapmHbluMapwpym (default route) - 3T0 MapIIIpYT, C KOTOpbIM "coBna,aaeT" JII060H IP-a,apec nOJIy'IaTeJUl. Ecnlt B Ta6nltl.{e MaprnpYTlt3al.{Itit eCTb CTaH,lI,a)JTHbIH MapIIIpYT, TO KOrJIa JJ,JUI naKeTa C onpe.n:eneHHbIM I P-a,apecoM nonyqaTeJUI HeT flBHOro MaprnpYTa B Ta6nlt- I.{e MaprnpYTlt3al.{HH, MapIIIpYTlt3aTOp nepeCbIJIaeT TaKOH naKeT Ha CTaH,l{aPTHbIH MaprnpYT. CTaHAapTHbIe MapIIIpYThI JIyqIIIe Bcero pa60TalOT B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIIt K KaKOH-JIIt60 'laCTIt CeTIt eCTb Bcero O.n:ItH nYTb ItJIIt O.n:ItH KaHaJI. HanpltMep, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pitC. 14.2, MapIIIpYTlt3aTOp <pHJlltaJIa RI no.n:KJIIO'IeH e.n:ItHCTBeHHbIM nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHbIM KaHaJIOM K CeTIt npe.n:npltfiTHSI. COTHIt ceTeH MOryr CYIlleCTBOBaTb B CeTIt npe.n:npltflTltfi BHe <pHJlHaJIa H 6bITb nOJIy'IeHbI 'lepe3 MaprnpYTlt3aTOp Rl. Y cereBoro ItmKeHepa B TaKoH CltryaUHIt eCTb Tplt BapltaHTa peaJIH3al.{Hit MexaHlt3MOB MapIIIpYT1t3aUItIt: · CKOH<pHrypltpOBaTb COTHIt CTaTlt'leCKItX MaprnpYTOB Ha MaprnpYTlt3aTOpe R I, Bce TaKHe MaprnpYTbI 6yAYT HCnOnb30BaTb HHTep<peHc SOjl MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa RI B Ka- 'leCTBe BbIxo.n:Horo ItHTep<peHca It I P-a,apec CJIe.n:yIOIllero TpaH3ltTHoro Y3JIa 172.16.3.2 (R2); · BKJIlO'lltTb It CKOH<PltfypHpOBaTb KaKOH-JIIt60 npOTOKOJI .n:ItHaMIt'leCKOH MapIIIpy- TIt3aI.{HIt Ha MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpax; · .n:06aBItTb CTaHAaPTHbIH MaprnpYT B MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpe R I C }'Ka3aHlteM B Ka'leCTBe BbIXO.n:HOro ItHTep<peHca nOPTa SOjl. Ecnlt 3a,aaH CneUltaJIbHblH CTaTIt'leCKHH MapIIIpYT, Ha3bIBaeMbIH CTaHAapTHbIM, TO y MapIIIPYTlt3aTOpa RI 6y.n:eT Bcero o.n:ItH MapIIIpYT, no KOTOPOMY OH 6y.n:eT '1epe3 HHTep- <PeHC SOjl nepeCbIJIaTb naKeTbI YCTpOHCTBY R2. B KOMaHAe ip route B JIaHHOM cnyqae YKa3aHo CneUltaJIbHOe 3Ha'leHHe ,l{JISi CeTIt It MaCKIt, 0.0.0.0, no.n: KOTopoe nona,aalOT Bce naKeTbI. B npHMepe 14.5 nOKa3aH cTaHllapTHbIH CTaTH'IeCKHH MaplllpYT MaprnpYTH3aTOpy R I, YKa3bIBalOIllHH Ha MaplllPYTlt3aTOp R2 (172.16.3.2) KaK Ha cne.n:yJOIl{HH no MapIIIpyry TpaH3ltTHblH pen.
490 "4acTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aI.4Mft I'ao , . .r SO/1 R1 "'"-' r ./ 172.16.3.2 , .r- 172.16.3.0/24 . R2 nOAceTb 3 Ta6JlI1L¥1 Mapwpyn13aLll111 R1 nOACeTb BbIXOAHO I1HTep4>e c nOAceTb 1 SO/1 nOAceTb 2 SO/1 nOAceTb3 SO/1 SO/1 SO/1 SO/1 Puc. 14.2. npUMep cemu, 6 KOmOpOU CAeiJyem UCnO/lb306amb CmaHOapmHlJlU MaplUpym npHMep 14.5. CTaTH..ecKHM CTaH,AapTHbIM MapwPYT,qJ1f1 MapwpYTH3aTopa R1 H Ta6nHLla MapwPYTH3aLlHH Rl(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.3.2 Rl#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area Nl - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, Ll - IS-IS level-I, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, 0 - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is 172.16.3.2 to network 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, SerialO/1 s* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.16.3.2 C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI show ip route MO)I(HO YBHlleTb napy ItHTepeCHbIx <paKTOB 0 CneUltaJIbHOM CTaTlt'leCKOM CTaHAa)JTHoM MapIIIpYTe. B BbIBO.n:ItMOH KOMaHAOH ItH<POP- Mal.{Hlt.ll.JIfi MapIIIpYTa }'Ka3aH KO.n: "S", KaK 1t.ll.1Ul JII060ro .n:pyroro CTaTH'!eCKoro MaplIIPY- Ta, HO .lI.JISi MapIIIpYTa TalOKe }'Ka3aH CHMBOJI "*". CHMBOJI "*" 03Ha'!aeT, 'lTO MapIIIpyT MO)l(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaH B Ka'!eCTBe CTaHAapTHoro (default), T.e. no HeMY 6y.n:YT nepecbI- JIaTbCfI naKeTbI .lI.1UI a.u.peCOB nOJIy'IaTeJIeH KOTOpbIX HeT B flBHOM BHlle 3anitCH MaplIIpyTa Ha cOOTBeTcTBYJOIllYJO ceTb B Ta6JIltl.{e MaplIIpYTH3al.{ltlt. npH HaJIH'!HH CTaHAapTHOro MaplIIpYTa B Ta6JIltl.{e MapIIIpYTH3aUHH YCTpOHCTBO 6y.n:eT OTnpaBJIflTb naKeTbI, nOJIyqaTe- JIH KOTOpbIX He COBna.u.aIOT C HMelOIllHMHCfI MaplIIpYTaMIt, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B paCCMaTpIt- BaeMOM npHMepe CTaHAapTHbIH MapIIIpYT 6YJIeT nOKpbIBaTb Bce ceTH npeJJ.npHflTHfi.
rl1asa 14. KOHl.4enMM M KOHCPMrypMposaHMe npOTOK0l10S MapwpYTMa3MM 491 BHHMAHHE! CTaH.l1apTHbIe MaprnpYTbl TTollpo6Hee OTTItCaHbI BO BTOpOM TOMe KHltrH. CTaTH'leCKHe CTaHJIapTHbIe MaprnpYTbI, KaK H 06bI'IHbIe CTaTH'leCKHe MaprnpYTbI, MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb Ha Bcex YCl"pOHCTBax B TeJIeKOMMYHHKau.HOHHOH cern, HO l"pa,IJ,H- I.{HOHHO B ceTfiX npe.n:npHflTHH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI KaKOH-JIH60 .n:HHaMH'leCKHH npOTOKOJI MapIIIPYTH3aI.{HH,l{.JUI nOCl"poeHHSI MaprnpYTHbIX Ta6J1HI.{. B CJIeLl}'IOIlleM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI KOHl.{enl.{HH H TepMHHOJIOrHfI .n:HHaMH'IeCKHX npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. 0630p npOTOK0I10B MapWpYT3a Y Bcex npOTOKOJIOB .n:HHaMH'leCKOH IP-MaprnpYTH3aI.{HH o.n:Ha l.{e.JIb - 3anOJIHflTb Ta6- JIHU.Y MaprnpYTH3au.HH aKTyaJIbHbIMH OnTHMaJIbHbIMH MaprnpYTaMH. lJ,eJIb npOCTa, HO npOl.{eCCbI H HX .n:eTaJIH MOryT 6bITb O'leHb CJIO)(HbIMH. npOTOKOJIbI MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH n03BOJI5IIOT MaprnpYTH3aTopaM H3yqaTb MaprnpYTbI 3a C'IeT TOro, '1TO Ka)!()1bIH MaprnpYTH3aTOp aHoHcHpyeT (T.e. paCCbmaeT) Te MaprnpYTbI, KO- TopbIe y Hero eCTb. Ka)!()1oe YCl"pOHCTBO 6bICTpee Bcero Y3HaeT CBOH c06cTBeHHbIe Map- IIIPYTbI, T.e. MaprnpYThI K HanpfiMyro no.n:KJIIO'IeHHbIM K He MY ceTfiM (directly connected) .lIaJIee, Ka)!()1bIH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp paCCbIJIaeT co06weHHSI, <popMaT H cl"pYK'rypa - KOTOpbIX onpe.n:e.JISIeTCfI KOHKpeTHbIM npOTOKOJIOM MaprnpYTH3a1.{HH. YCl"pOHCTBO npHHHMalOIllee TaKHe 06HOBJIeHHfI MaprnPYTHOH HH<popMaI.{HH OT .n:PYrHX MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB, 1l06aBJIfieT 06Hap}')KeHHbIe TaKHM 06pa30M MaprnpYThI B CBOIO Ta6JIHu.y MaprnpYTH3a1.{HH. ECJIlt: Bce MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI B ceTH yqacTByroT B TaKOM npol.{ecce, B HTore Bce MaprnpYTH3aTopbI no- JIyqaT HH<popMaI.{HIO 060 Bcex no.n:ceTSIX B ceTH. 06Hap)')KHBafi H nepeCbma5I MaprnpYTHyro HH<p0pMau.HIO, npOTOKOJIbI MaprnpYTH3a- I.{HH .n:OIDKHbI 06eCne'lHTb OTCYTCTBHe KOJIbu.eBbIX MaprnpYToB, 3a'lacTYIO Ha3bIBaeMbIX neTJIflMH B MapIIIpYTH3au.HH (routing loop). KOJIbl.{eBbIM C'IHTaeTCSI MaprnpYT, B KOTOpOM naKeT B03BpaIllaeTCfI K TOMY MaprnpYTH3aTOpy, KOTOpbIH ero OTnpaBIUI, H3-3a ornH60K B MapIIIpYTax B Ta6JIHu.ax MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH MHOrHX YCl"pOHCTB. KOJIbu.eBbIe MaprnpYThI- HOpMaJIbHOe SIBJleHHe B MaprnpYTH3HpyeMbIx ceTflX, XOTSI o.n:Ha H3 Ba)KHbIX 3a,IJ,a'l npOTO- KOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH - 06eCne'lHTb MapIIIpYTbI 6e3 neTeJIb. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe Ka'leCTBe nepBoro npHMepa npOTOKOJIa MaprnpYTH3aUHH onHcaH RIP- 2 'IYTb 60JIee no.n:p06HO, '1eM B fJIaBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a,IJ,pecauHH H MapIIIPYTH3auHH". HH- )(e npHBelleHO no.n:p06Hoe cpaBHeHHe pa3JIH'lHbIX npOTOKOJIOB MaprnpYTH3au.HH. OCHOBHble KOH...em,, npOTOKOna RIP-2 MapIIIPYTH3aTopbI, B KOTOpbIX 3anYIlleH npOTOKOJI MaprnpYTH3aUHH RIP-2, aHOHCH- PYlOT He60JIbIIIHe nOpl.{HH npoCToH HH<popMaI.{HH 0 Ka)!()l,OH H3BeCTHOH HM no.n:ceTH co- ce.n:HHM YCl"poHCTBaM. Coce.n:HHe MapIIIpYTH3aTopbl B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b aHOHCHpyroT TaKYlO HH<p0pMaUHIO CBOHM COCe,l{flM H T..n:., nOKa Bce MaprnpYTH3aTopbI B ceTH He H3yqaT HMelOllI,HecSi Y .n:PyrHx YCl"pOHCTB MapIIIpYTbI. <1>aKTH'IeCKH TaKOH MexaHH3M nOXO)( Ha npou.ecc pacnpOCl"paHeHHfI CJIYXOB B KaKOM-TO paHOHe, rnKOJIe IUIH KOMnaHHH. KTO-TO BbIrneJI Ha YJIHI.{Y BbIryJI5ITb c06aKY. BCTpeTHJI Ha JIeCTHH'lHOH KJIeTKe coce.n:a, BbIHOCfI- Il.{ero Be.n:po C MYCOPOM, U paCCKa3aJI eMY CBe)l()'1O CllJIeTHIO. Coce.n:, 'lYTb n03)(e OTnpa- BHBIIIHCb B Mara3HH 3a XJIe60M, B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b BCTpe'laeT .n:Pyroro coce.n:a H nepe.n:aeT eMY CBe)(eYCJIbIIIIaHHyro CllJIeTHIO H T..n:.,.n:O Tex nop, nOKa CJIYX He pacnpOCTpaHHTCfI no BceMY
492 "4acTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aI.4Mft .n:OMY. ,l],HcTaHI.{HOHHO-BeKTOpHbIe npOTOKOJIbI MaprnpYTH3al.{HH, B '1aCTHOCTH RIP, pa60- TalOT aHaJIOrH'lHbIM 06pa30M, HO B OTJIH'lHe OT CJIYXOB, pacnpocl"paHfllOIllHxCfI Me)l(,l{Y co- ce.DJIMH, MaprnpYTHafi HH«1>opMal.{Hfi He HCKmKaeTCfI npH nepe.n:a'le. HanpHMep, paCCMOTpHM cxeMY H npol.{ecc nepe.n:a'lH HH«1>opMaI.{HH Ha pHC. 14.3. 3.n:ecb nOKa3aHO, KaK npOTOKOJI RIP-2 aHOHCHpYeT a.apec no.n:ceTH H MacKY (3anHcaHHYIO B npe- «1>HKCHOM «1>opMaTe), a TaIOKe Mel"pHKY MaprnpYTa "COCe.DJIM". 172.16.5:r- T8l5nMUB IP-..apwpyroB R3 A I 0 nOlleen. B"X.MHT. TD8H3. Yaen MeTDM" .......... ___ 172.16.3.0 SO/1 172.16.6.252 1 , -;3' SO/1 so/a / 0( SO/1 Tal5nMUB IP-..apWpyTM38TOPOB R1 o Ilol1ceT b BboX.MHT. T08H 3. Yaen MeT DM K8 172.16.3.0 so/a 172.16.2.252 1 o Y MeHSI eCTb Ma D wpyr K ceTM 172.16.3.0/24, ..eT p M" 1. PuC. 14.3. npUMep paCCblAKU MapUJpymo8 npOmOKOJlOM RIP-2 t..lTo6bI He neperp}')KaTb cxeMY 06HJIlt:eM HH«1>opMaI.{HH, Ha pHC. 14.3 nOKa3aHa paCCbIJI- Ka MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaMH MaprnPYTa K ceTH 172.16.3.0/24, HO CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, '1TO yCT- POitCTBa paCCbIJlalOT H .n:pyrHe ceTH. npol.{ecc paCCbIJIKH BbIrJIfl,l{HT CJIe.n:YIOIllHM 06pa30M. 1. MapIIIPYTH3al"p R2 06Hap}')KHBaeT MaprnpYT Ha Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO no.n:KJIIO'leHHYIO K HeMY no.n:ceTb (connected) 172.16.3.0/24. 2. .D,aJIee, MaprnpYTH3aTop R2 paCCbIJlaeT aHOHC Mapwpymu3au,uu (routing update) CBOHM COCeAflM, B KOTOpOM YKa3aHbI no.n:ceTb (172.16.3.0>, MaCKa (/24) H paccToflHHe.n:o Hee, T.e. Mel"pHKa (B.n:aHHoM CJIyqae I). 3. MapIIIPYTH3aTop R3 npHHHMaeT aHOHC MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH H .n:06aBJISIeT MapIIIpYT Ha ceTb 172.16.3.0/24 B CBOIO Ta6JIHI.{Y MaprnpYTH3aUHH, a B Ka'leCTBe CJIe.n:YIOIllero l"paH- 3HTHOro Y3J1a Ha MapIIIpYTe (next hop) YKa3bIBaeT MaprnpYTH3aTop R3. 4. npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO B TO )ICe caMoe BpeMfi MapIIIpYTH3aTOp RI nOJIyqaeT aHOHC, OTnpaB- JIeHHbIH YCl"pOHCTBOM R2. MapIIIPYTH3aTOp Rl .n:06aBJUleT MaprnpYT Ha no.n:ceTb 172.16.3.0/24 B CBOIO Ta6JIHI.{Y MapIIIpYTH3aUHH H YKa3bIBaeT R2 B Ka'leCTBe CJIe.n:yJO- Illero l"paH3HTHoro Y3J1a Ha nYTH K no.n:ceTH. 5. B «1>HHaJIe MaprnpYTH3aTOpbl RI IiI R3 06MeHHBalOTCfI HH«1>opMauueH 0 MapIIIpYTax K ceTH 172.16.3.0/24 .n:pyr C .n:pyroM, HO }')Ke C Mel"pHKOH 2.
rnaBa 14. KOHLlenLlMM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapWPYTMa3L1MM 493 nOCJIe 3aBeprneHHfI npOl..{eCca 06MeHa y MaprnpyrH3aTopOB RI H R3 6y.n:er .n:Ba B03- MO)KHbIX Maprnpyra K no.n:ceTH 172.16.3.0/24: O.n:HH C Me-rpHKoH I, a BTOpOH C MeTpHKOH 2. K!UK.Ll:bIH H3 MaprnpyrH3aTopoB HCnOJIb3yeT COOTBeTcTBy!oIl{HH Maprnpyr C MHHHMaJlbHOH Me-rpHKoH (T.e. paBHoH I) Mfl cem 172.16.3.0. CJIe.n:yeT 3anOMHHTb, 'lTO .n:HCTaHI..{HOHHO-BeKTOpHble npOTOKOJIbI, B TOM 'lHCJIe H RIP-2, nepHOJIWlecICH nOBTOpfilOT TaKOH npOl.{eCC paCCbIJIICH. HanpHMep, Maprnpyrn3aTopbI C BKJllO'leHHbIM npOTOKOJIOM RIP nepeCbIJIalOT TaKHe rrepHO)J,WIeCKHe aHOHCbl pa3 B 30 ce- J<yHJI. ECJIH MaprnpyrH3aTopbI nOJIy'IalOT Te)l(e caMble MaprnpYTbI C TeMH )l(e caMbIMH MeT- pHKaMH, TO OHH He nepec-rpaHBalOT CBOH Ta6JIHI.{bI Maprnpyrn3al..{HH. TeM He MeHee, eCJIH 'ITO-TO npOHCXOJIHT H Maprnpyrnafl HH<f>opMaI.{HfI MeHfleTCfI, CJIe.n:yJOIl{HH aHOHC Maprnpyrn- 3al..{HH HJlH BbI30BeT H3MeHeHHfI B Ta6JIHI.{e coce.n:HHX YC-rpOHCTB, HJlH He .n:oi1:]:leT B006Il{e, H yc-rpOHCTBa o-rpearnpYJOT Ha nOTeplO Maprnpyra nepecMo-rpoM H3BecTHoH HM HH<f>opMaI.{HH. l'fTaK, OCHOBHOH npHHI..{Hn pa60TbI npOTOKOJIa MaprnpyrH3al..{HH HaM e H3BeCTeH, HH)I(e MbI paCCMo-rpHM HeCKOJIbKO oc06eHHOCTeH pa3JIH'lHbIX npoTOKOJIOB MaprnpyrH3al.{HH. CpaBHeHMe pa3HbiX npOTOK0l10B IP-MapwpyrM3aLl,MM .D.OJIrafi HCTOpHfI npOTOKOJIa I P U era orpOMHafi nonYJIflpHOCTb npHBeJIH K B03HHKHO- BeHHIO B pa3HbIe nepHo.n:bI BpeMeHH HeCKOJIbICHX KOHKypHpy!oIl{HX npOTOKOJIOB Marnpy- TH3aI.{HH. npOIl{e BCero 3anOMHHTb npOTOKOJIbI MapIIIpyrH3al.{HH H Ol.{eHHTb HX B03MO)l(- Hocm, cpaBHHBafi HX npeHMYIlleCTBa H He.n:OCTaTKH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI HeKOTOpbIe TeXHH'leCICHe MOMeHTbI, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpbIX MO)KHO cpaBHHBaTb npOTOKOJIbI, a HH)I(e nOJIp06HO onHcaH npOTOKOJI RIP-2. npOTOKOJIbI MaprnpyrH3al.{HH OSPF H EIGRP no.n:- P06HO onHcaHbI BO BTOPOM TOMe KHHrH. nepBbIH KpUTepHH, no KOTOPOMY MO)KHO CpaBHHBaTb npoTOKOJIbI, - era OTKpbITOCTb. HanpHMep, eCJIH npOTOKOJI onHcaH B .n:OKyMeHTax RFC, TO OH npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H OT- KPbITbIH CTaHAapT, .n:pyrOH BapHaHT - npOTOKOJI <f>HpMeHHbIH, HanpHMep, ero pa3pa60- TaJla KOMnaHHfI Cisco H OH 3aIllHIl{eH naTeHTaMH. BTOpOH KpHTepHH CBfl3aH C MexaHU3- MaMH pa60TbI npOTOKOJIa: no.u,aep)l(UBaeT JIH npOTOKOJI MacICH nepeMeHHoH MHHbI (Variable-Length Subnet Masking - VLSM). TexHoJIornfi VLSM no.n:p06HO onHcaHa TOJIbKO BO BTOpOM TOMe KHHrH, TeM He MeHee, 3TO o.n:Ha H3 caMbIX BaJKHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK JII060ra npOTOKOJIa MaprnpyrH3al.{HH Ha cero.n:HflrnHHH .n:eHb. B 3TOM pa3JIeJIe onHcaHbI HaH60JIee BaJKHbIe TepMHHbI H KOHl.{enl.{HH npOTOKOJIOB, KOTopbIe HCnOJIb3y!oTCfI Mfl onucaHHfI H cpaBHeHHfI npOTOKOJIOB MaprnpyrH3al.{UH, a B Ta6JI. 14.4 HH)I(e npoBe.n:eHo cpaBHeHHe HaH60JIee pacnpoc-rpaHeHHbIx npOTOKOJIOB. npOTOKO.nbl MapwpyrM3al.!,MM BHeWHero M BHyrpeHHerO W.n1030B Bce npOTOKOJIbl MaprnpyrH3al..{HH MO)KHO OTHeCTH K O.n:HOM)' H3 .n:BYX KJlaCCOB: · npOTOKOJIbi BHyrpeHHero UlJII03a (Interior Gateway Protocol- IGP) npeJIHa3Ha'leHbI Mfl MaprnpyrH3al.{HH BHyrpH aBTOHoMHOH CHCTeMbI, T.e. 3TO npOTOKOJIbl JIOKaJlbHOrO ypOBHfI; · npOTOKOJIbi BHewHero UlJII03a (Exterior Gateway Protocol- EGP) OTBe'lalOT 3a MaprnpyrH3al.{HIO Me)l(}:ly aBTOHOMHbIMH CUCTeMaMH. CBS" "8MB BHMMAHMEI B TepMItHax IG Pit EG P ItcnOJIb3yeTcSI TaKoe nOHSlTlte, KaK UJ./1103, nOTOM)' '1TO paHbllle MapIllPY- Tlt3aTopbI Ha3bIBaJlIt IllJl103aMit (gateway), HO Ha CerOIHSlWHItH IeHb TaKoe Ha3BaHite YCTapeJlO.
494 YaCTb III. IP-MapWpyTM3aLlMft B npHBe.n.eHHbIX BbIllie onpe.n:eJIeHHHX HCnOJIb3yeTcfI CneI.{H<t>H'leCIG1H TepMHH 06mo- HOMHaR cucmeMO (autonomous system). no.n: aBTOHOMHOH CHCTeMOH nOHHMalOT CeTb HJlH Ha60p CeTeH no.n: e.n:HHbIM a.IIMHHHCTpaTHBHbIM ynpaBJIeHHeM, 06bI'lHO OTHOCflIllHXCfI K O.n:HOH opraHH3aUHH. HanpHMep, ceTb HJlH ceTeBOH KOMnJIeKC, C03.n:aHHble H OnJIa'lHBae- MbIe KaKOH-JIH60 O.n:HOH KOMnaHHeH, CKopee Bcero, 6y.n:eT aBTOHOMHOH CHCTeMOH; ceTb, npHHa,rr;Ie:>KaIl{afi KpynHOMY yqe6HOMY 3aBe.n:eHHIO (BY3-y), TaK)Ke, CKopee Bcero, 6y.n:eT npe.n.CTaBJIflTb C060H e.n:HHyIO aBTOHOMHyIO CHCTeM)'. B Ka'leCTBe .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX npu- MepOB aBTOHOMHbIX CHCTeM MO)l(}fO }'Ka3aTb KpynHbIe rocy.n:apCTBeHHble u npaBHTeJIbCT- BeHHble opraHH3al.{HH, TpaHCHaUHOHaJlbHbIe KOpnOpal.{HH H .n:p., XOTfi rocy.n:apCTBeHHble CJI}')K6bI MOryT CTpOHTb CBOH He3aBHCHMbIe ceTH. HTaK, HeKOTopble npOTOKOJIbI JIyqllIe Bcero pa60TalOT HMeHHO BHyrpH O.n:HOH aBTO- HOMHOH CHCTeMbI 6JIaro.n:apfi CBOHM MexaHH3MaM H cTpyKType, n03TOMY HX Ha3bIBalOT IGP-npoToKoJIaMH. Bcero TOJIbKO O.n:HH npOTOKOJI JIY'lIIIe Bcero pa60TaeT B Ka'leCTBe cpe.n.CTBa MapllIpyrH3al.{HU Me:>K.LIY aBTOHOMHbIMH CHCTeMaMH It 3TOT npOTOKOJI - npOTO- KOJI rpaHH'lHOrO llIJII03a (Border Gateway Protocol- BGP). Ka)!(,llOH aBToHoMHOH CHCTeMe MO:>KeT 6bITb npHCBoeH HOMep, Ha3blBaeMblH ('lTO He- y.n:HBHTeJIbHo!) HOMepOM o6moHoMHoU cucmeMbi (autonomous system number - ASN). KaK u 3aperuCTpHpOBaHHbIe IP-a.IIpeca, HOMepa ASN Bbl,l{alOTCfI AccoUHaUHeH no npHCBoeHHIO HMeH U HOMepOB [nOpTOB] ceTH HHTepHeT (Internet Corporation for Assigned Network Numbers - ICANN), KOTopafl .n:eJIerupOBaJla BbIAaqy HOMepOB, TO'lHO TaK :>Ke, KaK H 3a- perucTpHpoBaHHbIX IP-a.IIpecoB CBOHM peruoHaJJbHbIM npe.n:CTaBHTeJIbCTBaM. 3a C'leT npHcooeHHfI Ka)!(,llOH aBTOHOMHOH CHCTeMe )'HHKaJlbHOrO HOMepa, B npOTOKOJIe BG P MO- :>KeT 6bITb rapaHTHpOBaHO, 'lTO naKeT He 3al.{HKJlHTCfI B rJI06aJ1bHOH ceTH HHTepHeT H He 6y.n:eT npoxo.n:HTb 'lepe3 TY :>Ke caMyIO aBTOHOMHyIO CHCTeMY .n:Ba)!(,llbI. Ha puc. 14.4 nOKa3aHa YMeHbllIeHHafi CXeMaTH'leCKafi MO.n:e.rrb BceMupHoH CeTU I1H- TepHeT. O.n:Ha KOMnaHHH H TpH npoBafu:epa (Internet Service Provider - ISP) HCnOJIb3Y- lOT IGP-npOTOKOJIbI (OSPF H EIGRP) BHYTPH CBOHX c06cTBeHHbIx ceTeH, a Me)l()J,y HX aB- TOHOMHblMH CHCTeMaMH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npOTOKOJI BGP. ASN 100 --.r - ASN 300 - { - '""":>-- ISP2 _ EIGRP BGP Puc. 14.4. HCnOAb306QHUe IGP- U EGP-npomoKoAo6
rnaBa 14. KOH...em"MM M KOH(j>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapwpYTMa3",MM 495 TMnbl M anropMTMbl npoToKonoB MapwpyrM3al.!,MM Bce IGP-npOTOKOJIbI MOryT 6bITb OTHeceHbI K onpe.n:eJIeHHOMY KJIaccy, HlIH nmy, B COOTBeTCTBHH C aJJropHTMOM pa60TbI. B Ta6JI. 14.2 onHcaHbI TPH B03MO)KHbIX BapHaHTa pa60TbI npOTOKOJIOB H npHBe.n:eHbI npHMepbI npOTOKOJIOB.lIJIfi KIDK.LJ.Oro KJIacca. CBBR I X 9M8 Ta6J1HQa 14.2. KJJaccHcJlHKaQHJI npOTOKOJlOB MaprnpyrH3aQHH Ha OCHOBe aJIropHTMOB HX pa60Tbi KJJacc/ AJJropHTM .LJ.HcTaHuHoHHO-BeKTOpHbliI (Distance vector) C yqeToM COCTOHHHH KaHaJlOB (Link-state) C6aJ1aHCHpOBaHHbIH m6pHlIHbIH (HHoma Ha3bIBaeMbIH paCWHpeHHbIM JHcTaHuHoHHO-BeKTOpHblM) npHMep npOTOKOJIa RIP-I, RIP-2, IGRP OSPF, Integrated IS-IS EIGRP Bo BTOpOM TOMe KHHrH no.n:p06HO onHcaHa TeopHfl H aJJropHTMbI pa60TbI npaKTH'le- CKH Bcex nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX BbIllie npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. TeM He MeHee, nOCKOJIbK)' B nepBOM TOMe KHHrH .n:eTaJJbHO paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI TOJIbKO npOTOKOJI RIP-2, TO «l>aKTH'le- CKH HH)I(e no.n:p06HO paccMoTpeH TOJIbKO KJIaCC .n:ucTaHI.{HOHHO-BeKTOpHbIX npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3aLlHu. MeTpMKM npOTOKOJIaM MapIllpYTH3al.{HH H}')KeH HeKOTopbIH MexaHH3M, KOTOpbIH n03BOJIHT BbI- 6paTb HaHllyqIIIHH MapIllpYT, eCJIH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp 06HapY)l(HlI HeCKOJIbKO MapIllpYTOB K KaKOH-JIH60 no.n:CeTH. ,lLrifi :noH l.{eJIH B npOTOKOJIaX MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI na- paMerp, Ha3bIBaeMbIH MempuKou (metric), onpe.n:eJIfllOIllHH "npe.n:nO'lTHTeJIbHOCTb" Map- Illpym. qeM MeHbIlle MerpHKa, TeM JIy'Illie MapIllpYT. TaK (CM. pHC. 14.3), MapIIIpYTH3aTOp RI 06Hap}')KHJI MapIIIpYT C MeTpHKOH I K no.n:cem 172.16.3.0/24 OT MapIllpYTH3aTOpa R2 H MapIllpYT K TOH )l(e caMOH no.n:ceTH C MeTPHKOH 2 'lepe3 MapIllpYTH3aTOp R3. YCTPOHCTBO RI Bbl6epeT H YCTaHOBHT B Ta6JIHLlY MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH MapIIIPYT C MeHbIlleH MeTpHKoH (I) 'lepe3 MapIllpYTH3aTop R2. HeKoTopbIe MeTPHKH flBJUlIOTCfI 60JIee onTHMaJJbHbIMH. qTo6bI npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaTb TaKOe yrnep)l()J,eHHe, 06paTHMcfI K pHC. 14.5. Ha pHC)'HKe npOHJIJIlOcTPHpoBaH npol.{ecc aHaJlH3a HeKoTopoH ceTH C TO'lKH 3peHHfI BbI60pa MapIllpYTH3aTopOM B MapIllpYTa K no.n:- CeTH 10.1.1.0, pacnOJIO)l(eHHOH B JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH CJIeBa OT MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa A. B pac- cMaTpHBaeMoM npHMepe CKOpOCTb KaHaJJa Me)l()J,y MapIllpYTH3aTOpaMH A H B COCTaBJIfieT Bcero 64 K6HT/c, a lI,Ba OCTaBIIIHXCfI KaHaJla pa60TalOT Ha CKOpOCTH TI, T.e. 1,544 M6HT/C KbIH. Ha BepxneH cxeMe Ha pHC. 14.5 nOKa3aHO, KaKOH MapIllPYT BbI6epeT MapIllpYTH3a- TOp B, eCJIH OH HCnOJIb3YeT npoTOKOJI MapIllpYTH3al.{HH RIP (BepcHH I HlIH 2, HeBIDKHo), a Ha HIDKHeH cxeMe - KaKOH H3 MapIllpYTOB 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B npOTOKOJIe EIGRP. B npOTOKOJIe MapIllpYTH3aLlHH RI P HCnOJIb3YeTCfI MeTpUKa, Ha3bIBaeMafi C'leT'IHKOM TpaH3HTHbIX Y3JI0B (hop count), B KOTOpOH yqHTbIBaeTCfI, 'lepe3 CKOJIbKO MapIIIpYTH3aTo- POB (TPaH3HTHbIX Y3JI0B - hop) npOJIeraeT MapIIIpYT K KaKOH-JIH60 no.n:CeTH. npH HC- nOJIb30BaHHH npOTOKOJIa RIP MapIIIPYTH3aTOp B 06Hap}')KJtT .n:Ba MapIllPYTa K no.n:ceTH 10.1.1.0: MapIIIpYT C O.n:HHM TPaH3HTHbiM nepexo.n:OM 'lepe3 MapIIIPYTH3aTop A H MapIIIPYT C .n:BYMfI TPaH3HTHblMH nepexo.n:aMH 'lepe3 MapIIIpYTH3aTOp C. I1TaK, eCJIH MapIllPYTH3a- TOp B HCnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI RIP, TO C ero TO'lKH 3peHHfI onTHMaJJbHbIM MapIllpYTOM K ce-
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rnaBa 14. KOHem"MM M KOH(j>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapwpyTMa3MM 499 OKOH'taHue ma6/1. 14.4 XapaKTepHCTHK8 RIP-I RIP-2 EIGRP OSPF IS-IS nOlUlep>KHBaeT aBTOMaTH'leCKOe HeT J],a lla HeT HeT CYMMHpoBaHHe nOlUlep>KHBaeT CYMMHpOBaHHe HeT J],a lla lla lla MapwpyroB BPY'.JHYIO «1>HpMeHHblii (T.e. 3aKpbITblii) HeT HeT lla HeT HeT 06HOBJIeHHH Ta6mlUbI HeT lla lla lla Mapwpynoamm nepeCblJIalOTCH Ha MHOrOaLlpecaTHblii aupec nOlUlep>KHBaeTCH ayreHTH<t>HKamm HeT ,lla lla J],a lla KOHBepreHUI1H MeDJIeHHaH MeDJIeHHaH O'leHb 6b1CTpaH 6bICTpaH 6bICTpaH BHMAHEI npOTOKOJly IG RP npltcYIIIIt Te JKe caMble xapaKTepltCTItKlt, KOTopbIe YKaJaHbI B Ta6J1. 14.4 D.l1H npOTOKOJla RIP-I. ElIltHCTBeHHoe OTJIIt'llte lIBYX npoTOKOJIOB - IG RP HBJIHeTCH 4>ltpMeHHbIM (It JaKpblTblM naTeHTaMIt), a RIP - HeT. KOH«pMrypMposaHMe M npOSepKa pa60Tbi npOTOKOI1a RIP-2 KOH<PHrypHpoBaHHe npOTOKOJIa RIP-2 C KaKoH-To TO'lKU 3peHHfI HaMHoro npoIIIe, 'leM TeopHfI npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTU3aI.{HH. B KOH<pHrypaI.{UH HCnOJIb3y1OTCfI Bcero TpH KOMaHllbl, a B .n:eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH TOJIbKO o.n:Ha H3 HHX, KOMaHlla network, flBJ1fIeTCfI ca- MOH Ba)KHOH. TeM He MeHee.lIJlfl npaKTH'leCKOH pa60TbI nOHaA06HTCfI HeCKOJIbKO nOJIe3- HblX KOMaHll rpynnbI show, KOTopble 'laIl{e Bcero HCnOJIb3y1OTCfI.lUUI aHaJJH3a CeTH, npo- I.{ecca MapIIIPYTH3al.{HH, a TaK)Ke .lIJIfi nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHufi HeHcnpaBHocTeH. KOH(lnuYPMpOBaHMe npOTOKOna RIP-2 3anycTHTb npOTOKOJI MaprnpYTH3aUHH RIP BepCHH 2 (RIP-2) O'leHb npocTo: H}')KHO BbInOJIHHTb Bcero TpH 06f13aTeJIbHble KOMaHllbI, KOTopbIe npe.n:cTaBJIeHbI B BlUl.e <popMa- JIH30BaHHoro npouecca HIDKe. 3Tan 1. B peJKHMe rJI06aJJbHOH KOH<purypaI.{HH CJIe.n:yeT BBeCTH KOMaHAY C88M router rip, 'lT06bI nepeHTH B pe)I(HM KOHtPurypHpoBaHHfI npoTo- e..a KOJIa MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. 3Tan 2. B peJKUMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI npOTOKOJIa MapIIIPYTH3al.{HH CJIe.n:YeT BBeCTH KOMaHllY version 2, 'lT06bI YKa3aTb, 'lTO 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI HCKJIIO'lH- TeJIbHO BepCHfi 2 npOTOKOJIa. 3Tan 3. HyJKHO BBeCTH O.n:HY HJlH 60JIbIIIe KOMaHll network a.rfpeC_CeTM, 'lT06bI BKJIlO'lHTb npOTOKOJI RI P Ha npaBHJlbHbIX HHTep<peHcax. 3Tan 4. He06f13aTeJIbHb1H :nan. ECJIH 3TO He06xo.n:HMO, MOJKHO OTKJIlO'lHTb npoTo- KOJI MapIIIpYTH3aUHH RI P Ha HHTepq,eiice C nOMOIl{blO KOMaHllbl passive-interface TMn HOMep.
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rnaBa 14. KOHem."MM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapwpyTMa3MM 501 npMep 14.6. npMep KOHcpryppoBaHfI npoToKona RIP B MapwpYT3aTope Rl#configure terminal Rl(config)#router rip Rl(config-router)#version 2 Rl(config-router)#network 199.1.1.0 Rl(config-router)#network 199.1.2.0 Rl(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 BBO.n: nepe'lHCJIeHHblX BbIIIIe KOMaH,l{ npHBe.n:eT K TOMY, 'lTO MapIIIpyru3aTop RI Ha'l- HeT HCnOJIb30BaTb npOTOKOJ1 MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH RIP, T.e. npOCJIylIIHBaTh BXO.lUlIllHe 06HOB- JIeHHfI MaplIIpYTH3aUHH .lIJIfi .n:aHHoro npOTOKOJIa H aHOHCHpOBaTb HanpfiMYlO no.n:KJIIO- 'leHHbIe K YCTPOHCTBY ceTH Ha Ka)K,l{OM H3 'leTbIpex uHTep<t>eHcoB. npe.n:CTaBHM ce6e 60JIee CJ10)I(HyIO cHryal.{HIO, npe.n:nOJIO)KHM, HaM H}')KHO BKJIlO'lHTb npOTOKOJI MaplIIPYTH- 3aUHH RIP Ha HHTep<t>eHce FaO/O MaplIIpYTH3aTOpa RI, HO Ha HHTep<t>eHce FaO/1 Mbl He XOTHM BKJIlO'laTb npOTOKOJI. 06a uHTep<t>eHca OTHOCflTCfI K CeTH 10.0.0.0, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, KOMaH,l{a network 10.0.0.0 6y.n:eT OTHOCHTbCfI K 060HM nopTaM. B npOTOKOJ1e MaplIIpYTH3al.{HH RIP HeT MexaHU3Ma, n03BOJIHIOIllerO BKJIIO'lHTb MapIIIpy- TU3al.{HIO TOJ1bKO Ha HeKOTopbIX HHTep<t>eHcax, OTHOCflIllHXCfI K cern KJIacca A, B HJIH C. CJ1e.n:oBaTeJIbHO, eCJ1H H}')KHO BKJIlO'lHTb npOTOKOJ1 MaplIIpYTH3al.{HU TOJIbKO Ha HHTep- <t>eiice FaO/O. a Ha HHTep<t>eHce FaO/1 - HeT, TO CJIe.n:yeT BBeCTH KOMaH.n:y network 10.0.0.0, KOTOpafl BKJIIO'lUT MaplIIpYTH3al.{HIO Ha 060HX nopTax, a nOTOM CJIe.n:yeT OT- KJIlO'lHTb paCCblJIKY 06HOBJIeHHH MaplIIpYTH3aUUH .lIJIfi HHTep<t>eHca FaO/1 C nOMOIl{blO KOMaHllbI passive-interface Tun HOMep B pe)KHMe KOH<t>HrypupoBaHHfI npOTOKO- JIa MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH RI P. HanpHMep, 'lT06bI BKJIlO'lHTb npOTOKOJ1 RIP .ll.JUI Bcex nOpTOB YCT}JOHCTBa Ha pHC. 14.6 3a HCKJIlO'leHHeM HHTep<t>eHca FaO/I, H}')KHO BBeCTH KOMaH,l{bI H3 npltMepa 14.6 H .n:06aBHTb K HHM eIl{e O.n:HY KOMaH.n:y - passi ve- interface FaO/l. .llaHHafi KOMaH,l{a }'Ka3bIBaeT MaplIIpYTH3aToPY R I, 'lTO OH .n:OJDKeH nepeCTaTb OTnpaBJIHTb 06HoBJ1eHufi npOTOKOJIa RIP 'lepe3 nopT FaO/I, T.e. OHa OTKJIlO'laeT O.n:HY H3 .n:BYX OCHOB- HblX <t>YHKI.{HH npOTOKOJIa .lIJIfi 3a.n:aHHoro HHTep<t>eHca. BHMAHE! KOMaH,lIa pass i ve - interface OTKJIIO'laeT paCCblJIK)' 06HOBJIeHitH MapWPYTlt3al.{Itit npOTOKOJIa RI P LJepe3 ItHTep(jJeHc, BXOJ],HIlllte aHOHCbI MapWPYTOB npltHItMaIOTCH It o6pa6aTbIBaIOTcH. MeToJ],bI OTKJIIOLJeHItH o6pa6oTKit BXOJ],HIllItX 06HOBJIeHitH Ta6JIltl.{bI MapIIIpYTH3al.{Itit BbIXOMT 3a paMKIt J],aHHoH KHltrH. CJ1e.n:yeT OTMeTHTb eIl{e o.n:HY Oc06eHHOCTb KOMaH,l{bI network: onepaI.U1oHHafI CHCTeMa Cisco IOS npHMeT B Ka'leCTBe napaMerpa He TOJ1bKO KJIaCCOBbIH BapUaHT CeTH, a mo6y1O CeTb U He Bbl.LI.aCT coo6IlleHHfI 06 OIIIH6Ke. TeM He MeHee Onepal.{HOHHafI CHCTeMa "3HaeT" , 'ITO B npo- TOKOJ1e RIP .n:OJDKHa HCn0J1b30BaTbCfI KJIaCCOBafi CeTb, H OHa aBTOMaTH'IeCKH H3MeHHT BBO,l{H- MYJO HH<t>opMaI.{HIO, Kor.n:a 6y.n:eT .n:06aBJUITb ee B TeKyIl{ylO KOH<t>HrypaI.{UIO YCTpOHCTBa. Ha- npltMep, eCJIU CeTeBOH ItH)I(eHep Hane'laTaJI CT}JOKY KOMaH,l{bI B BH,l{e network 10.1.2.3 B pe)l(HMe KOH<t>HrypUPOBaHHfI npOTOKOJIa RIP, CHCTeMa 10S npHMeT TaK)'lO KOMaH.nY 11 He BbIllacT HI1KaKHX npe.n:ynpe)K,l{eHHH. TeM He MeHee eCJ1H nOCMOT}JeTb nOCJIe BBo.n:a KOMaH,l{bl TeKyIllylO KOH<t>HrypaI.{UIO YCT}JOHCTBa, TaM 6y.n:eT npHCYTCTBOBaTb KOMaH,l{a network 10.0.0. O. KOTOpafl, eCTeCTBeHHo, BKJIlO'IHT npOTOKOJ1 MaplIIpyru3aI.{HH RIP Ha BCex HHTep- 4>eHcax, nOllCeTH KOTOpbIX BXO.lUlT B .n:aHHYIO KJIaCCOBYIO ceTb KJIacca A.
502 "facTb III. IP-MapWpyTM3aMft npOBepKa npOTOKOna RIP-2 B OnepaUHOHHOH CHCTeMe Cisco IOS eCTb TpH HaH60JIee BIDKHbIe KOMaH,l{bI show, C no- MOIllblO KOTOpbIX MO)KHO npOBepHTb pa60TOCnoc06HOCTb npOTOKOJIa RIP-2 (Ta6JI. 14.5). Ta6J1HQa 14.5. KOMaH,I(bl npoBepKH pa6oTocnoco6HoCTH npOTOKOJla MapUlpym3aQHH RIP KOMaMa Ha3HaqeHHe KOMaH,I(bl show ip interface BbUl.aeT OlHY cTjJoK)' HH«l>opMamm Ha KaJK.LIbIH HHTep«l>eHc MapwpY'H3aTopa, brief B TOM '1HCJIe ero IP-allpec H KO.llhi COCTOSlHHSI. Y HHTep«l>eHca lOJIJKeH 6bITb IP-allpec H B KO.llax COCTOSlHHSllOJIJKHO 6b1Tb YKa3aHO lBa pa3a "up", '1To6bI npOTOKOJI RIP Mor pa60TaTb C HHTeP4>eHcoM show ip route [rip] BblBOlHT Ta6JIHLlY MapwpY'H3aLlHH YCTj>oi!cTBa B TOM '1HCJIe H MapwpY'bl npoTOKOJIa RIP. ECJIH }'Ka3aTb KJlIO'IeBOe CJIOBO rip, TO B BblBOle KOMaHllbI 6y.nyr nOKa3aHbI TOJIbKO MapwpY'bI npOTOKOJIa RIP show ip protocols BblBOlHT HH«l>opMaLlHIO 0 KOH«l>HrypaLlHH npOTOKOJIa RIP, IP-allpeca COCelHHX RIP-ycTj>oHCTB, OT KOTOpbIX MapwpY'H3aTOp nOJIyqaeT MapwpY'bI .lI.mI HJIJIIOCTpaUHH nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX BbIllie KOMaH,l{ HCnOJIb3yeTCfI cxeMa CeTU, nOKa- 3aHHafi Ha pHC. ]4.1. npe)l()J,e Bcero onHIlleM KpaTKO KOHqmrypaUHIO npOTOKOJIa RIP.lI,JUI TaKOH cxeMbl cern. Bce TpH HHTep<peHca KIUK.lIOro H3 Tpex MapIllpYTH3aTopoB nptHa.n:JJe- :>KaT K KJIaCCOBOH ceTH 10.0.0.0. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B KIUK.lIOM H3 YCTpOHCTB HY:>KHO BBeCTH TOJIbKO 0.n:H)' KOMaHAY ,l{JIfi 061>flBJIeHHfI CeTeH HHTep<peHCOB - network 10.0.0. O. KOH<pHrypaI.{Hfi npOTOKOJIa MapIllpYTH3aUHH 1lJUI KIUK.lIOrO H3 Tpex YCTpOHCTB BbIrJISUJ:HT CJIe.nyJOIllHM 06pa30M: router rip version 2 network 10.0.0.0 Tenepb nOCMOTpHM pa3HbIe BapHaHTbI KOMaH,l{bI show ip route B npHMepe ]4.7; B HeM .n:aHbI HeKOTOpbIe 061>5ICHeHHfI TOro, qTO npOHcxo.n:HT, .n:onOJlHHTeJIbHbIe onHcaHHfI npHBe.n:eHbI nOCJIe npHMepa. B npHMepe ]4.8 nOKa3aH pe3YJIbTaT BbInOJIHeHUfi KOMaH,l{bI show ip protocols. BbIBO.n:HMafi KOMaH,l{OH show ip interfaces brief HH- <popMaUHfi ,l{JIfi MapIllpYTH3aTOpa Albuquerque, 6bIJIa nOlG13aHa B npHMepe 14.] H 3.n:eCb He nOBTOpfleTCfI. npHMep 14.7. KOMaHAa show ip route Albuquerque#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area Nl - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, Ll - IS-IS level-I, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 6 subnets R 10.1.3.0 [120/1] via 10.1.130.253, 00:00:16, SerialO/1/0
rnaBa 14. KOH,-,em."MM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapWPYTMa3'-'MM 503 R C C 10.1.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.128.252, 00:00:09, SerialO/0/1 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O 10.1.130.0 is directly connected, SerialO/1/0 c 10.1.129.0 [120/1] via 10.1.130.253, 00:00:16, SerialO/1/0 [120/1] via 10.1.128.252, 00:00:09, SerialO/0/1 10.1.128.0 is directly connected, SerialO/0/1 R YKa3aHHaH He KOMaHa nOKa3BaeT TonbKO MapwpYT npoToKona RIP, n03TOMY oncaHe KOOB MapwpYTOB He BBOTCH Albuquerque#show ip route rip 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 6 subnets R 10.1.3.0 [120/1] via 10.1.130.253, 00:00:20, SerialO/1/0 R 10.1.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.128.252, 00:00:13, SerialO/0/1 R 10.1.129.0 [120/1] via 10.1.130.253, 00:00:20, SerialO/1/0 [120/1] via 10.1.128.252, 00:00:13, SerialO/0/1 nOKa3aHHaH He KOMaHa BBOT nopoOHY HopMa 0 MapwpYTe TonbKO nH IP-apeca 10.1.2.1. Albuquerque#show ip route 10.1.2.1 Routing entry for 10.1.2.0/24 Known via "rip", distance 120, metric 1 Redistributing via rip Last update from 10.1.128.252 on SerialO/0/1, 00:00:18 ago Routing Descriptor Blocks: * 10.1.128.252, from 10.1.128.252, 00:00:18 ago, via SerialO/0/1 Route metric is 1, traffic share count is 1 npep BnonHeHH TO e caMo KOMaH, HO nH apeca, COOTBeTCTBY- IWIH MapwpYT ! K KOTOPOMY OTCYTCTByeT B TaOne MapwpYT3a YCTpocTBa. ! Albuquerque#show ip route 10.1.7.1 % Subnet not in table Albuquerque# HTepnpeTaL-'MJI BbIBO,qa KOMaH,qbl show ip route B npHMepe 14.7 nOKa3aHbI KOMaHlla show ip route, BbIBOMIllaH BCe IP-MapIII- PyrbI, KOMaHlla show ip route rip, nOKa3bIBalOIllaH Bce MapIIIpYTDI, nOJIy'leHHbIe 'lepe3 npOTOKOJI MapIIIpyrH3aUHu RIP H YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe B Ta6JIHI.{Y MapIIIpyTH3aUHH, H llBa BapuaHTa KOMaH.n:bI show ip route d.r!pec, BbIBoMIlleH no.n:p06HYIO I1Hcj:JopMa- UHIO 0 MapIIIpyre ,lIJIfi onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO IP-a.a;peca. npu HCnOJIb30BaHUU KOMaH.n:bl show ip route CJIe.n:yeT nOMHuTb, 'lTO JIHTepOH "R" 0603Ha'lalOTCfI MapIIIpyrbI, nOJIyqeHHbIe 'lepe3 npOTOKOJI MapIIIpyrH3aUHH RIP, n03TOMY B Tpex MapIIIpyrax nepBoro BapUaHTa KOMaH1lbI MbI MO)l(eM YOHAeTb TaKoe 0603Ha'leHHe. B npuMepe 14.7 B BblBo.n:e nepBoH KO- MaHllbI TalOKe BbmeJIeHa 3anUCb,lIJIfi MapIIIpyra K no.n:ceTH 10.1.3.0/24. 113 TaKOH 3anl1CH MO)l(HO nOJIyquTb CJIe.n:YIOIllue nOJIe3HbIe CBe.n:eHHfI: · a.u.pec (HoMep) no.n:ceTH H MacKY; · I P-a.u.pec CJIellYIOIllero TpaH3HTHoro Y3JIa, B llaHHOM CJIY'lae 10.1.130.253, KOTOpbdt flBJIfleTCfI a.u.peCOM HHTepcj:JeHca SO/O/I MapIIJpyrH3aTOpa Seville;
...,. 504 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft . 'lepe3 KaKOM BbIXO.n:HOM UHTepq,eMC .n:OCIYIIHa TaKafi CeTb, B .n:aHHOM CJ1yqae 3TO UH- TCpq,eMc SO/I/O MaprnpyTH3aTOpa Albuquerque; . nepHO.n: BpeMeHH, nporne.n:rnHM C MOMeHTa nOCJIe.n:Hero 06HOBJIeHHfI MaprnpyTa, nOJ1yqeHHoro YCTpOMCTBOM Albuquerque, B .n:aHHOM c;ryqae npOIIIJIO 16 ceK)'H.lI.; . MeTpUKY rrpOTOKOJ1a RIP Mfl MaprnpyTa (1 B .n:aHHOM cJ1yqae), KOTopaH YKa3aHa no- CJIe KOCOM 'lepTbI B KBa.u.paTHbIX cK06Kax, B HarneM npHMepe Me)!()J,Y Maprnpynna- TOpOM Albuquerque H pacCMaTpHBaeMOM ceTblO eCTb TOJIbKO O.n:HH TpaH3IITHbIH MapIIIpyTH3aTOp (Seville); . a.u.MUHHCTpaTHBHoe paCCTOflHHe (administrative distance) MaprnpyTa - rrepBoe 'lHCJ10 B KBa.u.paTHbIX cK06Kax (B .n:aHHOM CJ1yqae - 120). PaccMOTpHTe TaIOKe .n:Ba OCTaBrnHXCfI RIP-MapIIIpyTa B Ta6JIuu:e MaprnpyTH3au:uu U orrHrnUTe HX TaK, KaK 3TO 6billO c.n:eJIaHO,l(JUl nepBoro MaprnpyTa. B KOMaH,l{e show ip route rip rrOKa3aHbI MaprnpyTbI B TOM )l(e caMOM q,opMaTe, HO TOJIbKO,l(JUl npOTOKOJIa RIP, a B BepXHeM 'laCTH BbIBo.n:a KOMaH,l{bI He rrOKa3bIBaeTCfI onHcaHHe 0603Ha'leHHM B Ta6JIuu:e MapIIIpyTH3au:uu. KOMaH,l{a show ip route a.r!pec nOKa3bIBaeT no.n:P06HyJO HHq,opMaU:HIO 0 MaprnpyTe, rro.n: KOTOpbIH no.n:xo.n:HT YKa3aHHbIM B Ka'leCTBe napaMeTpa IP-a.u.pec. AAMMHMCTpaTMBHOe paCCTOJlHMe ECJ1u B CeTH eCTb pe3epBHbIe KaHaJIbI H J.tcrr0J1b3yeTcfI e.n:uHcTBeHHbIH rrpOTOKOJ1 Map- rnpyTH3aU:HH, KaJKllbIH MaprnpyTH3aTop MO)l(eT 06Hap}')KHTb HeCKOJIbKO MaprnpyTOB K O,l{- HOM rro.n:ceTU. KaK pacCKa3bIBaJIOCb BbIrne, npOTOKOJI MaprnpyTH3au:uH B TaKOM cJ1yqae UCrrOJIb3yeT MeTpHKY (metric), 'lT06bI BbI6paTb OrrTHMaJIbHbIM (T.e. HaMJIyqrnuM) MaprnpyT H ycraHoBJ.tTb TOJIbKO O.n:HH MaprnpyT B Ta6JIHu:)' MaprnpyTH3aU:HH. B HeKoTopbIX cJIyqaflx B ceTH MorYT UCrrOJIb30BaTbCR HeCKOJIbKO npOTOKOJIOB IP-MaprnpyTH3aU:HH o.n:HoBpeMeHHo. B TaKoH cHTyaU:HH MaprnpyTH3aTop MO)l(eT rroJI}'- 'llITb HeCKOJIbKO MaprnpyToB K O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e no.n:ceTU 'lepe3 HeCKOJ1bKO npOTOK0J10B MapIIIpYTIt3aU:UH, H B TaKOM c;ryqae MeTpUKH He nOMOlyr B BbI60pe OrrTHMaJIbHOrO Maprnpy- Ta, nOCKOJ1bKY MeTpHKH pa3HbIX npOTOK0J10B He COBMeCTHMbI H He COU3MepHMbI Me)!()J,)' CO- 60M. HanpHMep, B rrpOTOKOJ1e RIP HCrrOJ1b3}'eTCfI KOJ1H'leCTBO TpaH3IITHbIX rrepexo.n:OB B Ka- 'leCTBe MeTpHKH, a B rrpOTOKOJ1e MaprnpyTU3aU:HU EIGRP rrpUMeHfleTCR cneU:UaJIbHaH q,op- MYJIa, B KOTOpyJO BXOAAT rrOJIOca rrporrYCKaHHfI H 3a.u.ep:>KKa B Ka'lecrBe KOMnOHeHTOB MeTpHKU. B TaKOM CJIyqae MeTpHKY rrpOTOKOJIa RIP, paBHyK> 3, O'leHb CJIO)l(HO cpaBHuTb C MeTpUKoH rrpOTOKOJIa EIGRP, KOTopaH 6y.n:eT paBHa, HarrpHMep, 4 132 768llJ1f1 O.n:HOM 11 TOM )l(e rro.n:ceTU. ()];a, B rrpOTOKOJ1e EIGRP, TaK CJ10)KJ.tJIOCb, HCnOJ1b3yJOTCR O'leHb 60JIb- rnue 'lUCJIa!) nOCKOJIbKY 06a 'lHCJIa UMelOT COBeprneHHO pa3Hoe 3Ha'leHUe H CBfl3aHbI C pa3HbIMH rrapaMeTpaMU, cpaBHHBaTb UK Me)!()J,)' C060M TaK )l(e KOppeKTHO, KaK CpaBHHBaTb rro BKYCY nOMIt.lI.OpbI H arreJIbCUHbI. TeM He MeHee MapIIIpyTH3aTOpy Bce paBHO Hy)KH0 BbI6HpaTb OrrTHMaJIbHbIM MapIIIPyT, n03TOMY B onepaU:HOHHOH CHCTeMe Cisco IOS rrp06JIeMa BbI60pa pernaeTcfI 3a C'leT npu- CBoeHUfi HeKoTOporo 'lUCJ1a Ka)!()J,OMy npOTOKOJ1Y MaprnpyTH3au:uH. CHcTeMa IOS BbI6H- paeT MaprnpYT OT npOTOKOJIa MaprnpYTU3aU:HH C MeHbIIIHM 'lUCJIOM. TaKoe 'lUCJIO Ha3BaJlH aiJMuHucmpamu8HbiM paccmORHueM (administrative distance - AD) npOTOKOJIa MapIIIpyTU- 3aU:HU. HanpHMep, y npOTOKOJIa MaprnpynnaU:HH EIGRP CTaH,l{apTHO AD paBHo 90, a y npOTOKOJIa RIP, KaK BH,l{HO H3 rrpHMepa 14.7, - 120. CJ1e.n:oBaTeJ1bHO, eCJ1H eCTb .n: Ba
rnaBa 14. KOH,-,en'-'MM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapwpYTMa3'-'MM 505 MapIIIPYTa K o.n:Hon H TOn)l(e no.n:ceTH, MapIIIpYT rrpOTOKOJIa EIGRP 6y.n:eT YCTaHOBJIeH B Ta6JIHLI,Y MaplllpYTH3aLl,HH. B Ta6JI. 14.6 rrepe'lHCJIeHbI 3Ha'leHHR a.n:MHHHCTpaTHBHoro paCCTOflHIDIllJIfi HaH60JIee pacrrpOC'I'paHeHHbIX UCTO'lHHKOB MaplllpYTOB. CB8A eMa Ta6JIHua 14.6. CraH,ll;apTHble 3Ha'ieHIUI a.aMHHHCTpaTHBHoro paccToHHHH B onepaWIOHHoH CHCTeMe IOS JlcrO'lHHK MaplUpyrHoH HHclJopMaUHH HeH3BeCTHbIM IfJIH He.AOCToBepHb!M HHHCTpaTHBHOepaCCTOHHHe o 1 90 100 110 115 120 255 HanpRMYIO nO.AKlIIO'ieHHble cern CTaTH'ieCKHe MaprnpyrbI EIGRP IGRP OSPF IS-IS RIP (VI H V2) nOCJ1e TOro KaK 6billO OnHCaHO, 'lTO TaKoe aAMHHUc'I'paTHBHOe paccToflHHe npOTOKO- JIa, MbI paccMOTpUM eIlle O.n:HY KOHLI,enLl,HIO - crreLl,HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIn CTaTH'leCKHn Map- IlIPYT, Ha3bIBaeMbIn pe3ep81lbiM cmamUlteCKUM (backup static route). Y CTaTHqeCKHX Map- IlIPYTOB 3Ha'leHHe AD TaKOBO, 'lTO CTaTH'leCKHn MapllIpYT K rro.n:ceru 6y.n:eT Bcer.n:a JIyqllIe, 'leM MapllIpYT OT JII060ro rrpOTOKOJIa MaplllpYTH3aw,m K Ton )l(e no.n:ceTU, CJ1e.n:OBaTeJIbHO, CTaTH'leCKHn MapllIPYT Bcer.n:a 6y.n:eT BbITeCHRTb Bce OCTaJIbHbIe MapllIpYTbI K OrrpelleJIeH- H')j;j no.n:ceTH H3 Ta6JIHLI,bI MapIIIpYTH3aLl,HH. TeM He MeHee MO)I(HO C03.n:aTb CHTyaLl,HIO, B KOTop<>n cTaru'leCKHn MapllIpYT 6y.n:eT HCrr0J1b30BaTbCfI TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCJ1H Map- IIIPYTa OT .n:HHaMHqeCKOrO rrpOTOKOJIa MapillpYTH3aLl,HH HeT. B TaKOM cJIy'Iae HH,l{HB- aJIbHbIn CTaTH'leCKHn MapllIpYT KOHcPHrypHpyeTcfI C 60JIbllIHM 3HaqeHHeM AD, 'leM npo- TOKOJ1 MapIllPYTH3aLl,UU, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, C TO'lKH 3peHIDI MaplllPYTH3aTopa, npOTOKOJ1 MapillpYTH3aLl,HH BbIAaeT 60JIee .n:OCTOBepHyJO HHcPopMaLl,HIO. HarrpHMep, eCJIH BBecru KOMaH,l{Y ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.2.2.2 150, TO OHa C03.n:aCT CTaTH'leCKHn MapIlIpYT C aAMHHHC'I'paTHBHbIM paCCTOfl- HHeM B 150, KOTopoe BbIllIe 'leM CTaH,l{apTHOe 3HaqeHHe (CM. Ta6JI. 14.6). ECJ1H MapllIpYT K no.n:ceru 10.1.1.0/24 6y.n:eT nOJIyqeH TeM )l(e caMbIM MapillpYTH3aTOpOM OT rrpOTOKOJIa RIP, HMeHHO OH 6y.n:eT nOMellI.eH B Ta6J1HLJ,y MapIllPYTH3aLl,HH, rrOCKOJIbKY CTaH,l{apTHOe 3Ha'le- HHe AD AJIfI.n:aHHoro rrpOTOKOJIa COCTaBJ1f1eT 120, 'lTO MeHbllIe, 'leM AJIfI CKOHcPHrypHpO- BaHHoro BbIllIe CTaTH'leCKoro MaplllpYTa. KOMaH,Qa show ip protocols 11 HaKOHeLl" nOCJ1e.n:HHfI KOMaH,l{a, KOTOpyJO MbI paCCMO'I'pHM B rrpHBfl3Ke K rrpOTOKOJIY RIP, - show ip protocols. 3Ta KOMaH,LUl nOKa3bIBaeT HeKoTopbIe .n:eTaJIH pa60TbI npOTOKOJIa Maplllpyrn3aLl,HH, B .n:aHHOM cJIy'Iae - npOTOKOJIa RIP. B rrpHMepe 14.8 rrOKa- 3aHa BblBOAHMaH ::ITOH KOMaH,l{On HHcP0pMaLl,HH, KaK 06bI'lHO, KOMaH,l{a 3any:Il(eHa Ha MapIIIPYTH3aTOpe Albuquerque. nOCKOJ1bKY KOMaH,l{a BbIBO.n:HT O'leHb MHOro HHcPopMa- U.UH, KOMMeHTapuH rrOMellI.eHbI rrpflMo B BbIBO.n: KOMaH,l{bI, a B peaJIbHOM YC'I'poncTBe, 'lH- TaTeJIb, HHKaKUX 061>HCHeHUn, KOHeqHO )Ke, He }'BH,II,HT.
--- 506 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft npillMep 14.8. KOMaH,Qa show ip protocols Albuquerque#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set r:=BaR "8M3 B cneyroeH cTpOKe YKa3aH MHTepBan nepMOYeCKOH pacCK 06HOBneHMH M nOKa3aHO, Kora ! Kora 6yeT oTnpaBneHo cneyroee 06HOBneHe. Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 22 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Redistributing: rip HeCKonbKo cneyrox CTpOK YKa3BaroT Ha TO, YTO Mcnonb3yeTcH BepcH 2 npoToKona Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2 Interface Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain FastEthernetO/O 2 2 SeriaIO/O/l 2 2 SeriaI0/1/0 2 2 Automatic network summarization is in effect Maximum path: 4 HeCKonbKo CTpOK HM>Ke YKa3BaroT Ha TO, YTO cnonb30BanaCb TonbKO oHa KOMaHa network, a eHHO network 10.0.0.0. Ecn 6 6 YKa3aH pyre KOMaHln>! ! network, TO x ceT Tae 6 6 YKa3aH B BBoe KOMaHln>!. Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 B cneyroeM pa3ene BBoa KOMaH YKa3aH IP-apec coceHMX Mapmpy- TM3aTopoB, OT ! KOTOpX YCTPOHCTBO Albuquerque nonyYno o6HoBneHH Ta6nM MapmpYTM- 3aM ! M BpeMH nocneHero o6HoBneHH HopMa OT coceeH. ! CneyeT 3aMeTTb, YTO apec 10.1.130.253 - 3TO MapmpYT3aTorp Seville, ! a 10.1.128.252 - Yosemite. Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance 10.1.130.253 120 10.1.128.252 120 Distance: (default is 120) Last Update 00:00:25 00:00:20 HaH60JIee nOJIe3HafI HHcpOpMaI..!HfI, BbIBo.n:HMaH pacCMaTpHBaeMOH KOMaH.n:oH, - 3TO BepcHfi npOTOKOJIa U UCTO'lHHKH MaprnpYTHOH UHcpopMaUHH. ECJIH HH)I(eHep B.n:pyr Ja6y- .n:eT CKOHcpurypHpOBaTb KOMaHAY version 2 B npOTOKOJIe MapIIIPYTH3aUHH, TO npOTO- KOJI RIP 6y.n:eT OTnpaBJIflTb aHOHCbI TOJIbKO B cpopMaTe nepBOH BepCHH It B KOJlOHKe "Send" (OTnpaBKa) 6y.n:eT uucppa 1, a He 2. OCTaJIbHbie MapIIIpYTH3aTopbl 6y.n:YT ItrHOpH- pOBaTb 06HOBJIeHHfI MapIIIpYTOB OT TaKoro yC'rpoikTBa, eCJIH y HHX BKJllO'leHa BTOpafl Bep- CUfi npOTOKOJIa. QT06bI nOCMOTpeTb, 1t3 KaKHX ItCTO'lHHKOB JIOKaJIbHbIH MapIIIpYTH3aTop nOJIyqaeT 06HOBJIeHHfI MaprnpYTOB no npOTOKOJIY RIP, CJIe.n:yeT BHHMaTeJIbHO 1t3Y'lHTb nOCJIe.n:- HHH 6JIOK B BbIBOllltMOH KOMaH.n:oH show ip protocols HHcpopMaUHH. HanpHMep, ,lIJIfi ceTU, npe.n:cTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 14. I, Mbl YBUllItM, 'lTO MapIIIpYTH3aTOp Albuquerque
rnaBa 14. KOH,-,en'-'MM M KOHcj)MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapWPYTMa3'-'MM 507 nOJIyqaeT 06HOBJIeHI1f1 H311BYX I1CTOQHHKOB, T.e. OT .n:BYX MaprnpYTH3aTopOB: Yosemite 11 Seville. B HH)KHeH 'laCTU BbIBo.n:a KOMaH,l{bI B npUMepe 14.8 nOKa3aHO, 'lTO ::ITO I1MeHHO TaK, a TaIOKe 'lTO MaprnpYTH3aTop Albuquerque rroJIyqaJI 06HOBJIeHHfI MaprnpyroB OT .n:BYX YCTPOHCTB 'lYTb MeHbrne 'leM 30 ceKyH,lI Ha3aA. ECJIH 6bI B BbIBO.n:I1MOM 6JIOKe HH- cj:JopMaUI1H 6bID yx:a3aH Bcero O.n:HH MaprnPYTU3aTOp, TO, CBfl3aB aApec C HMeHeM, MO)l(- HO 6bIDO 6bI Y3HaTb, OT KaKoro yC'rpOHCTBa He rrpuxo.n:flT 06HOBJIeHHfI, H HaqaTb HCKaTb OIIIu6KU H HeHcnpaBHOCTH B HeM. AHal1M3 co06eHMIIt npOTOKOl1a RIP c nOMObto KOMaH,Qbl debug npaBHJIbHO JIH pa60TaeT rrpOTOKOJI RIP, MO)KHO onpe.n:eJIHTb c rrOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI debug ip rip. 3Ta KOMaH,l{a BKJIlO'laeT pe)l(l1M OTJIaAKH B MaprnpYTH3aTope (debug), B KOropOM reHepl1pyJOTcR co06IlleHHfI B CI1CTeMHbIH )i()'pHaJI YCTpoHcTBa Ka)K.UbIH pa3, KOma MaprnpYTI13aTOp OTnpaBJIfieT HJIH npHHHMaeT co06IlleHI1e rrpOTOKOJIa RIP. B Ta- KHX co06IlleHHflx eCTb HHcj:JopMaUHfi 0 Bcex no.n:ceTflX, KOTopble BKJIIO'leHbl B aHOHCbl, a paCrnl1cj:JpoBaTb CaMI1 c006IlleHI1f1 OTHOCI1TeJIbHO HeCJIO)l(HO, OHU BnOJIHe y.n:060'lHTae- Mbl 11 rrOHflTHbI. B npHMepe 14.9 nOKa3aH BbIBO.n: KOMaH)l.bl debug ip rip ,l{JIfi MaprnpYTI13aTOpa Albuquerque ,l{JIfi cxeMbI ceTH, rrpuBe.n:eHHoH Ha puc. 14.1. CJIe.lIYeT nOMHUTb, QT06bl YB"- .n:eTb TaKHe co06IlleHHfI, nOJIb30BaTeJIb .n:OJDKeH 6bITb rro.n:KJIIO'leH 'lepe3 KOHCOJIbHbIH nopT ycrpoHcTBa HJIH BBeCTU KOMaH.lIY terminal monitor B rrpHBHJIerl1pOBaHHoM pe)KHMe B Telnet- HJII1 SSH-ceaHce. KOMMeHTapl1H BHyrpI1 BbIBo.n:a KOMaH,l{bI Onl1CblBaIOT 3Ha'le- HHe llfITU HaH60JIee BIDKHbIX rpynn c006IlleHI1H OTJIaAKH. B nepBbIx Tpex rpynnax co06- IlleHI1H Orrl1CaHbI 06HOBJIeHUR MaprnpYTu3aUUI1, paccbIDaeMbIe MaprnpYTH3aropoM Albu- querque 'lepe3 K1UK.lJ:bIH H3 Tpex ero I1HTepcj:JeHcoB; K QeTBepTOH rpynrre OTHOCflTCfI co06- IlleHufI, reHepl1pyeMble npl1 rrOJIyqeH1111 YCTpOHCTBOM Albuquerque 06HOBJIeHUfi OT MaprnpYTH3aropa Seville; B nfiToH, H nOCJIe.n:HeH, rpynrre Orrl1CaHO 06HOBJIeHUe, no.rryqeH- Hoe OT MaprnpYTU3aropa Yosemite. npillMep 14.9. BbIBO,Q KOMaH,Qbl debug.Ql1f1 npoToKona RIP Albuquerque#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Albuquerque# 06HOBneHe oTnpaBneHo YCTPOCTBOM Albuquerque qepe3 HTepec FaO/O: ! B BYX coo6eHRx He YKa3aHo, QTO oTnpaBneHo o6HoBneHe BepcM 2 ! Qepe3 MHTepec FaO/O Ha MHoroapecaTH IP-apec 224.0.0.9. ! anee B nRT cTpoKax YKa3aHO nRTb noceTe B o6HoBneH. *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via FastEth- ernetO/O (10.1.1.251) *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: *Jun 9 14:35:08.855: RIP: build update entries 10.1.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 10.1.3.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 10.1.128.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 10.1.129.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 10.1.130.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 ! B nRT coo6eHRx peXMMa debug He YKa3aHO, QTO MapwpYT3aTop OT- npaBnReT ! aHOHC Qepe3 HTepec SO/I/O, B KOTOpOM YKa3aHO 3 noceTM MaCK.
508 ....,.....- '-IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a'-'Mft RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via *Jun 9 14:35:10.351: SeriaI0/1/0 (10.1.130.251) *Jun 9 14:35:10.351: *Jun 9 14:35:10.351: *Jun 9 14:35:10.351: *Jun 9 14:35:10.351: RIP: build update entries 10.1.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric I, tag 0 10.1.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 10.1.128.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric I, tag 0 ! B nRTM coo6eHMRx pe>KMMa debug HMe YKa3aHO, qTO MaprnpYTM3aTop OT- npaBJIReT ! aHOHC qepe3 MHTepeHc SO/O/l, B KOTOpOM YKa3aHo 3 noceTM M MaCKM. *Jun 9 14:35:12.443: RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via SeriaIO/O/l (10.1.128.251) *Jun 9 14:35:12.443: *Jun 9 14:35:12.443: *Jun 9 14:35:12.443: *Jun 9 14:35:12.443: RIP: build update entries 10.1.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0 10.1.3.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 2, tag 0 10.1.130.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric I, tag 0 ! B qeTeX coo6eHMRx HM>Ke YKa3aHo, qTO MapWPYTM3aTop Albuquerque no- JIyqaeT qepe3 ! npOTOKOJI RIP BepcMM2 (v2) 06HOBJIeHMR MaprnpYTHoH MHopMaMM OT Map- rnpYTM3aTopa ! Seville (SO/I/O), B KOTOpOM eCTb TPM MaprnpYTa. 06paTMTe BHMMaHMe, QTO MaCKa YKa3aHa !B opMaTe /24. *Jun 9 14:35:13.819: on SeriaI0/1/0 *Jun 9 14:35:13.819: *Jun 9 14:35:13.819: *Jun 9 14:35:13.819: RIP: received v2 update from 10.1.130.253 10.1.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 2 hops 10.1.3.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops 10.1.129.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops ! B QeTeX coo6eHMRx HMe YKa3aHO, QTO MaprnpYTM3aTop Albuquerque no- JIYQaeT Qepe3 ! npOTOKOJI RIP BepcMM2 (v2) 06HOBJIeHMR MaprnpYTHoH MHopMaMM OT Map- rnpYTM3aTopa ! Yosemite (SO/O/l), B KOTOpOM eCTb TPM MaprnpYTa. 06paTMTe BHMMaHMe, QTO MaCKa YKa3aHa !B opMaTe /24. *Jun 9 14:35:16.911: on SeriaIO/O/l *Jun 9 14:35:16.915: *Jun 9 14:35:16.915: *Jun 9 14:35:16.915: RIP: received v2 update from 10.1.128.252 10.1.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops 10.1.3.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 2 hops 10.1.129.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops Albuquerque#undebug all All possible debugging has been turned off Albuquerque#show process CPU utilization for five seconds: 0% PID QTy PC Runtime (ms) Process 1 Cwe 601B2AE8 0 Chunk Manager npee Bcero CJIe.n:yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha Ha60pbl H3 nfiTH co06IlleHHH: B HHX yKa- 3aHO, KaKHe aHOHCbI MapIIIpyroB 1l0JDKeH nOJIy'IaTb H OTnpaBJUITb MapIIIpyTH3aTop Albu- querque H 'lepe3 KaKHe nopTbl. B co06IlleHHflx }'Ka3aHO, 'lTO YC1]JoikTBO paCCblJIaeT aHOH- CbI 'lepe3 nOp'TbI FaO/O, SO/Oil u SO/I/O, T.e. 'lepe3 Te HHTep<peHcbl, Ha KOTOpbIX BKJII04eH 0%/0%; one minute: 0%; five minutes: Invoked uSecs Stacks TTY 1 0 5608/6000 0
rnaBa 14. KOH,-,en'-'MM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapWPYTMa3'-'MM 509 npOTOKon RIP. B OCTaJIbHbIX co06IlleHHflx }'Ka3aHO, 'lTO yC'rpOHCTBO Albuquerque nony- 'lHJIO aHOHC 'lepe3 uHTepcpeHc SO/I/O, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJIIO'leH MapIIIpYTl13aTop SeviIle, a TalOKe 'lepe3 I1HTepcpeHc SO/O/I, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJIIO'leH MapIIIPYTu3aTOp Yosemite. DOJIbllIHHCTBO c006IlleHI1H I1HTYUTI1BHO nOHflTHO HJIH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, O'leHb JIerKO .n:ora.n:aTbCfI, 0 'leM OHH Cl1rHaJIH3l1pyJOT. B co0611IeHufix eCTb KOM6HHaUHfi CItMBOJIOB "v2". 03Ha'la1OIllBfI. 'ITO UCnOJIb3yeTcfI npOTOKOJI RIP BepC1111 2, 3TO TalOKe no.n:TBep)K,l{aeT TOT cpaKT, 'lTO aHOHCbI nepeCbIJIalOTCfI Ha MHoroa.n:pecaTHblH IP-a.n:pec 224.0.0.9. (npOTO- KOJI RIP-I nepeCbmaeT 06HoBneHHfI MapllIpYTOB Ha a.n:pec 255.255.255.255, T.e. IIIUpOKO- BeIllaTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec.) B 60JIbIIIUHCTBe c006IlleHI1H npHMepa YKa3aHa MapIIIpYTHafi uHcpopMaUHfI, co.n:ep)KaIllaHCfI B aHOHcax, a I1MeHHO, a.n:pec no.n:ceTH, MI1Ha npecpHKca (T.e. MacKa) U MeTpHKa MapllIpYTa. npUCTaJIbHOe u3yqeHI1e a.n:peCOB B aHoHcax n03BOJIfieT c.n:eJIaTb BbIBO.n:, 'ITO MapIIIpYTH- JaTOpbI He .n:06aBJlflIOT a6COJIIOTHO Bce CeTI1 B aHOHCbI. ECJIU 06paTUTbCfI K pHC. 14.1, MbI YBHAUM, 'lTO B ceTH eCTb llIeCTb no.n:ceTeit TeM He MeHee B 06HOBJIeHHflX B npUMe- pe nOKa3aHO TpH HJIU nflTb no.n:ceTeH. npU'IHHa TaKoro nOBe.n:eHHfI KpoeTCfI B TeopUH pa- 60TbI npOTOKOJIa MapllIpYT"3aUHH RIP, a HMeHHO, B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM npaBHJIe "paCIllellJIeHUfi ropu30HTa" (split horizon). 3TOT MexaHH3M 3aIllHTbi OT KOJIbueBblX Map- llIPYTOB no.n:p06HO onHcaH B rnaBe 8 BTOpOro TOMa KHHrH U 06eCne'lHBaeT cpHJIbTpaU1t1O cereH B aHOHcax MapllIpYTH3aUHU, 'IT06bI HCKJIlO'IHTb nerJIU B MapIIIpYTH3aUI1H. 11 B 3aBepIIIeHI1e TeMbI HeCKonbKO KOMMeHTapl1eB 0 KOMaH,l{e debug, KOTopbIe MOryT OKaJaTbCfI nOJIe3HbIMI1. nepell TeM KaK Hcnonb30BaTb 3TY KOMaH,l{Y, cne.n:yeT nocMoTpeTb Ha 3arpY3KY npoueccopa C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI show process, KOTopaH nOKa3aHa B KOHue npHMepe 14.9. B BblBo.n:e 3TOH KOMaH,l{bI nOKa3aHa 3arpY3Ka ueHTpaJIbHoro npo- ueccopa 3a HeKoTOpbIH nepl1o.n: BpeMeHH. EcnH 3arpY3Ka npOl.{eCCopa MapllIpYTH3aTOpa BUCOKa, T.e. npeBbIIIIaeT 30-40%, TO KOMaH,l{y debug cne.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb OCMOTpH- TeJlbHO, HHa'le MO)l(HO BbI3BaTb cUTYauulO, B KOTOpOM YCTpOMCTBO He CMO)l(eT nepe.n:aBaTb naKeTbI H .n:IDKe "3aBI1CHeT". KpoMe Toro, 'IHTaTenb, MO)l(eT 6bITb, 06paTHJI BHI1MaHHe Ha BpeMeHHble MeTKH B BblBo.n:e co06IlleHHM OTJIa.n:KH. IlT06bI YCTpOMCTBO reHepl1pOBaJIO H BbIBO.n:uno UX, cne.n:yeT }'Ka3aTb KOMaH.l{y service times tamps B pe)KHMe m06aJIbHOrO KOHcpl1ryPHpOBaHHfI MapllIPYT"3aTopa.
510 ----- 4aCTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3a4Mft nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe Bee KnIO'IeBble TeMbl CJle.n:yeT nOBTOpUTb Bce KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHoH maBbI, KOTOpbIe nOMe'leHbl nUKTOrpaMMoH Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 14.7 nepe'lUCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJlIO'leBbIe TeMbI U COOTBeTCTBYIOIllue UM C'rpaHUIJ.bI. CBaA eMa - 3J1eMeHT Ta6J1Hua 14.7. KJIIO'leBble TeMbi rJIaBbi 14 OnHcaHHe HOMep cTpaHHI(bI 486 494 496 498 499 500 501 npHMep 14.3 OnpeAeJleHHH Ta6J1. 14.2 Ta6J1. 14.3 Ta6J1. 14.4 CnHCOK CnHcoK Ta6J1. 14.6 npHMep 14.8 nOKa3aHO, KaK cKomlJHrypHpoBaTb CTaTH'IeCKHe Mapwpyrbl J]aHblonpelleJleHHH IGP H EGP CnHCOKaJIrOpHTMoB IGP-npOTOKOJlOB CpaBHeHHe KJlaCCOBblX H 6eCKJlaCCOBbIX npOTOKOJlOB MapwpyrH3aLlHH CpaBHeHHe npOTOKOJlOB IGP 3Tanbl KOH4JHrypHpoBaHItH npOTOKOJla MapwpyrH3aLlHH RIP-2 TpH llei1cTBItH, BbmOJlHHeMble JI)UI HHTepcpeHca, KOropblH BKJ1IO'IeH B npOLlecc MapwpyrH3aLlHH npOTOKOJla RIP CnHcoK npOTOKOJlOB Mapwpym3aLlHH H llpymx HCTO'lHHKOB MapwpyrHoH HH<1>oPMaLlHH H HX CTaHllapTHble 3Ha'leHHH aIlMHHHcTJ}aTHBHoro paccToHHHH KOMaHlla show ip protocol H ee npHMeHeHHe lIJIH nOHCKa H YCTJ}aHeHItH HeHcnpaBHOCTeH B npOTOKOJle RIP 506 507 3an0I1HMTe Ta6I1ML,(bl M cnMCKM no naMJlTM PaCne'laTaHTe npHJIO)KeHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa UJIU era pa311eJI, OTHO- CflIllHikfl K 3TOH maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHUbI U cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)f(eHHU 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbie Ta6JIHUbI H cnHCKU ,lIJIfi caMOKOHTpOJIfi. K11l0eBble TepMMHbl rI1aBbl !laHTe onpe.n:eJIeHUfi nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HIDKe TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMUHOB: a.n.MHHucrpaTHBHoe paCCTOflHHe, aBTOHOMHafi CUCTeMa, peJepBHblH CTIHH'leCKHH Map- IIIpyr, C6aJIaHCHpOBaHHbIH rn6pHAHblH npoTOKOJI, 6eCKJIaCCOBbIH npOTOKOJI MapIIIpyrH3aWtU, KOHBepreHUHfI, CTaI-l.lI.ap11fbIH Mapmpyr (default),llHCTaHUUOHHO-BeKTOPHbIH npOTOKOJI, npo- TOKOJI BHeIIIHera 1IIJI103a (EGP), npOTOKOJI BHyrpeHHera 1IIJI103a (lGP), npoTOKOJI C yqeTO M COCTOflHHfI KaHaJIOB, MeTpHKa, aHOHC MapIIIpyrn3aI.{HH, MaCIGt nepeMeHHOH .lUIHHbI (VLSM).
rnaBa 14. KOH,-,em"MM M KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe npoToKonoB MapwpYTMa3'-'MM 511 CnMCOKKOMaH,Q 3ayqHBaTb HaU3YCTb HHcpOpMaI..!HIO B Ta6JIHuaX He Hy)KH0, TeM He MeHee, ,l{JIfi y.n:06CTBa ynOMuHaBIIIHeCfI B maBe KOMaHAbI KOHcpHrypHpoBamUi nepeQHCJ1eHbI B Ta6JI. 14.8, a KO- MaHAbI,l{JIfI MOHHTopUHra U yC'rpaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHoCTeH npellCTaBJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 14.9. Ha npaKTUKe KOMaHAbI .n:OJDKHbI 3anOMHUTbCfI caMH C060H nOCJ1e BbIIIOJ1HeHHfI npaKTH'le- CKHX JIa60paTopHbIX pa60T H B npouecce no.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeH)'. llT06bl nOTPeHUpo- BaTbCfI B ux 3anOMHHaHUH, CJ1e.lIYeT 3aKPbITb JIeByJO 'laCTb Ta6JIuUbi JIHCTKOM 6YMaru H no onucaHHIO B npaBOM cToJI6ue no naMfiTH 3anHCaTb COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe KOMaHAbl, a nOTOM npOBepUTb, npaBMJIbHO JIH 6bill yx:a3aH OTBeT. KOMaH,!J;a Ta6J1Hua 14.8. KOMallJ.U>l.l1JlH KOHcJlHrypHpoBaHHH YCTpOHCTB OnHCaHHe router rip network aJJ.pec _ ceTM version {l I 2} passive-interface [default] {TMn _ MHTepeMca HOMep _ MHTepeMca} ip address aJJ.pec MaCKa ip route npeMKc MaCKa {IP-aJJ.pec I TMn _ MHTepeMca HOMep _ MHTepeMca } service timestamps KOMaH.lla rn06aJJbHoro pe)l(HMa KOH«tmrypHpoBaHHH YC'rpoHCTBa, nepeBO.ll.HT HHTepcPeHc nOJlb30BaTeJlH B pe)l(HM KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHH npOTOKOJla RIP KOMaH.lla nO.ll.pe)l(HMa KOHcPHrypHpoBaHHH npOTOKOJla MapwpyrH3aUHH RIP, 3aIlaeT an,pec KJlaCCOBOH CeTl111 BKJlIO'IaeT npOTOKOJl MaplUpyrl13aUl111 Ha Bcex I1HTepcPeHcax, BXO,ll,JllUl1X B TaK}'lO CeTb KOMaH.lla rrO.ll.pe)l(l1Ma KOHcPl1rypl1pOBaHItlI npOTOKOJla Mapwpyrl13aUI111 RIP, BKJlIO'IalOlUlUI BTOpylO BepC1110 npOTOKOJla KOMaH.lla rrO.ll.pe>KHMa KOHcPl1rypl1pOBaHI1H rrpOTOKOJla Mapwpyrl13aul111 RIP, yJ<a3b1BalOlUlUI, 'ITO 'Iepe3 Ja,ll,aHHbIH I1HTepcPeHC He HYJIUIO paCCblJlaTb aHOHCbI MapwpyroB KOMaH.lla rrO.ll.pe)l(l1Ma KOHcPl1rypl1pOBaHI1H I1HTepcPeHca, 3aIlalOlUIUI ero IP-an,pec 11 MacK)' KOMaH.lla pe)l(l1Ma rn06aJIbHOn KOHcPl1rypaUl111 YC'rpOHCTBa, Ja,ll,alOlUlUI CTaTH'IeCKI1H MaplUpyr KOMaH.lla pe)l(l1Ma rn06aJIbHOH KOHcPl1rypaUl111 YCT»OHCTBa, BKJlIO'IalOlUlUI reHepl1pOBaHHe 11 OTo6paJKeHI1e BpeMeHHbIX MeTOK B CI1CTeMHOM >K}'PHaJIe 11 co06lUeHIDIX OTJIan,KI1 (debug) Ta6J1Hua 14.9. KOMallJ.U>l.I1JUl KOHcJlHrypHpoBaHHH YCTpOHCTB KoMaH,!J;a OnHcaHHe show ip interface brief show ip route [rip I static I cOnnected] show ip route IP-aJJ.pec nOKa3b1BaeT CT»OK)' I1H«t>oPMauHH 0 KaJKlIOM I1HTepcPeHce, B TOM 'IHCJle I P-an,pec, KO.ll. COCTOHHItlI JII1HI1I1 11 npOTOKOJla, a TalOKe MeTOli nOJlY'leHIDI IP-an,peca: BPY'JHytO HJlI1 'Iepe3 npOTOKOJl DHCP KOMaH.lla llJIH BblBO.ll.a Ha 3KpaH Ta6J1HUbl Mapwpyrl13aUI1I1. B TOM 'II1CJle MaplUpyrbl OT npOTOKOJIa RI P HJlI1 OnpelIeJleHHblH Tl1n MapwpyroB, B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT yiCa3aHHOH B KOHue onul1l1 KOMaH.lla lLlIH OT06paJKeHI1H nOlIPo6HOH I1HcPopMaUI1H 0 Mapwpyre lLlIH YKa3aHHoro IP-an,peca II
512 4aCTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3a'-'Mft OKOH'taHue ma6Jl. 14.9 KOMall)Ul OnHcaHHe show ip protocols BbLllaeT HHQ>opMawuo 0 KOHQ>HrypauHH npOTOKOJla RIP, IP-Mpeca COCeJIHHX RIP-MaprnpYfH3aTopoB. OT KOTOpbIX JlOKaJIbHOe YCTpoikfBO nOJlyqaeT Mapwpyrbl BbLllaeT HHQ>opMauHlo 0 npoLleccax, 3anyrneHHbix orrepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMOH MapwpyrH3aTopa. H. qTO OqeHb B1UKHO, 3arpY3K)' npoueccopa YCTpoHcTBa MeIDIeT Q>opMaT oTo6paJKeHillI MaCKH B TeK)'llleM ceaHce nOJI!U1lOqeHHH K MaprnpyrH3aTOpy. )JaHHbIH BapHaHT KOMaH.LJ,bl YCTaHaBJIHBaeT JIeCHTI1QHbIH Q>opMaT MaCKH BMeCTO npeQ>HKcHoro YKa3blBaeT YCTPOHCTBY. QTO H)')KHO reHepHpOBaTb H BblBOJIHTb C006IleHHH,IUll! K<UK.LOro OTnpaBJIeHHoro 11 npl1HHToro co06lleHillI npOTOKOJla Maprnpyrl13aUHH RI P show process terminal ip netmask-format decimal debug ip rip
"I.. .- 1 .. , l B 3TOH rJIaBe... . COBeTbi no YCTpaHeHHIO HeHC- npaBHOCTeH H He06xOAMMblH HHCT- PYMeHTapHH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle npHBe.n:eHbI COBeTbI no MeTo.n:aM nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHltfi HeltCnpaB- HOCTeH B MaprnpYTax OKOHe'lHbIX y3JlOB. YCTpaHeHlt10 np06neM B MaprnpYTH3aTopax It Ornlt60K B IP-a.n:pecaUHIt. B'laCTHOCTIt, OnltCaHbI .n:ononHHTenbHbIe ItH- CTpYMeHTbI, KOTopble B .n:pymx rnaBax He paCCMaTpUBaIOTCfI. . Cu.eHapHH nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHH omH6oK B MapmpyrH3alJ,HH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle npe.n:CTaBJIeH He- KOTOpbIH cueHapHH, COCTOflIIlItH 1t3 Tpex 'laCTeH. B Ka)I()lOH H3 HHX eCTb CBOIt c06CTBeHHbIe 3a.n:aHHfI, KOTopbIe O 6y.n:eT BblnOJl- HHTb It npOBepltTb npaBHJIbHOCTb BbInOJIHeHHfI no rOTOBbIM OTBeTaM.
rI1ABA 15 nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwpyrM3aLMM 3Ta maBa npeCJIe.n:yeT .n:Be maBHbIe ueJIH. Bo-nepBbIX, B TeK}'IIIeH maBe no.n:p06HO onHcaHbl TeMbI, KOTopbIe B .n:pyrHX maBax TOJIbKO 3aTparHBaJIHCb, a HMeHHO, HeKOTopbIe MeTo.n:bI It KOMaH.LI:bI ,l{JIfi nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI HeltCnpaBHOCTeH B MaPIIlPYTH3aTOpax H OKOHe'lHbIX pa60'lHX CTaHUHfiX. BO-BTOPbIX, B llaHHOH maBe MbI nOBTopHM 6a30BbIe KOH- uenUHH MaplllpYTlt3aUHH H anpecaUHH B ceTflX, HO C TO'lKH 3peHHfI aHaJIH3a H nOHHMa- HHfI npouecca nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI OlllH60K. KpOMe Toro, B TeKYIlleH maBe npe.n:CTaB- JIeH cueHapHM HeKOTopOM CHT)'aUHIt, .n:eMOHCTpHPYiOIllHH HCnOJIb30BaHHe HeKOTopbIX OCHOBHbIX KOHuenUHM H HHCTpYMeHTOB, OnltCaHHbIX BbIllie. B cueHapHH npe.n:yCMOTpe- HO, 'lTO QUTaTeJlb CHa'laJIa nonp06yeT pelllHTb OnltCaHHYJO np06JIeMY caM, a nOTOM CMO- )l(eT npO'lHTaTh OTBeT Hero onHcaHue ,l{JIfI 3a,l{aHHfI. CJIe.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO eCJIIt 'lHTaTeJIb npH06peJl TaK)Ke BTOpOM TOM KHHrH, TO nOCJIe .1pO'lTeHHfI TeK}'IIIeH maBbI CJIe.n:yeT npO'lHTaTb 'laCTb II H III BTOpOro TOMa. KOHTpOl1bHble BonpOCbl: 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJI npellHa3Ha'leH ,lIJUI TOro, 'IT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mor npe):{BapHTeJIbHO OueHItTb CBOH 3HaHHfI H pelllHTh, H)')KHO JIH eMY 'lHTaTh maBY ueJIHKOM. ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBfITl> H3 .n:ecfITH BonpOCOB .n:aHbI npaBlIJIbHO, MO)KHO cpa3Y)l(e nepeiITH K nOCJIe,l{HeMY pa3.n:eny "nO,l{I'OTOBKa K 3K3aMeHy". OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOM maBbI H npe.D.BapHTeJIbHbIX KOlITpOJIbHbIX BonpOCOB nepe- 'lUCJIeHbI B Ta6J1. 15.1. Orne'lM Ha KOlITpOJlbHbIe BonpOCbl It HCnOJlb3YfI Ta6JllUJ.Y, 'IHTaTeJlb CMO)l(er .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJIJITb CBOU 3HaHHfI B TOM lIJIH HHOM 06J1aCTH. OrneTbl Ha BO- npocbI npHBe.n:eHbI B nplIJIO)l(eHHH A "OrneTbl Ha KOHlpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI". Ta6J1Hl(a 15.1. TeMbi KOHTpOJ1bHblX BonpocoB CHoBHaH TeMa COBeTbI no nOlicKy Ii YCTpaHeHlilO onm60K Ii Heo6xollliMbIM liHCTp}'MeHTapliM lleHapliM cliTYaUli1i no nOlicKy Ii YCTpaHeHlilO HelicnpaBHocTeM HOMepa BonpocoB 1-6 7-9 1. B ceTH eCTb MapIIIpYTH3aTOp, B KOTOpOM cKoHqJHrypHpoBaHa KOMaH.LI:a ip subnet- zero. (1H)1(eHep B TeKCTOBOM pe.n:aKTope Hane'laTaJI HeCKOJlbKO KOHq,HrypaUHoHHbIX I(OMaHA, 'lT06bI n03)Ke cKonHpoBaTb HX B KOHq,HrypaUHIO MapllIpYTH3aTOpa. KaKoH H3 YKa3aHHbIX HH)I(e IP-anpecoB B TaKHX KOMaH.LI:aX He MO)KeT 6bITb npHCBoeH HHTepq,eH- cy FaOjO YCTpOHCTBa?
.........-- 516 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aL4Mft a) 172.16.0.200255.255.255.128. 6) 172.16.0.200255.255.255.0. B) 225.1.1.1 255.255.255.0. r) 10.43.53.63 255.255.255.192. 2. KaKYlO H3 yJ<a3aHHbIX HH)I(e KOMaH.LJ: MO)KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb ,l{JIfi onpe.n:eJleHHfI TeKy- IIIero IP-a.n:peca H MaCKH Y3JIa B onepaUItOHHbIX CItCTeMaX KOMnaHItH Microsoft? a) tracert. 6) ipconfig fall. B) arp -a. r)ipconfig /displaydns. 3. l13yqHTe BbIBO.n: yJ<a3aHHoH HH)I(e KOMaH.LJ:bI. ECJlIt nOJlb30BaTeJlb BBe.n:eT KOMan.n:y resume, 'lTO npoH30fuI.eT? R1#show sessions Conn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name 1 Fred 10.1.1.1 0 0 Fred * 2 Barney 10.1.2.1 0 0 Barney a) KOMaH.LJ:a 6y.n:eT OTKJIOHeHa YC1'pOHCTBOM, H MapIIIpYTH3aTop nOBTopHO nOKIDKeT npHmaIIIeHlte HHTepq,eHca KOMaH.LJ:HOH CTpOKH. 6) nOJIb30BaTeJIb ItHTepq,eHca KOMaHAHOH CTpOKIt 6y.n:eT no.n:KJIIO'leH K npHOCTa- HOBJIeHHOMY Telnet-ceaHcy K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy C IP-a.n:pecoM 10.1.1.1. B) nOJlb30BaTeJIb ItHTepq,eHca KOMaH.LJ:HOH CTpOKH 6y.n:eT no.n:KJIIO'leH K npHOCTa- HOBJIeHHOMY Telnet-ceaHcy K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy C IP-a.n:pecoM 10.1.2.1. r) 113 nOKa3aHHOH: HHq,opMal.{ltlt HeJlb3f1 TO'lHO npe.n:CKa3aTb pe3YJlbTaT BbInOJlHe- HHfI KOMaH.LJ:bI. J],JIfi OTBeTOB Ha BonpOCbI 4-9 CJle.n:yeT HCnOJlb30BaTb CJle.nyJOIllyJO cxeMY. interface FaOIO ip address 172.16.1.253 255.255.255.128 172.16.1.1/24 WJl103 = 172.16.1.253 nK1 L ---:;. FaOIO R1 172.16.2.253 nK2 172.16.1.2/ 25 WJl103 = 172.16.1.253 4. ECJlH B ceTb Ha cxeMe .n:06aBItTb 1'pe-mH KOMnblOTep (nK3) B JlOKaJIbHYIO ceTb CJleBa Ha cxeMe C IP-a.n:pecoM 10. I. I. 130j25 H CTaHAapTHbIM IIIJlI030M 10.1.1.1, TO KaKoe YTBep- )KlleHue 6y.n:eT BepHbIM?
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapWPYTM3aMM 517 a) ECJIH Ha KOMnblOTepe nKI BbInOJIHHTb KOMan.n:y ping 10.1.1.130, TO nKI ItCnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lT06bI Y3HaTb MAC-a.n:pec KOMnblOTepa nK3. 6) ECJIH Ha KOMnblOTepe nK3 BbInOJIHHTb KOMaHAY ping 10.1.1.10, TO nK3 ItcnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lTo6bI Y3HaTb MAC-a.n:pec KOMnblOTepa n K I. B) ECJIH Ha KOMnblOTepe nKI BbInOJIHHTb KOMaH.D.Y ping 10.1.13.1, TO OH HC- nOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lT06bI Y3Han MAC-a.n:pec AJlfI I P-a.n:peca 10.1.13.1. r) ECJIH Ha MaprnpYTH3aTope RI BbInOJIHItTb KOMaH.D.Y ping 10.1.1.130, TO OH ItcnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lT06bI Y3HaTb MAC-a.n:pec J1]UI I P-a.n:peca 10.1.1.130. 5. HOBbIH COTpy.n:HHK, ceTeBOH HH)I(eHep, nbITaeTCfI HaHTH It YCTpaHHTb np06JIeMY Ha KOMnblOTepe nKI. KaKoe H3 yKa3aHHbIX HH)I(e lleHCTBItH nOKa)I(eT, 'lTO CYIlleCTByeT np06JIeMa Ha 1 HJIH 2 ypoBHe B Ethernet-cerMeHTe CeTIt (pacnOJIO)l(eHHOM Ha cxeMe CJIeBa)? a) KOMaH.D.a ping 10.1.1.1 Ha KOMnblOTepe nKIllaeT OTpItUaTeJlbHbIH pe3YJIb- TaT. 6) KOMaH.D.a ping 10.1.13.3 Ha KOMnblOTepe nKI JIaeT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIH pe- 3YJIbTaT, a KOMaH.D.a ping 172.16.2.4 - OTpItUaTeJIbHbIH. B) KOMaH.D.a ping 10.1.1.1 Ha KOMnblOTepe nKI JIaeT nOJImKHTeJlbHbIH pe- 3YJIbTaT, a KOMaH.D.aping 10.1.13.1 - OTpUl.{aTeJIbHbIH. r) KOMaH.D.a ping 10.1.1.10 Ha KOMnblOTepe nKI JIaeT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIH pe- 3YJIbTaT. 6. Ha KOMnblOTepe nK2 nOJIb30BaTeJlb BbInOJIHHJI KOMan.n:y tracert 10.1.1.10. KaKHe H3 yJ<a3aHHbIx HH)Ke a.n:pecoB 6y.n:YT nOKa3aHbl B BblBo.n:e KOMaH.D.bI? a) 10.1.1.1 O. 6) 10.1.1.1. B) 1O.1.13.1. r) 1O.1.13.3. .n:) 172.16.2.4. 7. npe.n:nOJIO)KHM, 'lTO Bce YCTpoHcTBa Ha cxeMe TOJIbKO 'lTO 3arpyJHJIHCb H Hit OllHO H3 HItX He ycneJlo nepeCJIaTb KaKHe-JIH60 .n:aHHbIe. B 060HX nepCOHaJIbHbIX KOMnblOTepax (nK) HCnOJIb3YlOTCfI CTaTH'leCKH Ha3Ha'leHHbIe IP-a.n:peca. C KOMnblOTepa nKI BbI- nOJIHeHa KOMaH.D.a ping Ha KOMnblOTep nK2, It OHa JIaJIa nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. KaKHe 3anHCH 6yllYT npHCYTCTBOBan B ARP-Ta6JIltue? a) B ARP-Ta6JIHUe KOMnblOTepa nKI 6y.n:eT 3anltCb AJlSI IP-a.n:peca 172.16.2.7. 6) BARP-Ta6JIHUe KOMnblOTepa nKl6y.n:eT3anHCbAJIfi IP-a.n:peca 10.1.1.1. B) B ARP-Ta6JIHl.{e MapllIPYTlt3aTOpa RI 6y.n:eT 3anltCb AJlfI IP-a.n:peca 10.1.1.10. r) BARP-Ta6JIltl.{e MaprnpYTH3aTOpa Rl6y.n:eT3anHcbAJIfi IP-a.n:peca 172.16.2.7. 8. npellnOJIO)l(HM, 'lTO Bce YCTpOHcTBa Ha cxeMe TOJIbKO 'lTO 3arpY3HJIHCb, It Hit O.n:HO 1t3 HHX He ycneJlo nepeCJIaTb KaKHe-JIIt60 .n:aHHbIe. B 060HX nepCOHaJIbHbIX KOMnblOTepax (nK) HCnOJIb3y1OTCfI CTaTU'leCKH Ha3Ha'leHHbIe IP-a.n:peca. C KOMnblOTepa nKI BbI- nOJIHeHa KOMaH.n:a ping Ha KOMnblOTep nK2 It OHa .n:ana nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. KaKlte ARP-3anpocbI 6YllYT BbInOJIH5ITbCfI B CeTIt?
518 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a4Mft a) KOMnbIOTep nKI BbInOJIHUT IIIupOKOBelllaTeJIbHbIM ARP-3anpoc, 'lTo6bI 06Ha- P}')KHTb MAC-allpec ItHTep<peMca MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa R 1 C I P-allpeCOM 10.1.1.1. 6) KOMnblOTep nK2 BbInOJIHItT IIIltpOKOBewaTeJIbHbIH ARP-3anpoc, 'lT06bI 06Ha- P}')KHTb MAC-allpec HHTep<peHca MapIIIpYTu3aTOpa R2 C I P-allpeCOM 172.16.2.4. B) MypIIIPYTH3aTOp RI BbInOJIHHT IIIltpOKOBeWaTeJIbHbIH ARP-3anpoc, 'lT06bI 06- Hap}')KHTb MAC-allpec KOMnblOTepa nKI. r) MYPIIIPYTH3aTOp R2 BbInOJIHItT IIIHpoKoBelllaTeJIbHbIH ARP-3anpoc, 'lT06bI 06- Hap}')KHTb MAC-allpec KOMnblOTepa n K2. .n:) KOMnblOTep nKI BbInOJIHItT IIIHpoKoBeIllaTeJIbHbIH ARP-3anpoc, 'lT06bI 06Ha- PY)l(HTb MAC-allpec KOMnblOTepa nK2. 9. C KOMnblOTepa nKI Ha KOMnblOrep nK2 3anYllleHa KOMaH,l{a ping. OHa .n:aeT nOJIO- )l(ItTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT (CM. cxeMY BbIIIIe). 4TO 1t3 YKa3aHHoro HIDKe CnpaBe.lI.1IHBO.lI.1IfI nepe.n:aBaeMbIx Me)K,l{Y HHMH naKeToB? a) Llnfl <ppeHMa, nepellalOIl{erOCfI CJIeBa HanpaBo, Koma OH nepe.n:aeTcfI no JIOKaJIb- HOH CeTIt B JIeBOH 'laCTH cxeMbI, MAC-allpec nOJIyqaTeJlfl <ppeHMa COBnallaeT C MAC-allpeCOM MapIIIpYTlt3aTOpa R I. 6) Llnfl <ppeMMa, nepe.n:alOIl{erocfI CJIeBa HanpaBO, Kor.n:a OH nepe.n:aeTCfI no JIOKaJIb- HOH ceTH B npaBoM 'laCTH cxeMbI, MAC-allpec nOJIyqaTeJIfi <ppeMMa COBnallaeT C MAC-allpeCOM MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa R2. B) Llnfl <ppeHMa, nepe.n:alOwerocfI CJIeBa HanpaBO, KOma OH nepe.n:aeTCfI no nOCJIe- 1l0BaTeJIbHOMY KaHaJIY, ero IP-allpec nOJIyqaTeJlfl COBnallaeT C IP-allpeCOM KOMnb- IOTepa nK2. r) Llnfl <ppeMMa, nepe.n:alOlllerocfI cnpaBa HaJIeBO, Koma OH nepe.n:aeTCfI no JIOKaJIb- HOM CeTIt B JIeBOH 'laCTU cxeMbI, MAC-allpec OTnpaBHTeJIfi <ppeMMa COBnallaeT C MAC-allpeCOM KOMnblOTepa nK2. .n:) Llnfl <ppeHMa, nepe.n:alOIl{erocfI cnpaBa HaJIeBO, KOma OH nepe.n:aeTCfI no JIOKaJIb- HOH ceTH B npaBOM 'laCTH cxeMbI, MAC-allpec OTnpaBItTeJIfi <ppeMMa COBnallaeT C MAC-allpeCOM KOMnblOTepa n K2. e) Llnfl <ppeHMa, nepe.n:alOIl{erocfI cnpaBa HaJIeBO, KOma OH nepe.n:aeTCfI no nOCJIe- .n:OBaTeJIbHOMY KaHaJIY, ero MAC-allpec OTnpaBItTeJIfi COBnallaeT C MAC-allpeCOM MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa R2.
- rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapWPYTM3a4MM 519 Bae.QeHMe COBeTbl no YCTpaHeHMIO HeMcnpaBHOCTe M Heo6xOAMMbl MHCTPYMeHTapM OCHOBHM l.{eJIb TeKYIlleH maBbl - nOMO'lb 'lHTaTeJlIO nOllroToBHTbCfI K HaH60JIee CJIO)ICHbIM 3a.n:aHHflM H BonpocaM cepntHKaUHoHHoro 3K3aMeHa, KOTopbIe nOTeHI.{UaJIb- HO CBfl3aHbi B np06JIeMaMIt Ha ypOBHe 3 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJIIt. 3a.n:a'llt no nOHCI<)' It yCTpa- HeHHIO HeHcnpaBHocTeH COBna.n:aIOT HJIIt O'leHb noxo)l(ll Ha Te, KOTopbIe npHxo.n:HTCfI pe- IIIaTb B nOBce.n:HeBHoH pa60Te, H, KaK MHHItMYM, .lI.1IfI peIIIeHHfI peaJIbHbIX 3a.n:a'l ItCnOJIb- 3yJOTCfI Te )ICe caMbIe nO.lIXo.n:bI It HHcTpYMeHTbl. B nepBOM pa3.n:eJIe maBbI paccMoTpeHbI THnH'lHbIe np06JIeMbI H HeHcnpaBHOCTH, CBfl3aHHbIe C a.n:peCal.{HeH, MapIIIPYTH3auueH H JIOrltKOH pa60TbI npOTOKOJIOB MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH. B OCTaBIIIeHCfI 'laCTH npe.n:CTaBJIeH HeKO- TOpbIH cueHapHH, OnltCbIBalOIIIHH ceTb, B KOTOpOH eCTb HeCKOJIbKO THnlt'lHbIX np06JIeM. 3a.n:aHltfi Cl.{eHapltfi nOMoryr Bblpa60TaTb MeTo.n:bI aHaJIlt3a np06JIeMbI H nOKa3aTb MeTo.n:bl peIIIeHHfI HaH60JIee 'laCTO B03HHKalOIIIltX OIIIlt60K It HeltCnpaBHocTeH, a TalOKe npoHJIJlIO- CTpHPYIOT, KaK H}')KHO HCKaTb npaBHJIbHbIe OTBeTbI Ha cneUHH'leCKHe BOnpOCbI. IP-aApecaul B 3TOM no.n:pa3.n:eJIe paCCMOTpeHbI HeKOTopbIe 6a30BbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH H oc06eHHO- CTH IP-a.n:pecoB. .ITO HaH60JIee Ba)ICHO, HIDKe TaIOKe .n:alOTCfI nOJIe3HbIe COBeTbl 0 TOM, KaK npHMeHItTb ItMelOWHeCfI 3HaHHfI KaK .lI.1IfI peIIIeHHfI 3K3aMeHal.{HOHHbIX 3a.n:a'l U OTBeTOB Ha BonpOCbI, TaK H.lI.1IfI npaKTH'leCKOH pa60TbI. He Mcnol1b3YMTe 3ape3epBMpoBaHHbie IP-CIApeca nepBoe, 'lTO H)')KHO npOBepHTb, H3yqafl OTBeTbl Ha Bonpoc B 3K3aMeHe HJIIt peIIIM npaKTlt'lecK)'IO 3a.n:a'lY, - OTHOCflTCfI JIU KaKHe-JIIt60 U3 yx:a3aHHbIX IP-a.n:pecoB K 3ape- 3epBltpOBaHHbIM It MOryr JIH OHIt 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI .lI)UI a.n:pecaUHH Y3JIOB. Bce 3ape- 3epBltpOBaHHbIe a.n:peca MO)l(}{O pa3.n:eJIHTb Ha Tplt 60JIbIIIHe rpynnbI: · a.n:peca, KOTopble Bcema 3ape3epBltpOBaHbI (m06aJIbHo); · a.n:peca, flBJIfllOIl{HeCfI 3ape3epBHpOBaHHbIMIt .lI.1IfI onpe.n:eJIeHHOH no.n:ceTH; · BXOAflT JIH a.n:peca B .n:Be Cnel.{HaJIH3ltpOBaHHbIe no.n:ceTIt B K1DK.llOH H3 KJIaCCOBbIX ceTeH, a HMeHHO, B HYJIeBYIO H IIIltpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHYIO no.n:ceTH. K nepBOH rpynne a.n:peCOB OTHOCflTCfI .n:Be ceTH KJIacca A, KOTopbIe 3ape3epBHpoBaHbI "HaBCema" H HHKoma He 6y.n:YT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI, a.n:peca KJIaCca D (MHoroa.n:pecaTHbIe), a TalOKe IP-a.n:peca KJIaCca E (3KcnepItMeHTaJIbHbIe). TaKHe a.n:peca MO)ICHo.n:OCTaTO'lHOJIer- Ko pacn03HaTb no 3Ha'leHHIO B nepBOM OKTeTe: · 0 (ceTb 0.0.0.0 m06aJIbHO 3ape3epBHpOBaHa); · 127 (ceTb 127.0.0.0 m06aJIbHO 3ape3epBHpoBaHa); . 224-239 (Bce CeTIt KJIacca D, MHoroa.n:pecaTHble); . 240-255 (Bce ceTH KJIacca E, 3KCnepltMeHTaJIbHbIe a.n:peca). C"" eMa
520 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a4Mft BTOpM rpynna, HJUt KaTeropufI, 3ape3epBHpOBaHHbIX a.n:peCOB BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 .n:Ba 3ape3epBHpOBaHHbIX a.n:peca B K1DK.llOH H3 nO.n:CeTeH. Pa36HBM ceTb Ha no.n:cent, MbI He .n:OJI)KHbI ItCnOJIb30BaTb,l{Jlfl a.n:pecauult Y3JI0B .n:Ba 3Ha'leHHfI - HaUMeHbIIIItH H HaH60JIb- IllItH a.n:peca, H3BeCTHbIe KaK: . a.n:pec (HOMep) no.n:ceTH; . IIIltpOKOBeIIlaTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec. n03TOMY YMeHHe 6bICTpO It 6e30IIIH60'lHO onpe.n:eJlflTb a.n:pec no.n:ceTIt H IllHpOKOBe- IIIaTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec nOHa.n:06HTCfl, 'lT06bI 6bICTpO BbI6paTb 1t3 yx.a3aHHoro Ha60pa a.n:peCOB He no.n:XOAflIIllte ,l{JIfi npHCBoeHHfI KaKOMY-JIH60 Y3JIY. TpeTMI rpynna 3ape3epBHpOBaHHbIX IP-a.n:pecoB MO)ICeT 6bITb KaK npHMeHHMa, TaK U HenpltMeHHMa.lI)Ul KaKOrO-JIIt60 KOHKpeTHoro Bonpoca. )J.JuI KJIaCCOBOH CeTIt, B 3aBItCIt- MOCTH OT HeCKOJIbKHX <paKTopOB, CJIe.n:yJOIl{He .n:Be no.n:ceTU, B03MO)ICHO, npu,aeTCfI OT6po- CItTb nplt paC'leTax: . H}'JIeBaSi no.n:ceTb (zero subnet); . IllHpOKOBeIl{aTeJlbHaSi no.n:ceTb (broadcast subnet). ECJIIt B Bonpoce 3K3aMeHa <pHrypHpyeT a.n:pec B HYJIeBoi1 HJIH IllltpOKOBeIIlaTeJIbHoi1 nOllceTH, CJIellyeT BHItMaTeJIbHO npO'lHTaTb 3a.n:aHlte H onpe.n:eJlHTb, pa3peIIIeHO B llaHHoH nOCTaHOBKe Bonpoca HCnOJIb30BaTb 3TH llBe no.n:ceTH HJIH HeT. B Ta6JI. 15.2 nepe'lHCJIeHbI OCHOBHbIe KpItTepHH, no KOTOpbIM onpe.n:eJlflIOT, MO)ICHO JIH HCnOJIb30BaTb nOllceTU. C&a eM8 Ta6JIHQa 15.2. KaK onpe.ll.eJlHTb, MOlKHO JIH HCnOJIb30BaTb nyJIeByiO H WHpoKOBeUUtTeJIbH)'lO nOlICeTH ':ho eCTb B Bonpoce o lIBYX nOllcenlX HIi'Iero He CKa33HO B KOH$I-lIypaUIHi yCT}>OHCTBa ItJIH B Bonpoce YKa3aHa KOMaHlla ip Bubnet-zero HCnOJlb3yeTcII6ecKJlaCCOBbIH npOTOKOJI MaprupyrH33UHI1 (RIP-2. EIGRP. OSPF) B KOH$mypaUItH YCTpOHCTBa ItJIH B BOnpoce yKa33Ha KOMaHllll no ip Bubnet- zero HCnOJIb3yeTcli KJlaCCOBblH npOTOKOJI MapwpyrH3aUHH (RI P-I) 3ape3epBHpoBa- Ubi JIH CeTH HeT HeT HeT l{a l{a OAHa nOACeTb C OAMHaKOBOM MaCKOM AJ1R Ka>K,QOM CeTM Y3JIbI B O.n:HOi1 JIOKaJIbHOH CeTIt (UJIIt B BHPTYaJIbHOH CeTH VLAN), T.e. YCTpOHCTBa, OTHOCflIlllteCfI K OllHOMY IllltpOKOBeIIlaTeJIbHOM)' .n:OMeHY, 1l0JI)lCHbI OTHOCUTbCfI K O.n:HOi11t TOH )ICe a.n:peCHOH no.n:ceTU. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, KaK IP-a.n:pec HHTep<pei1ca MapIllpYTH3aTopa, TaK U a.n:MuHuCTpaTItBHbIH (management) a.n:pec KOMMYTaTopa U a.n:peca Ha HHTep<peHcax Y3JI0B .n:OJI)KHbI conpOBOJK.lI.aTbCSI o.n:HHaKoBoH MaCKOH. B 3K3aMeHe npe)l(]J,e Bcero CJIellyeT npOBepHTb .n:eTaJIH cxeMbI ceTH H nOCMOTpeTb, Ka- Kafl MaCKa YCTaHOBJIeHa Ha YCTpOHCTBax B O.n:HOM H TOM )ICe cerMeHTe. 3a'lac1)'10 B BonpOce cepTH<pItKaI.{UOHHOro 3K3aMeHa UH<popMaUltfi He 6y.n:eT KpaCHBO H y.n:06HO pa3MeIIleHa Ha npHJIaraeMOH cxeMe ceTH. 4acTb ItH<popMaUItH 6y.n:eT npHcYTcTBoBaTb Ha cxeMe, 'laCTb 6y.n:eT BbIBO.n:HTbCfI B KOMaHAaX rpynnbI show, H K HeH H}')KHO 6y.n:eT npltMeHItTb paC'leTbI, CBSl3aHHbie C IP-a.n:pecaMIt, KOTOpbJe no.n:p06HO 6bIJIlt onHcaHbI B rJIaBe 12 "IP-a.n:pecauHSI H C03.n:aHlte no.n:ceTeti".
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapWPYTM3aMM 521 Ha pHC 15.1 npe.n:cTaBJIeH npltMep JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH, KOTopafl MO)KeT 6bITb, HanpHMep, 'laCTblO 3K3aMeHal.{ltOHHoro Bonpoca. )].JuI npOCTOTbI U Yll06cTBa IP-a.n:peca It MaCKH no- Ka3aHbI Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO Ha cxeMe, XOTfi B 3K3aMeHe, KaK }')Ke ynOMUHaJIOCb BbIIIIe, Ha cxeMe MO)l(eT npltCYTCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO 'laCTb ItHq,opMauHH, OCTaBIIIHeCfllleTaJIH npHAeTCfI nOJIyqaTb 'lepe3 3MYJIfiTOp YCTpoMcTBa, KaKHe-JIH60 .n:onOJIHHTeJlbHbIe TeKCTOBbIe 6JIOKIt RlIIt npltMepbI BbInOJIHeHltfi KOMaH,l{. CTaHA3pTHbI wm03 10.1.1.1 nK1 CTaHA3pTHbI wnlO3 172.16.2.4 nK2 10.1.1.10/24 r 10.1.13.1/30 FaO/O --:;.- 50/0 ./ 10.1.13.3/30 FaO/O 10.1.1.1/24 R1 R 172.16.2.4 50/1 172.16.2.7 Puc. J 5. J. flpUMep J/OKaJ/bHOU cemu PaCCMo-rpeB cxeMY ceTH Ha pHC. 15.1, 'lUTaTeJIb MO)l(eT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO Ha .n:BYX KOMnbIOTe- pax YCTaHOBJIeHa pa3HafI MaCKa (noKa3aHHafI B npeq,HKcHoM q,opMaTe). Qro6bI pa306paTbCfI B TaKoif cxeMe, 'lHTaTeJIIO Hy)ICHO 3HaTb, KaK MO)KHO npOCMOTpeTb KOHq,HrypaI.{HtO YC-rpOM- CTBa, HaHTIt B HeM MacKY, YCTaHOBJIeHHYIO KOMaH,l{OM ip address B pe)KHMe KOHq,Hryplt- poBaHltfi HHTep<PeMca. LI:aJIee H}')KHO YMeTb npeo6pa30BaTb MacKY H3 .n:eCflTH'lHOrO q,opMaTa B npeq,HKcHbIM (ItJIH Ha060poT) It cpaBHHTb ee C .n:pymMH MaCKaMIt B npltMepe ceTH. B Ta6JI. 15.3 yJ(a3aHbI Bce BapltaHTbI a.n:peCOB H MaCOK, HCnOJIb3YlOwlteCfI B .n:aHHoH ceTH. fa6J1HWlI5.3. BapHallTbl nOJJ;ceTeii B cxeMe Ha PHC. 15.1 Rl FaO/O nKI nK2 MacKa 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 A.lq)ec nOJJ;CeTH 172.16.1.128 172.16.1.0 172.16.1.0 lliHpoKoBemaTeJlbHbIA a.apec 172.16.1.255 172.16.1.255 172.16.1.127 nOCJIe TOro KaK cxeMa a.n:pecauuu CTaJIa nOHflTHa, HeCKOJIbKO np06JIeM B TaKoif JIO- KaJIbHOH ce-m CTaHOBflTCfI BnOJIHe O'leBHAHbIMH. HanpHMep, KOMnblOTep nKI npe.n:no- naraeT, 'lTO a.n:pec 172.16.1.253 (Rl) Haxo.n:HTCfI B TOM )l(e caMOM nOllceTH, H OH MO)l(eT ne- peCbIJIaTb naKeTbI MapIIIPYTH3aTOpy Rl 'lepe3 JIOKaJIbHyJO ceTb. TeM He MeHee MapIIIpYTH- 3aTOp Rl He OTHOCUT KOMnblOTep nKI (172.16.1.1) K TOM)Ke caMOM no.n:ceTIt, nOCKOJIbKY MapIIIPYT K Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO nOllKJIlO'leHHOM no.n:ceTH (172.16.1.128/25) He BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 Y3eJl nKI. nO.n:06HbIM 06pa30M MO)l(HO 06Hap}')KHTb, 'lTO Y3JIbI, HaXO,l{flIl{UeCfI B o.n:- Hoif H TOM )l(e JIOKaJIbHOM ceTH, no CBOUM IP-a.n:pecaM It MaCKaM OTHOCflTCSI K pa3HbIM no.n:ceTflM, H HHOma Ha 3K3aMeHe TaKOM HHq,opMaI.{ItH BnOJIHe .n:OCTaTO'lHO, 'lT06b1 .n:aTb npaBltJIbHbIM OTBeT Ha Bonpoc ItJIH peIIIHTb npaKTIt'leCKOe 3a.n:aHlte. B Ta6JI. 15.4 HH)I(e nepe'lltCJIeHbI KOMaH,l{bI, KOTopbIe nOMOryT peIIIItTb TaKHe 3a.n:aHHfI, a TalOKe c06paTb U npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb uHq,0pMaI.{HIO.
- ....... 522 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft PeweHMe np06neM c IP-aApeCaMM ECJIU 'lltTaTeJlb BCT}JeTHJICfI C KaKOM-JIH60 npaKTlt'leCKOM np06JIeMOH C IP-allpeCaMH HJIIt C 3allaHlteM B CepTHUKaUHOHHOM 3K3aMeHe, H}')KHO BbInOJIHHTb yx.a3aHHhIe HIDKe .n:eMCTBltfi H yqecTb nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe aKTOpbI .lI.1IfI ycnernHoro OTBeTa Ha BOnpOC HJIH pe- rneHHfI np06JIeMbI. I. npOBepbTe, KaKaJI MaCKa YCTaHOBJIeHa Ha Bcex YCTpOHCTBaX B O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e JIOKaJIbHOM CeTIt HJIH cerMeHTe; eCJIH MaCKa OTJIIt'laeTCfI, TO YCT}JOMCTBa ""'eBa .... TeMS MOryr no-pa3HOMY HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb .n:Hana30H allpeCOB .lI.1IfI TaKOH CeTIt. 2. B .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX WAN-KaHaJIaX npOBepbTe IP-allpeca H MaCKH Ha .n:BYX KOHUax KaHa- JIa H y6e.n:HTecb, 'lTO 06a a.n:peca HaxO.D,flTCfI B OllHOM no.n:ceTU. 3. npoBepflfl, HaxO.wrrCSI JIlt Y3JIbI B o.LUiOM H TOM )l(e no.n:ceTH, npOBepbTe He TOJIbKO a.n:peca nOllCeTeH:, HO U MacKY U .n:Halla30H, B KOTOpbIM nona.n:alOT YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe I P-a.n:peca. 4. 3anoMHHTe H 6YllbTe rOTOBbI HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaH.UbI, yx.a3aHHbIe B Ta6JI. 15.4, 'lT06bI onpe.n:eJIHTb allpeca, MaCKH H a.n:peca nOllceTeH Y3JI0B. B cJIe.n:yJOweM pa3.n:eJIe paCCMOT}JeH aJIrOpHTM MapIIIpYTlt3al.{ltH naKeTOB MaprnpYTU3a- TOpOM, a TalOKe OnltCaHbI HeKoTopbIe nOJIe3HbIe KOMaH.UhI H3 onepaUHoHHbIX CItCTeM KOMnaHHH Microsoft, n03BOJIflIOWUe onpe.n:eJlItTb IP-allpec H MaCKY y3JIa. CeTeSble HaCTpOMKM OKOHeHoro Y311a B maBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-allpecal.{HH U MapIIIPYTH3al.{ltlt" 6bIJI onHcaH npocToH aJIro- pHTM, HCnOJIb3yeMbIM yJJIOM npH oTnpaBKe naKeTa, KOma ItCnOJIb3yJOTCfI npOTOKOJIbI DHCP, DNS, ARP It ICMP. CaM aJIropHTM MO)l(HO CBeCTU K CJIe.n:yJOweMY KpaTKoMY cnHcKY HCnOJIb3yeMbIX npH nepeCbIJIKe .n:aHHhIX MeXaHIt3MOB. . MapmpyrH3aIJ,1U1 (routing). EcJIIt I P-allpec nOJIyqaTeJIfi naKeTa HaxOllHTCfI B TOM )l(e caMOM no.n:ceTH, naKeT nepe.n:aeTCfI HanpflMyJO nOJIy'IaTeJlIO; ec- JIH )Ke HeT, TO naKeT nepeCbIJIaeTCfI CTaHAapTHOMY IIIJII03Y (default gateway). . OpHcBoeHHe a.LI.peca (address assignment). Ll,o TOro KaK YCTPOMCTBO CMO)l(eT OTnpa- BHTb XOTfi 6bI OllltH naKeT, OHO MO)l(eT ItCnOJIb30BaTb CJI}')K6bI DHCP-KJIlteHTa J1JlSl nOJIyqeHltfi cBoero IP-allpeca, MaCKH, CTaHAapTHoro IIIJII03a H allpeca DNS-cep- Bepa. nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe napaMeTphI TalOKe MOryr 6bITb cKoHltIypltpoBaHbI Bpyq- HyJO (T.e. 3allaHbJ CTaTH'leCKu) B HacT}JoMKax ceTU Y3JIa. . PaJpemeHHe HMeH (name resolution). Koma nOJIb30BaTeJIb npfiMO HJlH KOCBeHHO HCnOJIb3yeT ItMfI Y3JIa B KaKOM-JIH60 npItJIO)l(eHHH, pa60'lafl CTaHUHSI OTnpaBJIfieT DNS-cepBepy 3anpoc Ha pa3perneHHe HMeHH, 'lT06bI YCTaHoBHTb IP-allpec H)')K- HOro Y3JIa. 3anpoc MO)l(eT U He OTnpaBJIflTbCfI. eCJIH H}')KHafi HHOpMaI.{Hfi }')Ke eCTb B K3rne. CBa eMa . Opeo6pa30BaHHe IP- B MAC-a.LI.pec (IP-to-MAC resolution). Y3eJI HCnOJlb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lT06bI Y3HaTb MAC-allpec YCTpoMcTBa-nOJIyqaTeJIfi ItJIH CTaH- .n:apTHoro IIIJII03a. 3anpoc MO)l(eT It He OTnpaBJIflTbCfI, eCJIH HY)I(HaSi HHopMal.{Hfi }')Ke eCTb B K3IIIe. 1-13 'leTbIpex nepe'lltCJIeHHbIX BbIrne MexaHH3MOB. TOJIbKO MapIIIpYTH3aUltfi BbInOJIHfI- --- ---.. "'....-=-- mVUl<"IUU' nnHCBoeHHH allpeca 06bl'lHO HCnOJIb3yeTcSI o.n:uI-l
rnasa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpasHocTeM S IP-MapwpyrM3a'-'MM 523 pa3, cpa3Y e nocJle 3arpY3KH CHCTeMbl. npouecc pa3pellJeHHfI UMeH H ARP-3anpocbl BbmOJlHfllOTCfI no Mepe Heo6xo.n:HMOCTH, 06bl'-lHO B OTBeT Ha KaKUe-JlH60 .n:eiiCTBUfi nOJlb30BaTeJlfl. lIT06bI npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb, HaCKOJlbKO npaBHJlbHO H 6e30IIIU60'-lHO Y3eJl HCnOJlb3yeT nepe'-lHCJleHHbIe MeTO.nbI, HaiiTH U YCTpaHHTb HeHcnpaBHOCTU, H}')KHO 3HaTb HeCKOJlbKO KOMaH.n, CBfl3aHHbIX C npoBepKoii pa60TbI ceTH llJIfi OKOHe'-lHOii pa60'-leii CTaHUHU (T.e. Y3JIa). B Ta6J1. 15.4 nepe'-lHCJleHbI Hau60Jlee BaHble ceTeBbIe KOMaH.n:bI llJIfi onepa- UHOHHOii CHCTeMbI Windows XP KOMnaHHH Microsoft, TeM He MeHee, B .n:pyrux onepaUH- OHHbIX CHCTeMax CyIUeCTByJOT aHaJIOrH'lHbIe nporpaMMbI HJIH YTUJlHTbI. B npHMepe 15.1 HIDKe npOHJIJIIOCTpUpoBaHa pa60Ta HeKOTopbIX H3 nepe'-lHCJIeHHbiX KOMaHll. Ta6JIHa 15.4. KOMall.ll.bl npoBepKH CeTH onepaHoHHoii CHCTeMbi Windows XP KOMnaHHH Microsoft KOMaH.ll.a ipconfig / all ipconfig /release ipconfig /renew nslookup Ha3BaHMe arp -a ipconfig /displaydns ipconfig /flushdns arp -d netstat -rn <I>ytlKIlHH KOMall.ll.bl nOKa3blBaeT nOllp06HYIO I1HQ>opMaUI1IO 06 I P-KoHQ>l1rypaUI1I1 yJ.1la, ll.IIH Bcex ero I1HTepQ>eHcoB, B TOM '1I1CJle I P-a.n.pec, MacK)' nOlICeTl1, a.n.peca craH.LapTHOro UlJII03a 11 DNS-cepBepa C6paCblBaeT a.n.pec nOJly<leHHblH no npOTOKOJlY DHCP 3anycKaeT npouellYPY nOJly<leHI1H IP-a.n.peca 11 BceM cBH3aHHOH c HI1M I1HQ>opMaUI1I1 OT DHCP-cepBepa OTnpaBJIHeT DNS-3anpocllJUl YKa3aHHoro Ha3BaHMRY3IIa BblBOlll1T ARP-K3W Y3IIa BblBOlll1T K3W I1MeH Y3IIa Y llaJIHeT Bce 3anl1Cl1113 K3wa I1MeH Y3IIa C6pacblBaeT (o'll1lllaeT) ARP-K3W yJ.1la nOKa3blBaeT Ta6J1I1UY Mapwpyrl13aUI111 Y3IIa B npHMepe 15.1 nOKa3aHa KOMaHlla ping www.cisco.com.BbInoJIHeHHaSl Ha Y3JIe B onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMe Windows XP, cpa3Y e nOCJIe TOro, KaK ARP-K3III H K3III HMeH 6bIJI YllaJIeH (T.e. O'lHIlleH). B nepBoH '-IaCTH npHMepa nOKa3aHbI nOJlyqeHHbIe OT DHCP- cepBepa IP-a.n:pec H DNS-cepBep, nOTOM npOHJIJI!OCTpHpoBaH npouecc O'-lHCTKH K3IIIeii H nocJle 3TOro - KOMaHlla ping www.cisco.com.BbInoJIHeHHe nOCJIe.n:Hero .n:eiicTBufi npHBo.n:HT K TOMY, 'lTO Y3eJl HCnOJlb3yeT DNS-cepBep ,l{JISI nOJlyqeHHfI IP-a.n:peca Be6- cepBepa KOMnaHHU Cisco, nOCJIe 3Toro BbInOJlHSleT ARP-3anpoc .LI.JUI 06Hap}')KeHHSI MAC-a.n:peca cTaHllapTHoro IIIJII03a U TOJlbKO nOTOM nepeCblJlaeT 3xo-3anpoc npOTOKOJla ICMP no HafuI.eHHOM}' a.n:pecy. BHJ.1MAHJ.1EI KOMaHlla ping B03BpaIIIaeT OTlntuaTenbHbli1 pe3ynbTaT B paCCMaTpItBaeMOM npltMepe. TaKaH CItTyaUItH Bb13BaHa, cKopee Bcero, CnltCKaMIt ACL B Mapwpyrlt3aTOpaX Hnlt 6paHlIMay3pax CeTIt I1HTepHeT. TeM He MeHee KOMaHlla BCe}l(e JanYCKaeT npouecc reHepitpOBaHItH 3anpOCOB DNS H ARP, KaK nOKa3aHO B npltMepe 15.1. D,nH BbIDOnHeHItH KOMaHllbl Itcnonb3YeTCH OKHO KOMaHlIHoi1 OKIt onepaUItOHHOM CHCTeMbl Windows XP.
-- 524 4aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aL4Mft npMMep 15.1. ,,",cnol1b30BaHMe KOMaHA AnR npoBepKM ceTM B onepaMoHHoM CMCTeMe pa60'feM CTaHMM C:>ipconfig lall ! qacTb CTpOK onyeHa. Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . Description . . . Gigabit Controller Physical Address. Dhcp Enabled. . . Autoconfiguration Enabled IP Address. Subnet Mask . . Default Gateway DHCP Server DNS Servers cinci.rr.com Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Lease Obtained. 6:32:59 AM Lease Expires . 6:32:59 AM ! He yaneTC K3W ARP H HMeH. C:>arp -d C:>ipconfig Iflushdns Windows IP Configuration 00-11-11-96-B5-13 Yes Yes 192.168.1.102 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 65.24.7.3 65.24.7.6 Thursday, March 29, 2007 Friday, March 30, 2007 Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache. B BBoe KOMaH ping YKa3aH IP-apec (198.133.219.25), TO nOTBepaeT paOoTY DNS-cepBepa. TeM He MeHee KOMaHa aeT OTpHaTenbH pe3ynbTaT, B03MO>KHO H3-3a cnHcKOB ACL, HnbTpYDX ICMP-TpaHK. C:>ping www.cisco.com Pinging www.cisco.com [198.133.219.25] with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Ping statistics for 192.133.219.25: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss), ! He npOBepeM ARP-K3W H BHHM 3anHCb n cTaHapTHoro llinD3a. C:>arp -a Interface: 192.168.1.102 --- Ox2 Internet Address Physical Address Type 192.168.1.1 00-13-10-d4-de-08 dynamic Tenepb npoBepHM K3W HMeH H yOeHMc B TOM, TO KOMaHa ping B3Bana oOpaeHHe K DNS-cepBepy, H HM yaneHHoro Y3na Owno nonyeHO. C:>ipconfig Idisplaydns Windows IP Configuration www.cisco.com Record Name Record Type . . . Time To Live . . . : www.cisco.com . : 1 . : 26190
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHetlMe HeMcnpaBHoCTeM B IP-MapWPYTM3aL4MM 525 Data Length . . 4 Section . . . . Answer A (Host) Record 198.133.219.25 ! HeKoTope CTpOK onymeH nR KpaTKocT BHIiIMAHMEI Ha MOMeHT HanltCaHIDI KHltrlt 3MynSiTop, Itcnonb3yeMblH B na60paTopHbIX pa60Tax 3KJaMeHOB KOMnaHlt1t Cisco, He BKJIIO'lan B ce6S1 cereBblX KOMaHlI If)JSI OKOHe'lHbIX Y3JIOB TeM He MeHee B 3K3aMeHe MO}l(eT nOTPe60BaTbCSI ItHTepnpeTaUItSi KOMaHlI, BBOD.ItMbIX B onepaUItOHHOH CItCTeMe pa60'leH CTaHUHH. a caMH KOMaHlIbl MOryr 6blTb D.06aBJIeHbI B 3MynSiTopbl B 6YD.yweM. Ha pHC. 15.2 nOKa3aH npHMep KOH<lmrypHpoBaHHfI IP-a.n:peca Y3JIa, MaCKH. CTaHAapT- Horn lllJII03a (default gateway) 1'1 DNS-cepBepa BpyqHyJO (T.e. CTaTH'leCKafi KOH<lmrypa- UHfI). Te e caMbIe HacTpoMKH MO)J(HO BBeCTH C nOMOIllblO KOMaHA, HO 60JIbIIIHHCTBO nOJIb30BaTeJIeH npe.n:nO'lHTaIOT HCnOJIb30BaTb rpa<t>H'leCKHH HHTep<t>eMc. local Ar. ConllKtlan 3 rD.-rtM 'G_oI AulhonIicabon Advoraod - ea.- ucrv ... Int",RJPAOI1IDJPTOMk""'Adar> , I eonr"",._ I Tho comod... ....'ho I...... I 0 Y"1I Advonced N_SPI-;;'ocoI A' :!I'J Y"N.'_HloriIor OIMII I -'J Y"lnlomot Ploiocol (TCP/lP) < > I I"". PlapoIboI Delc Tr_ Ccrllol P,oIocoIIInlomot Ploiocol Tho doId ...,..... _ protocollhol powles 8Cfos.s averse riercomected networks. o Show ICOn.. _.... _ caY'oOCIed EI Nolily me _Ihis comocbDn..... DIed.. no COIY1OCIMIy OK II c.ncoI ? ! l'1J Inlern.t Prolocol (TCPIIPI Prop. riles G_oI ... You can got IP __"""","""",I jOOU""""'" """""" 'ho capoI>iIy. O-'.}'OU noodloosl<JIOU' _ ..arw.ttrolor lor 1ho__.IPIOItings . o Obi... an IP od<t_ a.I @Uselho 1IPod<t_ IP od<t_ SIbr'd ..... Doid goIewoy: r.IO-' 1 _'J 0s.2S5_,_O 1 [10 -: 1'- _ 101 J ublM'11 .0 @Uselho IDNS _od<t_. P,oIOfTed DNS ..... [Si 100 1 NomoI.DNS_ 29 107 1 IJ iO Adv_ I , OK II c.ncoI I Puc. /5.2. KOHr/JUZYPup06aHue IP-adpeca U napaMempo6 cemu 6 onepaquoHHoU cucmeMe Windows XP nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMCnpaBHOCTeM B cJ1Y>K6ax MapwpyrM3al.(MM Y3J1a nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTeH B paccMaTpHBaeMoM cJIyqae .n:OJIHbI CJIe.n:o- BaTb aJJropHTM)' pa60TbI ceTH B pa60'leH CTaHUHH. nepBbIM Bonpoc, Tpe6yJOIllHM OTBeTa: " M O)KeT JIH Y3eJI ycneIIJHO OTnpaBJIflTb H npHHHMaTb ping-naKeTbI K Y3JIaM B TOH e ca- Moti no.n:ceTH?" ECJIH TaKafi KOMaH,l{a ping .n:aeT oTpHUaTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT, TO npH'lHHb! Hepa60Tocnoc06HOCTH MOryr 6bITb .nBe: · y.nBYX pa60'lHX CTaHUItH HenpaBHJlbHO CKOH<t>HrypHpoBaHbI IP-a.n:peca 1'1 MaCKH, n03TOMY O.n:HH H3 .n:BYX Y3JI0B nOJIaraeT, 'lTO OTHOCHTCfI K llPymH no.n:ceTH; CB8 eM8
......... 526 "IacTb III IP-MapwpyrM3al,4Mft . y.n:BYX pa60'll1x CTaHl.lHM npaBlIJIbHO CKOH<!>Hrypl1pOBaHbI IP-a.n:peca H MaCKH, HO Ha ypOBHe Ethernet-cpe.n:bI eCTb KaKHe-TO HeHcnpaBHOCTH. Ha 3K3aMeHe npe)l(,D,e Bcero H3Y'1HTe IP-a.n:peca 11 MaCKH yJJIOB, onpe.n:eJlHTe a.n:pec no.n:CeTl1 ".lIHana30H a.n:pecOB B no.n:CeTH. EcJIH no.n:ceTI1.lUUi Bcex Y3.ll0B B ceru COBna.n:alOT, Tor.n:a CJIe.lIY- eT HCKaTb Hel1CnpaBHOCTH Ha ypoBHe I H 2 B Ethernet-cpelle, KaK Onl1CaHO B maBe to "nOHCK 11 yCTpaHeHl1e Hel1CnpaBHocreM B Ethemet-KOMM)'faTopax" 11 B maBe 3 BToporoToMa KHHrH. ECJIH pa60'lafl CTaHUI1f1 ycneIIIHo OTnpaBJIfieT H npl1HI1MaeT ping-naKeTbI OT Y3.lla B TOM e caMOM no.nceTI1, CJIe.lIYeT npOBepl1Tb, npoxOMT JII1 3anpOCbI K IP-a.n:pecaM H3.npyr11X no.n:ceTeMI1 TaKHM 06pa30M npOBepHTb CJIe.n:yJOll.{I1M 3Tan aJJrOpl1TMa MapIIIpYTH3auHH na- KeTOB Y3JI0M.lI.Be npOBepKH npl1roMTcfI CJIe.n:yJOll.{He .n:eHCTB"fI: . BbIllOJIHI1Te ping-3anpoCbI K IP-a.n:pecy CTaHAapTHoro IIIJII03a, 'lT06bI y6e.n:HTbCfI, 'lTO Y3eJI MoeT nepeCbIJIaTb naKeTbI 'lepe3 JIOKaJJbHyJO ceTb K CTaHAapTHOMY IIIJIIO- 3Y 11 nOJIy'IaTb OTBeTbI; . BbIllOJIHHTe ping-3anpoCbI K IP-a.n:pecy H3 .n:pyrOM nOCeTI1 co CTaHAapTHOro lllJII03a (MapllIPYTU3aTopa), HO He K a.n:pecy Y3JIa B JIOKaJJbHOH CeTI1. Hanpl1Mep, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pl1C. 15.1, Ha pa60'-leH CTaHUl111 n K I MO)I(HO BbIllOJIHI1Tb KOMaH.l{y ping 172.16.1.253, 'lT06bI npOBepl1Tb, 'lTO OHa MoeT OTnpaBJISlTb H npl1- HHMaTb naKeThI OT CTaHAapTHOro lllJIlO3a. ECJII1 KOMan.n:a .n:aCT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIb- TaT, Ha Y3JIe nKI MO)I(HO BbIllOJIHI1Tb KOMaHAY ping 172.16.2.253, 6JIaro.n:apfi KOTO- pOH pa60'-lafl CTaHUI1f1 6y.n:eT I1CnOJIb30BaTb HaCTpOHKH CTan.n:apTHora IIIJI103a, nOCKOJIbKY ,l{JIfi nKI a.n:pec 172.16.2.253 Haxo.n:HTCfI B .npyrOH no.n:ceTI1. I-fTaK, eCJII1 TeCTUpOBaHl1e C nOMOIllblO nporpaMMbI ping .naeT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIM pe- 3YJIbTaT.LI.JUI y3JI0B B TOH e caMoH no.n:ceTH " oTpuuaTeJIbHbIH - ,l{JIfi Y3.ll0B B .n:pyrHX nOll- ceTSlX, TO Tl1nWIHbIe np"'lHHhI TaKOH 01lIu6KH MOlyr 6bITb CJIe.nyJOIllI1MI1. . ECTb HeCOOTBeTCTBl1e Me)l(,D,y HaCTpOHKaMI1 CTan.n:apTHoro lllJII03a Y3JIa 11 CB8R KOH<!>HrypauHeH caMoro CTaHAapTHOro llIJII03a lIJIl1 MapIIIPYTI13aTOpa, Ma BbICTyllalOIllero B Ka'-leCTBe TaKOBoro. np06JIeMa MoeT 3aKJIIO'-IaTbCfI B HeCOOTBeTCTBHH MaCOK Y3JIa H MapllIpYTU3aTopa, '-ITO, onflTb e, nOBJII1f1eT Ha TO, KaK YCTpOHCTBa u.neHTH<pHUl1pyJOT .n:uana30HbI a.n:peCOB no.n:ceTU, HJII1 Y3eJI MOeT C'lUTaTb HenpaBlIJIbHbIH IP-a.n:pec CTaHAapTHbIM lllJI1030M. . ECJII1 HaCTpOHKH CTaHAapTHOra IIIJII03a npaBlIJIbHbI, HO ping-TecTl1poBaHue IIIJII03a .naeT OTpHuaTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT, TO B JIOKaJJbHOH CeTI1 eCTb np06JIeMa Ha nepBOM lIJIl1 BTOpOM ypOBHflX (Layer I lIJI" 2). . ECJIU HaCTpoHKH CTaHAapTHOro lllJII03a npaBlIJIbHbI H ping-TecTl1poBaHl1e llIJIlOJa .naeT nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT, HO ping-TeCTl1poBaHl1e o.nHora "3 I1HTep<peMCOB MapllipyrnJaTopa.n:aeT OTpI1l{aTeJIbHbIM pe3YJIbTaT (HanpI1Mep, ping 172.16.2.253, CM. pl1c. 15.1), TO 3T0 MoeT CBH,l{eTeJIbCTBOBaTb 0 TOM, 'lTO OTKa3aJJ I1HTep<p eMC MapIIIpYTl13aTopa. B 3TOM pa311eJIe onHCbIBalOTCfI pa3.ll11'-1HbIe ceTeBbIe np06JIeMbi 11 MeTo.n:bI I1X 06Hapy- eHHfI ,l{JIfi pa60'-ll1x CTaHUI1H, TeM He MeHee, CJIe.n:yeT nOMHI1Tb, '-ITO CaMafi OCHOBHafi 11 '-IaCTO BCTpe'-lalOIl{aflCfI 01lIH6Ka - HeCOOTBeTCTBHe I P-a.n:peCOB 11 MaCOK Y3JI0B B cen1. .lJ.;uI ycnelliHoM Clla'-lH CePTH<pI1K3UI10HHOro 3K3aMeHa CJIe.lIYeT }'MeTb 6bICTpO Haxo.n:I1Tb IP-a.n:peca 11 MaCKH U }'MeTb 6bICTpO BbillOJIHflTb paC'-IeTbI, KOTopble Onl1CaHbI B maBe 12 "IP-a.n:pecaUI1f111 C03.n:aHl1e no.n:ceTeM", '-IT06bl 06Hap}')KI1Tb I1CTO'-lHUK np06JIeMbi
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwpyrM3a1,4MM 527 nOIllCK npaBlllnbHoro MapwpYTa B Mapwpyrlll3aTope B fJlaBe 5 "OCHOBbI IP-a.n:pecaUHI1 11 MapIIIPYTH3aUI1I1" 6bIJI no.n:p06HO onHcaH npo- uecc Maprnpyrl13aUI111 naKeTa. KJIlO'leBOM MOMeHT npouecca CBfl3aH co cpaBHeHHeM IP-a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJlfl naKeTa C cymeCTBYIOIlleM Ta6J1uueH IP-MapIIIpyrHIll3aUHH YCT- poHCTBa. MapIIIpyr, C KOTOpbIM COBna.n:aeT IP-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJlfl. co.n:ep)KHT I1H<t>opMa- UI1IO 06 I1HTep<t>eHce, '-Iepe3 KOTOpbIM H)')KHO OTnpaBI1Tb naKeT .n:aJJbIIIe, 11 B HeKoTopbIX CJlyqMx IP-a.n:pec cJle.n:YlOwero TpaH3HTHoro Y3JIa Ha MapIIIpyre. B CeTI1 MO)KeT 6bITb cl1l)'aul1f1, KOma B Ta6JIuue MapIIIpyrl13aUl111 KOHKpeTHoro YCT- pOMCTBa eCTb 60JlbIIIe O,nHOro MapIIIpyra, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{ero I P-a.n:pecy nOJlyqareJlfl B na- Kere. TaKoe nOJlO)KeHl1e .n:eJl BnOJlHe HOpMaJJbHO 11 '-IaCTO B03HI1KaeT B peaJJbHblX ceTfiX. HanpHMep, eCJlH I1CnOJlb3yeTcfI MeTO,n aBTOMaTI1'-1eCKoro CYMMHpOBaHI1f1 a.n:peCOB ceTeH. pyqHoe CYMMl1pOBaHl1e, eCTb CTaTI1'-1eCKl1e MapIIIpyrbl UJlI1 pe3epBHbie KaHaJJbl. CepTI1<t>I1Kaul1oHHbIH 3K3aMeH MO)l(eT npOBepflTb 3HaHI1e H nOHHMaHl1e TeOpeTU'-Ie- CKHX OCHOB MapIIIpyrl13aUI1I1, B 'laCTHOCTI1, B HeM MO)l(e npl1cyrcTBoBaTb 3a.n:aHue, B KO- TOpOM Bonpoc CTOHT TaK: "KaKOH MapIIIpyr 6y.n:eT Bbl6paH ,l{JIfi TaKoro-To 1 P-naKeTa?" 1.JT06bI YBepeHHO OTBe'-laTb Ha no.n:06Hble BonpOCbl. CJIelIYeT nOMHUTb nepe'-lI1CJleHHbIe HmKe <t>aKTbI. . ECJIH onpe.n:eJleHHOMY 1 P-a.n:pecy nOJlY'laTeJlfl COOTBeTCTByeT 60JIee o.n:-. Horo MapIIIpYTa B Ta6J1l1ue MapIIIpYTI13aUHI1, YCTPOMCTBO I1CnOJIb3yeT Hal160JIee cneUI1<t>I1'lHbIM MapIIIpyr, T.e. MapIIIpyr C Hal160JlbIIIeM ,l{JII1HOH npe<t>I1Kca. . MaprnpyrH3aTop I1cnoJlb3yeT .n:BOI1'-1HYIO MaTeMaTI1KY,l{JIfi cpaBHeHI1f1 IP-a.n:pecoB 11 MapIIIpyroB B Ta6J1l1ue Maprnpyrl13aUUI1, reM He MeHee, nOJlb30BaTeJlflM y.n:06Hee CpaBHI1BaTb 'll1CJIa B .n:ecflTI1'-1HOM BH,l{e. ECJlI1 YKa3aHHafi ,l{JIfi Maprnpyra no.n:ceTb c03.n:aeT .n:l1ana30H a.n:peCOB, BKJlIO'-IaIOIllHM B ce6f1 a.n:pec nOJlyqaTeJlfl naKeTa, TO C'lI1TaeTCfI, 'lTO MapIIIpyr COOTBeTcTByeT naKel)'. · ECJlI1 B 3a.n:aHI1I1 I1cnoJlb3yeTcfI 3MYJIflTOp ceTeBoro 060py,noBaHI1f1, HaMTI1 COOTBeT- CTByJOIllI1H IP-a.n:pecy nOJIy'IaTeJIH Maprnpyr MO)l(HO C nOMOIIIblO KOMaHllbI show ip route a.rzpec, B BbIBo.n:e KOTOpOM 6y.n:eT nOKa3aH Maprnpyr ,l{JIfi a.n:peca, yx.a- 3aHHoro B KOMaHAe. r:;::':B8R TeM8 B npl1Mepe 15.2 nOKa3aHa THnH'-IHafi Ta6J1Hl.{a MapIIIpyrl13aUHH MaprnpyrH3aTopa, B KOTOPOM eCTb nepeKpbIBalOrnHeCfI MapIIIpyrbI. BHHMaTeJIbHO npOCMOTpl1Te I1H<t>opMaUI1IO B Ta6JIuue MapIIIpyrH3aUHI1, npe)!(1].e 'leM 'lHTaTb 061>flCHeHHfI nOCJIe npHMepa, 11 yx.a)KHTe, no KaKHM MapIIIpyraM 6y.n:yr nepe.n:aHbI naKeTbI, a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi KOTOpblX paBeH 172.16.1.1. 172.16.1.2, 172.16.2.211172.16.4.3. npHMep 15.2. KOMaH,Qa show ip route nOKa3blBaeT nepeKpblBalOHeCfl MapwpYTbl B Ta6nHe MapwpYTH3aHH RI#show ip route rip Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area NI - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 EI - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 1 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, LI - IS-IS level-I, L2 evel-2 IS-IS
.,.... 528 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3al,4Mft ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 4 masks R 172.16.1.1/32 [120/1] via 172.16.25.2, 00:00:04, SerialO/l/l R 172.16.1.0/24 [120/2] via 172.16.25.129, 00:00:09, SerialO/l/0 R 172.16.0.0/22 [120/1] via 172.16.25.2, 00:00:04, SerialO/l/l R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.16.25.129, 00:00:09, SerialO/l/0 R 0.0.0.0/0 [120/3] via 172.16.25.129, 00:00:09, SerialO/l/0 Rl#show ip route 172.16.4.3 Routing entry for 172.16.0.0/16 Known via "rip", distance 120, metric 2 Redistributing via rip Last update from 172.16.25.129 on SerialO/l/0, 00:00:19 ago Routing Descriptor Blocks: * 172.16.25.129, from 172.16.25.129, 00:00:19 ago, via SerialO/l/0 Route metric is 2, traffic share count is 1 QTo6bI HaHTH COOTBeTCTByJOIllHH I P-a.n:pecy naKeTa MapIIIpYT B Ta6JUfUe MapIIIpYT"3a- UI1I1, H}0KHO npe)l{,!l,e Bcero no MaCKe onpe.n:eJII1Tb .n:l1ana30H a.n:peCOB ,l{JIH nOJICeTI1. D,aJIee H}0KHO cpaBHHTb a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIH C .n:l1ana30HaMI1 a.n:peCOB Bcex no.n:ceTeH 11 nOJIyql1Tb Bce nO,l{XO,l{flIlll1e MapIllpYTbI TalGtM 06pa30M. B TOM CJIy'Iae, eCJII1 IP-a.n:pec nOJlyqaTeJIfi nona.n:aeT OJIHOBpeMeHHO B JII1ana30HbI a.n:peCOB .LI.JUI HeCKOJIblGtX nOJICeTeH, H}')KHO BbI- 6paTb nOJICeTb C Hal160JIbIlleH ,l{JIHHOH npe<pHKca. 113 I1H<popMaUI1H, npe.n:CTaBJIeHHOH B npHMepe 15.2, MO)l(}{O CJIeJIaTb CJIe.n:yJOIlll1e BbIBO.n:bI. . I P-a.n:pecy nOJIy'IaTeJIfl 172.16.1.1 nO,l{XO,l{flT Bce nflTb MapIllpYTOB, HO Y3JI0BOH MapIllpYT 172.16.1.1 C ,l{JIHHOH npe<pI1Kca /32 6y.n:eT BbI6paH ,l{JIfi nepeCbIJIKH naKe- Ta, nOCKOJIbKY 3T0 Hal160JIbIIIM ,l{JII1Ha npe<pI1Kca CpeJIH Bcex MapIllpYTOB; . I P-a.n:pecy nOJIyqaTeJIfl 172.16.1.2 nO,l{XO,l{flT '-IeTbIpe MapIllpYTa (3a HCKJIIO'-IeHHeM Y3JI0BOrO MapIllpYTa 172.16.1.1), HaH60JIbIIIM ,l{JII1Ha npe<pHKca - y Maprnpym 172.16.1.0/24, CJIeJIOBaTeJIbHO, OH 6y.n:eT I1CnOJIb30BaTbCH.LI.JUI nepe.n:a'-ll1 naKeTa; . I P-a.n:pecy nOJIyqaTeJIfl 172.16.2.2 nO,l{XO,l{flT TpI1 MaprnpYTa, H3 YKa3aHHbIX B Ta6- JIHue MaprnPYTH3aUHI1 YCTpOHCTBa Rl, HO ,l{JIfi nepeCbIJIKH naKeTa 6YJIeT BbI6paH MaprnpYT 172.16.0.0/22, nOCKOJIbKY y Hero .LI.JUI TaKoro nOJIyqaTeJlfl Hal160JIbIIIafi ,l{JII1Ha npe<pHKca; . IP-a.n:pecy nOJIy'IaTeJIfl 172.16.4.3 nO,l{XO,l{flT nOCJIe.n:Hl1e JIBa MaprnpYTa B TaMUue YCTpOHCTBa, a,l{JlH nepeCbIJIKI1 naKeTa 6y.n:eT BbI6paH MaprnpYT 172.16.0.0/16, KaK MaprnpYT C HaH60JIbIlleH ,l{JII1HOH npe<pI1Kca. 06paTHTe TaIOKe BHHMaHl1e Ha BbIBO.n: KOMaH,l{bI show ip route 172.16.4.3 B KOHue npHMepa 15.2. B HeH YKa3aH MapIIIpYT, KOTOpbIH 6YJIeT I1CnOJIb30BaTbCfI,l{JIfi nepe- CbIJIKH naKeTOB I P-a.n:pecy 172.16.4.3. 3Ta KOMaH,l{a O'-leHb YJI06Ha 11 npuro.n:HTCfI KaK B npaKTl1'leCKOH pa60Te, TaK 11 B npouecce perneHI1f1 3a.n:a'l Cep1'H<pI1KaUI10HHOrO 3K3aMeHa. B JIaHHOM npl1Mepe naKeTY, OTnpaBJIeHHOMY Ha IP-a.n:pec 172.16.4.3, 6y.n:eT COOTBeTCTBO- BaTb MaprnpYT Ha KJIaCCOBYIO ceTb KJIacca B 172.16.0.0/16 (BbIlleJIeHO B npI1Mepe).
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwpyrM3aMM 529 KOMaHAbl AI1S1 nO.,CKa He.,cnpaBHocTe HecoMHeHHo, Hal160Jlee nonYJlflpHOH KOMaHAOH ,/J,JIfi nOHCKa 11 YCTpaHeHI1f1 HeI1C- npaBHocTeH B MaplIIpYT"3aTOpax 11 KOMMYTaTOpaX flBJIfleTCfI KOMaHAa ping. B maBe 14 "KoHuenUHIt 11 KOH<tmrypl1pOBaHUe npOTOKOJlOB MapIIIPYTl1a3UI1I1" 3Ta KOMaHAa 6bIJIa .n:OCTaTO'-lHO no.n:p06HO onHcaHa KaK B 06bI'lHOM, TaK U B paclIIHpeHHoM pe)KHMe. <I>aKTH- '-IeCKH KOMaHAa ping npoCTo nepeCbIJIaeT HeKoTopbIH naKeT Y3JIY, a Y3eJ1 reHepl1pyeT 11 nepeCbIJIaeT OTBeT Ha Hero, 'lT06bI npOBepl1Tb, MOryT JII1 TaKHe naKeTbI 6bITb MaplIIpYT"- 3HpOBaHbI Me)K,l{Y Y3JIaMH. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI eIlle Tpl1 KOMaHAbI onepaUl10HHOH CI1CTeMbI Cisco lOS, KOTopbIe O'leHb npHro.n:flTCfI ,/J,JIfi nOUCKa OIIII160K B pa60Te CeTI1, a I1MeHHO: show ip arp, trace route 11 telnet. KOMaH,Qa show ip arp KOMaHAa show ip arp BbIBO.n:I1T Ha 3KpaH co.n:ep)KHMOe ARP-K3IIIa MapIIIpYT"3aTO- pa. B npl1Mepe 15.3 nOKa3aH BbIBO.n: :nOH KOMaHAbI ,/J,JIfi MapIIIpYTI13aTOpa R 1 Ha pl1C. 15.1, noCJIe Toro KaK BceM Y3JIaM 6bIJIH 3a.n:aHbI a.n:peca H3 no.n:ceTH C npe<tmKcoM /24. npiliMep 15.3. npiliMep BblBOAa KOMaHAbl show ip arp R1#show ip arp Protocol Address Internet 172.16.1.1 Internet 172.16.1.251 Internet 172.16.2.253 Age (min) 8 Hardware Addr 0013.197b.2f58 0013.197b.5004 0013 .197b. 5005 Type ARPA ARPA ARPA Interface FastEthernetO/O FastEthernetO/O FastEthernetO/1 Hal160Jlee nOJIe3Hafi I1H<popMaUI1f1 B BbIBo.n:e YKa3aHHOM KOMaH.n:bI: IP-a.n:pec, MAC- a.n:pec 11 I1HTep<peHC. Koma MaplIIPYTu3aTOp nepeCbIJIaeT KaKOM-JlI160 naKeT 'lepe3 onpe- .n:eJleHHbIH I1HTep<peMC, OH I1cnOJIb3yeT 3anHCI1, CBfl3aHHbIe TOJIbKO C 3TI1M I1HTep<peHCOM Hanpl1Mep, KOma YCTPOHCTBO Rl nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT Y3JIY nKl (CM. puc.15.1, a.n:pec 172.16.1.1), OHO I1CnOJIb3yeT HHTep<peHc FaO/O, CJIellOBaTeJlbHO, nOI1CK 6y.n:eT BbInOJl- HflTbCfI TOJlbKO B 3anl1CflX ARP-K3IIIa .n:aHHoro nopTa. B CneUl1aJIbHOM KOJlOHKe yx.a3aH TaMMep cymecTBOBaHI1f1 3anHCH (Age). ECJII1 B HeM eCTb KaKOe-To '-II1CJIO, OHO nOKa3bIBaeT, CKOJIbKO MUHYT npOlIIJIO C Toro MOMeHTa, KaK 6bIJI nOJIy'IeH nOCJle.n:HI1M naKeT OT .n:aHHoro YCTpOMCTBa. Hanpl1Mep, 113 Ta6JII1UbI BHAHO, 'lTO MapIIIPYTU3aTOp RI nOJlyqaJI 'lTO-JlH60 OT YCTpOHCTBa nKl 8 MI1HYT Ha3a.n:, IP-a.n:pec Y3- JIa - 172.16.1.1, MAC-a.n:pec OmpaBI1TeJUI - 00I3.197b.2f58. TaMMep Age He nOKa3blBa- e-r, CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH npOlIIJIO OT nOCJle.nHero ARP-3anpoca HJlI1 oTBeTa, OH c6paCbIBaeT- CS! B HOJlb Ka)K,l{blH pa3, KOma 6bIJI nOJIyqeH naKeT OT cooTBeTcTByJOIllero Y3JIa. ECJII1 B no- JIe TaHMepa Age CTOI1T npO'-lepK, 3TO 03Ha'-laeT, 'lTO TaKaS! ARP-3anI1Cb npe.n:CTaBJIfleT IP- 3JI.pec caMoro MapIIIpYTl13aTOpa, HanpHMep. HHTep<peHCY FaO/O C I P-a.n:pecoM 172.16.1.251 YCTPOHCTBa RI (CM. pHC. 15.1) COOTBeTcTByeT BTopafl CTPOKa B npl1Mepe 15.3. KOMaH,Qa traceroute KOMaHAa traceroute B Onepal.{HOHHOH CI1CTeMe Cisco IOS TO'-lHO TaK )Ke, KaK 11 KOMaHlla ping HCnOJlb3yeTcfI .lIlUI npOBepKI1 MapIIIpYTa Me)K,l{Y MapIIIpYTI13aTOpOM 11 yJ- JIOM HJlI1 Me)K,l{y.n:BYMSI MapIIIpYT"3aTOpaMH. B OTJIl1'll1e OT nOCJIe.n:HeM, OHa Bbl,l{aeT TaIOKe I P-a.n:peca TpaH3UTHbiX Y3JIOB Ha MaplIIpYTe. HanpUMep, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pl1C. 15.3 11 B npHMepe 15.4, eCJlu B ceTH H3 Tpex MapIIIpYTI13aTOpOB B YCTpoMcTBe R I BbmOJlHI1Tb
---, 530 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3al,4Mft KOMaHAY trace route 172.16.2.7, TO B pe3YJIbTaTe 6y.n:eT nOJlyqeH MapIIIpYT CJIe.n:o- BaHHfI naKeTa. CrpeJlKaMH Ha pHC. 15.3 nOKa3aHbI TPH IP-a.n:peca, KOTopbIe HH)Ke BbIBO- ,l{fITCfI B KOMaHAe traceroute. PC1 CTaHAapTHblfl WRI03 10.1.1.1 -------.... 10.1.13.1 FaOIO _ 10.1.13.3 _ 17 2.16.1.4_ FaOIO j./ ,." ./ 10.1.1.1 R1 R2 172.16 .1.3 R3 172.16.2.4 PC4 10.1.1.10 Puc. 15.3. CXeMG cemu iJAR KOMGHiJbI tracerou te npMMep 15.4. BblBOA KOMaHAbl traceroute R1#traceroute 172.16.2.7 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 172.16.2.7 1 2 3 10.1.13.3 8 172 . 16 . 1. 4 24 172.16.2.7 26 msec 4 msec 4 msec msec 25 msec 26 msec msec 26 msec 28 msec B npHMepe nOKa3aHa KOMaHAa traceroute, }:IalOIllafi nOJlmKHTeJlbHbIH pe3YJlbTaT TeCTHpOBaHHfI. TeM He MeHee, eCJIH 6bI B ceTH 6bIJIH np06J1eMbI C MapIIIPYTH3aUHeH, BbI- BO.n: KOMaHAbI BbIrJIfI}:IeJI 6bI nO-}:IpyroMY. npe.n:CTaBHM ce6e cHryaUHIO, B KOTOpOH Y Map- rnPYTH3aTopa RI ecrb MaprnpYT K a.n:pecy 172.16.2.7, T.e. ycrpOHCTBO "3HaeT", KY.n:a cJle- .n:YeT HanpaBHTb naKeTbI .LI.JUI MaprnpYTH3aTopa R2. A y MaprnpYTH3aTOpa R2, HanpHMep, HeT MaprnPYTa K nOJIyqaTeJIIO 172.16.2.7. B .n:aHHOM CJIy'Iae KOMaHAa traceroute 6y.n: eT BbIBO.n:HTb CTpOKY, onHCbIBalOmyJO nepBbIH TPaH3HTHbIH Y3eJI Ha MapIIIpYTe (CM. npH- Mep 15.4, BbIlleJIeHHM cTpoKa). OCTaJJbHbIe YCTpOHCTBa (T.e. COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHe HM CTPo- KH) He 6yAYT BbIBO}:lUTbCfI Ha 3KpaH, H nOJlb30BaTeJIIO npH.LJ:eTCH npepBaTb BbIBO.n: KOMaH- .n:bI (HIDKaB KOM6HHaUHIO KJIaBUrn <Ctrl+Shift+6». TeM He MeHee no BbIBO.n:y KOMaHilbI MO)l(}{O onpe.n:eJIHTb, 'lTO Y Y3JIa C IP-a.n:pecoM 10.1.13.3 (T.e. MapIIIPYTH3aTop R2) eCTb np06JIeMbI C MapIIIPYTH3auHeH. nOCJIe 3Toro MO)l(}{O no.n:KJIIO'-IHTbCfI K YC'l'pOHCTBY R2 C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbI telnet H nOnblTaTbCfI ycraHoBHTb, nO'leMY Y Hero HeT MapIIIPYTa. COOTBeTCTByJOIllero a.n:pecy nOJIy'IaTeJlfl 172.16.2.7. CJle.n:yeT 3anOMHHTb, 'lTO KOMaHAa trace route BbmaeT I P-a.n:peca CJIe.n:yIOIllero 'l'paH- 3HTHoro Y3JIa Ha MapIIIpyre (next-hop). KaK nOKa3aHO B npHMepe 15.4, IP-a.n:pec B nepOOH CTpOKe BbIBo.n:a (R2, 10.1.13.3) npe.n:craBJIfleT C060H a.n:pec CJIe.n:yJOrnero 'l'paH3HTHoro Y3JI a Ha MapIIIpyre .LI.JUI naKeTa. AHaJJOrH'lHO, a.n:pec B CJIe.n:yIOIlleH CTpOKe (R3, 172.16.1.4) npe.n:craBJIfleT C060H CJIe.n:yJOIUHH 'l'paH3HTHbIH Y3eJI (next-hop) Ha MapIIIpyTe C TO'-lKJ{ 3peHJtfl MaprnpYTH3aTopa R2. KaK KOMaHAa traceroute 06HapBaeT MaprnpYT H on- pe.n:eJIfieT IP-a.n:peca 'l'paH3JtTHbIX Y3JI0B, no.n:p06HO onHcaHO BO BTOpOM TOMe KHHrH.
.......- rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwpyrM3a1,4MM 531 BHMAHE! Bo MHorHX onepaUHOHHbIX CHCTeMax eCTb aHaJIOrlt'IHaSi KOMaHJJ,a, BbmOJIHSlIOWIDI Te >K:e caMble JIeHCTBHSI. HanpltMep, B onepaUItOHHbIX CItCTeMaX KOMnaHlt1t Microsoft KOMaHJJ,a 3BY'lHT KaK tracert. 3anYCK M npMOCTaHOBKa Telnet-ceaHCOB EOJIbllJHHCTBO cereBbIX HH)KeHepOB HIUYT 1'1 YCTpaHfllOT ollJH6KH B ceTSIX 3a CBOHM pa- 60'-lHM CTOJlOM, a He Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO nO,l{lUlIO'-IMCb K YCTPOHCTBY. 4T06bI nOJIy'IHTb y.n:aJIeHHblH .n:OCTyn K MapIIIPYTU3aTOPY HJlH KOMMYTaTOpy, HH)KeHepy H}')KHO BOCnOJlb30- BaTbCfI Telnet- HJlH SSH-KJIHeHTOM Ha CBoeH pa60'leH CTaHUHH H YCTaHOBHTb O.n:HH, a '-IaIUe Bcero HeCKOJIbKO ceaHCOB y.n:aJIeHHOH CBH3H C pa3HbIMH YCTpOHCTBaMH. B Ka'-leCTBe aJIbTepHaTUBbI HillKeHep MO)i(eT no.n:KJIIO'-IHTbCfI K O.n:HOMY MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy HJlH KOMMY- TaTOpy nocpe.n:CTBOM Telnet- HJlU SSH-ceaHca, a nOTOM C nOMOIllblO KOMaHA telnet HJIH ssh onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI Cisco IDS no.n:KJIIO'-IaTbCfI K .D.PYfHM MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaM HJlH KOMMYI'aTopaM. YKaJaHHbIe KOMaHAbl pa60TalOT KaK Telnet- HJlH SSH-K.JllteHT, COOTBeTCT- BeHHO, H npe.n:OCTaBJIflIOT a6COJllOTHO TOT )i(e caMblH ij)YHKI.{HOHaJI, 'ITO H aHaJIOrH'IHbIe YfH- JlHTbI B .n:pyrux onepaUHOHHblX CHCTeMax. nOCJle 3aBepllJeHHfI pa60TbI H3 ceaHca MO)KHO BbIHTH, npOCTO BBe,l{fl KOMaHAY exi t, 'lT06bI pa3'be.nHHuTb Telnet- HJlH SSH-ceaHc 4ecTHo rOBopfl, Te CneUHaJIHCTbI, KOTopbIe MaJIO 3aHHMalOTCfI nOHCKOM H YCTpaHeHH- eM HeHcnpaBHOCTeH, pe.n:KO HCnOJlb3yJOT Bce B03MO:>K:HOCTH KOMaHA telnet H ssh one- pal.{HoHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco IDS, HM npOIlle 3anYCTHTb HeCKOJlbKO ceaHCOB C pa60'-leH CTaHUHH K pa3HbIM YCTpoHcTBaM. ECJlH )i(e nOHCKOM OIIIH60K npHxo.n:HTCfI 3aHHMaTbCfI '1.OCTaTO'-lHO 'laCTO, TO Bce B03MO:>K:HOCTU paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX KOMaHA nOMoryr 6bICTPO ne- peKJIIO'laTbCH Me>K:.l{y pa3HblMH MapllJpYTH3aTopaMH H KOMMYTaTopaMH. HaH60JIee nOJle3HOH ij)YHKI.{HeH KOMaHA telnet H ssh B onepaUHOHHOH CHCTeMe IDS flBJlfleTCfI B03MO)i(HOCTb npHOCTaHOBKH ceaHCOB. 3Ta ij)YHKI.{Hfi n03BOJlfleT npHOCTa- HOBHTb ceaHC H nepeBeCTH ero B ij)OHOBbIH pe>K:HM pa60TbI, He pa3pbIBM Telnet- HJlH SSH-coe.n:HHeHue. CJle.n:OBaTeJlbHO, H3 o.n:Horo YCTpOHCTBa MO:>K:HO YCTaHOBHTb HeCKOJIbKO ceaHCOB K .n:PYfHM YCTpOHCTBaM H 6blCTpO H JlerKO nepeKJIIO'-IaTbCfI Me)K,!:{Y HHMH. Ha PHC. 15.4 nOKa3aHa cxeMa ceTH, KOTopafl 6y.n:eT UCnOJlb30BaTbCfI .llJIfi .n:eMOHCTpamm ij)YHKI.{HH npHOCTaHOBKH ceaHCOB. CeTeBoH MMuHHCTPaTOp pa60TaeT 3a KOMnblOTepOM Bench H YCTaHaBJIHBaeT telnet- ceaHC C MapIIIpYTu3aTopoM Cincy. f10.n:KJIIO'lHBllJHCb K HHTepij)eHcy KOMaHAHOH: CTpoKH nOCJle.n:Hero, MMHHucTpaTop H3 Hero YCTaHaBJIHBaeT telnet-ceaHC C MapllJpYTU3aTopOM Milwaukee. Pa60Tafi C YCTPOHCTBOM Milwaukee, ceTeBOH MMHHHCTpaTOp B HeKoTopbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHU no.n:aBJIfieT ceaHC, HffiKaB KOM6HHaUHIO KJIaBHllJ <Ctrl+Shift+6>, a no- TOM Ha)i(aB KJIaBHIIIY <x>. nOCJIe 3Toro MMHHHCTpaTOp YCTaHaBJlHBaeT telnet-ceaHC C MapllJPYTH3aTopoM New York H, onflTb >K:e, npHOCTaHaBJIHBaeT ceaHC. B KOHue paCCMaT- PI1BaeMoro npHMepa ceTeBOH MMHHucTpaTop C nOMOIllblO Tpex ceaHCOB no.n:KJIIO'leH I( TpeM pa3HbiM MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaM H MO)KeT nepeKJIlO'laTbCfI Me>K:.l{y HHMIt 6}'KBaJIbHO Ha- )l(aTueM HeCKOJlbKHX KJIaBHllJ. B npHMepe 15.5 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaH onHcaHHbIH npouecc IlOl1IUIIO'-IeHHfI, a TaIOKe .n:aHbI HeKOTopbIe KOMMeHTapHH no BbInOJlHfleMbIM .n:eHcTBHflM (CI1paBa B cKo6Kax).
532 4aCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3al,4Mft Bench r=' ---. f'I .,. -- Cincy Frame Relay / ;- Milwaukee --;. -- Uecker Berra Puc. 15.4. "puocmaHo6Ka telnet-ceaHco6 npMMep 15.5. npMoCTaHOBKa telnet-ceaHcoB Cincy#telnet milwaukee (rrOb30BaTeb YCTaHaBBaeT telnet- ceaHC c Milwaukee.) Trying Milwaukee (10.1.4.252) ... Open User Access Verification Password: nOHRTb KOMaHn.) Milwaukee> Milwaukee> Milwaukee> (rrOb30BaTeb BBOnT napob MO>KeT B- (rrOb30BaTeb HaMaeT <Ctrl+Shift+6>, nOTOM <x>.) Cincy#te1net New York cTpoKe (rrOb30BaTeb cHOBa HaxOnTCR B KOMaHnHOW MapwpYTH3aTopa Cincy, nOCKObKY ceaHC O npocTaHOBeH.) Trying New York (10.1.6.253) ... Open (rrOb30BaTeb nOnKDqaeTCR K MapwpYT3aTO- PY New York, cnOb3YR KOMaHny te1net New York.) User Access Verification Password:
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwPYTM3a!.-'MM 533 New York> Tepq,ei1ce New York > New York> New York > TOM <x>.) Cincy#show sessions Telnet-ceHacbI. ) Conn Host 1 Milwaukee * 2 New York Cincy#where show sessions.) Conn Host Address Byte Conn Host 1 Milwaukee * 2 New York Cincy#resume 1 session), T.e. (TIonb30BaTenb MoeT BBOTb KOMaHbI B H- YCTpoi1cTBa New York) (TIonb30BaTenb HaMMaeT <Ctrl+Shift+6>, no- (3Ta KOMaHa nOKa3bIBaeT npocTaHoBneHHbIe Address 10.1.4.252 10.1.6.253 (KoMaHa Idle o o Byte o o where BbIBOT TO e caMoe, Conn Name Milwaukee New York qTO Idle Conn Name Address 10.1.4.252 10.1.6.253 (BepHYTbcfl B Idle o o Byte o o Conn Name Milwaukee New York N'l (CM. show coeHeHe K coeHeHro c MapillpYT3aTopoM Milwaukee.) [Resuming connection 1 to milwaukee ... ] Milwaukee> q,ei1ce Milwaukee.) Milwaukee> Milwaukee> <X:>, ! Cincy. ) Cincy# nepeKnroqncfl B [Resuming connection Milwaukee> Milwaukee> Milwaukee> <X>.) CincY#disconnect 1 HeH! ) Closing connection (TIonb30BaTenb MoeT BBOTb KOMaHbI B HTep- (TIonb30BaTenb HaMMaeT <Ctrl+Shift+6>, nOTOM qTo6bI nepeKnroqTbCfl o6paTHo Ha MapillpyT3aTop (TIonb30BaTenb npocTo Haan KnaBMillY <Enter> M nocneHi1 no CqeTY Telnet-ceaHc.) 1 to milwaukee ... ] (TIonb30BaTenb HaMMaeT <Ctrl+Shift+6>, nOTOM (HeHYHbIi1 ceaHC c YCTpOi1CTBOM Milwaukee pa3e- to milwaukee [confirm] (TIonb30BaTenb HaMMaeT KnaBMilly <Enter>, qTOObI nOTBepTb oTKnroqeHe.) Cincy# [Resuming connection 2 to New York (TIonb30BaTenb nepeKJllOqncfl B NeWYork> NewYork> NeWYork> <x>. ) npocTo Haan KnaBillY <Enter> M nocneHi1 no CqeTY Telnet-ceaHc.) (TIonb30BaTenb HaMMaeT <Ctrl+Shift+6>, nOT OM
534 "IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a",Mft Cincy#disconnect 2 (HeHYH eaHC c YCTPOHCTBOM New York pa3e- ,nJoiHeH ! ) Closing connection to New York [confirm] (nonb30BaTenb npocTo Haan KnaBJoiWY <Enter> Joi nepeKnIO',mnCfI B nocne,nHJoiH no CqeTY Telnet-ceaHc.) Cincy# nOlIIaroBbIe KOMMeHTapHH B paCCMOTpeHHOM BbIlIIe npHMepe 061>flCHflIOT npaKTH'le- CKH Bce HlOaHCbl pa60Tbi C ceaHcaMH. B Ha'laJIe npHMepa 15.5 nOKa3aHO npl1rJIaIIIemfe HHTep4>eHca KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH MaplIIPYTH3aTopa Cincy, K KOTOPOMY MO)l(HO no.n:KJIIO- 'lHTbCfI Telnet-KJIHeHToM pa60'leH CTaHUHH ceTeBoro a.n:MHHHCTpaTopa Bench. nOCJIe nOJIKJIlO'leHHfI K MaplIIpYTH3aTOpy Milwaukee, Telnet-ceaHc npHOCTaHOBJIeH HaJKaTUeM KOM6HHal.{HH KJIaBHIII <Ctr1+Shift+6>, a nOTOM <x>. nOCJIe YCTaHOBKH Telnet-coe.n:HHe- HHH C MaplIIPYTH3aTopOM New York ceaHC TaIOKe npHOCTaHOBJIeH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM TOH )l(e caMOH KOM6HHaUHH KJIaBHIII. D,Ba ceaHca MOryr 6bITh llpHOCTaHOBJIeHbI HJIH B0306HOBJIeHbI O'leHb npoCTO: )].TUI 80300- HOBJIeHIDI ceaHca HCnOJIb3YeTCfI KOMan;:J;a resume. '..hoobl BOCCTaHOBHTb KaKoe-JlH60 KOH- KpeTHoe telnet-coeAHHeHHe, B KOMan;:J;e resume H)')KHO}'Ka3aTb u.n:eHTH4>HKaTOP ceaHca, KO- TOpblH MO)l(110 }'3HaTb C nOMOlII.blO KOMaH.lI.bI show sessions (HJIH C nOMOlII.blO KOMaHAbI where). E.cmt)l(e KOMaHlla resume HCnOJIb3YeTCfI fie3 napaMeTpoB, TO 6YJIeT B0306HoBJIeH nOCJIe}:lHJ{i1 no C'leTy npHOCTaHOBJIeHHbrn telnet-ceanc. BMecro KOMaH.lI.bI resume MO)l(110 npoCTO BBeCTIf HOMep H}')KHoro ceaHca, 3m 3KBHBaJIeHTHblH BapHaHT. HanpHMep, MO)l(HO npoCTO BBeCTIf UH4>PY 2, OHa BblflOJIHHT TO)I(e CaMoe JIeHCTBHe, 'ITO H KOMaHlla resume 2. ECTb OJIHH HHTepecHbIH H nOTeHUHaJIbHO onacHblH HlOaHC B npl10CTaHOBKe H B0306- HOBJIeHHH telnet -ceaHCOB B YCTpOHCTBax. '..IT06bI nepeHTH B nOCJIeJIHHH no c'lery npHoc- TaHOBJIeHHbIH ceaHc, HyiKHO npocTo HaJKaTb KJIaBHIIIY <Enter>. 3TO npOCTO H y.n:06HO, HO MHorHe CneUHaJIHCTbI 3aMe'lalOT, 'lTO HHor.n:a OHH HaJKHMalOT KJIaBHIIIY <Enter> He- CKOJIbKO pa3 no.n:pM, 'lT06bl C.n:BHHYTb CTpOKH HHTep4>eHca KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH H 0'111- CTHTb 3KpaH OT Toro, 'lTO BbIBO.n:HT ycrpOHCTBO B KOHCOJIbHblH noPT. ECJIH B YCTpOHCTBe eCTb npHOCTaHOBJIeHHblH telnet-ceaHc, TO OH 6y.n:eT B0306HOBJIeH B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKHX JIeH- CTBHH H CneUHaJIHCT nona.n:eT B .n:pyroe YCTpOHCTBO. TaKaH cHryaUHH MO)l(eT 6bITb O'leHb onaCHOH, eCJIH BblflOJIHflIOTCfI KaKHe-JIH60 CYIlleCTBeHHbIe H3MeHeHHfI B KOH4>Hrypal.{l1l1 HJIH HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI nOTeHUHaJIbHO onaCHbIe KOMaWIbl onepaUHOHHOH CHCTeMbl Cisco lOS, n03TOMY H}')KHO BHHMaTeJlbHO CJIe.n:HTb, C KaKHM ycrpOHCTBOM Bbl pa60TaeTe, eCJlI1 HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npHOCTaHOBKa ceaHCOB Telnet. B BbIBOJIe KOMaHAbI show sessions "3Be3.nO'lKOH" (*) OTMe'leH nOCJIe.n:HHH aKTI1B- HbIH ceaHc, KOTOpbri!: 6bIJI npHOCTaHOBJIeH, n03mM)' onpe.n:eJIHTb, KY.n:a HMeHHO nepeKJIIO- 'lHTCfI HHTep4>eHc KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH nOCJIe Ha)KaTIDI KJIaBHIIIH <Enter>, O'leHb npocTO. KpoMe KOMaWI)].TUI npHOCTaHOBKH H B0306HOBJIeHHfI Telnet- SSH-ceaHcoB, nOKa3aH- HblX B npHMepe 15.5, Ha npaKTHKe npHroMTcfI elII.e .n:Be KOMaHAbI, oT06pa)KaIOUme I1H- 4>opMaUHIO 0 ceaHcax H nOJIKJIlO'leHHbIX K ycrpOHCTBY nOJIb30BaTeJlflX. KOMaHlla shoW' users nOKa3bIBaeT cnHCOK no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIX K YCTpOHCTBY nOJIb30BaTeJIeH. B ee BblBOlI e nOKa3aHbI Bce ceaHcbl, B TOM 'lHCJIe KOHCOJIbHoe no.n:KJIIO'leHHe, Telnet- H SSH-ceaHCbI " .n:p. KOMaHAa show ssh BbIBO.n:HT ry)l(e caM)'lO HH4>opMaUHIO, HO TOJIbKO.lIJlH nOJlb30 8a - TeJIeH, nOAKJIlO'leHHbIX nocpe.n:CTBoM SSH-ceaHcoB. 06e yx:a3aHHble KOMaH.n:bl OTJII1'1aIO T - CfI OT paCCMaTpHBaBlIIeHcfI BbllIIe KOMaHllbl show sessions, KOTopaH BbIBOJIHT cn"CO K npHOCTaHOBJIeHHbIX Telnet-, SSH-ceaHCOB,l{.IUI ycrpOHCTBa.
- rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwPYTM3a!.-'MM 535 Ha 3TOM Mbl 3aKaH'lHBaeM nepBblH pa3.neJI maBbl. Bo BTOpOM pa3.neJIe OCHOBHOH aK- l{eHT JIeJlaeTCfI Ha npHMeHeHHe MeTo.n:OB H HHCTpYMeHTOB.lIJIfi nOHCKa H YCTpaHeHHfI He- I1cnpaBHocTeH. KOTopbIe 6blJlH Onl1CaHbI BbIlIIe. CLeHap,",, nO,""CKa '"" YCTpaHeH,""fI OW,",,60K B MapWPYT,",,3aL'""'"" B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaH HeKoTopbIH Cl{eHapHH, COCTOflllI.Hn U3 Tpex THnl1lJHbIX CHTYa- l{I1H. B Ka)K,l{OH CHTYaUHH (A. E H B) eCTb HeKOTopble cxeMbl, npHMepbI H KOMMeHTapHH, OnHCbIBalOWHe TO, 'lTO npOHCXO.n:HT B CeTH. '-IHTaTeJIIO H)')KHO 6YJIeT 3aBeplIIHTb BbmOJI- HeHl1e HeKOTOpblX 3a.l{a'l U OTBeTHTb Ha COnpOBO)K,l{aIOWHe 3a.n:aHHe BOnpOCbl. B Ka)K,l{OH H3 TpeX lJaCTeH eCTb npaBHJlbHbIe OTBeTbl Ha KOHTpOJlbHbIe BOnpOCbI. OCHOBHafi l{eJlb CueHapHfI - npO.n:eMOHCTpHpOBaTb MeTO.n:bl nOHCKa 11 YCTpaHeHHfI HeUCnpaBHOCTeH. 06C}')K1laBIIIHeCfI BbllIIe, Ha npaKTHKe. PaCCMaTpHBaeMble HHJKe CH'rya- UUU He 6y.n:yT nOJIHOCTblO COBna.n:aTb C 3a.n:a'laMH H BonpocaMH, KOTopbIe MOryT npHCyTCT- BOBaTb B CepTlI(pUKaUHOHHOM 3K3aMeHe CCNA. OHH npe.n:CTaBJUIIOT C060H npHMep TOro, KaK MOJKHO npHMeHflTb HMelOllI.HeCfI 3HaHHfI B npaKTH'leCKOH pa60Te, a TaIOKe nOMOryT no.n:rOTOBHTbCH K pelIIeHHIO caMblX CJIOJKHblX 3a.n:a'l CePTH.pHKaUHOHHbIX TeCTOB. Ha npHJlaraeMOM K KHure KOMnaKT-.n:HCKe eCTb .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe 3a.n:aHHfI. KOTopble TaIOKe MOJKHO HCnOJIb30BaTb llJUI no.n:roToBKH K 3K3aMeHY H TpeHHpoBKe. Ewe 60JIbille 3a- .naHHH eCTb Ha KOMnaKT-llHCKe. npHJIaraeMOM KO BTOpOM)' TOMY KHHrH. C.'1'ryaM A: 3a.qaM M BonpOCbl Haill cueHapuH Ha'lHHaeTCfI C CHTYaUHH, B KOTOpOn eCTb TOJIbKO lJTO YCTaHOBJIeHHaH KOMnblOTepHafi ceTb. HO .n:OKYMeHTaUHfi Ha Hee 'laCTH'lHO OTCyTCTByeT. B 3a.n:a'lY'lHTaTeJIfi BXO.n:HT H3Y'1eHHe cymecTBYlOllleH .n:OKYMeHTaUHH (B BlI,l{e cxeMbl ceTH), a TaIOKe HCnOJIb- 30BaHHe pa3JIH'lHbIX KOMan.n: rpynnbI show. TaKaH HH.popMaUHfi n03BOJIHeT: · onpe.n:eJIHTb I P-a.n:pec. MacK}' no.n:ceTH (.lIJIHHY npe.pHKca) llJUI Ka)K,l{oro H3 HHTep- .peHCOB MaplllpyTH3aTopa; · paCClJHTaTb a.n:pec no.n:ceTH.lIJIfi Ka)K,l{oro CerMeHTa Ha cxeMe cern; · 3aBeplIIHTb H YCOBeplIIeHCTBOBaTb cxeMY ceTH, YKa3aB Ha HeH IP-a.n:pec H .lIJIHHY npe.pHKCOB, a TaIOKe a.n:peca no.n:ceTeH; · HAeHTI1.pHuupoBaTb JII06ble np06J1eMbI, KOTopbIe cymeCTByJOT B ceTH C IP-a.n:pe- CaMI1 lIJIH no.n:ceTflMH, }'Ka3aHHbIMH Ha cxeMe ceTH; · npe.lIJlOJKHTb MeTO.n: peIIIeHHfI .lIJIH 06HapeHHbIX np06J1eM. B npHMepax C 15.6 no 15.8 nOKa3aHbI BbIBO.n:bI HYJKHbIX KOMan.n: .lIJIfi MapillpyTH3aTopoB RI, R2 H R3; cxeMa ceTH npoHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaHa Ha pHC. 15.5. B npHMepe 15.9 nOKa3aHbI KOMaH.n:bI. KOTopble CHa'laJIa 6bIJIH Ha6paHbI B TeKCTOBOM pe.n:aKTope. a n03JKe CKonHpo- Balibl B KOH.pHrypaUHIO MapIIIpyTH3aTOpa R4.
-- 536 aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3a!.-'Mft 10.10.23.11/21 11 192.168.4.21/28 10.10.10.12/21 WnlO3 = 192.168.4.29 21 FaO/1 FaO/O 50/0/1 192.168.4.22/28 WnlO3 = 192.168.4.29 172.31.5.100/25 50/1/1 ./' 50/0/1 '"""J.. "=-- FaO/1 '50/1/1' R 192.168.4.30 23 192.168.4.23/28 Wl1103 = 192.168.4.30 172.31.5.200/25 Puc. 15.5. CumyoquJ/ A: HenOAHOJI cxeMO cemu npMMep 15.6. CMT}'814MSI A: MHcI>OpM814MSI 0 M8pWPYTM3aTOpe R1 R1#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernetO/O 10.10.24.1 YES NVRAM up up FastEthernetO/1 10.10.15.1 YES NVRAM up up SerialO/O/O unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/0/1 192.168.1.1 YES NVRAM up up SerialO/1/0 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/1/1 192.168.1.13 YES NVRAM up up R1#show protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled FastEthernetO/O is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 10.10.24.1/21 FastEthernetO/1 is up. line protocol is up Internet address is 10.10.15.1/21 SerialO/O/O is administratively down, line protocol is down SerialO/0/1 is up. line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.1.1/30 SerialO/l/0 is administratively down. line protocol is down SerialO/l/1 is up. line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.1.13/30
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwPYTM3a",MM 537 npMMep 15.7. CMT}'aLlMSlA: MH4>opMaLlMSI 0 MapwpyrM3aTope R2 R2#show protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled FastEthernetO/O is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.4.29/28 FastEthernetO/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down serialO/O/O is administratively down, line protocol is down serialO/0/1 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.1.2/30 SerialO/1/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 192.168.1.6/30 serialO/1/1 is administratively down, line protocol is down npMMep 15.8. CMT}'aLlMSI A: MH4>opMaLlMSI 0 MapwpyrM3aTope R3 R3#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernetO/O 172.31.5.1 YES NVRAM up up FastEthernetO/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/O/O unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/0/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down SerialO/1/0 192.168.1.5 YES NVRAM up up SerialO/1/1 192.168.1.18 YES NVRAM up up R3#show ip route connected 172.31.0.0/25 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 172.31.5.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O 192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks C 192.168.1.4/30 is directly connected, SerialO/1/0 C 192.168.1.16/30 is directly connected, SerialO/1/1 npMMep 15.9. CMT}'aLlMSI A: ..aCTM..HaSl KOH4>MrypaLlMSI MapwpyrM3aTopa R4 ! KOMaH, YKa3aHHe He, 6H HaneqaTaH B TeKCTOBOM peaKTope ! H OYYT CKonHpOBaH B KOHHrypap MapwpyTH3aTopa R4. interface faO/1 ip address 192.168.2.23 255.255.255.240 interface serial 0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.14 255.255.255.252 interface serial 0/1/0 ip address 192.168.1.19 255.255.255.252 ! YKa3aHHe He KOMaH BKnpqaPT npoToKon RIP BepcHH 2. router rip version 2 network 192.168.1.0 network 192.168.4.0
....... 538 "IacTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3al.4Mft OTBeTbl K 3aAaaM cTYaLl. A B npHMepax 15.6-15.8 }'Ka3aHbl IP-a.n:peca Bcex HbIX HHTep<peHCOB)J)lfl Maprnpy- TH3aTopOB Rl, R2 H R3 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. TeM He MeHee HeKOTopble H3 nOlGi3aHHbIX KO- MaH,l{ He BbIBO,l{flT HH<popMaUHIO 0 MaCKax Ha HHTep<peHcax. B lJaCTHOCTI1, KOMaH,l{a show ip interface brief O'leHb npHrollHTcfI Cnel.{HaJIl1cTY, lJT06bI 6bICT}J0 npocM<>TpeTb COCTOflHHe HHTep<peHcoB H HX IP-a.n:peca, HO B ee BbIBo.n:e He nOKa3bIBaeTCH MaCKa I1H- rep<peHca. KOMaH,l{a show protocols BbIAaeT TY)!(e caMYJO HH<popMaUHIO, HO BMeCTe C MaCKaMH ceTeH HHTep<peHcoB. B npHMepe 15.8 (R3) HanpflMYJO 11H<popMaUHfi 0 MaCKax He nOKa3aHa, HO ee MO)!(HO .n:OCTaTO'lHO npOCTO HaHTH. MHTep<peHCbI H HX IP-a.n:peca MO)I(HO YBI1.n:eTb B BbIBo.n:e KO- MaH,l{bI show ip interface brief, .n:aJIee .n:OCTaTO'lHO CpaBHI1Tb nOJIyqeHHYJO UH- <popMaW11O co CmtCKOM MaprnpYToB, KOTOpbIH BbIBO.n:I1TCfI KOMaH,l{OH show ip route connected. B nOCJIe.n:HeH KOMaH,l{e }'Ka3aHa HH<p0pMaI.{Hfi 0 MaCKe H allpece no.n:ceTH)].TUI BCex pa60'lHX HHTep<peHCOB YCT}JOHCTBa. MaprnpYTU3aTOp onpe.n:eJIfieT a.n:pec no.n:CeTH H MacK)' )J)lfl KffiK,lIOro HanpflMYJO no.n:coe.n:HHeHHoro K YCTPOHCTBY cerMeHTa (CJIe.n:OBaTeJlb- HO, H MaprnpYTa) Ha OCHOBe HH<popMaI.{HH, }'Ka3aHHOH B KOMaH,l{e KOH<pl1rypHpOBaHHfI HHTep<peHca ip address. MCnOJIb3YfI .n:Be onHcaHHbIe KOMaH,l{bI, MO)I(HO }:IOCTaTO'lHO npocTO onpe.n:eJlHTb IP-HacT}JoHKH HHTep<peHcoB MaprnpYTH3aTOpa R3. M HaKoHeu, B npHMepe 15.9 nOKa3aHbI KOH<pHrypaUHoHHbIe KOMaH,l{bI, KOTopble 6y.n:YT HCnOJIb30BaHbI B MaprnpYTH3aTope R4. B HHX B flBHOM BH,LJ:e 3a.n:aHbI IP-a.n:peca H MaCKH no.n:ceTeH B HeCKOJIbKHX KOMaH,l{aX ip address. Ha pHC. 15.6 nOKa3aHa cxeMa ceTH, KOTopaH co.n:ep)KHT B ce6e OTBeTbI Ha Bce 3allaHHfI B cHTYaUHI1 A: IP-allpeca, MaCKH BCex I1HTep<PeHcoB H allpeca no.n:ceTeH. ,l],.JuI aHaJIH3a HH<popMaUHH, npe.n:cTaBJIeHHOH Ha cxeMe ceTH, 'lHTaTeJIb MO)!(eT HCnOJIb- 30BaTb MeTo.n:bl 11 COBeTbl, npell.CTaBJIeHHbIe BbIrne B TeKYIlleH maBe, B 'laCTHOCTH CTaH- .n:apTHbIe nOllXo.n:bI K aHaJIH3Y IP-allpecoB H nOllceTeH. B paccMaTpHBaeMoM npHMe- pe MO)I(HO YBH,LJ:eTb .n:Be pa3HbIe np06JIeMbI C allpeCaUl1eH B ceTH. nepBaH np06JIeMa COCTO- HT B TOM, 'lTO KOMnblOTepbI 31 H 32 B JIeBOM HIDKHeM YfJIY cxeMbI HaXO,l{flTCfI B pa3Hblx no.n:ceTfiX (CM. pl1C. 15.6). B paCCMaT}JHBaeMOH CI1TYaUHH IP-allpec KOMnblOTepa C HOMe- pOM 32 paBeH 172.31.5.200, a )J)lHHa npe<pHKca - /25, CJIe.n:OBareJIbHO, .n:aHHoe YCTPOHCT- BO Haxo.n:HTCfI B no.n:ceTH 172.31.5.128/25 C .n:Hana30HOM allpeCOB 172.31.5.129 no 172.31.5.254. KOMnblOTep 31 11 MaprnpYTI13aTOp R3, KOTOpble no.n:KJIIO'leHbl K TOMY )!(e ca- MOMY cerMeHTY JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH, OTHOCflTCfI K allpeCHOH no.n:ceTH 172.31.5.0/25, .n:Hana- 30H KOTOPOH paBeH 172.31.5.1-172.31.5.126. YKa3aHHaH np06JIeMa npl1Bo.n:HT K TOMY, 'lTO MaprnpYTH3aTOp R3 He MO)!(eT nepeCbI- JIaTb naKeTbl KOMnblOTepy 32, nOCKOJIbKY B HeM eCTb MaprnpYT Ha HanpflMYJO nO,l{l(]lIO- 'leHHYJO no.n:ceTb 172.31.25.0/25, a naKeTbI, OTnpaBJIfieMbIe Y3JIY C HOMepOM 32, He nona- .n:alOT no.n: TaKYJO MaprnpYTHyIO 3anHCb. AHaJIOfH'lHO, YCTaHOBJIeHHblH IP-allpec CTaH- .n:apTHoro IIIJII03a )J)lfl KOMnblOTepa 32 (172.31.5.1), nOCKOJIbK}' OH Haxo.n:HTCfI B .n:pyrOH a.n:pecHoH no.n:ceTH (He COBna.n:alOweH C no.n:ceTblO YCT}JOHCTBa). BTopaH np06JIeMa C allpeCaW1eH B paCCMaT}JHBaeMOH cxeMe MO)!(eT 6bITb 06Hapy)!(eHa B nOCJIellOBaTeJIbHOM KaHaJIe Me)!(}:lY MaprnpYTI13aTOpaMH R3 H R4: I P-a.n:pec R4 (192.168.1.19/30) npe.n:CTaBJI5IeT C060H rnHpoKoBewaTeJIbHbIH a.n:pec B no.n:ceTI1 192.168.1.16/30. ,[{l1ana30H npaBHJIbHbIX a.n:peCOB .n:JIfi ,nOH no.n:ceTI1: 192.168.1.17- 192.168.1.18, a allpec, OKaH'lHBalOIlll1HC5I Ha 19, - rnupoKoBeIllaTeJIbHbIH. CJle.n:yeT OT-
-- rl1aBa 15. nOMCK M yCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHOCTeM B IP-MapwpYTM3a!.-'MM 539 MeTHTb, 'lTO B paCCMaT}JHBaeMOM cueHapHH, eCJIH nOnblTaTbCfI BBeCTH KOMaH,l{bl TaK, KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO B npHMepe 15.9, T.e. CKonHpOBaTb HX H3 TeKCTOBoro pe.n:aKTopa B KOH- cl>Hrypal.{HIO YCTpoHcTBa R4. TO 3TO YCTpoikTBO He npHMeT KOMaH.n:y ip address 192 . 168 . 1. 19 255. 255 . 255 . 252, nOCKOJIbJ<y OHa ornH60'lHa - yJ(a3aH rnHpOKO- BernaTeJIbHbIM a.n:pec. 10.10.23.11/21 11 nOAceTb 10.10.24.0/21 nOAceTb 192.168.4.16/24 192.168.4.21/28 Wm03 = 192.168.4.29 10.10.10.12/21 12 10.10.24.1/21 FaO/O 192.168.1.1130 FaO/1 -:;.. -=-- SO 011 10.10.15.1/21 R1 nOAceTb 192.168.1.0/30 21 192.168.4.22/28 Wm03 = 192.168.4.29 no.nceTb 10.10.8.0/21 172.31.5.100/25 192.168.4.23/28 Wm03 = 192.168.4.30 172.31.5.200/25 nOAceTb 192.168.1.16/30 nOACeTb 172.31.5.0/25 Puc. 15.6. Cumya1.4W1 A: aiJpeca noiJcemeu u 1 P-UH,pOpMa1.4W1 J],JIfi perneHHfI yJ(a3aHHb1X np06JIeM cymecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO no.n:xo.n:OB, HO caMbIH npo- CTOH U O'leBH,lI,HbIH - npHCBOHTb npaBHJIbHbIe, HO HeHCnOJIb3yeMbIe B .n:pyrHX YCT}JOHCT- Bax IP-a.n:peca H3 H}')KHbIX no.n:ceTeM. J],JIfi KOMnblOTepa C HOMepOM 32 H}')KHO yJ(a3aTb a.n:- pec H3 .n:Hana30Ha 172.31.25.1-172.31.25.126, HO OH He .n:OJDKeH COBna.n:aTb C HCnOJIb3ye- MbIM KOMnblOTepoM 31 HJIH MaprnpYTH3aTopOM R3. .lIJrn MaprnpYTH3aTOpa R4 CJIe.llYeT HCnOJIb30BaTb IP-a.n:pec 192.168.1.17, nOCKOJIbJ<y 3TO ellHHcTBeHHbIH B03MO)KHbIH BapH- aHT; a.n:pec 192.168.1.18 }')ICe npHCBoeH YCT}JOHCTBY R3. CTyaLl. 5: aHanM3 Mapwpyra naKeTOB 4>peMoB Bo BropOH CHTYaUHH-npHMepe paCCMaT}JHBaeMoro cueHapHfI npo.n:OJDKaeTCfI paCCMOT- peHHe ceTH. nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 15.6. npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO ornH6KH B IP-a.n:pecaI.{HH Bce eWe npucYTCTBYJOT B ceTH, .n:pyrHX npo6JIeM HeT. npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI TaIOKe, 'lTO Bce cl>H3H- jecKHe COeJIHHeHHfI KOppeKTHO pa60TaIOT, a TalOKe B MaprnpYTH3aTopax KoppeKTHo CKOHcl>l1rypHpoBaH H 3anyweH npOTOKOJI RIP-2. I1cxoAfl H3 YKa3aHHbIX BblIIIe .n:onymeHHH, CJIe.n:yeT OTBeTHTb Ha nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe HIDKe BonpOCbl. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'lTO JJ.]UI OTBeTa Ha HeKOTopble BonpOCbI nOHallO-
............... 540 "IacTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3a4Mft 6HTCfI MAC-a.apeca. Oml He }'Ka3aHbl Ha cxeMe, BMeCTO HI1X C Ka)I(JI.bIM YCT}JOi1CTOOM CBfI- 3aH "nCeBAo4>H3H'leCKHi1" a.apec BWIa R]-FaO/]-MAC (MAC-a.apec .lI)IfI HHTep4>ei1ca FaO/] MaprnPYTH3aTopa R]). I. ECJIH KOMnblOTep C HOMepOM 12 ycnernHo BbmOJlHfleT ping-TecTHpoBaHHe coe.n:UHe- HI1f1 C KOMnblOTepOM 2] H naKeTbI npH 3TOM nepe.n:alOTCfI no nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOMY Ka- HaJIY Me)I(JI.y MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaMH R] -R2, KaKHe 3anHCH ARP-Ta6JIHl{ 6YJIYT HCnOJlb30- BaTbCfI B ycrpoi1cTBax ] 2, R], R2 H 2] ? 2. npe.n:nOJIO)l(J1M, 'lTO KOMnblOTep C HOMepOM ]2 nepeCbIJIaeT ping-3anpocbI YCT}JOHCTBy 23 H OHH nepe.n:alOTCfI no KaHaJIY R]-R4. KaKHe 3anHCH ARP-Ta6JIHU 6y.n:YT HCnOJIb30- BaTbCH B YCTpoi1CTBax ] 2, R I, R4? 3. npe.n:nOJImKHM, 'lTO KOMnblOTep C HOMepOM ]2 nepeCblJIaeT ping-3anpocbl YCT}JOi1CTBY 23 H OHH nepe.n:alOTCH no KaHarry R]-R2. KaKHe 3anHCH ARP-Ta6JIHU 6yAYT HCnOJIb30- BaTbCfI .lI)IfI nepeCbIJIKH OTBeTOB (OT Y3JIa 23) Ha TaKHe 3anpOCbl B ycrpoi1cTBax 23, R2, R4, R]? 4. KOMnblOTep 3] nepeCblJIaeT naKeT KOMnblOTepy 22. Koma naKeT nepe.n:aeTCfI B BH,l{e 4>pei1Ma lJepe3 Ethernet-coe.n:HHeHHe B npaBoi1 'laCTH Ha cxeMe CeTI1, KaKoi1 y Hero MAC-a.apec OTnpaBHTeJIfl H MAC-a.apec nOJI}"-IaTeJIfI? KaKOBbl ero IP-a.apeca nOJIyqa- TeJIfi H oTnpaBHTeJIH? 5. KOMnblOTep 3] nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT KOMnblOTepy 22. Kor.n:a naKeT nepe.n:aeTCfI B BH,l{e 4>pei1Ma lJepe3 nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJlbHbli1 KaHaJI Me)I(JI.y MaprnpYTH3aTOpaMH R3 11 R2, KaKOH y Hero MAC-a.apec ompaBHTeJIfl H MAC-a.apec nOJI}"-IaTeJlfl? KaKoBbl ero IP-a.apeca n0JIY'IaTeJlfl H oTnpaBHTeJIH? 6. KOMnblOTep 21 nepeCblJIaeT naKeT KOMnblOTepy ]2 'lepe3 KaHaJI Me)I(JI.y MaprnPYTu3a- TopaMH R2 11 Rl. Kor.n:a naKeT nepe.n:aeTCH B BWIe 4>pei1Ma 'lepe3 Ethernet-coe.n:HHeHl1e B npaBoi1lJaCTH Ha cxeMe ceTH, KaKOi1 y Hero MAC-a.apec oTnpaBHTeJIfl H MAC-a.apec nOJlyqanJIfI? KaKoBbI ero IP-a.apeca nOJIyqaTeJlfl H oTnpaBHTeJlfl? 7. KOMnblOTep 2] nepeCblJIaeT naKeT KOMnblOTepy ]2 lJepe3 KaHaJI Me)I(JI.y MapIIIPYT"3a- TopaMH R2 U Rl. Koma naKeT nepe.n:aeTCfI B BHlle 4>pei1Ma 'lepe3 Ethernet-coe.n:HHeHl1e B JIeBoi1 'laCTH Ha cxeMe ceTH, KaKOi1 y Hero MAC-a.apec oTnpaBHTeJIfi H MAC-a.apec nOJIY'IaTeJIfI? KaKOBbI ero I P-a.apeca nOJIyqaTeJIH H oTnpaBHTeJIfI? CMTYaLl.M 5: OTBeTbl 3a,u,a'lH BTOpoi1 'laCTH cueHapHfI T}Je6YJOT 3HaHHH npHHl{HnOB MaprnpYTH3aUHI1 11 KOMMYTaUHH B I P-ceTHx. TeopHfI H}l)KHbIX B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae 'll1TaTeJIIO npoueccoB nQll.- P06HO onHcaHa B maBe 5 "OCHOBbI I P-a,u,peCaUI1H H MaprnpYTI13aUHH". B lJaCTHOCTI1, 'lT06bI npaBHJ1bHO OTBeTHTb Ha nepe'lHCJIeHHble BbIrne BonpOCbl, He06xo.n:HMO nOMHI1Tb CJIellYlOlII.He KJlIO'leBbIe MOMeHTbI. . IP-naKeT nepe.n:aeTCfI OT Y3JIa-OTnpaBHTeJIfi K Y3JIy-nOJIyqaTeJIIO. ""'e""" JeMa . 3aroJIOBOK H KOHueBHK KaHaJIbHoro ypoBHfI, C nOMOIllblO KOTOpbIX HH- KanCYJIHpyeTcfI naKeT T}JeTbero ypOBHfI, He nepel1.alOTCfI HeH3MeHHblMI1 Ha npOTfI- )KeHHH BCero MapIIIpYTa CJIe.n:OBaHUfi naKeTa, a, Ha060pOT, B Ka)I(JI.OM 4>u3H'leCKOM cerMeHTe I1CnOJIb3YJOTCfI COOH c06CTBeHHbie 6J10KU: Ha yqacTKe OT Y3JIa .n:o nepBoro MapIIIpYTH3aTopa, Me)I(JI.y.n:BYMfI MaprnpyrH3aTopaMU H T.n.
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwPYTM3aMM 541 . lJT06bl npouecc nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX pa60nIJI KOppeKTHO, an.pec nOJIyqaTeJlfl Ha Ka- HaJIbHOM ypOBHe paBeH H,lI,eHTH4>HKaToPY CJIe.n:ylOwero TpaH3HTHora Y3JIa. . B IP-3araJlOBKe co.n:epJKaTCflIP-an.peca OTnpaBHTeml H nOJIy'IaTeJIfi. . MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI oT6pacbIBalOT 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBHK .lIJIfi KlUKJ],orO npHHflToro 4>peHMa H .n:ot5aBJIfiIOT HOByJO HH4>opMauulO KaHaJIbHOra ypOBHfI B COOTBeTCTBHH C BbIXO.n:HbIM HHTep4>eHcoM nepe.n: nepe.n:a'leH naKeTa. . B cerMeHTax JIOKaJIbHblX ceTeH Y3JIbi H MaprnPYTH3aTopbl HCnOJIb3yJOT npOTOKOJI ARP, 'lT06bI Y3HaTb MAC-an.peca YCTpOHCTB B Ethernet-ceTH. . B .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX WAN-KaHaJIaX npOTOKOJI ARP He H)')KeH, nOCKOJIbK}' He HCnOJIb- 3yeTcH an.pecaUHH Ha KaHaJIbHOM ypOBHe. ECJIH Y 'lHTaTeJlfl no npOlJTeHHIO }'KaJaHHoro cnHCKa B03HHKalOT KaKHe-JIH60 Bonpo- CbI, CJIe.n:yeT 06paTHTbCfI K COOTBeTCTByJOrneH maBe H OCBe)KHTb B naMHTH TeOpeTH'leCKHH MaTepHaJI. CMTYa4MJI 5: Bonpoc 1 B 3TOM Bonpoce paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI MapIIIPYT nOTOKa naKeTOB Me}f(,ll.Y KOMnblOTepaMH 12 H 21, a TaIOKe npe}:lnOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO naKeTbI npOXO.ll)lT no KaHaJIY Me}f(,ll.Y MaprnpyrH3a- TopaMH Rl H R2. Mbl MOJKeM npe.n:nOJIO)KHTb, 'lTO nOTOK C03.n:aH C nOMOWblO KOMaWIbl ping H npe.n:cTaBJIfieT C060H 3xo-3anpocbI npOTOKOJIa ICMP, HO TaKHe npe.n:nOJIOJKeHHfI He nOBJIHfllOT Ha nOJIyqeHHblH OTBeT. <I>aKTH'leCKH HYJKHO Bcero JIHrnb YKa3aTb, KaKHe 3a- nHCH 6y.n:YT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B ARP-Ta6JIHue KaLJ.)K,lIOro H3 YCTpOHCTB Ha MapIIIpYTe. lJT06bl npaBHJIbHO OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc, H)')KHO nOMHHTb, KaK MaprnPYTH3aTop HJlH yJt"n BbI6HpaeT YCTpOHCTBO, KOTOPOMY OH 6y.n:eT nepe.n:aBaTb 4>peHM. KOMnblOTep 12 nepe- CbIJIaeT 4>peHM MaprnPYTH3aTOpy RI, noTOM)' 'lTO IP-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIH OTHOCHTCfI K llpyrOH no.n:ceTH (He COBnan.alOweH C no.n:ceTblO Y3JIa 12). MaprnpYTHJaTop RI 4>opMHPyeT HOBbIH 4>peHM H nepeCbmaeT era MarnPYTH3aTOpy R2, nOCJIe.n:HHH, B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b, 4>op- MHpyeT HOBbIH 4>peHM (T.e. .n:06aBJUleT HOBbIH 3araJIOBOK H KOHueBHK KaHaJIbHOrO ypoB- HH) H nepeCblJIaeT 4>peHM KOMnblOTepy 21. Ha pHC. 15.7 nOKa3aHbI TaKHe 4>peHMbI H }'Ka- 3aHbI MAC- H IP-an.peca nOJIyqaTeJIeH ,l{JIfI HHX. lJTo6bI npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb 4>peHM, OTnpaBJIeHHbIH KOMnblOTepOM 12, CJIe.n:yeT nOM- HUTb JIOrHK}' nepeCblJIKH .n:aHHbIX Y3JI0M - an.pec nOJIy'IaTeJIfi Haxo.n:HTCfI B .n:pyrOH no.n:ce- TH, CJIe.n:oBaTeJlbHO, 4>peHM CJIe.n:yeT nepeCJIaTb cTaWIapTHoMY IIIJII03Y (default gateway). lJTo6bI OCYIlleCTBHTb TaK}'lO Onepal.{HIO, KOMnblOTep 4>opMHpyeT 4>peHM TaKHM 06pa30M, lJT06bI OH 6bIJI npHHflT HMeHHO MaprnpYTH3aTopOM R I, T.e. eMY H}l)KHO onpe.neJlHTb MAC-an.pec CBOero CTaWIapTHoro IIIJII03a (10.10.15.1), Haii.IDI ero B CBoeH TIl6JIHue HJlH BbInoJlHHB ARP-Janpoc. ECJIH 3anHCb B Ta6JIHue eCTb, Y3eJI 12 MrHOBeHHO 4>opMupyeT 4>peHM H nepe.n:aeT ero (nepBbII:t 3Tan Ha pHC. 15.7), eCJIH 3anHCH HeT, TO KOMnblOTep pac- CblJIaeT IIIHpOKOBewaTeJIbHOe ARP-coo6weHHe, nOJIy'IaeT OTBeT H C03.n:aeT 3anHCb B Ta6- JIHue MAC-an.peCOB. CJIe.n:yeT TaIOKe nOMHHTb, 'lTO KOMnblOTep 12 He 3HaeT MAC-an.peca KOMnblOTepa 21, nOCKOJIbK}' OH He nepe.n:aeT 4>peHM nOJIyqaTeJIIO HanpfiMYIO. CHa'laJIa naKeT HHKanCYJIH- PyeTCH BO 4>peHM H nepe.n:aeTCfI CTaWIap'THOM)' IIIJII03Y, n03TOMY.lIJlfl YCTpOHCTBa 60JIee BCUi(HOH HBJlfleTCfI HH4>opMaUHfi 0 era MAC-an.pece. II
542 "IacTb III. IP-MapWpYTM3 a 4MJI PC12 ARP-T3611101L13: IP-aJJ.I)eC MAC-aJJ.I)ec 10.10.15.1 R1-FaO/1-MAC 10.10.10.12/21 WI1I0310.10. 1 5. 1 j .' ,.""."""",. .' R2 ARP-Ta611101L13: IP-aJ:lPec MAC-aJJ.I)ec 192.168.4.21 PC21-MAC 192.168.1.1 /30 r 50/0/1 ---:;.. - 1 192.168.1.2/30 :,. 50/0/1 ---:;.. - FaO/O R2 192.168.4. 29 1 :....._____..__..__.......1 @ i ID_MAC=PC21-MAC I DJP=192.168.4.21 192.168.4.21 /28 WI1I03 = 192.168.4.29 ... FaO/1 ! 10.10.15.1/21 . R1 CD ID_MAC=R1-FaO/1-MAC I D_IP=192.168.4.21 @ I 0- MAC=HeT I DJP=192.168.4.21 I-- Puc. 15.7. CumyoquJI E: omBem HO Bonpoc 1 BTOpOH :nan (CM. pHC. 15.7) HJIJlIOCT}JHpyeT nepe.n:a'lY peHMa, nOCJIe TOro KaK Map- IIIpYTH3aTOp RI OT6pOCHJI)I)lfl BXO.n:HOro peHMa 3aroJIOBOK H KOHueBHK Ethernet H npH- HfiJI perneHHe 0 nepeCbIJIKe naKeTa 'lepe3 HHTepeHc SO/O/I MaprnpYTH3aTOpy R2, no- 3TOMY OH npHcoe.n:HHHJI K naKeTY CTaHAapTHbIH 3arOJIOBOK KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHfI llJUI no- CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX KaHaJIOB HOLe. IP-allpec nOJIyqaTeJUI naKeTa (192.168.4.21), BnOJlHe O'leBHAHO, He H3MeHHJICfI. npOTOKOJI HOLC npHMeHHeTCfI TOJIbKO B .n:BYXT04e'lHbIX KaHa- JIax H He HCnOJIb3YeT MAC-allpeCOB, CJle.n:oBaTeJIbHO, npOTOKOJI ARP B llaHHOM CJIyqae He H}')KeH. )],JuI 3TOro 3Tana MO)I(HO }'Ka3aTb, 'lTO ARP-3anHCH B Ta6JIHue MaprnpYTH3aTopa Rl )I)lfl nepe.n:a'lH naKeTa .D:aJIbrne He HCnOJIb3YJOTCH. H HaKOHeu, T}JeTHH, H nOCJle.n:HHH, 3Tan onHCbIBaeT nepe.n:a'lY naKeTa, nOCJIe Toro KaK MaprnpYTH3aTOp R2 OT6pOCHJI 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBHK npOTOKOJla HOLC)I)lfl BXoMrn ero peHMa H npHKpenHJI K HeMY HOBbIe 6JIOKH KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI HHKancyJlflUHH Ethernet. MaprnpYTH3aTOp R2 nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT 'lepe3 HHTepeHc FaO/O, K KOTOPOMY HanpfiMYIO no.n:KJIIO'leH KOMnblOTep 21, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B 3aroJIOBOK peHMa OH .n:06aBJIfieT MAC- allpec Y3JIa 21. AHaJIOrH'lHO paccMoTpeHHoMY Bblrne CJIyqalO, YCTPOHCTBY nOHall0611TCSI 3anHCb B ARP-Ta6JIHue )I)lfl COOTBeTcTBYJOrn.ero YCTPOHCTBY I P-allpeca (192.168.4.21). ECJIH Y MapIIIPYTH3aTopa HeT 3anHCH B Ta6JIHue MAC-allpeCOB, OH oTnpaBHT ARP-3anpOc (rnHpoKoBern.aTeJIbHbIH), eCJIH eCTb - cpa3Y )l(e CopMHPyeT peHM. C.'l'ryaMJI 6: Bonpoc 2 B OTBeTe Ha BTOpOH Bonpoc HCnOJIb3yeTcfI Ta )l(e caMafi JlOfHKa u aJIrOpHTMbI, 'lTO 11 B nepBoH 3alla'le. B .n:aHHOM CJIy'Iae KOMnblOrep 12, MaprnpYTI13aTOpbI RI H R4 yqacTByK>T B nepeCbIJIKe naKeTa H .n:eJIalOT 3TO B T}JH 3Tana, Onl1CaHHble HH)I(e. 1. KOMnblOTep 12 npl1HHMaeT perneHue 06 OTnpaBKe naKeTa CBoeMY cTaH.n:apn-lOMY rnJII03Y, nOCKOJlbK)' IP-allpec nOJIyqaTeJIfi (192.16.4.23) OTHOCHTCfI K .n:PyroH no.n: ceTI1 . CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, Y3JIY 12 nOHall06HTCfI 3anHCb B ARP-Ta6JIHue .n:JIfi cTaHllapTHor o IIIJIIOJa (10.10.15.1 HJIH R 1).
rnasa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpasHoCTeM S IP-MapWPYTM3aMM 543 2. MaprnpYTH3aTOp RI nOJIyqaeT peHM, oropacbIBaeT 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBHK KaHaJIb- HOro ypOBHH H nepeCbIJIaeT .n:aHHbIe MaprnpYTH3aToPY R4 no nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOMY co- e.n:HHeHHIO. B KaHaJIe HCnOJIb3yeTcfI HHKanCYJIflUHfi HOLC, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, YCTpOH- CTBO R 1 He HCnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP. 3. MapIIIPYTH3aTOp RI nOJIyqaeT peHM, oropacbIBaeT 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBHK KaHaJIb- HOro ypOBHSI npOTOKOJIa HOLe. .l(aJIee OH npHHHMaeT perneHHe 06 OTnpaBKe naKeTa Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO KOMnblOTepy 23 'lepe3 HHTepeHc FaO/1 H HCnOJIb3yeT MfI 3Toro 3anHCb B ARP-Ta6JIHUe MfI IP-a,u.peca 192.168.4.23 (yJJIa 23). Ha pHC. 15.8 nOKa3aHbI 3anHCH ARP-Ta6JIHU, KOTopbIe 6y.n:YT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI npH nepe.n:a'le naKeTa OT KOMnblOTepa 12.n:0 23. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'lTO Ha HJIJlIOCTpa- l{HH TaIOKe nOKa3aHbI COOTBeTCTByJOIllHe IP-a,u.peca CJIe.n:yJOI.l{HX TpaH3HTHbIX nepexo.n:OB (next-hop), HX MAC-a,u.peca H MAC-a,u.pec, .n:06aBJIfleMbIH B HOBbIH 3aroJIOBOK KaHaJIb- HOro ypoBHSI Ethernet-peHMa. PC12 ARP-Ta61JI14f!: IP-a,I p ec MAC-a,I p ec 10.10.15.1 RI-FaO/I-MAC r . : 10.10.10.12/21 :--'W;310.10.15.1 ) " " ................FaO 1 R4 ARP- Ta61JI14f!: (,10.10.15.1/21 CD j lD_MAC=RI-FaO/I-MAC I D-,P=192.168.4.23 r- @ I D_MAC=Her IP-a,I pec 192.168.4.23 i 192.168.1.14/30 i MAC-a,Ipec PC23-MAC ----;. _ FaO/1 R4 192.168.4.30 : I OJ'" '92. ''''.23 .1- ) @ i I D_MAC=PC23-MAC 23 192.168.4.23 /28 Wmo3 = 192.168.4.30 I D_'P=192.168.4.23 Puc. /5.8. 3anucu 8 ARP-ma6AUlax: 80npoc 2 C1Tya4MfI 6: Bonpoc 3 KOBaPCTBO 3TOro Bonpoca 3aKJIIO'laeTCfI B TOM, 'lTO .n:Ba MaprnpYTH3aTOpa nO.n:COe.n:H- HeHbI K CerMeHTy JIOKaJIbHOH CeTH (CnpaBa Ha pHC. 15.6), CJIe.n:omneJIbHO, Y KOMnblOTepa 23 eCTb .n:Ba B03MO)KHbIX MaprnpYTa, H ABa ycrpoHcTBa MOryT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B Ka'leCTBe CTan.n:apTHoro IllJII03a. B 3a,u.aHHH npe.n:nOJIaraeTCfI, 'lTO ICMP-naKeTbI 3XO-3anpOCOB OT KOMnblOTepa 12 CJIellYIOT 'lepe3 MaprnpYTH3aTOp R I, nOTOM 'lepe3 R2 H no JIOKaJIbHOH ce- TI1 nepe.n:alOTcfI K KOMnblOTepy C HOMepOM 23. Y3eJI 23 .n:OJDKeH OTnpaBHTb ICMP-oTBeTbI YCTpOikTBY 12, n03TOMY, 'lT06bI OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc npaBlIJIbHO, H}')KHO onpe.n:eJIHTb, no Kal<OMY MapIIIPYTY nOH.n:eT nOTOK .n:aHHbIX, H nOTOM OnpelleJIHTb, KaKHe 3anHCH B ARP- Ta6JI»uax 6y.n:YT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI KIDKllbIM »3 YCTpOHCTB.
544 .!aCTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aMft KOMnblOTep 23 HCnOJIb3yeT Ty )ICe caMYlO JIOrHKY nplt nepeCbIJIKe naKeTOB - eCJIII no- JIyqaTeJlb HaxO.n:HTCfI B .n:pyrOH no.n:ceTH, YCl"pOHCTBO .n:OJI)KHO OTnpaBHTb naKeT CTaHAapl'- HOMY IllJII03Y. B paCCMal"pHBaeMOM CJIyqae, Koma KOMnblOTep 23 OTnpaBJUleT ICMP- naKeT 3XO-OTBeTa KOMnblOTepy 12, nOCJIe.n:HIIH Haxo.n:HTCfI B .n:pyrOH no.n:ceTH, CJIe.n:OBa- TeJIbHO, nepeCbIJIKa 6y.n:eT npoxo.n:HTb 'lepe3 TpaH3HTHblH Y3eJI C a.n:pecoM ] 92. ]68.4.30 (R4) - craHAapTHbIH IIIJII03 KOMnblOTepa 23. O'IeBHllHO, 'lTO MapIIIpYTH3aTOp R40Tnpa- BHT naKeT MapIIIpYTH3aTOPY R], KOTOpbIH nepeIIIJIeT ItHOpMauHIO Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO yJ- JIY C HOMepOM ] 2. 3anltCH B ARP-Ta6JIHl.{ax YCl"pOHCTB 23, R4, R] H ]2 6yAYT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI comaCHO YKa3aHHOMY HIDKe cnHCKY. I. KOMnblOTep 23 npHHHMaeT perneHHe 0 nepeCbInKe naKeTa CBoeMY cTaH.n:apTHoMY rnJII03Y, R4. CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, Y3JIY 23 HY)lCHa 3anHCb llJIfi CTaH.n:apTHoro IIIJII03a (] 92.168.4.30) B ero ARP-Ta6JIHUe, 'lT06bI CopMHpoBaTb peHM. 2. MapIIIpYTH3aTOp R4 nOJIyqaeT peHM, OT6pacbIBaeT 3aroJIOBOK H KOHl.{eBItK KaHaJlb- HOro ypoBHfI H npltHHMaeT peIIIeHue 0 nepeCbInKe naKeTa .n:aJIee no nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIb- HOMY KaHaJlY K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy Rl. B 3TOM KaHaJle HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npOTOKOJI HOLC, CJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHO, MaprnPYTlt3aTOp R4 He ItcnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP. 3. MaprnpYTH3aTOp R] nOJIy'IaeT peHM OT YCl"pOHCTBa R4 H oT6pacbIBaeT HHOpMaUItIO KaHaJlbHoro ypOBHfI npOTOKOJIa HOLe. ,lJ,aJIee MapIIIpYTH3aTOp npHHHMaeT peIIIeHlte o nepeCbIJIKe naKeTa HanpSlMYIO KOMnblOTepy ] 2 'lepe3 HHTepeHc FaO/] , CJIe.n:o- BaTeJIbHO, eMY H}')KHa 3anHCb B ARP-Ta6JIHUe JIJIfi Y3JIa C 1 P-a.n:pecoM 10.10.10.] 2 (KoMnblOTepa ]2). RI ARP-Ta6nMlja: IP- am>ec MAC- ancec 10.10.10.12 PCI2-MAC ..".. ..,.. ...,. = 10.10.10.12/21 Wmo310.10.15.1 '}t .' . ........... ....".. .' FaC/1 ----:;..0:::.... 10.10.15.1/21 R .' .' f...... 'f I D_MAC=PCI2-MAC I DJP=10.10.10.12 I @ . , . . '" . , " ..".... "'.. . 192.168.1.14/30 ............ -;.. FaO!1 ......... I 192.168.4.23/28 R4 192.168.4.3:) WnKJ3 = 192.168.4.30 .............. ,'. CD f -1 D_MAC=R4-Fa0/1-MAC I DJP=1O.10.10.12 J 23 12 - @ -1 D_MAC=HeT I DJP=10.10.10.12 I Puc. /5.9. 3anucu ARP-ma6Auq OAR 60npoca 3 CMTYa4MfI 6: Bonpoc 4 B 3TOM 3a.n.aHItH paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI naKeT, nepeCbIJlaeMblH KOMnblOTepOM 3] KOMn blO - Tepy 22, HO Bonpoc KacaeTCfI TOJIbKO cerMeHTa JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH, KOTOpblH pa3MerneH Ha cxeMe CeTIt cnpaBa (CM. pHC. 15.6). lIT06bI Halt60JIee nOJIHO H npaBUJIbHO OTBeTHTb Ha BO- npoc. HY>KHO BcnOMHHTb. 'lTO IP-a.n.pec OTnpaBHTeJISI U nOJIY'laTeJIfi OCTalOTCfI HeH3MeH-
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeM B IP-MapwpyrM3aMM 545 HbIMH npH nepe.n:a'le naKeTa no ceTH, a a.n.peca OTnpaBHTeJIfl H nOJIyqaTeJlfl MeHHIOTCfI npH npoXO)K,l{eHHH naKeTa 'Iepe3 KIDK.lI.oe npOMeO'lHOe YCTpoikTBO, T.e. KIDK.lI.bIH Maprnpy- TH3aTOp Ha MapIIIpYTe y6HpaeT cTapbIH H .n:06aBJIfleT HOBbIH 3arOJlOBOK H KOHl.{eBHK peHMa. KpoMe TOro, H}')KHO nOMHHTb, 'lTO nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHbIH KaHaJI Me)K,l{y MaprnpYTH- 3aTopaMH R3 H R4 He YHKlI.HOHHPyeT 1t3-3a ornH60'lHOH KOHHrypaUHH (yx:a3aHHbIH B KOHHrypaUHH IP-a.n.pec 192.168.1.19.l1.JIfi MaprnpYTH3aTOpa R4 HenpaBHJlbHbIH), CJIe.n:o- BaTeJlbHO, IP-naKeTbI MOryT 6blTb nepe.n:aHbI TOJIbKO no KaHaJIY Me)K,l{Y MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa- MIt R 1 H R4. B TaKOH cHryaW1H naKeT 6y.neT nepe.n:aBaTbCfI no Maprnpyry KOMnblOTep 31 R3 R2KoMnblOTep 22. l1TaK, paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH naKeT (OT KOMnblOTepa 31 K KOMnblOTepy 22) 6y.n:eT nepe.n:a- BaTbCfI 'lepe3 JIOKaJIbHYIO ceTb cnpaBa Ha cxeMe K CTaHAapTHoMY lII1I103Y, B ItTOre OH nona- .n:eT B MapIIIpYTH3aTOp R2, KOTOpbIH nepe.n:aCT ero 'lepe3 cerMeHT J10KaJIbHOH ceTH Hanpfl- MYIO KOMnblOTepy 22. B .n:aHHOM CJIY'lae MapIIIpYTH3aTOp R2 COpMItPyeT HOBbIH Ethernet-3aroJlOBOK, B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca OTnpaBHTeJlfl B KOTOpoM 6y.n:eT CTOSITb MAC- a.n:pec HHTepeHca FaOjO YCTpOHCTBa R2. a B Ka'leCTBe a.n.peca nOJIyqaTeJlfl - MAC-a.n.pec KOMnblOTepa 22. IP-a.n.peca ompaBHTeJIfi 172.31.5.100 (31) H nOJlyqaTeJlfl 192.168.4.22 (22) He H3MeHflTCfI. Ha pHC. 15. I 0 nOKa3aHbI a.n.peca KaHaJIbHOrO H ceTeBoro ypoBHeH ,l{JIfi Bcex peHMoB H naKeTOB, nepeCbIJIaeMbIX OT KOMnblOTepa 31 K YCTpOHCTBY 22. CMTYa4MfI 6: Bonpoc 5 B 3TOM Bonpoce OnltCaH TOT )Ke caMblj;t nOTOK .n:aHHbIX, 'lTO It B Bonpoce 4, HO OCHOB- Hoe BHHMaHHe y.n:eJlfleTCfI MexaHlt3MY nepeCbIJIKIt peHMa B nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJlbHOM KaHaJIe Me)K.l{y MapIIIpYTH3aTopaMH R3 H R2. Ha Bonpoc JIerKO OTBeTHTb, eCJIH 'lHTaTeJlb nOMHHT, '110 MapIIIpYTH3aTOp oropacbIBaeT 3arOJlOBKH H KOHl.{eBHKIt KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHH npH 06- pa60TKe npHHflToro cppeHMa H HHKanCYJIHpyeT naKeT B HOByJO HHopMaUHIO KaHaJIbHoro YPOBHfI, nepe.n: TeM KaK nepe.n:aTb ero .n:aJIbIIIe. 3arOJlOBOK H KOHl.{eBHK KaHaJIbHOrO ypOBHfI 3aBHCflT OT TOro HHTepeHca, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIH nepeCbIJIaeTCfI naKeT. B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CJIY'lae MapIIIpYTH3aTopbI HCnOJIb3yJOT ItHKanCYJIflUHIO HOLC, KOTopafl flBJlfleTCfI CTaHAapTHbIM opMaTOM peHMa ,l{JIfi .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJlb- HbIX KaHaJIOB B MapIIIpyrn3aTOpaX Cisco. B 3arOJIOBKaX npOTOKOJla HOLC HeT HHKaKHX MAC-a.n:pecoB, cpaKTH'leCKIt a.n.peca BToporo (KaHaJIbHoro) ypOBHH TaM a6COJIIOTHO H3- JlHIIIHH, nOCKOJIbKY, eCJIH KaHaJI .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIH H, HanpHMep, MaprnpYTH3aTOp R3 nepe- CblJIaeT peHM 'lepe3 TaKOH KaHaJI, TO MapIIIpYTH3aTOp B m060M CJIyqae nOJlyqHT TaKoH peHM, nOCKOJIbKY OH flBJUIeTCfI e.n:HHCTBeHHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM Ha .n:pyroM KOHue KaHaJIa. B pe3YJIbTaTe B OTBeTe He CPHrypHPYlOT HHKaKHe MAC-a.n.peca, nOCKOJlbKY OHH He HC- nOJIb3yJOTCfI, a IP-a.n.peca OTnpaBHTeJIfi 172.31.5.100 (3 I) H TIOJIyqaTeJlfl 192.168.4.22 (22), He 1t3MeHflIOTCfI. Ha pHC. 15.10 MO)KHO nO'lepnHYTb BCIO He06xo.n:ItMYIO HHopMaUHIO,l{JIfi OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc H y6e.n:HTbCfI, 'lTO nplt UCnOJIb30BaHHH HOLC-ItHKancYJIfluHH MAC- a.D.peca He HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI. CIiITya41i1f1 6: Bonpoc 6 B 3TOM Bonpoce aHaJIH3ltpyeTcfI naKeT. nepeCbIJIaeMbIH KOMnblOTepOM 21 KOMnbIOTe- py 12, a OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe y.n:eJIfleTCfI JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH B npaBO" 'laCTIt cxeMbI Ha PI1C. 15.6. B Bonpoce TalOKe YKa3aHO, 'ITO naKeT nepeCbIJIaeTCfI KOMnblOTepOM 21 Map- IUpynnaToPY R2, OT nOCJIellHerO - MaprnpYTlt3aTOpy Rl, a 3aTeM - KOMnblOTepy 12.
...., 546 "IacTb III. IP-MapwPYTM3aMft CD D MAC=R3-FaO/0-MAC 5= MAC=PC31-MAC 172.31.5.100/25 Wmo3172.31.5.1 @ D_MAC=PC22.MAC D-'P=192.168.4.22 5_ MAC=R2-FaO/0-MAC 5 -,P= 172.31.5. 1 00 ---;. "=-- FaO/O R2 192.168.4.29 50/1/0 192.168.1.6/30 31 192.168.1.5/30 50/1/0 FaO/O 172.31.5.1/25 __r ./"- 192.168.1.14/30 50/0/0 __ ---:;.. "=-- FOO/l li8 1 18 / 30 50/1/1 '- R4 192.168.430 . .. 192.168.1.19/30 22 P 192.168.4.22/28 Wmo3- 192.168.4.30 Puc. /5.10. 3anucu A RP-ma6Auq OAR 6onpoca 4 B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae KOMnblOTep 21 nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT, HHKanCYJIHpYfI ero B Ethernet- peHM, MaprnPYTH3aTOPY R2. 1h06bI COpMHpoBaTb cppeHM, MAC-a.n:pec KOMnblOTepa 21 YKa3bIBaeTCfI B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca KaHaJIbHoro ypoBHfI OTnpaBHTeJIfI, a MAC-a.n:epc HH- TepcpeHca FaOjO MaprnPYTH3aTopa R2 yx:a3blBaeTCfI B KalJeCTBe HlleHTItI1KaTOpa nOJIy'Ia- TeJIfi. IP-a.n:peca ompaBUTeJIfi 192.168.4.21 (21) 11 Y3JIa nOJIyqaTeJIfi 10.10.10.12 (12) He 1t3MeHflIOTCfI Ha BceM MapIIIpYTe Me)K,l{Y YCl"pOHCTBaMIt 21 It 12. Ha pHC. 15.11 npOHJIJIIO- Cl"pHpOBaHbI cppeHMbI.lI1UI TeK)'lll.ero H CJIe.n:yJOll.{ero 3a.n:aHHH. 10.10.10.12/21 Del. Gw 10.10.15.1 192.168.4.21/28 Del. Gw= 192.168.4.29 12 192.168.1.1/30 FaO/l ___ ___ 50/0/1 10.10.15.1/21 R 21 /' P --- FaO/O 192.168.1.2/30 R2 192.168.4.29 50/0/1 @ D MAC=PCI2.MAC t S= MAC=Rl. FaO/l-MAC CD D-,P=10.10.10.12 S-,P=192.168.4.21 +-- D_MAC=R2.FaO/0-MAC S MAC=PC21.MAC D IP=10 10.10.12 S=IP=192 168.4 21 Puc. /5.//. 3anucu ARP-ma6Auq OAR 6onpoco6 5 u 6 CMTya4MfI 5: Bonpoc 7 3TOT oonpoc cpaKTWIeCKH flBJUIeTCfI npo.n:OJI)I(eHHeM Bonpoca 6, B HeM HCCJIe.n:yeTCfI TOT )l(e caMbIH naKeT, nepeCbIJIaeMbIH Me)Klly yJJIaMIt 21 H 12, HO OCHOBHoe BHItMaHHe y.n:eJUIeTCH yqacTK}' MaprnpYTa, pacnOJIO)l(eHHoMY CJIeoa Ha cxeMe cem (CM. pHC. 15.6). nOJIHblH Map- rnpYT naKeTa BbIrJIflAHT TaKHM o6pa30M: Y3eJI 21 nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT MapIIIPYTHJaTOPY R2, yC'rpoHcTBO R2 nepeCbIJIaeT naKeT Maprnpyrn3aTOpy R I, a nOCJIe.zufHH - Y3JIY 12. l1TaK, BHa'laJIe yJeJI 21 nepeCbIJIaeT I P-naKeT C a.n:peCOM oTnpaBHTeJIfi 192.168.4.21 (allpec Y3JIa 21) H a.n:peCOM nOJIyqaTeJIfi 10.10.10.12 (yJeJI 12). 1.JT06bl .n:OCTaBHTb naKeT, KOMnblOTep C HOMepOM 21 HHKanCYJIltpyeT era B Ethernet-peHM It nepeCbIJIaeT craH- .n:apTHoMy IIIJII03Y - MapIIIpYTU3aTOpy R2. MapIIIPYTU3aTOp R2 oT6pacbIBaeT Ethern et -
-- rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeili B IP-MapwpyrM3aMM 547 HHKancymll.{HIO H nepe.n: oTnpaBKoH naKeTa MapIIIpYTl13aTOpy RI HHKanCYJIHpyeT ero B HH<t>opMauHIO npOTOKOJIa HDLe. nOJIyqHB <t>peHM, MapIIIPYTH3aTOp Rl oT6pacbIBaeT 3arOJIOBOK H KOHueBHK npOTOKOJIa HDLC H npHHHMaeT peIIIeHHe 06 oTnpaBKe naKeTa 'lepe3 HHTep<t>eHc FaD/I. KaK 06bI'lHO. IP-a.n:peca OTnpaBHTeJIfi H nOJlyqaTeJIfi B npol.{ecce nepeCbIJIKH naKeTa He H3MeHflIOTCfI. nepe.n: TeM KaK OTnpaBHTb naKeT 'lepe3 HHTep<t>eHc FaD/I, MapIIIPYTH3aTop RI .n:06aB- JIfieT Ethemet-3arOJIOBOK H cooTBeTcTByJOIllHH KOHueBHK K naKery. B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca oTnpaBHTeJIfi B TaKOM <t>peHMe HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MAC-a.n:pec HHTeP<t>eHca FaO/1 MapIIIpYTH- 3aropa R I, a B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJIfi - MAC-a.n:pec Y3JIa 12 H3 ARP-Ta6JIHUbI HH- Tep<t>eHca. npol.{ecc nepe.n:a'lH npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaH Ha pHC. 15.10, KOTOpbIH TalOKe HC- nOJIb30BaJICfI LUIfi OTBeTa Ha npeJIbl.l{yI1ll1.H Bonpoc. CM-ryaI.l.MSI B: aHa11M3 MapWPYTOB B TpeTbeM 3a.n:aHHH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro cueHapHfI HY)KHO npe.n:yra.n:aTb. KaKyJO HH<t>Op- Mal.{HIO 6y.n:eT BbIBO.n:HTb KOMaH.LJ:a show ip route connected LUIfi MapIIIpYTH3aTopoB R4 11 Rl. CJIe.n:yeT nOMHI1.Tb, 'ITO OIIIH6KH, KOTopbIe 6bIJII1 06Hap}')KeHbI H no.n:p06HO 06- c}')KlleHbI B nepBoM 3a.n:aHHH (cHryal.{Hfi A), He 6b1J/U ucnp06J/eHbl. '-IT06bI OCBe)l(l1Tb cxeMY ceTH B naMfiTH H BcnOMHHTb, 'lTO npOHcxo.n:HT B MapIIIpYTH3aI.{HH, CJIe.n:yeT 06paTHTbCfI K pl1C. 15.6, a TaJOKe K npHMepaM C 15.5 no 15.9. CM-ryaI.l.MSI B: OTBeTbl MapIIIPYTH3aTOpbl 3aHOCflT HanpflMYIO no.n:KJIIO'leHHble K HI1M CeTI1 (T.e. YKa3aHHbIe Ha I1HTepcpeHcax) B CBOI1 Ta6JIHLlbI MapIIIpYTH3aUHH B TOM cJIy'lae, eCJIH: · KO.n:bI COCTOflHHfI HHTepcpeHca nOKa3blBalOT, 'lTO cpH3H'leCKHH H KaHaJJb- OC::aa" HblH ypOBHH pa60TalOT (BbIBO.n:HTCfI.n:Ba Ko.n:a: "up" 11 "up"); eMa · IP-a.n:pec HHTeP<t>eHca npaBHJlbHbIit L1.mI KaJK.U.OrO HHTep<t>eHca, COOTBeTCTByJOwero YKa3aHHbiM .n:BYM Tpe60BaHHflM. Map- IIIPYTH3aTOp paCC'lHTbIBaeT a.n:pec no.n:ceTH Ha OCHOBe IP-a.n:peca H MaCKH no.n:ceTH, KOTO- pbIe YKa3aHbI B KOMaH.LJ:e ip address B pe)l(l1Me KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHI1f1 HHrep<t>eHca. EJIarOllapfi HH<t>opMaUHH, nOJIy'IeHHOH B 3a.n:aHlUlX Cl1ryauHH A H fi BbIIIIe, a TalOKe comac- HO cxeMe CeTH Ha pHC. 15.5, MbI MO)l(eM CKa3aTb, 'lTO Ha Bcex HHTep<t>eHcax MapIIIpYTI13aTO- POB YKaJaHbI IP-a.n:peca H nOpThI HaxO.lI.HTCfI B pa60'leM COCTOfIHHH (up/up). 3a HCKJIJO'leHHeM I1HTep<t>eHca SO/lfl MapIIIpyrn3aTopa R4. 3roM)' HHTep<t>eHcy ceTeBOH HIDKeHep nOnbITaJJ- CH npUCBOHTb a.n:pec, cOBna.n:aIOWHH C IIIHpoKOBewaTeJIbHblM a.n:peCOM no.n:cern, MapIIIpYTH- JaTOp He npHHfIJI COOTBeTCTByJOWyJO KOMal-I.ll:Y ip address. B Ta6JI. 15.5 nOKa3aHbl Ha- npflMyJO no.n:KJIIO'leHHble MapIIIPYTbI MapIIIpYTH3aTopOB R I H R4. 6JIHua 15.5. Henocpe.ll.CTBeHHO nO.ll.KJIIO'IeHHble Mapmpyrbl MapmpyrH3aTopoB RI H R4 CTpOHCTBO H HHTepcJIeAc IP-a.apec nO.ll.CeTb BbIXO.IUIOH HHTep$eHc R I FaO/O 10.10.24.1/21 10.10.24.0/21 FaO/O RI FaO/1 10.10.15.1/21 10.10.8.0/21 FaO/1 RI SO/O/I 192.168.1.1/30 192.168.1.0/30 SO/O/I S O/I/I 192.168.1.13/30 192.168.1.12/30 SO/I/I
"'" 548 "IacTb III. IP-MapwpyrM3aMft OKOH'taHue mafill. 15.5 YCTpOHCTBO H HHTepeileAc R4 SO/O/I R4 FaO/1 IP-3Jl.pec 192.168.1.14/30 192.168.4.30/28 nO.ll,CeTb 192.168.1.12/30 192.168.4.16/28 BbIXO.ll,HOH HlITepcl)eAc SO/O/I FaO/1 lfT06bI npocMOTpeTb HanpflMyJO no.n:KJIIO'leHHble ceTH H MapIIIpYTbI Ha HHX B Map- IIIpYTH3aTope, CJIe.n:yeT HCnOJIb30BaTb KOMaH.n:y show ip route connected. 3Ta KO- MaH.n:a npocTo Bbl,l{aeT OTI1JIbTpOBaHHbIH cnHCOK MaprnpYTOB no YKa3aHHoMY napa- MeTpy, a HMeHHO - TOJIbKO Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIe K YCTPOHCTBY CeTI1. B npl1MepaX 15.10, 15.11 nOlGi3aH BbIBO.n: 3TOH KOMaH,l{bI ,l{JISI MapIIIpYTH3aTopoB R 1 11 R4, COOTBeTCTBeHHO. npMMep 15.10. BblBOA KOMaHAbl show ip route connectedAl1f1 MapwypTM3aTopaR1 Rl#show ip route connected 10.0.0.0/21 is subnetted, 2 subnets C 10.10.8.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O C 10.10.24.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/l 192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks C 192.168.1.12/30 is directly connected, SerialO/l/l C 192.168.1.0/30 is directly connected, SerialO/O/l npMMep 15.11. BblBOA KOMaHAbl show ip route connectedAl1f1 MapwpyrM3aTopaR4 R4#show ip route connected 192.168.4.0/28 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 192.168.4.16 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/l 192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks C 192.168.1.12/30 is directly connected, SerialO/O/l ECJIH CpaBHHTh Bbl,l{eJIeHHYIO B npHMepe 15.11 HHopMauHIO C KOMaH,l{OH ip address 192.168.4.30 255.255.255.240 B npl1Mepe 15.9, KOTopafl 6bIJIa BBe.n:eHa B pe)l(HMe KOHHrypHpoBaHHfI HHrepeHca FaO/1 MapIIIpynnaTOpa R4, MO)KHO c.n:eJIaTb HeKOTopble BblBO.n:bI. MaCKa 11.3 KOMaH,l{bI ip address MO)l(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa,l{Jlfl onpe.n:eJIeHHSI TOro, KaK BbIrJIfl,l{HT npeI1.KCHafi 3anHCb TOtt )Ke caMoH MaCKH - /28. A,npec H MaCKa MOlyI' 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI .l(.1UI onpe.neJIeHHfI a.n.peca no.n:ceTH - 192.168.4.16. HMeHHo 3Ta HH- OpMal{HfI Bbl,l{eJIeHa B BbIBo.n:e KOMaH,l{bI show ip route connected npHMepa 15.11.
rnaBa 15. nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMcnpaBHocTeili B IP-MapWPYTM3aMM 549 nOArOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe Bee KnIO'IeBble TeMbl CJIe.n:yeT nOBTOpMTb Bce KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHott maBbI, KOTopbIe nOMeqeHbI nMKTOrpaMMoH Ha nOAAX. B Ta6JI. 15.6 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIlO'leBble TeMbI H COOTBeTCTByJOWHe HM CTpaHHl.{bI. :..aR eMa Ta6J1Hua 15.6. KJIIO'IeBble TeMbi rJJaBbl 15 3J1eMeHT OUHcaHHe HOMep cTpaHHUbI 3ape3epBMpoBaHHble 3Ha'leHMSl a,upeCOB, KOTopble HM B KoeM c.rryqae He MOryr 6blTb 520 Ha3Ha'leHbl Y3JIaM CnMCOK Ta6J1. 15.2 CnMcoK npW-IMH, no KOTOpblM MOryr 6bITb 3ape3epBMpOBaHbl HYJleBaJI M 521 llmpOKOBelllaTeJlbHaJI no,!ceTM CnHcoK CnHcoK COBeTOB no perneHMIO 3a,uaHMH, CBSl3aHHblX C IP-a,upeCal..l1eH Ha 3K3aMeHe 523 CnHcoK MapwpyrM3aLlMJl, IP-a,upecaI..l1Sl, pa3perneHMe MMeH M ARP-3anpocbl C TO'lKH 523 3peHMSl Y3JIa CnMcoK ,lI,Be HaH60Jlee BepOSlTHble npWII1Hbl, nO'leMY KOMaH.la ping B03BparnaeT 527 OT)JMllaTeJlbHbIH pe3YJ1bTaT IDISI ,!BYX Y3JI0B CnMcoK TpM HaM6oJ1ee pacnpOCT)JaHeHHble npM'lMHbl, nO'leM)' KOMaH.la ping B03BparnaeT 527 n0J10>KHTeJlbHbIH pe3YJ1bTaT B TOR JKe caMoH no,!ceTM M OTPMLlaTeJ1bHbIH lL1UI Y3JI0B M3 ,!pymx nO,!CeTeH CnHCOK OnMcaHMe npollecca nOMCKa coomeTCTBIDl a,upecy nOJlY'laTellil MaprnpynI3aTOpOM 528 npM MaprnpyrM3aLlMM PHC. 15.3 I1mIIOCT)JaLlMSl npOLiecca onpe,!eJleHMSl a.LIpeCOB C nOMOlllblO KOMaH.lbl 531 trace route onepaLlMoHHoH CMCTeMbl Cisco IOS CnHcoK Pe310Me no MAC- M IP-a,upecaM M MX 06pa6OTKe B npoLiecce nepe,!a'lH naKeTa B 541 cenf CnMcoK ,lI,Ba OCHOBHblX YCJlOBIDl ,!6aBJIeHMSl Maprnpyra K HanpSlM)'lO nO,!KJlIO'leHHOH 548 no,!cern B Ta6J1Ml.lY MaprnpyrM3aLlMM 3an011HMTe Ta611Ml.I.bl M cnMCKM no naMSlTM PaCne'laTaMTe npHJIO)l(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH ero pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CHWI1HCfI K 3TOH maBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHl.{bI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)KeHHM 11 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHl.{bI 11 cnHCKH ,l{JIfi caMOKOHTpOJIfi. CnMCOK KOMaH,Q B Ta6JI. 15.7 onHcaHbI KOMaH,l{bI, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe B .n:aHHoH maBe, H npHBe.n:eHO KpaT- I(oe onHcaHHe YHKIJ.HH Ka)l(,IJ,OH H3 HHX. CJIe.n:YeT eIlle pa3 nOBTopHTb KOMaH,l{bI, BbIllOJI- HHeMbIe Ha KOHe'lHbIX Y3JIax, npellCTaBJIeHHbIe B Ta6JI. 15.4. B 3TOH maBe HeT HOBbIX KOH- l1rypal{HOHHbIX KOMaH,l{.
550 .!aCTb III. IP-MapWPYTM3aMft KOMalUta Ta6J1ltua 15.7. KOMalUtb1 show H debug maBbl 15 OnHcaHHe show sessions where te1net {Ha3saHMe_Y3Ra I IP-apec } ssh -1 MMH nORb30saTeRR {Ha3SaHMe_Y3Ra I IP-apec } disconnect [HoMep_coeMHeHMR] resume [HoMep_coeMHeHMR] traceroute {Ha3saHMe_Y3Ra I IP-apec } <Ctr1+Shift+6>. <x> show ip arp show arp show ssh show users BblBOllltT cmfCOK nplfOCT3HOBJIeHHbIX Telnet- If SSH-ce3HcoB B YCTjJOHcTBe-ItHltllIt3Tope ce3HCOB BJ1S1eTCSI CItHOHItMOM KOM3H,lJ.bl show sessions It BblBOllltT TY >Ke C3MYIO ItH<POpM3L1ItIO YCTIlH3BJIlfB3eT Telnet-ce3Hc C YllaJIeHHblM YCTjJOHCTBOM YCT3H3BJIltBaeT SSH-ce3Hc C YllaJIeHHblM YCTPOHCTBOM P33'be1iItIDIeT npltOCT3HOBJIeHHblH Telnet- It SSH-ce3Hc. tlleHTIt<pItLlItPYSI era no YK333HHOM)' B n3p3MeTPe HOMepy, KOTOpblH MO)l(eT 6blTb nonyqeH C nOMOWblO KOM3H,lJ.bI show sessions B0306HOBJUleT npltOCT3HOBJIeHHblH Telnet-It SSH-ce3Hc, It.lleHTIt<pItLlItPYSI era no YK333HHOM)' B n3p3MeTpe HOMepy, KOTOpblH MO)l(eT 6blTb nOJI}"!eH C nOMOWblO KOM3H,lJ.bl show sessions nOK33blB3eT M3pWpYT K YK333HHOMY IP-a.lpecy nOJI}"!3TeJISI It OTo6p3)l(3eT a.lpec3 Bcex npOMe)l(yro'lHblX Y3JIOB H3 M3pWpYTe 3T3 nOCJIellOB3TeJIbHOCTb CItMBOJIOB npltOCT3H3BJIltBaeT Telnet- ItJIIt SSH-ce3Hc BbIBOllltT COllep)l(ltMOe ARP-T36JIItLlbl M3pWPYTlt33TOpa BblBOliltT COllep)l(ltMOe ARP-T36JIItLlbl M3pWPYTlt33TOpa nOKa3blBaeT ItH<pOpM3L1ItJQ 0 nOJIb30BaTeJISlX, nOllKJIIO'IeHHbIX K M3pWPYTIt33TOpy nocpellcTBOM ce3HCOB npOTOKOJI3 SSH nOK33bIBaeT ItH<pOpM3L1ItIO 0 nOJIb30BaTeJISIX. nOllKJIIO'IeHHbIX K M3pWPYTlt33TOpy nocpellcTBoM Telnet- ItJIIt SSH-ce3HCOB, 3 T310Ke '1epe3 KOHCOJIbHblH nopT
B 3TOM LfaCTM paCCMOTpeHbl CneAYlOlJ.IMe TeMbl 3K3aMeHa Cisco ICND1 ' ... TIpHHlUfnbI pa60Tbi ce-reH nepe.na'lH .naHHbIX: . paCCKa3aHO. KaK HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb .n:HarpaMMbI ceTeH; . 061>flCHeHo. KaK onpe.n:eJIHTb MapIIIpYT Me)K,l{y.n:BYMfI yJJIaMH B ceTH; . onHcaHbI OCHOBHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI ceTH H HHTepHeT-coe.n:UHeHHfI; . paCCKa3aHO, KaK npaBHJIbHO onpe.n:eJIHTb HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHble ceTeBble np06JIeMbI Ha ypOBHSIX 1, 2, 3 H 7 C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM MHoroypoBHeBoro no.n:xo.n:a; . OmtCaHbI pa3JIH'lHfI JIOKaJIbHbIX (LAN) 11 pacnpe.n:eJIeHHbIX (WAN) ceTeH H UK YHKl.{HH. BHe.npeHHe cxeMbi IP-a.n.pecalUfJl B cem H IP-cJIyJK6,lI.JIJ1 He6oJIbIDoro ocl»Hca cl»HJIHua: . 061>flCHeHa TeopHfl H npHHI.{Hn pa60TbI TeXHOJIOrHH NAT; . onHcaHbI 'laCTHbIe H 3apentCTpHpOBaHHble IP-a.n:peca; . paCCKa3aHO, KaK BHe.n:pHTb TeXHOJIOrHIO NA T B ceTH c no.n:KJIIO'leHHeM K O.n:HOMY npoBai1.n:epy c nOMOIllblO nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHHSI SDM H npOBeplfTb ee pa60- Tocnoc06HocTb 'lepe3 HHTepeHc KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKlt If C nOMOIllblO KOMaHAbi ping; KOHcI»HrypHpoBaHHe H npOBepKa WAN -KaHUOB: . onHcaHbI pa3J1H'lHbIe MeTo.n:bI no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K WAN-cpe.n:e; . paccKa3aHo, KaK CKOHcpHrypHpoBaTb H npoBepHTb npocToe nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOe Co- e.n:HHeHHe C WAN-ceTblO; I Hau60Aee OKmYOI/bHYIO UHrP0PMOU,UIO 0 mOM. KOKue meMbl Ha meKYUU MOMeHm BxoiJRm 6 cepmu- 'U>&UJ"'''' -..1r..n..pH. Mn.JlCH.O H.oumu HO BOO- cau me http://www.cisco.com. - npItMe'l. aBT.
....,.........- I 4aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM rI1aBa 16. 6a30Bbie KOHLtenLtVlVl WAN-ceTeall rI1aBa 17. KOH<pVlrypVlpoBaHVle WAN-coeAVlHeHVlaII
I. 11 B :nOD maRe... .. . WAN-TeXHOJIOrHH. B 3TOM pa3.n:e- JIe OnHCaHbl HeKoTopbIe HaH60- JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIe WAN- TeXHOJIOrHH, KOTopble He 6bIJIH paCCMOTpeHbI B maBe 4, a HMeH- HO, Mo.n:eMbI, TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL, Ka6eJIbHbIe ceTH H TeXHOJIOrHfI ATM. . IP-cJIyJK6bI )l,Jul.n:oc'fYIIa K ceTH I1HTepHeT. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onH- caHO HCnOJIb30BaHHe npOTOKOJIa DHCP B KJIHeHTCKoH H cepBep- HOM: peaJIH3au.HH B MapIIIpyTH3a- TOpax Cisco, a TaIOKe TeXHOJIO- rHfl NAT.
rI1ABA 16 6a30Bbie KOHenMM WAN-ceTeM B rJIaBe 4 "OCHOBbl WAN-ceTeH" 6bIJIH .n:OCTaTO'lHO no.n:p06HO paccMoTpeHbI .n:Be HaH60JIee BIDKHbIe,lIJUl KopnopaTHBHbIX WAN -ceTeH TeXHOJIOfHH: . BbIAeJIeHHbIe JIHHHH, B KaropbIx HCnOJIb3yeTCfI npOTOKOJI HOLC HJIH nparOKOJI PPP; . TeXHOJIOrHfI Frame Relay. B IV'lacTH KHHrH paCCMOTpeHbI TeXHOJIOrHH WAN-ceTeH, KOTopbIe Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH .n:eHb aKTHBHO UCnOJIb3yJOTCfI ,lIJUI .n:OCTyna K I1HTepHeT. B maBe 17 "KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe WAN-coe.n:HHeHHH" OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe y.n:eJIeHO BHe.n:peHHIO H KOH<PHrypH-pOBaHHIO pa3JIH'lHbIX <PYHKIJ;HH,lIJUI WAN-ceTeH, B 'laCTHOCTH, HeCKOJIbKHM CJIy)K6aM ypOBHfI 3, KO- TopbIe Ha cero.n:HfllllHHH .n:eHb HaH60JIee 'laCTO HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI B THnH'lHOM no.n:KJIIO'leHHH K ceTH MHTepHeT B MaJIbIX H .n:OMaIIIHItX o<pHcax (small office or home - SOHO). KOHTpOl1bHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJI npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH ,lI,JIfi Toro, 'lT06bI 'lHTaTeJIb Mor npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO oueHHTb CBOH 3HaHHfI H pelllHTb, HHO JIH eMY 'lHTaTb maBY ueJIHKOM. ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBflTb H3 .n:eCflTH BonpOCOB .n:aHbI npaBHJIbHO, MO)I(HO cpa3y )Ke nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:HeMY pa3.n:eJIY "nO.n:roToBKa K 3K3aMeHY". OCHoBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH maBbI H npe.n:BapltTeJIbHbIX KOHrpOJIb- HbIX BonpOCOB nepe'lHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 16.1. OTBe'la5l Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI H HCnOJIb- 3yfl Ta6JIHUY, 'lHTaTeJIb CMO)KeT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOH 3HaHIDI B TOH HJIH UHOH 06JIaCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbl npHBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)KeHHH A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- TpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI". Ta6JIHI3 16.1. TeMbI KOHTpOJIbHbIX BonpOCOB OCHOBHaSl TeMa VV-TeXHOJIOrHH IP-CJIYJK6bI D,JUI LlOC'I)'Ila K ceTH I1HTepHeT HOMepa BonpocoB 1-5 6-8 1. KaKoe H3 yJ<.a3aHHbIx HH)J(e YTBep)J(,l{eHHH JIyqIIIe Bcero onHCbIBaeT <PYHKIJ;HIO .n:eM0.lIY- .IUIUHH Mo.n:eMa? a) Ko.n:HpyeT BXOAflIllHH aHaJIOrOBbIH CHrHaJI OT KOMnbIOTepa B UH<PPOBOH ,lIJUI ne- pe.n:a'lH no TeJIe<pOHHOH CeTl1. 6) LJ:eKo.n:HpyeT BXOAflIllHH UH<PPOBOH CHrHaJI H3 TeJIe<poHHoH ceTH B aHaJIoroBbIH CHrHaJI.
....,..... 556 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM B) KO.n:HpyeT Ha60p llBOH'lHbIX UH<PP B aHaJIoroBbIH 3JIeKTpH'leCKHH CHmaJI. r) ,D,eKO.n:HpyeT aHaJIoroBbIH 3JIeKTpH'leCKHH CHmaJI OT TeJIe<pOHHOH CeTH B UH<pPO- BOH CHmaJI. .n:) KO.n:HpyeT Ha60p .n:BOH'lHbIX UH<PP B l{H<PPOBOH 3JIeKTpH'leCKHH CHrHaJI. 2. B KaKOM In YKa3aHHbIX HH)Ke CTaH,l{apTOB MaKCHMaJIbHa5I .lUIHHa a60HeHTcKoro KaHaJIa COCTaBJIfieT 18000 <PYTOB (5,5 KM)? a) ADSL. 6) AHaJIOroBbIH Mo.n:eM. B) ISDN. r) I1HTepHeT-coe.n:HHeHHe OT onepaTopa Ka6eJIbHoro TeJIeBHlleHHfI. 3. KaKoe H3 yx:a3aHHbIX HH)Ke YTBep)l()],eHHH npaBHJIbHO onHCbIBaeT MeCTOnOJIO)KeHHI1 11 <PYHKUHH MYJIbTHllJIeKCOpa DSLAM? a) 06bI'lHO HcnoJlb3yeTcfI B .n:OMaIIIHHX H MaJIbIX o<pHcax .lUUI no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI TeJIe- <pOHHOH JIHHHH K DSL-MapllIPYTH3aTOpy. 6) 06bI'lHO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B .n:OMallIHHX H MaJIbiX o<pHcax BMeCTO DSL-MapIIIPYTH- 3aTopa. B) 06bI'lHO YCTaHOBJIeH BHYTPH ATC onepaTopa CBfl3H 11 06f13aH npe.n:OTBpaTHTb nona.aaHHe roJIOCOBOro Tpa<pHKa B MapllIpYTH3aTOp npoBafuIepa. r) 06bI'lHO YCTaHOBJIeH BHYTPH A TC onepaTopa CBfl3H H 06f13aH pa3.n:eAATb roJIOCO- BOH Tpa<pHK H nOTOKH .n:aHHbIX. 4. KaKHe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)Ke TeXHOJIOrHH y.n:aJIeHHOrO .n:ocTyna no.n:.n:ep)KHBaIOT CTaH,l{apTbI, HCnOJIb3yJOIllHe KaK CHHXpOHHbIH (cHMMeTpH'lHafi CKOpOCTb), TaK H aCHH- XpOHHbIH (acHMMeTpI1'lHa5I CKOpOCTb) pe)KI1Mbl pa60TbI? a) AHaJIoroBbIe Mo.n:eMbI. 6) WWW. B) DSL. r) Ka6eJIbHbIe MOLleMbI. 5. KaKafi H3 yx:a3aHHbIX HH)Ke TeXHOJIOrHH y.n:aJIeHHoro .n:ocTYlla paccMaTpHBaeTcfI KaK "Bcer.n:a BKJIIO'leHHbIH" KaHaJI K ceTH J1HTepHeT? a) AHaJIoroBbIe MOlleMbI. 6) DSL. B) Ka6eJIbHbIe Mo.n:eMbI. r) Bce yx:a3aHHbIe OTBeTbi BepHbI. 6. npe.n:nOJIO)KHM, 'lTO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI THnH'lHbIH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp .lUifi no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTH J1HTepHeT 'lepe3 Ka6eJIbHbIH IUIH DSL-Mo.n:eM. KaKYJO <PYHKUHIO 6y.n:eT BbIllOJI- HflTb MapIIIpYTH3aTOp Ha HHTep<peHce, KOTOpbIH no.n:KJIIO'leH K JIOKaJIbHOH ceTI1 Ma- JIoro HJIH .n:OMalliHero o<pl1ca? a) Ey.n:eT pa60TaTb KaK DHCP-cepBep. 6) Ey.n:eT pa60TaTb KaK DHCP-KJIHeHT.
rnaBa 16. 5a30Bbie KOH4em"MM WAN-ceTeM 557 B) Ey.n:eT BbInOJ1HHTb npe06pa30BaHHe NATjPAT .lUIfi a.LlpeCa OrnpaBliTeJUI B naKe- Tax, BhIXO.lUlIllHX H3 HHTep<peHCa. r) Ey.n:eT pa60TaTh KaK DNS-cepBep. 7. npe.n:n0J10)KHM, 'lTO HCn0J1h3yeTcfI THnH'lHbIH MaprnpYTH3aTOp .lUIfi no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI K ceTH I1HTepHeT 'lepe3 Ka6eJ1bHbIH HJ1H DSL-Mo.n:eM. KaK)'lO <pyHKIJ;HIO 6YlleT BbmOJ1- WlTb MaprnpyTH3aTOp Ha HHTep<peHce, KOTOphIH no.n:KJlIO'leH K ceTH Inetmet? a) Ey.n:eT pa60TaTb KaK DHCP-cepBep. 6) Ey.n:eT pa60TaTb KaK DHCP-KJlHeHT. B) Ey.n:eT BhITIOJ1HflTb npe06pa30BaHHe NATjPAT .lUIfi a.Llpeca oTnpaBHTeJ1f1 B naKe- Tax, BhIX0.lUlIllHX H3 HHTep<peHca. r) Ey.n:eT pa60TaTb KaK DNS-cepBep. 8. npe.n:n0J10)KHM, 'lTO eCTb .n:OMaIIIHfIfi eCTb, B KOTOpOH YCTaHOBJ1eH KOMnbIOTep, DSL- MaprnpYTH3aTOp H eCTb no.n:KJlIO'leHHe K DSL-J1HHHH. B DSL-MaprnpYTH3aTOpe Ha- CTpoeHhI CTaHAap'THhIe xapaI<TepHCTHKH H <PYHKIJ;HH. KOMnblOTepy, no.n:KJlIO'leHHOMY K MaprnPYTH3aTOpy, 3a.LlaH I P-a.Llpec 10.1.1.1. Ha KOMnblOTepe 3anYIlleH 6paY3ep, B KO- TOpOM BBe.n:eH a.Llpec Be6-cepBepa www.cisco.com. KaKoe H3 yx:a3aHHhIX HH)I(e YT- Bep)l()],eHHH BepHO .lUIfi TaKoro cJ1yqafl? a) Be6-cepBep MO)KeT onpe.n:eJ1HTb, 'lTO OH B3aHMo.n:eHcTByeT C Y3JI0M C IP-a.LlpecoM 10.1.1.1. 6) KOMnblOTep onpe.n:eJIfieT IP-a.Llpec Be6-cepBepa www. cisco. com KaK OTKphI- TbIH Ii 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHhIH a.Llpec. B) ALpec 10.1.1. I 6y.n:eT BH}'TPeHHHM JIOKaJIbHhIM (inside local) IP-a.LlpecoM. r) ALpec 10.1.1.1 6y.n:eT BHYTPeHHHM rJI06aJIhHhIM (inside global) IP-a.LlpecoM.
558 aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM Bse.QeHMe CeTU WAN (Wide Area Network - pacnpe.n:eJIeHHafi cen) OTJIH'lalOTCfI OT ceTeH LAN (Local Area Network - JIOKaJIbHafi ceTb) no HeCKOJIbKHM KJllO'leBbIM napaMeTpaM. HaH- 60JIee cyIIIecTBeHHoe OTJIH'lHe 3aKJIlO'laeTCfI B TOM, 'lTO WAN-ceTH HMelOT HaMHoro 60JIbllIYIO npOTSUKeHHOCTb, nJIIOC KaHaJIbI TaKHX CeTeH 06bI'lHO npOKJIa,D,bIBaIOTCfI non: 3eMJIeH, 'lT06bI 3aIllHTHTb Ka6eJIb OT CJIyqaHHoro nOBpe)!()J.eHHfI. npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHbIe H rocyn:apCTBeHHbIe CJI}')K6bI 06bI'lHO 3anpeIllalOT cpellHeCTaTHCTH'leCKOMY rpIDK.D.aHHHY BeCTH KaKHe-JIH60 paCKonKH Ha 'laCTHOH TeppHTOpHH, n03TOMY Ka6eJIb WAN-coe.n:HHe- HHH 06bI'lHO npOKJIa,D,blBaeTCfI npoBai1.aepaMH, HMelOIl{HMH Cneu.HaJIbHOe pa3peIIIeHHe lIJIH JIHI.{eH3HIO Ha BbmOJIHeHHe nOll06Horo pOlla pa60T. nOCJIe npOKJIa,D,KH Ka6eJIfi npo- Bai1.aep npOllaeT WAN-CJI}')K6bI pa3JIH'lHbIM nOTpe6HTeJIfiM H opraHH3a1.{HHM. nOCJIen:Hee OTJIH4He MO)l(eT 6bITb C<POPMYJIHpOBaHO B BHlle O.n:HOH KOpOTKOH <ppa3bI: "J10KaJIbHOH ce- TblO Bbl BJIa,D,eeTe, pacnpe.n:eJIeHHYIO ceTb BbI apen.n:yeTe." 3Ta maBa COCTOHT H3 .n:BYX pa3.n:eJIOB. B nepBOM H3 HHX no.n:p06HO onHcaHbI pa3JIH'l- HbIe BapHaHTbI WAN-coe.n:HHeHl-'IH, B TOM 'lHCJIe H cpe.n:a C KOMMyTau.HeH KaHaJIOB, DSL- JIHHHH, no.n:KJlIO'leHHe K onepaTOPY Ka6eJIbHOrO TeJIeBHlleHHfI, a TaIOKe ceTb ATM. Bo BTOpOM pa:meJIe onHcaHbI CJI}')K6bI ypOBHfI 3, KOTopble nOHa,D,06f1TCfI npH no.n:KJlIO'leHHH K ceTH HHTepHeT H3 MaJIOro HJIH 1l0MalliHero o<pHca. B HeH TaIOKe 061>flCHfleTCfI, 3a'leM MOryr nOHa,D,06HTbCH CJI}')K6bI DHCP H NAT B MapIIIpyTH3aTopax, HCnOJIb3yJOIl{HXCfI npH no.n:KJlIO'leHHH K ceTH J1HTepHeT, a oc060e BHHMaHHe 6y.n:eT y.n:eJIeHO TeXHOJIOrHH npe06- pa30BaHHfI a,D,peCOB NA T. W AN-TeXH0I10nU1 B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe onHcaHbI eIl{e 'leTblpe WAN-TeXHOJIOmH B }:IOnOJIHeHHe K TeM llByM, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH onHcaHbI B maBe 4 "OCHOBbI WAN-ceTei1:": BbIAeJIeHHbIe JIHHHH H cpella Frame Relay. nepBafi H3 TeXHOJIorui1:, coe.n:HHeHHe C nOMOIl{blO Mo.n:eMOB, <paKTH'leCKH MO)l(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa ,l{JIfi coellHHeHHfI npaKTH'leCKH JII06bIX .n:BYX YCTPOi1:CTB, a TaK- )Ke.lI.JUl no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI K ceTH HHTepHeT 'lepe3 KaKoro-JIH60 npoBai1.aepa. ,D,Be cJIe.n:YIOIl{He TeXHOJIOrHH, DSL H Ka6eJIbHbIe ceTH, HCnOJIb3YlOTCfI TOJIbKO ,l{JIfi no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI K ceTH I1HTepHeT. nOCJIe.n:HfIfI reXHOJIOrHfI, ATM, nOXO)Ka Ha CJI}')K6y C KOMMyTaI.{Hei1: naKeTOB Frame Relay, HO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B KpynHbIX ceTfiX H ceTfiX npe.n:npHflTHi1:. nepe.n: reM KaK npHCTYllHTb K paCCMOTpeHHIO nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX WAN-TeXHOJIoruH, MbI CHa'laJIa 3aTpOHeM HeKOTopbIe .n:eTaJIH ceTH onepaTopa CBfl3H, nOCKOJIbKY Mo.n:eMbI U Tex- HOJIOrHH DSL HCnOJIb3YlOT 06bl4Hbie TeJIe<poHHbIe JIHHHH. CTPYKTypa Tene<l>oHHoM cen1 non: TepMHHoM OmKpblmOJl KOMMymupyeMOJI meJ/efjJoHHOJI cemb (Public Switched Tele- phone Network - PSTN) non:pa3YMeBaIOT 060py.n:oBaHHe H YCTpOHCTBa onepaTopa TeJIe- <pOHHOH CBH3H, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe ,lUlH npen:OCTaBJIeHHH cTan.n:apTHoH TeJIe<poHHoi1: YCJIyrH. 06bl4HO 3TUM TepMHHOM onHCblBalOT KOM6HHHPOBaHHbie TeJIe<poHHbIe CeTH BceH nJIaHe- Tbl. CJlOBO omKpblmblu B Ha3BaHHH no.n:pa3YMeBaeT, 4TO TaKafi ceTb npe.n:Ha3Ha4eHa .IIJlfI
rnaBa 16. 5a30Bbie KOH4en4MM WAN-ceTeM 559 ny6m1'lHoro HCnOJIb30BaHHfI (3a OnpelleJIeHHyJO nJIary), CJIOBO KOMMymupyeMblu onHCbI- BaeT TOT <pmcr, 'lTO BbI30BhI MOryr 6hITb KOMMYTHpOBaHbI Me)Kll;Y pa3HbIMH a60HeHTaMH. HeCMOTPfI Ha TO, 'lTO ceTb PSTN H3Ha'laJIbHO 6bIJIa npeAHa3Ha'leHa Mfl nepe.n:a'lH roJIO- COBOH HH<p0pMal{HU, .n:Be H3 onHChIBaeMhIX HH)Ke TeXHOJIOrHH HanpflMyJO HCnOJIb3yJOT ee HH<ppaCTPYKTYPY Mfl nepe.n:a'lH llaHHblX. nO:noMY 3HaHHe npHHLl.HnOB nOCTPoeHHfI H pa- 60ThI TeJIe<poHHoH ceTH nOMO)KeT nOHflTb, KaK pa60TalOT Mo.n:eMbl H TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL. 3BYK npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H aKyCTH'leCKHe KOJIe6aHHfI, KOTopble nepe.n:alOTcfI 'lepe3 Ka- K)'IO-JIH60 MaTepHaJIhHYIO cpe.n:y, 06bI'lHO - B0311YX. qeJIOBe'leCKOe yxo CJIhIIlIHT 3B)'K 3a C'leT TOro, 'lTO KOJIe6aHHfI B03.n:yxa nepe.n:alOTCfI 6apa6aHHoH nepenOHKe, KOTOpa5I npe06- pa3yeT HX B HepBHhIe HMnyJIbCbI, B .n:aJIbHeHIIIeM 06pa6aTbIBaeMhIe 'leJIOBe'leCKHM M03fOM. TeJIe<poHHafI ceTh He MO)l(eT nepen:aBaTb aKyCTH'leCKHe KOJIe6aHHfI, 3a'lacTYIO TaIOKe Ha3hIBaeMbIe 3BYKOBhlMH BOJIHaMH. B TeJIe<pOHe eCTb MHKPO<pOH, KOTOpblH npe06pa3yeT 3B)'KOBbIe KOJIe6aHHfI B aHaJIoroBbIH ::meKTpH4eCKHH CHrHaJI. B ceTH PSTN aHaJIoroBblH 3JIeKTPH'leCKHH CHfHaJI MO)KeT 6b1Tb nepe.n:aH OT O.n:HOro TeJIe<pOHHoro annapaTa llpyrOMY 'lepe3 3aMKHYTYIO 3JIeKTpH'lecK)'IO l{enb. TeJIe<pOHHbIH annapaT npHHHMalOIl{eH CTOpOHbl npe06pa3yeT aHaJIoroBbIH 3JIeKTPH'leCKHH CHfHaJI B 3B)'KOBble KOJIe6aHHfI 'lepe3 .n:HHaMHK TeJIe<pOHHoro annapaTa. TeJIe<poH 6hIJI H306peTeH cpaBHHTeJIbHO .n:aBHO, B 1870-x, AJIeKcaH.n:pOM EeJIJIOM (Alexander Bell). 'lYTb n03)Ke 6b1JIa pa3pa60TaHa H peaJIH30BaHa nepBa5I TeJIe<poHHafI ceTb. B TaKoH TeJIe<poHHoH ceTH, 'lT06hI n:Ba a60HeHTa MomH 06Il{aTbcfI. H)')KHO 6hIJIO opraHH- 30BaTh 3aMKHyryIO 3JIeKTPH'lecK)'IO l{enb Me)Kll;Y HX TeJIe<poHHbIMH annapaTaMH. nOCJIe H306pereHHfI Ll.H<PPOBbiX KOMnbIOTepOB, npH6JIH3HTeJIhHO B cepe.n:HHe 1950-x, Te.rre<poH- Hble KOMnaHHH Ha'laJIH 06HOBJIeHHe MafHcTPaJIbHhIX KaHaJIOB H 060Py.n:oBaHHfI TeJIe<p0H- HOH ceTH H CTaJIH HCnOJIh30BaTh l{H<ppoBbIe CHrHaJIbI. nOCJIe nepexo.n:a Ha Ll.H<ppoBhIe TCXHOJIOrHH TeJIe<poHHa5I ceTh nOJIyqHJIa 3Ha'lHTeJIhHbIe npeHMYIlleCTBa B nJIaHe CKOpO- CTH, ynpaBJIfieMOCTH, Ka'leCTBa pa60ThI H B03MO)KHOCTH MaCIIITa6HpoBaHHfI. J.1TaK, 'lTO .n:OJI)KHa c.n:eJIaTb TeJIe<poHHafi KOMnaHHfI (telco), 'lT06bI .n:oMaIIIHHH TeJIe- <pOH a60HeHTa 3apa60TaJI? OT .n:OMa a60HeHTa 110 6JIIDKaHIlIeH A TC TeJIe<poHHoH KOMna- HHH (central office - CO) .n:OmKeH 6b1Tb npOJIO)l(eH .n:B}')I(HJIbHbIH Ka6eJIb, Ha3bIBaeMblH G6011eHmcKuM KGHG//OM (local loop). OllHH KOHel{ Ka6eJlfl 3aBe.n:eH B .n:OM H no.n:KJlIO'leH K TeJle<poHHhIM p03eTKaM B .n:OMe. BropOH KOHel{ (B03MO)KHO, Ha paCCTOflHHH HeCKOJIbKHX KHJIOMeTPOB) no.n:KJlIO'leH K rHe3.n:y Cnel{HaJIbHoro YCTPOHCTBa B o<pHce TeJIe<poHHoH KOM- naHHH, Ha3bIBaeMoro roJIOCOBbIM KOMMYTaTOpOM, HJIH ATC. Ha pHC. 16.1 nOKa3aHa cxe- Ma no.n:KJlIO'leHH5I H HeKOTophIe .n:onOJlHHTeJIhHbIe .n:eTaJIH. B a60HeHTcKoH JIHHI1H nepe.n:alOTCfI aHaJIOrOBhIe 3JIeKTPH'IeCKlte Cl1nIaJIbI roJIOCOBOro BhI3OBa. Ha pHC. 16.1 nOKa3aHbI .n:Ba a60HeHTCKHX KaHaJIa, O.n:HH no.n:KJlIO'leH K TeJIe<poHY 3H.n:H, BTOpOH - K TeJIe<poHY EapHH. 3HAH H EapHH )KHByT .n:OCTaro'lHO .n:aJIeKO .n:pyr OT llpyra, n03TOMY HX a60HeHTCKHe KaHaJIbi non:KJlIO'leHbI K pa3HhlM ATC. Koma 3HAH 3BOHHT EapHH, npOHcxo.n:HT TeJle<poHHhIH Bhl30B, HO caM npOl{eCC Ha cefo.n:H5IIlIHHH .n:eHb HaMHoro CJIO)KHee, 'leM npocro C0311aHHe 3aMKH)'TOH 3JIeKTPH'leCKOH l{enH Me)Kll;Y .n:BYMfI TeJIe<poHHblMH annapaTaMH. CJlO)KHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro TeJle<poHHoro BhI30Ba CBfl3aHa C TeM, 'lTO: · B TeJIe<pOHax HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI aHaJIoroBbIe 3JIeKTpH'leCKHe CHrHaJIbI; · roJIOCOBbIe KOMMYTaTopbI HCnOJIb3YIOT l{H<PPOBble KaHaJIhI Mfl nepe.n:a'lH rOJIOCO- BOro BbI30Ba (B llaHHOM CJIyqae KaHaJI TJ);
560 aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM Tel1e<j>OHHas:l CeTb PCM-KOJJ,e1C KOHBepTMpyeT 8HanoroBbiM CMrH8JIli UM4tPOeOA Tene4>oH SHAH Tene4>OH 5apHH ATC MeH6eppH ATC PonH Puc. 16.1. AHOJI0208b1e ZO/lOC08b1e 8b1308b1 '1epe3 U,UrjJp08YIO cemb PSTN . roJIOCOBOH KOMMyTaTop .n:OJI)KeH npe06pa30BbIBaTb aHaJIoroBbIH CHrHaJI B I.{H<ppo- BOH H 06paTHo. LlT06bI TeJIe<poHHhIH BhI30B 3apa60TaJI. KOMMyTaTOp A TC MeH6epPH TeJIe<poHHoH KOMnaHI1H BbInOJIHfleT aHaJIOro-I.{H<ppoBoe npe06pa30BaHHe .lI.JUI roJIOCOBOro Cl1rHaJIa OT a60HeHTa 3HAH. KOMMyTaTOp POJIH npHHI1MaeT Ll.H<PPOBOH CHrnaJI OT A TC MeH6eppl1. HO nepe.n: TeM KaK nepe.n:aTh ero no a60HeHTcKoMY KaHaJIY EapHH, 3Ta A TC .n:OJDKHa Bbl- nOJIHHTh 06paTHoe npe06pa30BaHHe - B aHaJIoroBhIH CHrHaJI. AHaJIOroBhIH CHrHaJI ne- pe.n:aeTCfI no a60HeHTcKoMY KaHaJIY EapHH. TO'lHO TaK )Ke, KaK CHrHaJI nepe.n:aeTCs:I no a60HeHTcKoMY KaHaJIY 3HAH Ha .n:pyroM KOHl.{e JIHHHI1. J.hHa'laJIbHbIH: CTaHAapT .lI.JUI npe06pa30BaHHfI aHaJIoroBoH roJIOCOBOH: I1H<popMaI.{HH Ha3hIBaeTCfI HMnYJIbCHo-KO.n:OBOH MO.n:YJIflLl.HeH (pulse-code modulation - PCM). B KO- .n:HpOBaHHH PCM HCnOJIb3yeTcfI BhI60pKa (sampling) rOJIOCoBOro Cl1rHaJIa 8000 pa3 B ce- K, H .lUm KaJK.lI.oro 3Ha'leHHfI HCnOJIh3YeTCfI 8-6HToBafi IIIKaJIa. CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, .LLJIfi nepe.n:a'lH o.n:Horo roJIOCOBOro BhI30Ba H}')KHa CKOpOCTh nepe.n:a'lH B 64 000 6l1Tfc, KOTopaSi BeJII1KOJIenHO COOTBeTcTByeT O.n:HOMY I.{H<PPOBOMY nOllKaHaJIY DSO B 64 K6HTfc H3 24- KaHaJIbHOH: JIHHHH Tl. (B mare 4 "OCHOBbI WAN-ceTeH:" 6bIJIO onHcaHO, 'lTO B KaHaJIe TI eCTb 24 OT.n:eJIbHhIX no.n:KaHaJIa DSO co CKOpOCTblO 64 K6HTfc, a TaIOKe 8 K6HTfc I1C- nOJIh3yeTcfI .lI.JUI CHrnaJIH3al.{HH H CJI}')Ke6HOH: HH<p0pMaLl.HH, TaKHM 06pa30M cyMMapHaSi nponYCKHafi cnOC06HOCTb KaHaJIa TI COCTaBJUIeT 1,544 M6HTfc.) COBpeMeHHhIe TeJIe<poHHbIe ceTH (PSTN) HaMHoro CJIO)I(Hee 11 pa3Hoo6pa3Hee, 'leM MO)I(HO ce6e npe.n:CTaBHTb no KpaTKOMY onHcaHHIO BbIllie. TeM He MeHee HeCKOJIbKO no- CJIe.nyIOIl{HX CTpaHHLI. nOCBs:lIl{eHbI Onl1CaHHIO HeKOTopbIX KJlIO'leBblX MOMeHTOB COBpe- MeHHbIX TeJIeKOMMYHI1Kal.{l1H: H WAN-coe.n:Hl1eHHH. KOpOTKO pa60l)' TeJIe<poHHbIX ceTeH MO)KHO onHcaTb B BHlle CJIe.n:YIOIII.HX 3TanOB: . rOJIOCOBOH: KOMMyraTop TeJIe<pOHHOH: KOMnaHI1H OTBe4aeT 3a npl1eM 11 06pa6o Tl <Y aHaJIOrOBOrO CHrHaJIa B JII1HHI1 (T.e. no G60HeHmcKOMY KGHQ//Y);
rnaBa 16. 5a30Bbie KOHem"MM WAN-ceTeM 561 . KOMMyTaTOp TeJIecl>oHHoH KOMnaHl-m npe06pa3yeT nOJIyqeHHbIH aHaJIoroBbIH CHr- HaJI B l{HcI>POBOH C nOMOIl{blO Ko.n:eKa; . 060Py.n:oBaHHe TeJIecl>oHHoH KOMnaHHH npe06pa3yeT UHcI>POBOH roJIOCOBOH CHrHaJI B aHaJIoroByJO cl>OPMY nepe.n: nepe.n:a'leH ero no a60HeHTcKoMY KaHaJIY npl1HHMalO- Il{ero a60HeHTa; . roJIOCOBOH BbI30B, B TOM CJIyqae eCJIH I1CnOJIb3yeTCfI PCM-Ko.n:HpOBaHHe, nOTpe6- JIfleT 64 K6HT/C B l{l1c1>POBOH 'laCTH ceTH TeJIecl>oHHoH KOMnaHHH (npH HCnOJIb30- BaHHH JII1HHH Tl, El, T3, E3 H T.n.). AHa.norOBble MOAeMbl AH{]j/o206ble MooeMbl H}')KHbI ,l{.1UI nepe.n:a'lH 'lepe3 nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHbIH nopT KOMnbIOTe- pa nOTOKa 611TOB 'lepe3 TY )l(e caMyJO JIHHHIO, KOTOpa5I HCnOJIb3yeTcfI .lUm nepella'lH roJIO- COBOro BbI30Ba Me)f()ly.n:BYM5I TeJIecl>oHaMH. MOlleM no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI K 06bI'lHOH TeJIecl>oH- HOH JIHHHH (a60HeHTCKoMY KaHaJIY) H He Tpe6yeT BHeCeHI1f1 H3MeHeHHH KaK B Ka6eJIbHyJO CHCTeMY, TaK B 060py.n:OBaHHe H HaCTpOHKH roJIOCOBOro KOMMyTaTopa ATC TeJIecl>oHHoH KOMnaHHU. A TC oneparopa CBfl3H paCC'lHTaHa Ha npHeM aHaJIOroooro CHrHaJIa H3 a60- HeHTCKOH JIHHHI1, n03TOMY Mo.n:eMbI nepellalOT H npHHHMalOT .n:aHHbIe B aHaJIoroBoM BHlle 'lepe3 ceTb PSTN. B aHaJIoroooM CHrHaJIe 3aKo.n:HpOBaHbI 6HTbI nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX, KOTopbIe On:HH KOMnblOTep nepe.n:aeT .n:pyrOMY no TeJIecl>oHHoH ceTH BMeCTO roJIOCOBOro Cl1rHaJIa. AHaJIOrH'lHO TOMY, KaK Tenecl>oHHblH annapaT npe06pa3YeT 3B)'K B 3JIeKTpH'leCKHH CHr- HaJI, Mo.n:eMbl npe06pa3YlOT .n:BOH'lHble l{HcI>PbI KOMnblOTepHbIX .n:aHHbIX B npHeMJIeMbIH ,l{.1UI TeJIecl>oHHI1 aHaJIoroBbIH 3JIeKTpH'leCKHH CHrHaJI. 4T06bI nonyqHTb onpe.n:eJIeHHyJO 6HTOBYlO CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX, Mo.n:eM MOOy- J/upyem (H3MeHfleT) aHaJIoroBblH CHrHaJI onpe.n:eneHHbIM 06pa30M. HanpHMep, 'lT06bI no- nyql1Tb CKOpOCTb B 9600 6HT/C Mo.n:eM MO)l(eT H3MeHflTb aHaJIoroBbIH CHrHaJI Ka)f()lylO 1/9600-10 .n:onlO ceKYH.n:bl. AHaJIOrH'lHO, npHHHMalOIl{HH Mo.n:eM .n:OJI)KeH .n:enaTb BbI60pKy aHaJIoroooro Cl1rHaJIa Ka)f()lyJO 1/9600-10 .n:onlO ceK)'HllbI, 'lT06bI npaBlIJIbHO HHTepnpeTH- pOBaTb npHHHMaeMbIe .n:OOH'lHbIe 0 H I. (npouecc 06paTHoro npe06pa30BaHHfI Ha3bIBalOT oeMooYJ/Rueii. TepMHH MooeM (modem) flBJ1HeTCfI COKpaIl{eHHeM OT .n:BYX CJIOB: MOOYJ/RUR 11 oeMooYJ/RUR (modulation H demodulation).) nOCKOnbKY Mo.n:eMbi nepe.n:alOT .n:aHHbIe B BHlle aHaJIoroBoro 3neKTpH'leCKoro CHrHaJIa, I1X MO)I(HO 6e3 KaKHx-nH60 .n:ononHHTenbHbIe H3MeHeHHH B a60HeHTCKOM KaHaJIe no.n:- KJIlO'lHTb K ceTH PSTN, 3anYCTHTb coe.n:HHeHHe, flBnfllOIl{eeCfI 3KBHBaJIeHTOM 06bI'lHOro ronocoBOro TeJIecl>oHHoro Bb130Ba, H nepe.n:aTb .n:aHHbIe. Enaro.n:apfl TaKOH TeXHOnOrHH pa- 6DTbI Mo.n:eMbl MOryT 6bITb Hcnonb30BaHbI npaKTH'leCKH Be3.n:e, r.n:e eCTb 06bI'lHbIe Tene- cl>oHHbIe nHHHI1. B Tenecl>oHHoH ceTH PSTN KOMMyJIHKal{HOHHbIH MapIIIpyT Me)f()ly .n:ByMfI Mo.n:eMaMH Ha3bIBalOT KaHaJIOM (circuit). nOCKOJIbKy MOlleM MO)l(HO nepeKJIlO'lHTb Ha llpyroro noJIy- 'laTen5I (a60HeHTa lIJIH Tenecl>oHHbIH HOMep), npocTo pa30pBaB TeKyIllee coellHHeHHe H nepe3BOHI1B Ha llpyrOH HOMep, TaKYJO pa3HOBHllHOCTb WAN-coe.n:HHeHHH Ha3bIBalOT ce- TblO C KOMMymGueii KGH{]j/06 (switched circuit). Ha pl1C. 16.2 npOHJIJlIOCTpl1pOBaHa CI1TYa- l{11f1, KOma 3H.n:H H EapHI1 COeJIHHfllOT CBOH KOMnblOTepbI nocpe.n:CTBOM Tenecl>oHHoH JII1- HHH C nOMOIl{blO MOlleMOB. Korn:a KaHaJI YCTaHOBJ1eH, .n:Ba KOMnblOTepa coe.n:I1Hfl1OTC5I Ha nepBOM ypOBHe, cne.n:o- BaTenbHo, OHI1 Moryr nepellaBaTb 611TbI n:pyr .n:pyry. TeM He MeHee llBYM YCTpoHCTBaM
562 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM TaIOKe H)'lKeH HeKOTOpbIH npOTOKOJ1 KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI B TaKOM COe.n:HHeHHH .lUm yno- pflAO'leHHOH nepella'lH .n:aHHbIX, H HaH60J1ee nOnYJIflpHOH HHKanCYJ1f1UHeH Ha cerollHflIII- HHH .n:eHb flBJ1fIeTCfI npOTOKOJ1 PPP. TeJ1e<poHHoH KOMnaHHH He H}')KHO npOBepflTb H HH- TepnpeTHpOBaTb nepe.n:aBaeMbIe no KaHaJIy.n:aHHbIe, B .n:eHCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH onepaTOPY CBfI- 3H a6C0J1IOTHO Bce paBHO, 'lTO nepe.n:aeTCfI Qepe3 ceTb: r0J10C HJIH .n:aHHbIe. PCM-kO.QeK KOHBepTMpyer 8H8norOBbfM CMrHaJl B LU'IBOM Tene<j>oHHaR ceTb TeJle4><>H 3HJ11 AOOHeHTCICKA ..H8I1 (aH8nOroBbliR) ATC Meiil6eppI1 t MO,lJ,eM Ic:QHBepntpyeT 8HMoroBbiM -+- W14JPOBO Puc. 16.2. }fcnOIlb306aHUe MooeM06 OIlR coeouHeHUR KOMnbIOmep06 '1epe3 mellerjJoHHYIO cemb Koma a60HeHT HCnOJIb3yeT paccMaTpHBaeMYlO WAN-TeXH0J10fHlO B Ka'leCTBe cpellcT- Ba no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTH I1HTepHeT, OH no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI 'lepe3 Mo.n:eM H TeJIe<p0HHYIO ceTb K MapllIpYTH3aToPY npoBaitJ:{epa. Y .n:OMallIHero n0J1b30BaTeJIfl 06bI'lHO eCTb BCTpoeHHbIH B KOMnblOTep Mo.n:eM (internal modem) HJIH OT,l{eJIbHOe YCTPOHCTBO (external modem), a Y npoBafuI.epa - 60J1bllIOH 6J10K Mo.n:eMOB. npoBaitJ:{ep 06bI'lHO ny6J1HK)'eT TeJ1e<poHHbIH HOMep cBOero Mo.n:eMHoro 6JIOKa 2 lIJIH }'Ka3bIBaeT ero B .n:oroBope, a .n:oMallIHHH n0J1b30Ba- TeJ1b 3BOHHT C nOMOIllblO Mo.n:eMa Ha TaKOH HOMep, 'lT06b1 'lepe3 Hero no.n:KJIIO'lHTbCSI K MapIIIpYTH3aTOpy. KaHaJI Me)Kll;y.n:BYMfI Mo.n:eMaMH pa60TaeT C HeKOTopOH TO'lKH 3peHHfI KaK Bbl,l{eJ1eHHaSl JIHHHfI; TeM He MeHee, .n:Ba BapHaHTa no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI CyIUeCTBeHHO OTJ1H'laIOTCfI no MeTO- .n:aM CHHxpOHH3al.{HH H TaKTHpOBaHHfI coe.n:HHeHHfI. Mo.n:YJ1H CSUjDSU Ha KOHl.{aX BbI- .n:eJ1eHHOH J1HHHH 06eCne'lHBalOT CHHXpOHHbIH pe)!(lIM pa60TbI KaHaJIa, OHH He TOJ1bKO no.n:CTpaHBaIOT CKOpOCTb pa60TbI no.n: OnTHMaJIbH)'lO BeJ1H'lHHY .lUUI HMelOIlleHCfI nUHHH, HO H comaCOBbIBalOT ee .lUUI pa3HbIX KOHI.{OB JIHHHH. C nOMOIl{blO Mo.n:eMOB MO)KHO TalOKe YCTaHOBHTb aCHHxpOHHbIH KaHaJI. no.n: aCHHxpOHHOCTblO 06bI'lHO nOHHMaeTCfI CHTYaUUfI, KOma .n:Ba Mo.n:eMa HCnOnb3yJOT O.n:HY CKOpOCTb.lUUl 06MeHa .n:aHHbIMH, HO.lUUl BXOJIflIl{HX H HCXOJIflIllHX nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI pa3HbIe CKOpOCTH nepe.n:a'lH. OCHOBHoe npeHMyIUeCTBO Mo.n:eMOB COCTOJIT B TOM, 'lTO TaKOH BapHaHT no.n:KJ1IO'leHHfI .n:OCTylleH npaKTH'leCKH nOBceMeCTHO, T.e. Be3.n:e, r.n:e eCTb XOTb KaKafl-TO Tene<pOHHafi nH- HHfI. CTOHMOCTb Mo.n:eMHoro no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI OTHOCHTeJ1bHO HeBbICOKa, HO H CKOpOCTb ne- pe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX TO)Ke .n:OCTaTO'lHO MaJIa Ha cero.n:HflIIIHHH lleHb. ,D,roKe eCJ1H B MOlleMe HC- nonb3yJOTCfI KaKHe-nH60 TeXH0J10rHH C)I(aTHfi nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX, 6HTOBM CKOpOCTb nepe- .n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX Mo.n:eMOM qyTb 60J1bIIIe 100 K6HTjC. .lJ.pyrHM CyIUeCTBeHHbIM He.n:OCTaTKOM 2 MooeMHblU 61l0K '1aU4e 6Cei!O Ha3b16alOm MOJeMHbIM nynOM. - npltMe'l. peJ.
rnasa 16. 5a30sble KOH,-,en'-'MM WAN-ceTeH 563 TeXHOJIOrHH flBJIfleTCfI TOT <t>aKT, 'lTO HeJIb3H O.n:HOBpeMeHHO nepellaBaTb llaHHbIe 'lepe3 MO.n:eM H ocyrnecTBJlHTb TeJIe<t>OHHbIi1 3BOHOK. UMcI>poBaSi a60HeHTCKaSi .nMHMSI TexHoJIorHfI U,Ut/Jp060U a60HeHmCKOU JlUHUU (digital subscriber line - DSL) 6bIJIa pa3- pa60TaHa BO BTOpOM nOJIOBUHe 1990-x C l..{eJIblO 3aMeHbI HH3KOCKOpOCTHbIX MeTOllOB y.n:a- JIeHHoro WAN-.n:ocTYlla. TaK :>Ke KaK H paHbllle, HY:>KHa 6billa TeXHOJIOrHfI YCTaHOBKH co- e.n:HHeHHfI C y.n:aJIeHHbIM KOMnbIOTepOM, HO Bce nonYJIflpHee H nonYJIHpHee CTaHOBUJIaCb ceTb I1HTepHeT, n03TOMY He06xo.n:uM 6bIJI BbICOKOCKOpOCTHOi1 .n:ocTyn K Hei1. .LJ,OJIrHe ro.n:bI Mo.n:eMbI HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb .lI.Jlfl y.n:aJIeHHoro no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI, HO pOCT nonYJIflpHOCTU ceTH I1HTepHeT npHBeJI K TOMY, 'lTO COBpeMeHHbIH 'leJIOBeK no.n:KJIIO'leHHe K rJI06aJIbH0i1 ceTH paCCMaTpHBaeT npaKTH'leCKH KaK KOMMYHaJIbHyJO CJIY:>K6y, HanpUMep, KaK 3JIeKTpU- 'leCTBO, ra3 H T.n. CeTb J1HTepHeT <t>aKTH'leCKH npellCTaBJIfieT nOllKJIIO'leHHe K KOMnbIOTe- paM B JII060H TO'lKe MHpa - eCJIH eCTb no.n:KJIIO'leHHe K ceTH I1HTepHeT, TO MO:>KHO YCTa- HOBHTb JIOrH'IecKui1 KaHaJI C JII06bIM KOMnbIOTepOM. J1TaK, TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL H3Ha'laJIbHO paCCMal'pHBaJIaCb KaK cpe.n:CTBO no.n:KJIIO'leHUfi K CeTl1 J1HTepHeT, n03ToMyee npHHI..{Un pa60TbI HeMHoro OTJIH'laeTCfI OT Mo.n:eMHoro CO- e.n:HHeHUfi. <1>aKTH'leCKH TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHa, npe)K,l{e Bcero, ,lJ)UI opraHH3a- l{HIt BblCOKOCKOpOCTHoro no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI .n:OMalllHero HJIH MaJIOrO o<t>Hca KATe. OrpaHH- 'lHB 06JIaCTb npHMeHeHHfI I..{U<t>POBOH a60HeHTCKoi1 TeXHOJIOrHH onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH npu- JIO:>KeHUfiMIt, pa3pa60T'lUKH TeXHOJIOrHH CMOrJIU .n:OCTU'lb CKOpOCTH nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX BbIllle Mo.n:eMHoi1. Ea30BafI cJIY:>K6a DSL BO MHorOM nOXO:>Ka Ha Mo.n:eMHoe coe.n:HHeHHe: . B TeXHOJIOrHH DSL aHaJIoroBbIe rOJIOCOBble CHrHaJIbl H I..{H<t>poBbIe CHrHa- JIbI nOTOKOB .n:aHHbIX nepe.n:alOTcH no O.n:HOMY H TOMY :>Ke a60HeHTcKoMY KaHaJIY o.n:HoBpeMeHHo; . a60HeHTcKui1 KaHaJI Ha cTopoHe TeJIe<t>oHHotl: KOMnaHHU .n:OJDKeH 6bITh no.n:KJIIO'leH K 'leMY-To, 'lTO flBJIfleTCfI 60JIee cOBpeMeHHbIM, 'leM cTan.n:apTHbli1 roJIOCOBOM KOM- MYTaTop ATC; TaKoe YCl'pOHCTBO Ha3bIBalOT DSL-MYJlbmUlUleKcopOM iJocmyna (DSL access multiplexer - DSLAM); · B DSL-coe.n:uHeHHu o.n:HoBpeMeHHo MOryT nepe.n:aBaTbCH rOJIOCoBoi1 BbI30B U nOTOK .n:aHHblx; CB8R eMa II II · B OTJIH'lUe OT Mo.n:eMoB, cJIY:>K6a nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX B TeXHOJIOrHH DSL Bcer.n:a BKJIIO'leHa; .n:pyrUMu CJIOBaMU, He H)')KHO nepe.n:aBaTb KaK}'lO-JIH60 CHrHaJIH3al{HIO HJIH .n:03BaHHBaTbCfI no onpe.n:eJIeHHOMY HOMepy TeJIe<t>OHa, 'lT06bI YCTaHOBHTb Ka- HaJI .lI.Jlfl nepe.n:a'lU .n:aHHblx. TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL .n:aeT HeCKOJIbKO O'leHb CYIl{eCTBeHHbIX npeHMYIl{eCTB, B'laCTHOCTH, MO)i(Ho UCnOJIb30BaTb Y:>Ke UMelOIl{HeCfI CTapbIe TeJIe<t>OHbI, 3a a60HeHTOM coxpaHfleTCfI ero TeJIe<t>OHHbli1 HOMep H, KaK TOJIbKO cJIY:>K6a DSL no.n:KJIIO'leHa, MO)KHO B JI1060i1 MO- MeHT BOCnOJIb30BaTbCfI HHTepHeT-coe.n:HHeHHeM H He HY:>KH0 npe.n:npHHHMaTb KaKHX- JIH60 n.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX .n:ei1cTBHi1 ,lJ)UI 3TOro. Ha pHC. 16.3 npOHJIJlIOCTpHpOBaHo THnH'l- Hoe DSL-coe.n:HHeHHe. I II
564 aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM CB8R eM8 IP-ceTb npOBaHAepa nK 3HJ],H Ethernet AOottetrrCItMM ItiIHBn AHa.norOBbl ronoc:oooi! CI1nf8I1 nepeKnK)'ot&eTCA HI: ronocoeoA 1tt*MYT8TQp DTMF-CMf"H811M38I.P"'. 8H811orOBbiA ronoc, AHanoroBblH 0.4000 r.. Tene<l>oH 3HJ],H .n:OM 3HA'" ronOCOBOH KOMMyraTOp (PCM) ATC MeH6epp... Puc. /6.3. DSL-noOKJ/lOileHUe" np06QUOepy Ha HJlJIlOcl'paIJ,uu nOKa3aHO HeKoTopoe YCJIOBHOe YCl'poikTBO, 0603Ha'leHHOe KaK "DSL-MapruPYTH3aToP/Mo.n:eM", no.n:KJIIO'leHHOe CTaHAaPTHbIM TeJIeOHHbIM Ka6eJIeM B pa3'heM HacTeHHotl: TeJIeOHHOH p03eTKH. CyIIIecTByeT MHO)KeCTBO BapuaHToB 060PY.n: 0 - BaHHfI,1IJIfi .n:OMaruHero DSL-no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI: MO)KeT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI oT.n:eJIbHbIH MapIIIpy- TU3aTop H oT.n:eJIbHbIH DSL-Mo.n:eM, 06a YCl'pOHCTBa MOryT 6bITb CKOM6HHupoBaHbi B Ok HO, a TalOKe MapruPYTU3aTop, Mo.n:eM, KOMMYTaTOp H TO'lKa 6ecnpOBo.n:Horo .n:ocryna MOryr 6bITb 061>e.n:HHeHbI B OllHO ycrpOHCTBO. (Ha pUC. 13.4 H 13.5 maBbr 13 "Pa6OTa C MapIIIPY- TU3aTopaMH KOMnaHHH Cisco" nOKa3aHbI eIl{e HeCKOJIbKO BapuaHTOB .n:H3aHHa ceTH H Ka- 6eJIbHafi CUCTeMa,1lJlfl no.n:KJIIO'leHHH K I1HTepHt:T, B KOTOpbIX HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI Te )Ke caMble annapaTHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI.) B .n:OMaruHeM no.n:KJIIO'leHHU DSL-Mo.n:eM/MaprupYTH3aTOp no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI K 06bI'lHOH TeJIeOHHOH JIUHUU (a60HeHTCKOMY KaHaJIY - local loop), KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pUC. 16.3 CJIeBa. 06bI'lHble CTapbIe aHaJIOrOBble TeJIeOHbI MOryT 6bITb TalOKe no.n:KJIIO'leHbI K TaKoH JIUHHU K cB060.n:HbIM pa31>eMaM MHoronOPTOBOH p03eTKH. B Ka6eJIe TeJIeOHa HJlI1 DSL- Mo.n:eMa HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI CTaHAapTHbIe pa31>eMbI RJ-Il, KOTOpbIMH no.n:KJIIO'lalOTCfI KaK 06bl'lHbIe TeJIeHbI, TaK H Mo.n:eMbI. B TeXHOJIOrHU DSL no.n:.n:ep:>KHBae-rCfI o.n:HOBpeMeHHafi nepe.n:a'la roJIOCOBOro 3BOHKa H nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX, n03TOMY HeCMOl'pfi Ha TO. 'lTO HHTepHeT-coe.n:HHeHHe DSL Bcer.n:a BI(]I10- 'leHO, napaJIJIeJIbHO MO)KHO OCyIIIeCTBJlHTb 06bI'lHbIe TeJIeOHHbIe 3BOHKU. TeJIeoH ne- pe.n:aeT aHaJIoroBbIH CHrHaJI B 'laCTOTHOM .n:uana30He OT 0 .n:o 4000 fl{, DSL-Mo.n:eM HC- nOJIb3yeT 'laCTOTbI BbIIIIe 4000 fIJ" n03ToMY CHrHaJIbI Me)l(J],Y C060H He HHTepepupyJOT. 06bl4HO ,l{JIfi YCTOH4UBOH H Ka'leCTBeHHOH pa60TbI B JIHHUIO HHO YCTaHOBHTb HJlbTP, :no TaKoe YCTPOHCTBO pa3MepOM 4YTb 60JIbIIIe cnH4e4Horo Kop06Ka, KOTOpoe YCTaHaBJIH-
rJ1asa 16. 5a30sble KOHL4enL4MM WAN-ceTeM 565 BaeTCfI Me)l(J],Y TeJIe<poHaMH, JIUHHeH H Mo.n:eMOM, 'lT06bI npe.n:oTBpaTHTb BbICOKO'laCTOT- HYIO uHTep<pepeHI.{UIO OT DSL-Mo.n:eMa. MYJIbTHnJIeKCOp DSLAM B MeCTHOH A TC urpaeT )KH3HeHHO BIDKHyJO pOJIb B nepe.n:a'le UU<PPOBbIX .n:aHHblX U aHaJIoroBoro roJIoca .n:aJIbllle. nepeBO.IDI a60HeHTa C 06bI'lHOH roJIO- COBOH CJI6bI Ha cJlY)K6y nepe.n:a'lH roJIoca H DSL-ycJIYry, TeJIe<poHHafi KOMnaHHfI OT- KJIIO'laeT Ka6eJIb a60HeHTcKoro KaHaJIa OT rOJIOCOBOro KOMMYTaTopa H nepeKJIlO'laeT ero Ha MYJIbTHnJIeKCOp DSLAM. DSLAM-060Py.n:oBaHue KOMMYTupyeT roJIOCOBOH CHrHaJI (c 'laCTOTOH OT O.n:o 4000 rl.{) Ha roJIOCOBOH KOMMYTaTop, a nOCJle.n:HHH 06pa6aTbIBaeT ero TaK, KaK eCJIH 6bl TeJIe<poHHbIH Bb130B nocrynaJI no 06bI'lHOH TeJIe<poHHoH JIHHHU. nOTOK .n:aHHbIX, nocrynalOIl{UH Ha MYJIbTUnJIeKCOp DSLAM, YCl'pOHCTBO KOMMYTHpyeT Ha Map- IIIPYTu3aTop npoBaH.n:epa, npellOCTaBJIfllOIllUH cOOTBeTcTByJOIllyJO YCJlyry, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 16.3. CxeMa ceTU, B KOTOpOH nOKa3aH a60HemCKHH KaHaJI, MYJIbTUllJIeKCOp DSLAM H MaplllPYTH3aTOp npoBaH.n:epa YCJIyr, npe.n:nOJIaraeT 6H3Hec-Mo.n:eJIb, B KOTOpOH YCJIyra .n:ocryna K I1HTepHeT npu06peTaeTCfI He OT MeCTHOH TeJIe<pOHHOH KOMnaHUU, a OT He3a- BUCHMoro nOCTaBIllUKa. MeCTHOH TeJIe<pOHHOH KOMnaHHH npHHa.zIJIe)KHT a60HeHTCKHH KaHaJI. TeM He MeHee MHorHe npoBai1.n:epbl He flBJIfllOTCfI o.n:HOBpeMeHHO H TeJIe<poHHbIMU KOMnaHI1f1MH, HO npe.n:OCTaBJIflIOT YCJIyry no.n:KJIlOlJeHHfI nocpe.n:CTBOM TeXHOJIOrHU DSL. OcymeCTBJUIeTCfI 06bllJHO 3TO TaKUM 06pa30M, 'lTO nOl'pe6UTeJIb llJIaTHT e:>KeMeCfI'lHyJO a60HnJIary 3a DSL-YCJlyry, a npoBaH.n:ep pa60TaeT C MecTHoH TeJIe<poHHoH KOMnaHHeH (T.e. 3aKJIIO'laeT .n:OroBOp) U 06eCne'lUBaeT no.n:KJIIO'leHUe a60HeHTcKoro KaHaJIa K MYJIb- Tl1llJ1eKcopy DSLAM, BnOJIHe B03MO)KHO, 'lTO 3TO 6y.n:eT MYJIbTUnJIeKCOp TeJIe<poHHoH KOMnaHUU. MeCTHafi TeJIe<poHHafI KOMnaHUfi KOH<pHrypHPYeT CBOH MYJIbTHllJIeKCOp Ta- KHM 06pa30M. 'ITO nOTOK .n:aHHbIX OT a60HeHTcKoro no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI nOTOM nepe.n:aeTCfI MapIIIpYTH3aTOPY npoBai1.n:epa. KJIHeHT nJIaTHT npoBaH.n:epy 3a BbICOKOCKOpocTHoe DSL- no.n:KJI, lO'leHHe a npoBai1.n:ep 'laCTb nJIaTbI OT.n:aeT MecTHoH TeJIe<poHHoH KOMnaHUU 3a B03MO:>KHOCTb UCnOJIb30BaHHfI a60HeHTcKoro KaHaJIa. Pa3HOBIo1.QHOCTIo1, CKOpOCTb 101 MaKCIo1Mal1bHOe paCCTOftHlo1e TeXH0I10rlo1'" DSL CYlllecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO BapuaHToB TeXHOJIOrHH DSL, KOTopbIe pa6OTaIOT C pa3HbIMH CKOpOCTSIMH H no-pa3HoMY n03HUHoHUPyJOTCfI Ha pbIHKe TeJIeKOMMYHHKaI.{HH. COBpe- MeHHoMY Cnel.{HaJIHCry HHO 3HaTb HeCKOJIbKO HaH60JIee pacnpOCl'paHeHHbIX pa3HO- BI111HOCTeH H HX OCHOBHbIe xapaKTepUCTHKH. O.n:Ha H3 caMbiX KJIIO'leBblX XapaKTepUCTHK, no KOTOpOH Bce reXHOJIOrUU DSL pa3.n:e- nSIIOT Ha .n:Ba 60nblllHx THna, - ::ITO npUHI.{Un pa60TbI - CHMMel'pH'lHbIH HJIU aCHMMeT- Pl1lJHblH. B cUMMempurmou (symmetric) rexHonoruH DSL CKOpOCTb UCXO,l{flIl{ero KaHaJIa paBHa CKOpOCTH BXO,l{flIl{ero, a B acuMMempurmou (asymmetric) - CKOpOCTH pa3HbIe. ,l],aB- HO 6bIno 3aMelJeHO, 'lTO nOJIb30BaTeJIH .n:OMalllHero no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K I1HTepHeT 06bI'lHO 60nbIIIe npHHHMalOT .n:aHHbIX, 'leM nepe.n:aIOT. HanpHMep, Kor.na nOJIb30BaTeJIb BBO.n:HT KaKoH-nH60 a.n:pec URL B OKHO 6paY3epa, npoBai1.n:epy oTnpaBnfleTCfI HeCKonbKO co- TeH 6aHToB 3anpoca Ha cOOTBeTCTBYIOIl{HH Be6-caHT, a Cl'paHUl.{a, 3arpeHHafI no TaKO- My 3anpocy, MO:>KeT 3aHHMaTb COTHH KHJI06aHT HJIH llIDKe Mera6aHT. B aCHMMeTpH'lHOH TeXHonoruu DSL (Asymmetric DSL - ADSL) HHCXO,l{fllllHH nOTOK .n:aHHbIX (OT I1HTep- HeT B .n:OMaIIIHIOIO ceTb) HaMHoro 60nbIIIe HCXO,l{flIl{ero (H3 .n:oMalllHeH ceTH B I1HTepHeT), ecnH cpaBHHBaTb ee C TeXHOJIorueH cHMMel'pUlJHOH nepe.n:a'lH. HanpHMep, B ADSL-coe-
566 YaCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM JJ:UHeHUH MO)l(eT HCnOnb30BaTbCH 1,5 M6HT/C 1I.JUI HHCXO,l{flIl{ero KaHaJla U 384 K6uT/C - .lIIDI BOCXO,l{flIl{ero KaHana nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX B J.1HTepHeT. B Ta6JI. 16.2 nepe'lHCJIeHbI HaH- 60JIee pacnpoCl'paHeHHbIe pa3HOBHAHOCTH TeXHonorUH DSL H YKa3aHO, flBJIfllOTCfI OHH cHMMel'pH'lHbIMU HJIH aCUMMel'pH'lHbIMH. Ta6J1H"a 16.2. THnbl TeXHOJlOrHH DSL A66peBHa1)'pa ADSL CDSL (G.lite) VDSL SDSL HDSL IOSL Ha3BaHHe ACItMMeTjJlt'lHaH TeXHOJlOftH DSL (asymmetric DSL) nOJlb30BaTeJlbCK!UI TeXHOJlOfWI DSL (consumer DSL) CBepXBblcoKOCKOpOCTHaH TeXHOJlOftH DSL (very-high-data-rate DSL) CI1MMeT{JIt'IH!UI TeXHOJlOftH DSL (symmetric DSL) BblCOKOCKopocTHaH TeXHOJlOrIDI DSL (high-data-rate DSL) TexHoJloftH ISDN DSL THn ACI1M MeTjJIt'IH!UI ACItMMeTjJIt''lHaH ACI1MMeTpll'lH!UI CItMMeTjJlt'lHaH CI1MMeT{JIt'lH!UI CI1MMeT{JIt'lH!UI HaH60JIee pacnpOCl'paHeHHOH Ha cero.n:HflIIIHUH .n:eHb flBJIfleTCfI TeXHOnOrHfI ADSL. CKOpOCTb DSL-JIHHHH - 31'0 napaMel'p, K KOTOPOMY .n:ocTaTO'lHO TfI)I(eJIO npHBfl3bI- BaTbCfI. B CTaHllaPTax TeXHonorHH DSL yKa3aHa MaKCUManbHafi CKOpOCTb, HO Ha npaKTu- Ke CKOpoCTb MO)l(eT BapbupoBaTbcfI U 3aBHCHT OT MHO)l(eCTBa !}>aKTOpOB, B TOM 'lHCJle: . paCCTOflHHfI Me)K,l{Y ATC H a60HeHTOM ('leM 60JIbIIIe paCCTOflHHe, TeM C""" MeHbIIIe CKOpOCTb); ::eM8 . Ka'leCTBa Ka6eJIfi a60HeHTCKOrO KaHaJla ('leM X}')Ke Ka6eJIb, TeM MeHbIIIe CKOpOCTb); . THna DSL-TeXHOJIOrHU (B K8)f()J;OM CTaHllaPTe - CBOH MaKCUManbHafi TeOpeTUlJe- CKafi CKOpOCTh); . KOHKpeTHoro MYJIbTHllJIeKCOpa DSLAM, HCnOJIb3yeMoro B TeJIe!}>OHHOH CTaHUUI1 (60JIee CTapoe 060Py.n:OBaHue MO)KeT He 06eCne'lHBaTh BbICOKHX CKopOCTeH nepe- .n:a'lH .n:aHHbIx HnH llJIOXO pa60TaTb C He O'leHb Ka'leCTBeHHbIMU JIHHHflM 3a C'leT OT- CYTCTBHfI HOBbIX TeXHOJIOrUH H YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBaHUH). HanpUMep, MaKCUManbHbIH TeOpeTH'leCKHH npe.n:en CKOpOCTU .lIIDI TeXHOnOrHU ADSL npu6JIU)KaeTCH K 10 M6HT/C, reM He MeHee, B TeKYIJ..l.eM KYPce ICNDI KOMnaHHH Cisco yKa3aH 60JIee HH3KHH rrpe.n:en - 8,192 M6HT/C. DOJIbIIIHHCTBO npoBafuIepoB, eCJIH OHU Bo06Ille yKa3bIBalOT COOTBeTCTByJOIllue l{U!}>PbI, nUIIIYT 'lTO-TO Bpo.n:e "1,5 M6HT/C - HHCXO,l{flIllUH KaHan H 384 K6HT/C - BOCXO,l{flIllUH", nOCKOJIbKY 3TO HaH60JIee peaJIH- CTU'lHbIe 3Ha'leHHfI CKOpOCTH, C KOTOpbIMU B npOl{eCce pa60TbI CTOJIKHeTCfI KJIHeHT. He- 3aBHCHMO OT peanbHoH CKOpOCTU npueMa U nepe.n:a'lH. TeXHOJIOrHfI DSL n03BOJIfieT nepe- .n:aBaTb Ii npUHUMaTb llaHHbIe HaMHoro 6bIcrpee, 'leM 06bI'lHbIe aHanorOBbIe Mo.n:eMbl, no- 3TOMy OHa CTaJla O'leHb nonyJUlpHOH Ha pbIHKe BbICOKOCKopoCTHoro n.ocryna K J.1HTepHeT. TexHoJIOrHfI DSL 06bI'lHO He pa60TaeT B JIUHUflX, npeBbIllialOIl{UX HeKOTOpylO CTaH- .n:apTHyJO .lUlUHY, HanpHMep, ADSL-no.n:KJIIO'leHUfi CTaJlH nonYJIflpHbIMH nOTOMY, 'ITO OHI1 MOryT 6bITh opraHH30BaHbI B a60HeHTCKHX KaHanax .lUlHHOH.n:O 18000 !}>YTOB (oKono 5,5 KM Hnu 3 aMepHKaHCKHe MHJlH). TeM He MeHee, ecnH a60HeHT )KHBeT B cenbCKOH MeCTHOCTI1, T.e. .n:aneKO OT 6JIH)I(aHIIIeH ATC, IIIaHCbI no.n:KJIIO'lHTbCfI C nOMOIl{blO KaKoro-m t60 DSL-KaHana K ceTH Y Hero HeBeJIHKH.
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-- rJ1asa 16. 5a30sble KOHL4enL4MM WAN-ceTeH 569 JIOBHOro Y3na nepeHanpaBJIHeT KaHaJ1, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH Mfl .n:ocryna K ceTU J.1HTepHeT, Ha MapIIIpYTu3aTop npoBaH.n:epa, TO'lHO TaK JKe, KaK MYJIbTUllJIeKCOp DSLAM pa3.n:eJIfieT Ka- HaJI nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX H ronoca Mfl a60HeHTcKoro KaHaJ1a MecTHoH TeJIe<t>oHHoH KOMna- HHH. TO)Ke caMoe 060Py.n:oBaHue OTBe'laeT 3a npHeM TeJIeBU3HOHHbIX CUrHaJ10B, 06bI'lHO 'lepe3 cnYTHHKOBYIO aHTeHHY, U nepe.n:a'lY TeJIeKaHaJ10B a60HeHTaM. Ka6eJIbHOe no.n:KJlIO'leHUe K ceTU I1HTepHeT <t>aKTH'leCKU O'leHb CHnbHO HanOMUHaeT no.n:KJlIO'leHUe 'lepe3 TeXHOJIOrHlO DSL. OHO npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHO Mfl YCTaHOBKH KaHaJIa CBfI- 3H C KaKHM-nH60 MaplilPYTH3aTopOM npoBafuI.epa U OCTaeTCfI Bcer.n:a BKJlIO'leHHbIM. nOJIb- 30BaTeJIIO .n:OMalilHero HJIU MaJ10ro o<t>uca HyJKeH Ka6eJIbHbIH Mo.n:eM H MapIIIPYTU3aTop .D.J1f1 TaKoro no.n:KJlIO'leHUfi. KaK 06bI'lHO, 3TO MOryr 6bITb pa3HbIe YCTpoHcTBa HJIH O.n:HO KOM6uHupoBaHHoe. TeM He MeHee B .n:BYX BapUaHTaX no.n:KJlIO'leHUfi K ceTU eCTb HeKOTopbIe, BnOJIHe O'le- BHJJ.HbIe, OTnU'lHfI. nO.n:KJlIO'leHUe K ceTH I1HTepHeT 'lepe3 onepaTopa Ka6enbHoro TeJIe- BHJJ.eHUfi pa60TaeT Ha 60JIee BbICOKOH CKOpOCTH, 'leM KaHaJ1 DSL, a THnH'lHbIe CKOpOCTU B 2-5 pa3 60JIbllle, 'leM yJ<a3aHHafI BbIIIIe CKOpOCTb B 1,5 M6HT/C.D.J1S1 TeXHOJIOrHJt DSL. CKOpOCTb Ka6eJIbHoro coe.n:HHeHHfI He YMeHbIIIaeTCSI C y.n:aJ1eHUeM OT perHOHaJ1bHOro Y3JIa (T.e. B 3aBUCHMOCTH OT MHHbI a60HeHTCKoro Ka6eJISI). Ho y Ka6eJIbHoro no.n:KJlIO'leHUfi ecrb CYIlleCTBeHHbIH He.n:OCTaTOK, CKOpOCTb pa60TbI TaKOrO KaHaJ1a .n:ocTYlla K ceTH }'MeHbIIIaeTCfI npu pOCTe KOJIH'leCTBa l'pa<t>UKa, nepeCbIJIaeMoro .n:pyrUMH nOJIb30BaTeJIfI- MH, nOCKOJIbICy Ka6eJIb B TaKOH CUCTeMe flBJlfleTCSI pa3.n:eJIfieMbIM pecypCOM B paMKax Ka- Koro-JIu60 yqaCTKa Ka6eJIbHOH CHCTeMbI, B TO BpeMfi KaK B TeXHOJIOrHH DSL HeT TaKOH np06JIeMbI. np06JIeMY 3arpyJKeHHocTH KaKoro-JIu60 cerMeHTa nOTOKaMU .n:aHHbIX MOryr peIIIUTb HIDKeHepbI onepaTopa Ka6eJIbHOH ceTH H YBeJIJt'llITb 3<t><t>eKTJtBHyJO nonocy npo- nYCKaHHfI KaHaJ1a.lLJUI nonb30BaTeJIeH. BHMAHEI l{eTKo OTBeTHTb Ha BonpOCbI: "C KaKOH CKOpOCTbIO 06bI<JHO pa60TaIOT DSL-KaHaJlbI?" H "C KaKOH CKOPOCTbIO 06bI<JHO pa60TaIOT Ka6eJIbHbIe ceTH?" Q>aKTH<JecKH HeB03MO:>KHO, nOCKOJIbK)' CKOpOCTH MOI}'T OTnH<JaTbCSI O<JeHb CYIIIeCTBeHHO It 3aBHCSlT OT MHO:>KeCTBa Q>aKTOpoB. TeM He MeHee MO:>KHO npOBepltTb, KaKoe KOJIIt'leCTBO LaHHbIX B LeHCTBItTeJIbHOCTIt 6blJIO nepeLaHO <Jepe3 ceTb C nOMOUlbIO MHO:>KeCTBa CneUHaJllt3ltpOBaHHbIX Be6-caHTOB DJISI TeCTltpOBaHItSl nOLKJIIO<JeHItSl K CeTIt I1HTepHeT. ABTOP npellnO<JHTaeT HCnOJIb30BaTb Be6-caHT KOMnaHlt1t CNET (KOTOpbIH MO>KHO HaHTIt B nI060H nOItCKOBOH CHCTeMe no Q>pa3e "Internet speed test CNET" - TeCTitpOBaHlte CKOpoCTIt nOllKJIIO<JeHHSI K CeTIt I1HTepHeT C nOMolUbIO CNET ItJIIt nepeH.Jui cpa3Y nOCCblnKe http://reviews . cnet. com/7004-7254 7-0. html). CpaBHeHHe TeXHOnOrHH y,q,aneHHOrO ,q,ocT}'na B :nOH rnaBe onucaHbI 6a30BbIe npHHI.{UnbI pa60TbI 06bI'lHbiX H Ka6eJlbHbIX Mo.n:eMOB H TeXHOJIOrUU DSL. nOJIb30BaTeJIU BbI6HpaIOT. KaKUM BapuaHTOM no.n:KJlIO'leHUfi BOC- nonb30BaTbCfI B 3aBHCHMOCTU OT Toro, KaKaH HMeHHO YCJIyra npe.n:OCTaBJIfleTCfI B .n:aHHOM PerHOHe HJIU paHOHe ropo.n:a. Cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, ceTeBbIe HH:>KeHepbI .n:OJDKHbI HMeTb npe.n:- CTaBJIeHHe 060 Bcex BapHaHTax, nOCKOJIbICy npHJJ.eTCfI CTaJ1KHBaTbCSI co BceMH TexnOJIO- rHflMU. B Ta6JI. ]6.3 nepe'lHCJIeHbI OCHOBHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH l'pex OCHOBHbIX BapHaHTOB nOlll0IlO'leHHSI K ceTH J.1HTepHeT.
570 YaCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble ceTM B8A Ta6J1Hua 16.3. CpaBHeHHe Mo,aeMOB. TeXHOJlOrHH DSL H Ka6eJ1bHbIX MOlleMOB eMa B03MO)KHa O,aHoBpeMeHHaH nepeJJ.a'la I'OJIOCOBOI'O Bb130B8 H nOTOKa lIaHHblX AuaJ101'OBbie Mo,aeMbi DSL Ka6eJlbHbIe Mo,aeMbi A60HeHTCKHii KaHaJI A60HeHTCKHii KaHaJI Ka6eJlbHa!! ceTb MeCfHOH TeJlel!>oHHoH MeCTHOH TeJlel!>oHHot! onepaTopa Ka6eJlbHoro KOMnaHItH KOMnaHHH TeJleBlI.lJ:eHlliI lla lla HeT lla lla lla llO 100 K6HT/C HItCXOlUlll!Hii nOTOK llO HHCXOlUlWHH nOTOK 1,5 M6HT/C llO 3-6 M6HT/C Her lla lla HeT lla lla Her lla HeT HeT Her lla TpaHcnOpTHaHcpeJJ.a nOLl.llep)KHBaeT cHMMeTpH'IHbIH pe)KHM nOLl.llep)KHBaeT aCHMMeT])H'IHblH pe)KHM THnH'IHble CKOpOCTH pa60Tbi .llOCTY" K ceTH I1HTepHeT BcerJJ.a B03MO)KeH ECTb np06J1eMbl npH 60JlbWOH AlIHHe a6oHeHTcKol'O KaHaJ1a nponycKHaH cnoC06HOCTb naaaeT npH pocTe 'IHCJla nOJlb30B8TeJleH YCJIyrH TeXHononUI ATM Bce nepe'lHCJIeHHble BbIllle WAN-TeXHOJIOrHU, npe)l()],e Bcero, npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHbI ,l{JIfi llocryna K ceTH I1HTepHeT U3 MaJlOrO HJ1U .n:oMalllHero o<l>HCa. TexHoJIorHfI acuHXpOHHOM nepe.n:a'lu .n:aHHblX (Asynchronous Transfer Mode - A TM) npe.n:Ha3HalJeHa ,l{JISi opraHu- 3al.{HU Marucl'paJIbHbIX KaHaJlOB, KOTopbIe pa60TalOT no npHHI.{Hny CJI6bI C KOMMyra- I.{UeM naKeTOB, HanpuMep, nOXO:>Ke Ha TeXHOJIOrHIO Frame Relay, HJ1H ,l{JIfI nocTpoeHuSi KpynHbIx KOMMyrupyeMbIx CeTeH, HanpHMep, onepaTopoB CBfl3H U TeJ1e<l>oHHbIX KOMna- HUH. B TeKYIlleM pa3.n:e.rre onHcaHbI .n:eTaJlU TeXHOJ1oruu A TM C TO'lKU 3peHUfi CJ16bI C KOMMyrauueH naKeTOB. '-!T06bl UCnOJIb30BaTb TeXH0J10rUIO A TM, MaplllpyrH3aTopbI .n:omKHbl 6bITb no.n:KJllOlJe- Hbl KaHaJlOM .n:ocTYlla K ATM-KoMMyraTopy B ceTU npoBai1.n:epa YCJIYru, 06bl'lHO Ton01l0- rHfI ceTU KJlUeHTa BbIrJIfI,l{HT aHaJloru'lHO HCn0J1b3yeMoH B cpelle Frame Relay. ECJlH B ce- TH KOMnaHHU eCTb HeCKOJIbKO Y3JI0B, TO MaplllpyrH3aTop KIDK,lloro U3 HHX .n:OJ1)KeH 6b1Tb no.n:KJlIO'leH K ATM-cpe.n:e nocpe.n:CTBOM BUPTYaJlbHbIX KaHaJlOB (virtual circuit - VC). C nOMOIllblO KOTOpbIX C03.n:aIOTCSI JIOrU'leCKHe KaHaJlbI Me)l()],y <l>HJIHaJlaMU U ueHl'paJIbHblM O<l>HCOM KOMnaHUH. B TexnOJIOrHH ATM MOryT HCn0J1b30BaTbCfI nOCTOflHHbIe BHPTYaJl b - HbIe KaHaJlbI (permanent VC - PVC). aHaJlOfH'lHbIe reM. KOTopble YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCSI B CeTlt Frame Relay. BnoJ1He O'leBHAHO, 'lTO Me)l()],y TeXH0J10rHflMH ATM H Frame Relay eCTb cYIlleCTBeH- HbIe pa3JlH'lHSI. HO 06e BbInOJ1H5IIOT <l>aKTHlJeCKH O.n:HY H TY :>Ke <l>YHKUUIO. n03TOMY HeT Heo6xollHMOCTH HCn0J1b30BaTb o6e TeXH0J10rHH OlIHOBpeMeHHO. npe)l(lle Bcero. cJle.n:yeT
rJ1asa 16. 5a30sble KOHL4enL4MM W AN-ceTeH 571 OTMeTHTb, 'lTO,l{JIfi ATM-ceTH xapaKTepHbI HaMHoro 60JIbIIIHe CKOpOCTU B KamU1aX Ha H3H'leCKOM ypOBHe, B 'laCTHOCTH, B Tex, r.n:e HCnOJIb3yeTcSI TeXHOlIoruSi CHHXpOHHOH on- TU'leCKOH ceTU (Synchronous Optical Network - SONET J ). BTopoe CYIllecTBeHHo OTJIU- 'lue - B ceTH ATM nepe.n:alOTCfI He peHMbI, aJ/'IeUKU (cell). 'leHKa, KaK peHM, npe.n:- CTaBJIfleT C060H HeKOTopbIH nOClIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIH Ha60p 6HTOB, nepe.n:aBaeMbIH no ceTeBOH cpelle. Ee OTJIU'lUe OT peHMOB COCTOUT B TOM, 'ITO peHMbI MOryT 6bITb pa3Horo pa3Me- pa, a A TM -fl'leHKU HMelOT HKCUPOBaHHyJO ,l{JIHHY - 53 6aHTa. ATM-fl'leHKa COCTOHT U3 48 6aHToB nOJIe3HOH HarpY3KH (.n:aHHbIx) U 5-6aHToBro 3aro- JIOBKa. B 3aroJIOBKe eCTb .n:Ba noJUl, KOTopbIe BbInOllHflIOT TY :>Ke caMyJO YHKllUIO, 'lTO H u.n:eHTHHKaTOp DLCI B TeXHOJIOrHH Frame Relay - u.n:eHTHHI.{HpyJOT KOHKpeTHbIH BHpTYaJ1bHbIH KaHaJ1 (VC). 3TU .n:Ba nOllfl Ha3bIBalOTCfI uiJeHmurPuKamopoM 8upmyaAbHOi!O Mopwpymo (Virtual Path Identifier - VPl) U uiJeHmurPuKamopoM 8upmYaAbHOi!O KaHaAa (Virtual Channel Identifier - VCl). TO'lHO TaK :>Ke, KaK Frame RelaY-KoMMYTaTOpbI nepe- CbIlIalOT peHMbI comaCHO H.n:eHTHUKaTOpy DLCI B 3aroJIOBKe, ATM-KOMMYTaTOpbI, pa3MeIl{eHHbIe B ceTU npoBaH.n:epa, nepeCbIJIalOT fI'leHKH no H}')KHOMY MapIIIpyry comac- HO 3Ha'leHUIO napbI u.n:eHTHHKaTOpoB VPljVCI. nOJIb30BaTeJIU 06bI'lHO no.n:KJIIO'leHbI K ceTH KaKHMH-JIu60 Ethernet-KaHaJ1aMH, a Ethernet-YCTpOHCTBa He reHepHpYIOT fI'leeK. CJIe.n:OBaTellbHO, 'lT06bI npe06pa.30BaTb Ethernet-peHMbI B ATM-fl'leHKH, H}')KHO UCnOJIb30BaTb HeKOTopbIH MapIIIpYTU3aTOp, KOTOpbIH o.n:HOBpeMeHHO 6y.n:eT pa60TaTb KaK C TeXHOJIOrUfiMU JIOKaJ1bHOH, TaK U pacnpe- .n:elleHHOH ceTU. Koma TaKOH MapIIIpYTU3aTOp npUHUMaeT naKeT"3 JIOKaJ1bHOH ceTH, OH lleKollHpyeT peHM, B KOTOpbIH HHKanCYJIUpOBaH naKeT, npUHUMaeT peIIIeHHe 06 OT- npaBKe naKeTa B ATM-ceTb, a noclIe pa36uBaeT naKeT Ha MaJ1eHbKHe 6JIOKH UKCUpO- BaHHoH ,l{JIHHbI - 48-6aHToBbIe cerMeHTbI. K KIUK,LJ,OMY cerMeHTY .n:06aBJIfleTCSI 5-6aHTo- BbIH 3aroJIOBOK, H nOJIyqHBIIIaflcfI fI'leHKa nepe.n:aeTcH B ceTb. Ha pUC. 16.5 npOHJIJIIOCTpH- pOBaH onucaHHbIH npOl.{eCC, BbInOllHfleMbIH MapIIIpYTH3aTopOM R2. naKeT --:r - R '- R2 B 38rOnoBKax Re"K" }'K838HbI npaBl1nbHble 3HaeH"R VPI/VCI AflR KaHana K R 1 PUC. /6.5. CeZMeHmall,UR U n06mopHWI c60pKa naKema 6 cemu A TM MapIIIPYTH3aTOp RI BbmOJIHfleT 06paTHbIH npouecc - nOJIyqafl SI'leHKU, OH OT6pa- CblBaeT OT HHX 3aroJIOBKH H c06upaeT l.{ellbIH naKeT; TaKO" npol.{ecc Ha3bIBalOT noemopHou C60PKOU naKeTa (reassembly). Hecb npol.{eCC nOJIHOCTblO, T.e. cerMeHTal.{Hfi naKeTa Ha HKcHpoBaHHbIe 6110KH H nOBTopHafi c60pKa naKeTa H3 SI'leHKH, HOCHT Ha3BaHHe cei!- MeHmol.{uu u noemopHou C60PKU (segmentation and reassembly - SAR). B MapIIIPYTH3aTO- pax KOMnaHHH Cisco,l{Jlfl no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTH ATM HCnOJIb3YlOTCfI CneUHaJ1H3UpOBaH- , CmaHf)apm Bel/core. onpeoeJ/RIOU{uU cKopocmu. CUi!HaJ/bi U uHmepl/JeucbI OJlR CUHXPOHHOU nepeoa'lu daHHbLX no 60JlOKOHHO-onmU'IeCKOMY Ka6eJ/1O. - npItMe'l. pell.
572 aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM HbIe HHTeP<l>eHCbI. B TaKHX ATM-nopTax eCTb CneI.{HaJ1H3HpOBaHHbIe MUKpOCXeMbI ,l{JIfi BbIllOJIHeHHfI <l>YHKUHH SAR Ha annapaTHOM ypOBHe H CneUUaJ1H3HpOBaHHOe annapaTHOe 06eCne'leHHe,l{Jlfl no.n:.n:ep)K)(H SONET -KaHaJ10B. CpaBHeHMe TeXHOnOrMM KOMMyraL-'MM naKeTOB M KaHanOB DOJIbIIIUHCTBO WAN-TeXHOJIOrHH MO)l(HO no npHHI.{Uny UX pa60Tbi OTHeCTU K O.n:HOMY H3 .n:BYX KJIaCCOB: CJIy)K6bI C KOMMYTal.{UeH KaHaJ10B (circuit-switching) U CJIy)K6bI C KOM- Myral.{HeH naKeTOB (packet-switching). C TO'lKH 3peHUfi l'pa.n:UUUOHHOH TeJIe<l>oHHoH Tep- MHHOJIOrUH KaHaJ1 - 3TO HeKOTOpafl B03MO)KHOCTb Ha <l>H3H'leCKOM ypOBHe nepe.n:aTb ro- JIOC HJIll .n:aHHbIe 'lepe3 ceTb nOCTaBI..UHIffi YCJIyrH. CaM TepMUH nOflBHJICfI .n:aBHO H CBfl3aH C npHHI.{HnOM pa60TbI CTapbIX TeJIe<l>oHHbIx CTaHI.{HH, Koma ,l{JIfi Toro, 'lT06bI OCYIl{eCT- BUTb 3BOHOK KaKOM}'-nH60 a60HeHry, H}')KHO 6bIJIO C03.n:aTb 3aMKHyrylO 3neKTpH'lecKyIO uenb Me)l([ly .n:B}'Mfi a60HeHTaMu, T.e. HeKoTopbIH <l>u3H'leCKHH BbIlleneHHbIH KaHaJ1 H3 .n:BYX npOBo.n:HHKOB. C TaKOH TO'lKH 3peHHfI K <l>u3U'leCKUM KaHaJ1aM OTHOCflTCfI Bbl,l{eneH- HbIe JIUHHH, KOTopbIe 6bIJIU onHcaHbI B rnaBe 4, nOCKOJIbKY B HHX ucnonb3yeTcfI <l>H3H'le- CKafI .n:BYXKaHaJ1bHafi HJIU 'leTbIpexnpOBo.n:HafI nUHHfI. KOMMyrauufI naKeTOB no.n:pa3YMeBaeT, 'lTO WAN-ycl'pOHCTBa .n:eJIalOT He'lTO 60nbIIIee, 'leM npOCTO nepe.n:alOT 6UTbI UJIU 3JIeKl"pwIeCKHH CHrHaJ1 no <l>H3U'leCKOH cpe.n:e nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX OT OllHoro YCl'pOHCTBa K .n:pyrOMY. B TeXHOJIOrUH KOMMyral.{HH naKeTOB ceTeBOe 060Py.n:oBaHHe npOBaH.aepa HHTepnpeTupyeT 6HTbI, nepeCbIJIaeMble 060pYlloBaHHeM nOJIb30BaTeJIfI, H 06Hap}')KHBaeT B HHX TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe a.n:peCHoe nOJIe B 3aronOBKe <l>peHMa BTOpOro ypOBHfI. nocJle 3TOro cJI6a KOMMyral.{UU npHHHMaeT peweHHe, KY.n:a HHO KOMMyrupoBaTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIllYIO rpynny 6UTOB - <l>peHM. B Ta6JI. 16.4 onHca- HbI KJIIO'leBbIe OTJIH'lUfi onHcaHHblX .n:BYX TeXHonorHH WAN-ceTu. C"" Ta6J1Hua 16.4. TeXHOJlOrHH KOMMYTaUHH naKeTOB H K8H8JlOB eMa Cl>YUKUIUI KOMMyraUHR KaH8JlOB Ha KaKOM ypOBHe OSI pa60TaeT HcnOJlb3yeTclillByxTO'le'lHbIR KaHaJI (llBa llByxTO'le'lHbII1 YCTjJOi1cTBa) I1J1H MHOrOTO'le'lHbIH KOMMyraUHR naKeTOB 2 MHoroTo'le'lHbll1 (T.e. 60JlbWe llBYX YCTjJOI1CTB) TeXHonorMfl Ethernet B Ka"leCTBe WAN-cepAbl nepe.n: TeM KaK npUCTYllUTb K paCCMOTpeHHIO HeKOTopblX np06JIeM C .n:OCTYllOM K ceTl1 HHTePHeT, cne.IIYeT KpaTKO Jal'pOHyrb 0,l{H0 nOJle3Hoe YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBaHue, KOTOpoe nOflBU- nOCb OTHOCHTeJIbHO He.n:aBHO B WAN-CeTfIX: TeXHOnOrnSi Ethernet B Ka'lecrne WAN-cpeAbI, UJIH ropo.n:cKHe ceTU Ethernet (Metropolitan Ethernet - Metro E). B TeXHonornu Metro E npOBaH.aep npe.n:OCTaBJUIeT Ethernet-no.n:KJIIO'leHHe.lI)Ul KJIHeHTa, npU'leM 3a'lacrylO HC- nOJIb3YeTCfI OnTOBOJIOKOHHbIH Ka6eJIb, C nOMOIl{blO KOTOpOro MO)l(HO C03.n:aTb KaHaJI 60nbweH npOTfI)KeHHOCTU. nOl'pe6HTenb YCJlyrH nOllKJIlO'laeT TaKOH Ka6enb K KOMMyTa- TOpy HJlH MapIIIpyrH3aTopy CBoeH JIOKaJ1bHOH CeTU. npoBai1.n:ep MO)l(eT npe.n:OCTaBHTb KJIHeHTY nOllKJIlO'leHHe 'lepe3 FastEthernet- HJIH GigabitEthernet-HHTep<l>eHc, HO TO'lHO TaK )l(e, KaK H B TeXHonornH Frame Relay, orOBO- pHTb HeKOTOpylO rapaHTHpOBaHHYIO CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lH AaHHbIX, KOTopafl MeHbIIIe npo- nVCKHOH cnoco6HOCTH HHTep<l>ei1ca. HanpHMep, KJlHeHl)' Heo6xolluMO TOJlbKO 20 M6HT/C
rnaBa 16. 6a30Bbie KOHem"MM WAN-ceTeM 573 OT 06weH n0J10CbI nponycKaHHfI .lUUI coe.n:HHeHHfI CBOHX O<pHCOB H <PHJIHaJJOB HJIH l.{eH- TPOB 06pa60TKH .n:aHHbIX B pa3HbiX paHoHax ropo.n:a. npOBaH.n:ep no.n:KJIIO'laeT TaKoro KJlH- eHTa 'lepe3 FastEthemet-nopT H 3aKJIIO'laeT .n:OroBOp C KJIHeHTOM Ha npe.n:ocTaBJIeHHe CKOpOCTH 20 M6HTjc. 10meHT KOH<pHrypHPyeT BOH MapwpYTH3aTOpbI TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lT06bI He nepe.n:aBaJJH .n:aHHbIe co CKOpOCTblO, BbIwe 'leM orOBopeHHafi B KOHTpaKTe, C nOMOIllblO TeXHOJIOrHH, Ha3bIBaeMOH 02paHU'IeHUeM CKopocmu (shaping). B TaKOH KOH<pH- rypauHH nOTPe6HTeJ1b nOJIyqaeT H}')KHYIO nOJIOcy nponYCKaHHfI, 06bl'lHO no ueHe 60JIee HIt3KOH, 'leM aHaJJorH'lHa5I TeJIeKOMMYHHKaUHOHHa5I JIHHHfI (T3 HJIH E3). CxeM nocTPoeHHfI ceTeH Ha TeXHOJIOrHH Metro E CYIlleCTByeT MHO)l(eCTBO: Ha'lHHafi OT npocTeHwero no.n:KJlIO'leHHfI O.n:HOro KJlHeHTa O.n:HHM KaHaJJOM .n:OCTYlla K Y3JIY npoBaH.n:e- pa YCJ1yrH H 3aKaHlJHBa5I 061>e.n:HHeHHeM HeCKOJIbKHX <pHJIHaJJOB KOMnaHHH 'lepe3 ceTb npoBaH.n:epa C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM HeCKOJIbKHX CeTeH VLAN B O.n:HOM KaHaJJe .n:ocTYlla. TOH- KOCTH H .n:eTaJJH 3TOH TeXHOJIOrltH BbIXO.lI.5lT 3a paMKH J<ypca CCNA, TeM He MeHee, aTO O'leHb HHTepeCHbIH H 6bICTPO pa3BHBalOIllHHCfI MeTO.n: nOCTPoeHHfI ceTei1. 3aBOeBbIBalO- IllHH BCe 60JIbWylO nonYJIflpHOCTb Ha pbIHKe TeJIeKOMMYHHKaUItH. B CJ1e.n:yIOweM pa3.n:eJ1e no.n:po6HO 6yAYT onHcaHbI HeCKOJIbKO BaJKHbIX <PYHKUItH, KO- TOpble 6y.D:YT H}')KHbI B THnH'lHOM no.n:KJIIO'leHHH K cern I1HTepHeT C nOMOWblO Ka6eJ1b- HOro HJIH DSL-Mo.n:eMa. II IP-cnY>K6bl AnSI Aoc1)'na K ceTIll If1HTepHeT Ka6eJIbHbIe H DSL-TeXHOJIOrHH .n:ocTYna K ceTH I1HTepHeT HMelOT MHOro 06wero. B 'laCTHOCTH, B 060HX MeTo.n:ax H}')KeH MapIIIpYTH3aTOp, KOTOpblH OTBe'laeT 3a nepeCbIJIK}' naKeTOB OT KOMnblOTepOB B .n:OMaIIIHeH HJIH O<pHCHOH ceTH 'lepe3 COOTBeTCTByIOIllHH Ka- HaJJ npoBai1;:r.epy YCJIyrH H OCYIlleCTBJlfleT npHeM H nepeHanpaBJIeHHe OTBeTHbIX naKeTOB. Bo BTOPOH 'laCTH .n:aHHOH maBbI 6y.n:YT .n:OCTaTO'lHO no.n:p06HO onHcaHbl HeCKOJ1bKO IP-<PYHKI.{HH, BbInOJIHfleMbIX Ka6eJ1bHblM HJ1H DSL-MapWPYTH3aTOpOM, HanpHMep, napa BapHaHTOB HCnOJIb30BaHltfi CJIY)I(6bI DHCP, a TaIOKe <PYHKUHfi TpaHCJIflUHH CeTeBbiX a.L1- peCOB (Network Address Translation - NA T). 060py.n:oBaHHe, HCnOJIb3yeMoe B SOHO-CeTH.lIJIfi nOLIKJIlO'leHHfI K ceTH HHTepHeT no- cpe.n:CTBOM DSL HJIH Ka6eml, MO)l(eT npe.n:CTaBJISITb C060H KaK O.n:HO HHTerpHpOBaHHoe YCTpOHCTBO, TaK H HeCKOJIbKO OT.D:eJIbHbIX YCTpOHCTB, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 13.4 H 13.5 B fJ1aBe 13 "Pa60Ta C MapwpYTH3aTOpaMH KOMnaHItH Cisco". '-IT06bI ynpocTHTb onHcaHHe Hy)KHbIX I P-TeXHOJIOrHH, B .n:aHHoH maBe 6y.n:YT paCCMaTpHBaTbCSI OT.n:eJIbHble YCTpoHCTBa, HanpHMep, KaK B cxeMe ceTH, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 16.6. ECJ1H paCCMaTpHBaTb nOTOK .n:aHHbIX CJIeBa HanpaBO Ha cxeMe, TO YBHAHM, 'lTO KOMnb- lOTep nepeCbIJIaeT CBOH naKeTbI CTaH.LI.apTHOMY llIJI103Y, B .n:aHHOM CJ1yqae - MeCTHOMY MapIIIPYTH3aTopy .n:ocTYlla. KOMMYTaTOp JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH npCCTO nepeCbIJIaeT <ppeHMbI MapIIIPYTH3aToPY, nOCJ1e.n:HHH npHHHMaeT peIIIeHHe 0 TOM, 'lTO naKeT, B CBOIO O'lepe.n:b, H}')KHo nepeHanpaBHTb MapwPYTH3aTOpy npoBai1;:r.epa, KOTOpbIH BbICTYllaeT B pOJIH CJ1e- lIY1Owero TpaH3HTHoro Y3JIa Ha nYTH CJ1e.n:OBaHHfI naKeTa. Ka6eJ1bHb1H Mo.n:eM KOHBepTH- PyeT Ethemet-<ppeHM, nOJIyqeHHblH OT MapIIIpYTH3aTopa, B <popMaT, COOTBeTCTBYIOWItH I<a6eJ1bHOH ceTH (<popMaT <ppeHMa B Ka6eJIbHOH CeTIt BbIXO.n:HT 3a paMKH .n:aHHOH KHHrH). B KOHl.{e KOHUOB, B Ta6JIltue MapwpYTH3aUHH npoBai1;:r.epa eCTb Bce MapwpYTbl ceTH HH- TepHeT, n03TOMY OH MO)l(eT ompaBHTb TaKoi1 naKeT H}')KHOMY nOJIy'IaTeJIIO.
574 "IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM SOHO riiK2 HTep<l>ei1cbl FastEthernet Ka!5ellbHbli1 MOAeM Ka!5ellbHoe TeneBI-IAeHl-le # npoBai1Aep/ceTb HTepHeT ___r ( - -- ___r ') .r- IS,1 ___ r .r- --,-- --,-- , , , , , , , , .,.---- FaO/O -;, FO/1 ,. rnKI IP-a,c,peca B OAHoi1 nOACeTI-I , , Puc. 16.6. CXeMG noiJKJ/IO'teHWI 060pyiJo8GHWI dAJ/ iJocmynG K cemu J1HmepHem: omdeJ/bHble ycmpoucm8G 113 TPex npe.n:CTaBJIeHHbiX Ha CXeMe CeTH YC11'OHCTB MaJJOro O<pHCa T01IbKO MapIIIpYTH- 3aTOp 6y.n:eT OnHCaH 60JIee nO.n:p06HO. KpOMe CTIlH.n:apTHOH MapIIIPYTH3aI.{HH, TaKOe YCT- pOHCTBO BbIn01lHfleT 11'H .n:On01lHHTe1lbHble BIDKHble <PYHKUHH, KOTOpble OnHCaHbI HH)I(e: npHCBOeHHe a,apeCOB, 06Hap}')KeHHe MapIIIpYTOB H 11'aHC1IflI.{Hfi a,apeCOB (NAT). npHCBoeHHe aApeCOB C nOMOUl,btO Mapwpyn13aTopa AOCTYna K CeTH L<1HTepHeT Y MaplllpYTH3aTOpa .n:ocTYlla K CeTH I1HrepHeT, nOKa3aHHoro Ha pHC. 16.6, eCTb .n:Ba LAN-HHTeP<PeHca: O.n:HH no.n:KJIIO'leH K Mo.n:eMY H OCYIlleCTBJlfleT CBfl3b C ceTblO I1HTep- HeT, BTOpOH - K JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH. KaK 6bIJIO onHcaHO B 11'eTbeH 'laCTH .n:aHHoH KHHrH, 'lT06b! YC11'OHCTBO Momo MapIIIpYTH3HpOBaTb naKeTbI Me>K.lIY .n:BYMfI uHTep<peHcaMH, Ha 060HX .n:OJDKHbl 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI IP-a,apeca. TeM He MeHee BMeCTO BbI60pa H YCTaHOBKJt a,apeCOB BPY"lHyIO C nOMOIllblO KOMaH.ll.bI KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHfI HHTep<peHca ip address IP-a,apeca Bbl6HpalOTcfI comaCHO npaBHJlaM, nepe'lHC1IeHHbIM HH)I(e. . Ha HHTep<peHce MaplllPYTH3aTopa, no.n:KJIIO'leHHOM K ceTH I1HTepHeT, He- 06XO.n:HMO YCTaHOBHTb 3aperuC11'HpOBaHHbIH I P-a,apec, 'lT06bI MapIIIpy- TH3aTOpbI B m06aJJbHOH ceTH 3HaJJH, KY.n:a HO OTnpaBJIflTb COOTBeTCT- BYIOIllHe naKeTbl. . npOBaH.n:ep YCJIyrH 06bI'lHO Ha3Ha'laeT TaKOH OTKpblTbIH (H m06aJJbHO MapIIIPYTH- 3HPyeMbIH) 1P-a,apec C nOMOIllblO CJIy)K6bl DHCP. . JIOKaJJbHbIM KOMnblOTepaM 06bI'lHO H}')KHO .n:HHaMH'leCKH n01lY"laTb CBOH IP-aJIpe- ca C nOMOIllblO CJIY)K6bI DHCP, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, MaplllpyTH3aTOp .n:OCTyna 6YJIeT BbIC"rynaTb B Ka'leCTBe DHCP-cepBepa,l{Jlfl JIOKaJJbHblX Y3JI0B. . Y MaplllPYTH3aTopa .n:OJDKeH 6bITb CTaTH'leCKH 3a,aaH a,apec ,l{JIfi HHTep<peHca 110- KaJIbHOH ceTH, npH'leM TaKOH a,apec 06bIlJHO 6epeTcfI H3 KaKOH-JlH60 lJaCTHOH CeTH. . B 1I0KaJJbHOH ceTH lJallle Bcero HCnOJIb3yeTCfI a,apeCal.{Hfi H3 KaKOrO-JIH60 .n:Hana30- Ha 'laCTHbIX cereH. CsaA eMa BHMAHE! B maBe 12 "IP-3JlpecauItH 11 C031IaHite nOlIceTeH" nOlIP06HO OnltCaHbl JaperltCTpltpOBaHHble It 'lac rHble 6J10KIt 3JlpeCOB, a TalOKe YKa3aHbl1Iltana30Hbl, ItcnoJlb3yeMblc.wm '1aCT/lbIX ceTeH.
rnaBa 16. 6a30Bbie KOHenMM WAN-ceTeM 575 :1 Ha pHC. 16.7 nOKa3aHa JIOfH'leCKafi cxeMa pa60TbI CJI}')K6bI DHCP npH .n:OMalilHeM no.n:KJIIO'leHHH K ceTH J.1HTepHeT; .n:eTaJIH Ka6eJIbHOH CHCTeMbl OnYIlleHbI. DHCP-cepBep Rl DHCP-KJleHT Rl CB8R eM8 / DHCP-cepBep npOBaepa r n K2 IP = 192.168.1.101/24 GN= 192.168.1.1 DNS = 198.133.219.2 - IP = 64.100.1.1/30 GN = 64.100.1.2 .:....... r DNS = 198.133.219.2 ../""--....-. ...----------- R1 - - - 192.168.1.1 r nK1 M- IP = 192.168.1.102/24 GN= 192.168.1.1 DNS = 198.133.219.2 DNS-cepBep npOBaHAepa 198.133.219.2 Puc. 16.7. DHCP-cep8ep U K./IUeHm 8 MapUJpymu3amope oocmyna K cemu J1HmepHem B CXeMe CeTH, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 16.7, Y MaprnpynnaTopa .n:ocTYlla (RI) Ha HHTepe- <t>eHce JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH CTaTHqeCKH YCTaHOBJIeH IP-3.lI.pec H BKJIlO'leHa <t>YHKUHfi DHCP- cerBepa Ha TOM )ICe caMOM nopT)'. Ha HHTeP<t>eHce, no.n:KJIIO'leHHOM K ceTH I1HTepHeT, BKJIlO'leHa <t>YHKI.{Hfi DHCP-KJIHeHTa. MaprnpYTH3aTOp RI nOJIyqaeT IP-3.lI.pec HHTepHeT- HHTep<t>eHca OT npoBafuIepa YCJIyr, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae 64.100.1.1. nOCJIe TOro KaK 3.lI.pec 192.168.1.1/24 YCTaHOBJIeH Ha HHTep<t>eHce JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH MaprnpYTH3aTOpa RI, YCT- POHCTBO Ha'lHHaeT OTBe'laTb Ha DHCP-3anpocbI H npHCBaHBaTb IP-3.lI.peca H3 TOH )t{e ca- MOl1 no.n:ceTH, KOTopafl }'Ka3aHa Ha ero HHTep<t>eHce, KOMnblOTepaM B JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH: nKI H nK2. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, 'lTO B DHCP-co06weHHflx OT MaprnPYTH3aTopa RI YKa3aH IP-3.lI.pec DNS-cepBepa (198.133.219.2), KOTOpbIH 6bIJI nOJIyqeH OT DHCP- cepBepa npoBafuIepa. Mapwpynt3aHJI B YCTpOHCTBe AOCTYna K cent HHTepHeT MaprnpYTH3aTop RIB paCCMaTPHBaeMOH cxeMe no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTH ,aOJDKeH Map- lllPYTH3HpOBaTb naKeTbl Me>K.lIY ceTblO J.1HTepHeT H JIOKaJJbHOH ceTblO. B .n:aHHOl1 cxeMe Y YCTPOHcTBa eCTb .n:Be HanpflMyJO no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIe K HeMY ceTH, KaK 06bIqHO. TeM He MeHee BMeCTO Toro 'lT06bl 06HapY)t{}tTb Bce MaprnpYTbl fJI06aJJbH0l1 ceTH J.1HTepHeT C nOMOIIlblO KaKoro-JIH60 npOTOKOJIa MaprnpYTH3a1.{HH, B MaprnpYTH3aTope RI MO)KeT 6blTb CKOH<t>H- IypHpoBaH CTaTH'leCKHH CTaH.ll.apTHbIH MaprnpYT (default route), nOCKOJIbK)' Y MapIIIPYTH- 3aTopa .n:ocTYlla eCTb Bcero O.n:HH B03MO)KHbIH <t>H3HqeCKHH KaHaJJ H <t>H3H'leCKHH Map- lllpYT K ceTU J.1HTepHeT, a HMeHHO - coe.n:HHeHHe C MapIIIpYTH3aTOpOM npoBafuIepa. BMecTo KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHfI CTaTH'leCKOrO MaprnpYTa, MaprnpYTH3aTOp .n:ocTYlla MO- JlCeT nOJIyqaTb H}')KHbIH MapIIIpYT 'lepe3 CJI}')K6y DHCP. HanpHMep, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha PHC. 16.7, MapIIIpYTH3aTOp RI nOJIy'IHJI IP-3.lI.pec CTaH.ll.ap'rHoro IllJII03a, paBHblH 64.100.1.2,
-- 576 "IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM YCTaHOBJ1eHHbII1 Ha HHrep«peHce npoBafuIepa (MapIIIPYTH3aTOp IS PI). K KOTOPOMY no.n:- KJIlO'leHO DSL-coe.n:HHeHHe. MaplllpYTH3aTOp .n:oc-ryna C03llaeT CTaHllapTHbIH MapIIIpYT B TaKOH CH-ryaI.{HH H HCnOJIb3yeT cTaHllapTHb1HlllJ1103 (default gateway) B Ka'leCTBe cJIe.n:yIO- lllero -rpaH3HTHoro nepexo.n:a (next-hop) Ha MaplllpYTe. Ha pHC. 16.8 c-rpeJIKaMH nOKa3aH TaKOH CTaHllapTHbIH MaplllpYT H HeCKOJIbKO .n:pyrux Ba)KHbiX MaplllpYTOB. '-IacTHble IP-a,D,peca. ceTb 192.168.1.0 IP = 192.168.1.101 GW= 192.168.1.1 DNS = 198.133.219.2 f'iiK:, CTaH,D,aPTHbli1 Mapwpyr nOI1y.ieH 'Iepea DHCP: 192.168.1.1 --- -64.100.1.2 64.100.1.2 R1 '- 64.100.1.1 nK1 ./" 3apen1CTplilpOBaHHble IP-a,D,peca, rIl06aJlbHO Mapwpyrlil31i1pyeMbie IP = 192.168.1.102/24 GW = 192.168.1.1 DNS = 198.133.219.2 Mapwpyr, COOTBeTCTBYI014I>1i1 64.100.1.1 Puc. 16.8. MaplUpymu3a/.4UJ/ e ycmpoucmee oocmyna K cemu YKa3aHHbie Hac-rpoHKH cTaHllapTHoro IIIJII03a .l1JIfi KOMnblOrepoB B JIOKaJIbHOH cent, COBMeCTHO co cTaHllap'THbIM MapIIIpYTOM (YCTpoHcTBa R I), n03BOJIflIOT pa60'lHM CTaHUH- flM nepeCbIJIaTb naKeTbI B ceTb HHTepHeT. MapIIIPYTlt3aTOpbI B ceTH HHTepHeT, COOTBeT- cTBeHHo, 6y.n:YT MapIIIpYTH3HpoBaTb naKeTbI K}'.n:a yrO.n:HO. TeM He MeHee, nOKa cxeMa MaplllPYTH3al.{HH ewe He nOJIHa5I, nOCKOJIbK}' H}')KHO onpe.n:eJIHTbCfI, Ky.n:a YKa3bIBalOT 06- paTHbIe MapIIIPYThI H3 ceTH HHrepHeT: B ceTb .n:OMaIIIHero HJlIt MaJIOro o«pHca. IP-allpec HHTep«peHca MapIIIpYTH3aTopa RI, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIH K ceTH HHTepHeT, 5IBJIfleTCfI 3aperlil- c-rpHpoBaHHbIM OTKpblTblMallpeCOM (64.100.1.1 Ha pHC. 16.8). CJIe.n:oBareJIbHO, Bce Map- lllPYTH3aTOpbI B ceTH HHTepHeT CMOryr nOJIyqHTb MapIIIpYT K HeMY H nepeCJIaTb naKeTbJ. MapIIIPYTH3aTopbI rJI06aJIbHOH ceTH. TeM He MeHee, HHKor.n:a He 6y.n:YT BJlalleTb ItH«POP- Mal.{HeH 0 MaplllpYTax K 'laCTHblM allpecaM. HanpHMep, K ceTH 192.168.1.0/24, nOKa3aH- HOH Ha pHC. 16.8, H3-3a Toro, lJTO 'laCTHbIe a.n:peca npe.n:Ha3HalJeHbI,lI)UI HYMepaUHIt BHyr- pH 'laCTHOH ceTH H He MapIIIpYTH3HpylOTCfI. PeIIIeHHe nOCJIe.n:HeH np06JIeMbI He CB5I3aHO C MapIIIPYTIt3aUHeH. a OCHOBbiBaeTC5I Ha OT.n:eJIbHOH TeXHOJIoruH, KOTopafl n03BOJIfieT HCnOJIb30BaTb B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH lJaCTHbIe IP-a.n:peca H nO.lIK1IIO'laTbCfI K ceTH HHTepHeT 'lepe3 KaKoe-TO rpaHHlJHOe YC-rpOHCTBO (MaplllPYTH3aTOp RI): reXHOJIOrHH NAT H PAT. Y3JIbi B OTKpbITOH rJI06aJIbHOH ceTU HH- TepHeT nepeCbIJIalOT naKeTbI OTKPbITOMY 3aperuc-rpupoBaHHoMY a.n:pecy MapIIIPYTH3aTOpa R I (64.100.1.1). a MapIIIpYTH3aTOp .n:oc-ryna -rpaHCJlHpyeT a.n:peca B TaKHX naKeTaX. 4T06bI OHH COOTBeTCTBOBaJJU I P-a.n:pecaM Y3JIOB B JIOKaJIbHOH CeTIt.
rnaBa 16. 6a30Bbie KOHem"MM WAN-ceTeM 577 I TexHoI1onnt NAT H PAT nepe.n: TeM KaK npHCTYllHTb K paCCMOTpeHlt1O TOro, K3K TeXHOJIorufi TpaHCJIfll.{HH ceTe- BblX 3.lI.peCOB (Network Address Translation - NA T) H TeXHOJIOmfi TpaHCJIflUHH cereBblX 3.lI.peCOB C nOMOIllblO nopTOB (Port Address Translation - PAT) peIIIalOT np06JIeMY.n:oc- TaBIGI B03BpaTHbIX naKeTOB, MbI 06paTHMcfI K HeKOTopbIM BonpocaM, CBfl3aHHbIM C on- THMaJJbHblM ItCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3.lI.pecHoro npOCTpaHCTB3 Hero 3KOHOMHeH, a TaIOKe C HC- nOJIb30BaHHeM nopTOB B npOTOKOJIaX TCP H UDP. Accol.{HaUHfi no npHCBoeHHIO HMeH H HOMepOB nopTOB ceTH I1HTepHeT (Internet Cor- poration for Assigned Names and Numbers - ICANN) ynpaBJIfieT npOl.{eCCOM pacnpe.n:e- JIeHHfI It npHCBOeHltfi OTKpbITbIX 1 P-3.lI.peCOB B rJI06aJJbHOM 3.lI.peCHOM npocTpaHcTBe IPv4. CJIe.lIYeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO .n:OCTYllHbIe 3.lI.peca nocreneHHO 3aK3H'lHBaIOTCfI. n03TOMY npo- BaH.n:ep, OCYIIleCTBJIfifi K36eJIbHOe HJlH DSL-no.n:KJIlOlJeHHe, CTapaeTCfI Ha3Ha'lHTb KJIHeH-ry K3K MO)l(HO MeHbllle OTKpbITblX 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHbIx 3.lI.peCOB. KpoMe TOro, npoBaH.n:epbI TalOKe npe.n:nOlJHTaIOT npHCBaHBaTb 3.lI.peca .n:HHaMH'leCIGI, 'lT06bI 6bICTpO H J1erKO MeHflTb 3.lI.peCal.{HIO H BbI.l!aTb 3.lI.pec .n:pyrOMY KJIHeH-ry B TOM CJ1yqae, eCJ1H KJIHeHT pellIHT no.n:KJIIO- 'lHTbCfI K .n:pyrOMY nOCTaBIIlHK}' YCJ1yr. CJ1e.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B THnH'lHOM K36eJIbHOM HJIH DSL-coe.n:HHeHHH C ceTblO I1HTepHeT npoBafuIep BbI.l!eJIfieT KJIHeH-ry O.n:HH 3apemCTpHpo- BaHHbIH MaplliPYTH3HpyeMbIH 1 P-3.lI.pec H 'laIlle Bcero npHCBaHBaeT TaKOH 3.lI.pec C nOMO- IIlblO cepBepa DHCP, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO BbIIIIe Ha pHC. 16.7. npOB3H.n:ep 06bI'lHO He BbI- .n:eJIfieT HeCKOJIbKO ny6JIH'lHbIX 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHbIX 3.lI.peCOB O.n:HOMY KJIHeH-ry, 'lT06bI nOCJIe.n:HItH Mor 3.lI.peCOBaTb HeCKOJIbKO KOMnblOTepOB (HanpHMep, nKI H nK2 Ha pHC. 16.7), nOCKOJIbK}' CTpeMHTCfI C3KOHOMHTb CBOe 3.lI.peCHOe npOCTpaHCTBO. EIlle O.n:ItH BOnpoc, KOTOpblH Mbl paCCMOTpHM, CBfl3aH C npltHI.{HnOM pa60TbI npOTO- KOJla TCP, a HMeHHO, KaK OTJIH'lalOTCfI C TO'lIGl 3peHHfI cepBepa HeCKOJ1bKO TCP- coe.n:HHeHHH OT O.n:HOro yJJIa K cepBepy H OT HeCKOJIblGlX Y3JI0B. Ha pHC. 16.9 nOKa3aH npHMep, KOTOpbIH nOMO)l(eT pa306paTbCfI B JIoruKe pa60TbI CJIY)l(6bI PAT. B BepxHeH 'laCTH pHCYHKa nOKa3aHa CeTb, B KOTOpOH TpH pa3HbIX yJJIa YCTaHaBJIHB310T co- e.n:HHeHHe C Be6-cepBepOM C HCnOJIb30B3HHeM npOTOKOJ1a TCP. B HIDKHeH 'laCTH pHC. 16.9 no- Ka33Ha Ta )l(e CaMafi CeTb, HO Bce TCP-coe.n:uHeHHfI YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCfI OAHHM yJJIOM. Bce llleCTb coe.n:ItHeHHH ycranaBJIHB310TCfI C I P-a.u.pecOM (128.107. I.I) H CTaH.U.ap-rHbIM nopmM Be6-CJIy)I(6b1 80. B o6oux paCCM<YrpeHHbIX CJIy'IafIX cepBep MO)l(eT pa3JIH'IHTb pa3HbIe coe.LlHHe- HHfI, nOCKOJ1bK}' y KillI(lI,oro H3 HUX YHHKaJJbHa KOM6ltHal.{HfI I P-3.lI.peca H HOMepa nopTa. HTaK, nOMHfI 0 TOM, 'lTO H}')KHO C3KOHOMHTb IP-3.lI.pec H KOHuenl.{HIO HCnOJIb30B3HHfI nopTOB, paCCMOTpHM, KaK TeXHOJIOrnfi PAT n03BOJIfleT JIOKaJIbHbIM Y3JIaM HCnOJIb30B3Tb 'la- CTHble IP-3.lI.peca H YCTaHOBHTb O.n:HH 33peruCTpHpOBaHHblH a.u.pec Ha MapIIIpYTH3aTOp .n:oc- Tyna. B TeXHOJIOrnH npe06pa30B3HHfI 3.lI.peCOB PAT HCnOJIb3yeTcfI oc06eHHocTb pa60Tb1 npOTOKOJIa TCP: C TO'lKH 3peHHfI cepBepa a6COJIIOTHO Bce paBHO, ocymeCTBJUlIOTCfI Coe.n:H- HeHltfi C TpeM5I pa3HblMH yJJIaMH C pa3HbIMIt 3.lI.peCaMH HJIH Coe.D.ltHeHHfI YCT3HaBJIHB31OTCfI C OllHHM yJJIOM Ha O.n:HH IP-3.lI.pec, HO C pa3HbIMH nOpTaMH. CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, 'lT06bl nO.llKJIIO- lJl1Tb K Cent I1HTepHeT MHO)l(eCTBO yJJIOB He60JIbIIIoro HJIH .n:OMalliHero <xl>Hca C nOMOIIlblO OllHoro TOJIbKO 3aperuCTpHpoB3HHoro ny6JIH'lHOrO IP-3.lI.peC3, cJIy)K6a PAT TpaHCJIltpyeT lJaCTHbIe a.u.peca JIOKaJJbHbIX Y3JI0B B O.n:ItH ItMelOIllHHcfI 33pernCTpHpOB3HHbIH. '-!T06bl npa- BltJIbHO nepeCbIJIaTb naKeTbI o6paTHoH KOMMYHHK31.{HH J10KaJIbHb1M yJJIaM, MapllipYTH33TOp XpaHItT y ce6f1 Ta6JIuuy IP-3.lI.pecOB H HOMepOB nOp1'OB,l{JIfi npOTOKOJIOB TCP H UDP. Ha PI1C. 16.10 npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaH npHHI.{Hn pa60TbI paCCMaTpItBaeMOH reXHOJIOmH Ha npu- Mepe, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3yeTc5I cxeMa CeTH, npe.n:CT3BJ1eHHafI Ha pHC. 16.7.
578 aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM Tp COeAHeHSI OT TpeX nK ...J 64.100.1.1, nopT 1024 . 64.100.1.1 64.100.1.2, nopT 1024 64.100.1.2 64.100.1.3, nopT 1033 64.100.1.3 128.107.1.1, nopT 80) CepBep 128.107.1.1, nopT 80 128.107.1.1, nopT 80 128.107.1.1 ) Tp COeAHeHSI OT OAHOro nK 64.100.1.1, nopT 1024 . 128.107.1.1, nopT 80 CepBep 64.100.1.1 64.100.1.1, nopT 10Z[ . 128.107.1.1, nopT80 ) 64.100.1.1, nopT 1026 . 128.107.1.1, nopT 80 128.107.1.1 ) Puc. 16.9. Tpu TCP-coeduHeHuR om mpex pa3HbIX Y3A08 U om OdHOCO Y3Aa Ha pUC. 16.10 nOKa3aH naKeT, OTnpaBJleHHblH KOMnblOTepOM nKI cepBepy B ceTU IIIH- TepHeT. B BepxHeH 'laCTH HJlJlIOCl'paUHH (3Tanbl 1 H 2) nOKa3aHbI IP-a.apec It nopT OTnpa- BHTeJlfl .l1JIfi TaKoro naKeTa, .n:o TOro KaK YCl'pOHCTBO R 1 BblllOJlHHT TpaHCJlfll.{HIO C nOMO- IllblO CJIY)I(6bl PAT. B HH)ICHeH lJaCTH HJlJlIOCl'paI.{HIt (3Tanbl 3 H 4) nOKa3aH B03BpaTHbIH naKeT OT cepBepa. B KOTOpOM IP-a.apec H nopT nOJl}"'laTeJISI YKa3aHbI.n:0 TOro, KaK OTpa6o- TaeT cJl}')K6a PAT. (CepBep He 3HaeT, KaKHe TeXHOJlOfHH HCnOJlb3yJOTCfI B MapIIIpyrlt3aTO- pe .n:oc-ryna, OH npocTO OTBe4aeT Y3JlY C TeMU xapaKTepltCTHKaMH, KOTOpbIe OH nOJI}"'I1tJI B npe.n:bIllYIlleM naKeTe.) ::hanbl, nOKa3aHHbie Ha pltc. 16.10, OTHOCflTCfI K aJIrOpHTMY pa60- Tbl CJlY)I(6b1 TpaHCJlflUltU a.apeCOB, KOTOpblH OnltCaH HH)Ke. 1. Y3eJl nKI nepe.n:aeT naKeT cepBepy c IP-allpecoM 128.107.1.1 It, 'lT06bl.n:ocTaBHTb ero, OCYIlleCTBJlSleT nepeCbIJIKY comacHO HaCl'pOHKaM cooero cTaH.n:apTHoro llIJIlO3a, T.e. nepe.n:aeT naKeT MapIIIpyrH3aTOpy R I. 2. MapwpyrH3aTop RI BbIllOJlH5IeT npe06pa30BaHHe PAT comaCHO Ta6JlHue l'paHCJlSI: UHH U 3aMeHSIeT I P-allpec JlOKaJIbHOro Y3Jla C 4acTHoro (ucnOJlb3yeMoro B JIOKaJlbHOI'I ceTu) Ha OTKpblTblH 3aperUCTpupoBaHHblH (rJl06aJIbHO MapIIIpyru3uPyeMbIH), a HMeH- HO 64.100.1.1 B paCCMaTpUBaeMOM npUMepe. MapIIIpyru3aTOp R 1 nepeCblJIaeT naKeT cormlCHO CTaHllapTHOMY Mapwpyry (default route) B Ta6JlHI.{e MapwpyrH3aUHH.
rnaBa 16. 6a30Bbie KOH4em"MM W AN-ceTeM 579 CD SA 192.168.1.101 fiiK 1 s. Port 1024 L I@ SA 64.100.1.1 CB8 eM8 S. Port 1024 CepBep ----. r ./"- R 64.100.1.1 128.107.1.1 @ -1 DA64.100.1.1 D. Port 1024 (]) D. Port 1 024 -1 DA 192.168.1.101 I Ta6mllJ,a npe06pa30Bam1S1 NAT BHyrpeHHIo1i1 nOKaIlbHbli1 BHyrpeHHIo1i1 rno!5aIlbHbli1 192.168.1.101:1024 64.100.1.1: 1024 192.168.1.102:1024 64.100.1.1: 1025 Puc 16.10. CrlYJIC6a PA T Mapwpymu3amopa iJocmyna K cemu J1HmepHem 3. Koma cepBep OTBe'laeT Ha naKeT. npHCJIaHHbIH Y3JlOM nKI, OH nepeCbIJIaeT OTBeTHblH naKeT anpecy nOJIY'IaTeJIfi 64.100.1.1 Ha nopT 1024, nOCKOJIbK)' 3TH 3Ha'leHHfI yJ<a3aHbI B nOJIfiX OTnpaBHTeJIfi BXOAflIllerO naKeTa Ha 3Tane 2. I1HTepHeT-MapIIIPYTH3aTOpbI 3HalOT MapIIIpYT K TaKOM)' anpecy (YC1'pottCTBY RI), nOCKOJIbK)' TaKOH nOJIyqaTeJIb npe.n:CTaBJUIeT C060H m06aJJbHo MapillPYTH3HpyeMbIH OTKpbITbIH IP-a,apec. 4. MapIIIPYTH3aTOp RI 3aMeHfleT IP-a,apec nOJIyqaTeJIfi H nopT comaCHO Ta6JIHu:e TpaHCJIfll.{HH PAT, no.n:CTaBJIfifi BMeCTO napbI "a,apec-nopT" 64.100.1.]/1024 3Ha'le- HHfI ]92.]68.1.I0lfI024. YCTpOHCTBO 3HaeT MapIIIpYT K a,apecy 192.]68.1.101, no- CKOJIbK)' OH npHHa.LUIe)l(HT K no.n:KJIIO'leHHOH no.n:ceTH. ECJIH C<t>OPMYJIHpOBaTb aJJropHTM pa60TbI 60JIee 06IllHMH CJIOBaMH, TO MO)KHO CKa- 3aTb, 'lTO cJI}')K6a PAT B MapillpYTH3aUHH 3aMeHfleT IP-a,apec II nopT OTnpaBHTeJIfi .lUUI naKeToB, nOKHllalOIllHX JIOKaJIbHyJO ceTb, H 3aMeHfleT a,apec H nopT nOJIyqaTeJIfi .lIJIfi naKe- TOB, BXOAflIllHX B JIOKaJJbHyJO ceTb. C TO'{I(H 3peHHfI Bcex MapillpYTH3aTopOB B ceTH I1H- TepHeT Bce naKeTbI npHXOAflT C O.n:HOro a,apeca (HJlH OT O.n:HOro Y3JIa - 64.100.1.] Ha PIiC. 16.10), a y HHX eCTb MapIIIPYT Ha TaKOH anpec. TaKoH no.lIXo.n: n03BOJUIeT npoBafuIepy CYIIIeCTBeHHO C3KOHOMHTb 3aperuCTpHpOBaHHbie OTKpblTble a,apeca IPv4. TepMHHbI 6HympeHHuu JlOKaJlbHblU (inside local) H 6HympeHHuu 2J106aJlbHblU (inside global), yJ<a3aHHbIe B Ta6JIHUe TpaHCJIflUIiH Ha pliC. 16.10, HMelOT HeKOTopoe cneuH<t>H'le- CKoe 3Ha'leHHe B TeXHOJIoruH TpaHCJIflUHH ceTeBblX a,apeCOB. I1x nOHHMaHHe npHro.n:HTCfI 60Jlbille ceTeBOMY UH)I(eHepy KaKoi1-JIH60 KOMnaHHH, '{eM ceTeBOMY a.n:MUHHCTpaTOpy fIPOBafuIepa.
580 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM . BuyrpeHHHH Y3eJl (inside host). Y3eJI C 'laCTHbIM m06aJJbHo HeMapillpYTH- CUR 3HpyeMbIM a.n:peCOM B ceTH npe.n:npHflTHfi (HanpHMep, Y3J1bI nKl H nK2). "eM8 . BuyrpeHHHD J10KaJIbHbIA a,apec (inside local). IP-a.n:pec B 3aroJIOBKe, OTHOCSlIllHHCfI K BHyrpeHHeMY Y3JIY, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH npH nepe.n:a'le naKeTa B JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH, HO He ceTH I1HTepHeT. B paCCMa1'pHBaeMOM npHMepea.n:peca 192.168.1.101 H .102 flBJISI- IOTCfI BHYTpeHHHMH JIOKaJJbHbIMH I P-a.n:pecaMH , OHH nOKa3aHbI Ha 3Tanax 1 H 4 PHC. 16.10. . BuyrpeHHHH rJl06aJIbHblH a,apec (inside global). IP-a.n:pec B 3aroJIOBKe, KOTOpbdt no- JIyqalOT naKeTbI BHyrpeHHero Y3JIa npH nepe.n:a'le no ceTH I1HTepHeT, BHe JIOKaTlb- HOH ceTH. B paCCMa1'pHBaeMOM npHMepe a.n:pec 64.100.1.1 flBJIfleTCfI BHyrpeHHHM m06aT1bHbIM H nOKa3aH Ha 3Tanax 2 H 3 PHC. 16.10. . BuyrpeHHHH HHTepclJeHc (inside interface). I1HTep<t>ettc MapillpYTH3aTopa, nO,LU<JIIO- 'leHHbIH K JIOKaTlbHOH ceTH, B KOTOPOH pa3MeIlleHbI BHyrpeHHHe Y3JIbI. . BHeWHH" HHTepclJeHc (outside interface). I1HTep<t>eHc MapillpYTH3aTOpa, n0.n:KJIIO- 'leHHbIH K ceTU I1HTepHeT. I1TaK, nOCJIe Toro KaK MbI pa306paJJltCb B npHHI.{Hne pa60TbI TeXHOJIOrHH PAT, MO)l(HO .n:aTb 60JIee TO'lHbIe onpe.n:eJIeHHSI TepMHHaM, HCnOJIb3yeMbIM B cJIy)K6ax NAT H PAT. Ec- JIH H}')KHO .n:aTb HaH60JIee 'leTKHe onpe.n:eJIeHHSI H npe.n:CTaBHTb <t>OpMaJJbHoe onHcaHHe TeXHOJIOrHH, TO MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 'lTO cJIY)l(6a 1'paHCJIflI.{HH ceTeBblX a.n:peCOB (NAT) BbI- nOJIHfleT npe06pa30BaHHe a.n:peCOB CeTeBoro ypOBHfI (I P) 6e3 3aMeHbI nopTOB B ceaHcax. CJI}')K6a TpaHCJIfll.{HH cereBbIX a.n:pecoB C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM nopTOB ( PAT) BbIllOJIHfleT npe06pa30BaHHe a.n:pecHoH HH<t>opMauHH KaK Ha ceTeBOM, TaK H Ha 1'paHcnOPTHOM YPOB- HfiX (3aMeHfleT HOMepa nopTOB .lIJIfi npOTOKOJIOB TCP H UDP). C TO'lKH 3peHHfI 60JIee 06Illero nO.lIXo.n:a TeXHOJIOrHfI PAT flBJIfleTCfI 'laCTHbIM CJIyqaeM TeXHOJIOrHH NAT H $lK- TH'leCKH npOCTO npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H .n:pyrOH MeTO.n: KOH<t>HrypHpoBaHHfI CJI}')K6bI NA T. 06bl'lHO Cnel.{HaJJHCTbI HCnOJIb3YIOT 60JIee IllHpOKoe onpe.n:eJIeHHe H, HanpHMep, Koma HH)I(eHep rOBopHT: "MbI HCnOJIb3yeM CJI}')K6y 1'paHCJIflI.{HH a.n:peCOB .lIJIfi no.n:KJIIO'leHHfI K ceTH I1HTepHeT'lepe3 Hallero npOBaH.n:epa", TO B TaKOH ceTH MO)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI KaK TeXHOJIOrHfI NAT, TaK H PAT. B 3aBepIlleHHe CJIe.n:ye-r OTMeTHTb, liTO eCJIH BbI }')Ke yCTaHaBJIHBaJJH, HanpHMep, B CBO- eH .n:OMaIllHeH ceTH Ka6eJIbHbIH MapillpYTH3aTOp HJlH DSL-ycTpOHCTBO, 3aCTaBHTb ero 3a- pa60TaTb BaM 6bIJIO HaMHoro npoIlle, 'leM aBTOpy onHcaTb, a 'lHTaTeJIIO nOHflTb npHHI.{Hn pa60TbI TeXHOJIOrHH B TaKOH cxeMe ceTH. ECJIH KJIHeHT nOK)'I1aeT Ka6eJIbHbIH HJlH DSL- MapIIIpYTH3aTop nOTpe6ltTeJIbCKOrO KJIaCca, YC1'pOHCTBO }')Ke 06bI'lHO CKOH<t>HrypHpoBaHO KaK DHCP-cepBep, DHCP-KJIHeHT H B HeM 3anYIlleHa cJI}')K6a PAT. (B TaKOM YCTPOHCT- Be, oc06eHHO eCJIH 3TO HHTerpHpOBaHHbIH BapHaHT, eCTb nOpT, 0603Ha'leHHbIH KaI< "Internet", 06bI'lHO OH pa60TaeT KaK DHCP-KJIHeHT H HMeHHO OH no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI K OT- KpblTOH m06aJJbHoH ceTH.) CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, Bce onHcaHHbIe <t>YHKUHH pa60TalOT B yCT- pOHcTBe, HO OHH pa60TalOT 6e3 KaKOrO-JIH60 nOCTopoHHero BMeIllaTeJIbCTBa. TeM He Me- Hee, eCJIH B ceTH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfI MapillpYTH3aTOp ypOBHfI npe.n:npHflTHfi KOMnaH HIt Cisco, ycrpOHCTBO H}')KHO CKOH<t>HrypltpOBaTb TaK, 'lT06bl OHO BbIllOJIHflJIO Heo6xo.n:HMbIe .n:eHcTBHfI. B cJIe.n:yIOweH maBe onHcaHO, KaK Hac-rpOHTb 06caBIllHecfI Bblille CJI)')K6bI H npOBepHTb HX pa60Tocnoco6HOCTb.
j rnaBa 16. 5a30Bbie KOHem"MM W AN-ceTeM 581 nO.QrOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBToplo1Te Bee KI11O"IeBble TeMbl CJIe.n:yeT nOBTOpHTb Bce KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbI .n:aHHoH rnaBbI, KOTOpble nOMe'leHbI mtKTOrpaMMoH Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 16.5 nepe'lHCJIeHbI Bce OCHOBHbIe KJIlO'leBble TeMbI H COOTBeTCTByIOIIlHe HM C'l"paHHl.{bl. CBaA eMa Ta6J1Hua 16.5. KJIIO'leBbie TeMbi rJlaBbi 16 3J1eMeHT IUllO'IeBoR TeMbi Cnl1COK Pl1c.16.3 Cnl1COK PI1C. 16.4 Ta6J1.16.3 Ta6J1. 16.4 Cnl1COK PI1C. 16.7 Pl1c.16.1O Cnl1COK OnHcaHHe HOMep CTpaHHII,bI 564 565 567 569 571 573 575 CpaBHeHl1e DSL-noKJlIO'JeHI1H 11 MoeMOB Tl1nl1'1Hble TOn0J10fl1l1l1 YCTJOHCTBa npl1 DSL-no.LKJlIO'IeHI1I1 <1>aKTOpbI. BJlI1HIOU.I1e Ha CKOpOCTb DSL-J1I1HI1I1 Tl1nl1'JHble TOn0J10rl1l1l1 YCTJORCTBa npl1 Ka6eJ1bHOM nOKJlIO'IeHI1I1 CpaBHeHl1e TeXHOJ1ofl1R OCTYT1a K CeTI1 HHTepHeT CpaBHeHl1e TeXHoJ1orI1R KOMMyraLll111 naKeTOB 11 KaHaJIOB (]>aKTOpbl, BJlI1HIOUll1e Ha 1 P-a,apecaLlI1IO Mapwpyrl13aTOpoB ocTYna K CeTI1 HHTepHeT (]>ytlKLlI1I1 DHCP-KJll1eHTa 11 cepBepa B Mapwpyrl13aTOpe ocTYT1a K CeTI1 HHTepHeT npl1HLll1n TpaHCJ1HLlI1I1 IP-a,apecoB CJ1YJK6oR PAT B Mapwpyrl13aTOpe ocTYT1a K cern HHTepHeT Onpe.LeJ1eHI1H KJlIO'IeBbIX TepMI1HOB TeXH0J10fl1l1 NA T 576 580 581 3anonHHTe Ta6nHbl H cnHCKH no naMJlTH PaCnelJaTaHTe npHJIO)l(eHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa31leJI, OTHO- CSlIIlHI1CfI K 3TOH rnaBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHLl.bI H cnHCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)l(eHHH H (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbI 3anOJIHeHHbIe Ta6JIHI.{bi H CnHCKH.lL1UI caMOKOH'l"pOJIfi. KmO'leBble TepMHHbl rnaBbl JJ.aHTe onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHblX HH)I(e TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCKe TepMHHOB: TexnOJIOrHfl ADSL, aCHMMe'l"pWIHbIH KaHan, TeXHOJIOfHfI A TM, TeXHOJIOrHfl DSL, BHYT- peHHHH mo6anbHblH a.u.pec, BHyrpeHHHI: JIOKanbHbIH 3.lI.pec, Mo.n:eM, CJIy)K6a NAT, cJI}')K6a PAT, TeJIe<t>oHHaSi ceTb (PSTN), CHMMeTpH'lHbIH KaHan, TeJIe<t>OHHaSi KOMnaHHfI (telco).
B 3TOH maDe... I.. . KOHHrypHpoDaHHe .lIBYXTO'le'l- HblX WAN-KaHaJlOD. B 3TOM pa3- .n:eJIe onHcaHO, KaK CKOH<t>HryPH- pOBaTb BbIlleJIeHHyIO JIHHHIO Me- )!(lly.n:BYMfI MapIIIPYTH3aTOpaMIt C ItCnOJIb30BaHHeM npOTOKOJIOB PPP H HDLe. . KOHHrYPHp08aHHe, DOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHCDpaDHOCTeH .n:JUI MapmpYTH3aTop08 .n:OCTyna K ceTH MHTepHeT. B 3TOM pa3.n:e- JIe paCCKa3aHO, KaK CKOH<t>Hry- pltpOBaTb DHCP-KJIHeHT, DHCP-cepBep It <t>yHKllHIO PAT B MapIIIPYTH3aTope .n:OCTYlla K I1HTepHeT c nOMOIllblO npo- rpaMMHoro 06eCneQeHltfi SDM. .... .. 1/
rIlABA 17 KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe W AN-coeAMHeHMM B 3TOH maBe onHcaHO KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe WAN-ceTeH, paCCMOTpeHHbIX B maBax 4 "OCHOBbI WAN-cereH" H 16 "Ea30BbIe KOHuenUHH WAN-ceTeH". B nepBoH qaCTH maBbI onucaHO KOHcl>HrypHpoBaHHe BbweJIeHHbIX JIHHUH C HCnOJIb30BaHUeM HHKanCYJIflUHH BbI- COKoypOBHeooro npOTOKOJIa ynpaBJIeHHfI coe.n:HHeHHeM (High-Level Data Link Control- HDLC) H npOTOKOJIa .n:BYXTOqe'lHbIX KaHaJIOB (Point-to-Point Protocol- PPP). Bo BTO- pOH qaCTH nOKa3aHO, KaK cKoHcl>urypHpoBaTb cl>YHKUHU ypOBHH 3 B MaprnpyTH3aTope .n:0CTYIIa K I1HTepHeT, B qaCTHOCTH, KaK HaCTpOHTb npOTOKOJI .n:UHaMU'leCKoro KOHcl>Hry- pHpOBaHHfI Y3JIa (Dynamic Host ConfIguration Protocol- DHCP) U cJIy)K6y TpaHCJIflUHH ceTeBbIX a.apeCOB U TpaHCJIflUHU C UCnOJIb30BaHUeM nopTOB (Network Address Transla- tion/Port Address Translation - NAT/PAT). Bo BTOpOH 'laCTH maBbI npal<THqeCKH He HCnOJIb3yeTcfI HHrepcl>eHc KOMaH,l{HOH CTpOKH MaprnpYTl13aTOpa, a Bce HaCTpOHKH ocyme- LTBJIflIOTCfI C nOMOIllblO Be6-npHJIO)l(eHUfI, Ha3bIBaeMoro UHCTpYMeHTOM HaCTpoHKH 6e30naCHOCTU YCTpoHCTBa (Security Device Manager - SDM). KOHTpo.nbHble BOnpOCbl: 3HaeTe .nM Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl r.naBbl 3TOT pa3.n:eJI npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH ,l{JUI TOro, 'lT06bI qUTaTeJIb Mor npe.n:BapHTeJIbHO oueHUTb CBOH 3HaHHfI H pernHTb, H}')KHO JIU eMY qHTaTb maBY UeJIHKOM. ECJIH OTBeTbI Ha .n:eBflTb U3 lleCflTH BonpOCOB .n:aHbI npaBHJIbHO, MO)l(HO cpa3Y )l(e nepeHTH K nOCJIe.n:HeM)' pa3.n:eJIY "nO.n:roTOBKa K 3K3aMeH}'''. OCHOBHbIe TeMbI 3TOH maBbI H npe.n:BapHTeJIbHbIX KOHTpOJIb- HbIX BonpOCOB nepeqHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 17.1. OTBe'lafi Ha KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI U UCnOJIb- 3Yfl Ta6JIHUY, 'lHTaTeJIb CMO)l(eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO TOqHO onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOU 3HaHHfI B TOH HJIH ltHOH 06JIaCTH. OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbI npHBe.n:eHbI B npHJIO)l(eHHU A "OTBeTbI Ha KOH- TpOJIbHbIe BonpocbI". Ta6J1HUa 17.1. TeMbi KOHT))OJlbHblX BonpocoB OCHoBHaa TeMa HOMepa BonpOCOB KOHqmrypHpOBaHHe. nOHCK H YCTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTetl B llBYXTotJetJHbIX KaHarrax 1-3 KOHqmrypHpoBaHHe, nOHCK H yc-rpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHocTetl B MaplllpyrH3aTopax 4-7 o cTYna K ceTH J.1HTepHeT I. MaprnpyTH3aTOpbI RI 11 R2 coe.n:HHeHbI C nOMOlllblO Bbl.Ll.eJIeHHOH JII1HUI1 'lepe3 I1H- Tepcl>ei1cbI Serial 0/0. B HacTofllllHH MOMeHT MaprnpyTH3aTopbI ycnernHo nepeCbIJIalOT
584 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM naKeTbI 'lepe3 TaKOH KaHaJI H HCnOJIb3yJOT HHKanCYJIfiLlHIO HDLe. KaJcylO KOMaH,.QY H}')KHO BBeCTU, 'lT06bI Ha'laTb HCnOJIb30BaTh npOTOKOJI PPP? a) encapsulation ppp. 6)no encapsulation hdlc. B)clock rate 128000. r) bandwidth 128000. 2. B JIa60paTOpHu 6bIJIU YCTaHOBJ1eHbI MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI RII1 R2. YCTPOHCTBa 6bIJIU co- e.n:UHeHbI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIM Ka6eJIeM HanpSlMYIO (back-to-back) uHTepcl>eHcaMu Serial 0/0. KaKoe U3 YKa3aHHbIX HU)I(e YTBep)K}:leHHH BepHO,l{Jlfl TaKora coe.n:HHeHHfI? a) ECJlH DCE-Ka6eJIb no.n:KJIIO'leH K MaprnpYTH3aTOpy Rl, ,l{JISi COOTBeTCTByJOrnera HHTepcl>eHca MaprnpYTU3aTopa R2 H}')KHO YKa3aTb KOMaH,.QY clock rate. 6) ECJIU DTE-Ka6eJIb no.n:KJIIO'leH K MaprnpYTH3aToPY RI, ,l{JISi cooTBeTCTByJOIllera uHTepcl>eHca Maprnpynt3aTopa R2 H}')KHO }'Ka3aTb KOMaH,.Qy clock rate. B) EcJIU KOMaH,.Qa clock rate 128000 YKa3aHa B MapIIIpYTu3aTope RI, TO B MapIIIpYTU3aTope R2 H)')KHO cKoHcl>HrypHpOBaTh KOMaHAybandwidth 128. r) Hu O.n:HH H3 nepe'lUCJIeHHbIX BbIrne BapHaHTOB He BepeH. 3. .ABa HOBbIX MapIIIpYTU3aTopa KOMnaHUI1 Cisco 6bIJIH K)'IUIeHbI HeKOTopoH opraHH3a- LlueH U YCTaHOBJIeHbI B pa3HbIX Y3JIax Ha paCCTOHHHH 100 KM .n:Pyr OT .n:pyra. .ABa Map- IIIpYTU3aTopa coe.n:UHeHbI BbweJIeHHOH JIHHUeH C nponYCKHOH cnoc06HoCTbIO 768 K6HT/C. KaKHe H3 nepe'lHCJIeHHbIX HH)I(e KOMaHA Hy;KHO BBeCTU KaK MUHHMYM B O.n:HOM H3 MapIIIpYTU3aTopOB, 'lT06bI OH CMor nepeCbIJIaTb cl>peHMbI no BbweJIeHHOH JIUHHH, HCnOJIb3YfI npOTOKOJI PPP B Ka'leCTBe UHKanCYJIfiLlHI1 KaHaJIbHOra ypOBHfI? a) no encapsulation hdlc. 6) encapsulation ppp. B)clock rate 768000. r) bandwidth 768. .n:)description this is the link. 4. ECJlI1 cereBOH HIDKeHep KOHcl>HlYPHpye-r DHCP-cepBep B MapIIIpYTH3aTOpe .n:OC1)'IIa K ceTIi HHrepHe-r C nOMOIllbIO npOI]JaMMbI SDM, KaKHe 113 HacrpoeK 06bI'lHO OH YKa3bIBae-r? a) MAC-a.u.peca KOMnblOTepoB B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTU. 6) IP-a.u.pec MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa npoBai1.n:epa Ha 06IlleM Ka6eJIe HJIU B DSL-KaHaJIe. B) .AHana30H IP-a.u.pecoB, KOTOpbIH 6y.n:eT Ha3Ha'laTbCfI Y3JIaM B JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH. r) Au.peca DNS-cepBepoB, KOTopbIe 6bIJIU nOJIy'-IeHbI 'Iepe3 npOTOKOJI DHCP OT npoBai1.n:epa YCJIYru. 5. CeTeBoH UIDKeHep KOHcl>HrypupyeT MapIIIpYTH3aTOp .n:ocT)'na K ceTH HHTepHeT C no- MOIllblO npOI]JaMMbI SDM H XO'leT onHOBpeMeHHO 3a.u.aTb HaCTPOHKH DHCP-KJIHeHT3 H CJI}')K6bI PAT. KaKHe YTBep)K}:leHHfI BepHbI,l{JIfi TaKora npoLlecca? a) MacTep HacTPOHKH SDM TPe6yeT, 'lT06bI cJI}')K6a PAT 6bIJIa cKoHcl>urypl1pOBa- Ha, eCJIH HaCTPaUBaeTCfI DHCP-KJIHeHT.
rnaBa 17. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 585 6) MacTep HaCTpoHKH SDM BocnpHHHMaeT HHTeP<l>eikbI, Ha KOTOpbIX 3anaHbI IP- anpeca, KaK nOTeHUHaJIbHbIe BHyrpeHHue nopTbI AJlSI CJIy)K6bI PAT. B) Macrep HaCTpOHKH SDM BOCnpUHHMaeT HHTepcl>eHc, Ha KOTOpOM 3anyIlIeHa cJIy)K6a DHCP-KJIHeHTa, KaK BHYTpeHHHH HH'repcl>eHc }:lJlfI CJIy)K6bI TpaHCJIflUHH anpeCOB. r) HH O.n:HH U3 nepe'lHCJleHHbIX BbIIIIe BapHaHTOB He BepeH. 6. KaKoe U3 YKa3aHHbIX HH)I(e YTBep)K,l{eHUH BepHO }:lJlfI npouecca KOHcl>HrypupoBaHufi YCTpoikTBa nocpe.n:CTBOM nporpaMMbI SDM? a) npOrpaMMHOe 06eCne'leHHe SDM HCnOJIb3yeT SSH-coe.n:HHeHHe 'lepe3 KOHCOJIb HJIH IP-ceTb}:lJlfl KOHcl>HrypHpoBaHufi MapIIIpYTu3aTopa. 6) npOrpaMMHOe 06eCne'leHHe SDM HCnOJIb3yeT Be6-HHTepcl>eHc B IP-ceTH }:lJlfI HaCTpOHKH HJlH KOHCOJIb. B) npOrpaMMHOe 06eCnelJeHHe SDM 3arpy)KaeT KOMaH,l{bI B MapIIIpYTH3aTOp nOCJIe OKOH'laHHfI pa60TbI Ka)K,l{oro Macrepa (nocJle Toro, KaK nOJlb30BaTeJIb IlleJIKHeT Ha KHonKe) H coxpaHfleT KOHcl>HrypaUHIO KaK TeKYIlleM (running-config), TaK H B CTap- TOBOM (startup-config) cl>aHJIe. r) HH O.n:UH H3 nepe'lUCJIeHHblX BbIllie BapHaHTOB He BepeH. 7. KaKHe np06JIeMbI Hau60JIee 'laCTO BCTpe'lalOTCfI npH KOHcl>urypHpoBaHHH cl>YHKUHH TpeTbero ypOBHfI B MapIllpYTH3aTope .n:ocT)'na K ceTH HHTepHeT? a) HmopHpyeTcfI 06bI'lHO HCnOJIb3yeMaSl, HO He06f13aTeJIbHafi uHcl>opMaUHfI OT DHCP-cepBepa npoBaH.n:epa, HanpHMep IP-anpeca DNS-cepBepoB. 6) YCTaHOBJleHbI HenpaBHJlbHbIe HHTepecl>eHcbI B Ka'leCTBe BHyrpeHHHX H BHeIIIHHX .D,JIfi CJly)K6bI PAT. B) He cKoHcl>urypupoBaH TOlJHO TOT )l(e caMbIH npOTOKOJI MapIllpYTH3aUHH, KOTO- pbIH HCnOJIb3yeT npoBafuI,ep. r) He BKJIlO'leH npOTOKOJI CDP B UHTepcl>eHc, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIH K ceTH npoBai1.n:epa YCJIyrH.
586 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM BseAeHMe KOHMrypMpoBaHMe ABYXTOeHbIX WAN-KaHanOB B TeKYIlleM OTHOCHTeJIbHO He6oJIbIIIOM pa3.n:eJIe OnHCaHO, KaK cKoHqmrypUpOBaTb BbI- .n:eJ1eHHyJO JIHHHIO Me)K}:lY .n:BYMfI MapIIIpYTU3aTOpaMH C HCnOJIb30BaHUeM npOTOKOJIOB HDLC HJIH PPP. Tpe6yeMafi KOHcl>UrypaQlIf( y.n:UBHTeJIbHO npOCTa, .LI.JUI npoTOKOJIa HDLC Bo06111e HH'lerO He H}')KIIO HaCTpaUBaTb, a,l{Jlfl npOTOKOJIa PPP H}')KIIO BBeCTU Bcero O.n:HY KOMal-lll:Y B pe)KHMe KOHcl>urypHpoBaHHfI uHTepcl>eHca (encapsulation ppp). TeM He MeHee Hlt)Ke 6y.n:yr paCCMOTpeHbI ellle HeCKOJIbKO He06f13aTeJIbHbIX 3TanOB KOHcl>HrypUPO- BaHI1f1, KOTopbIe MOryr 6bITb nOJIe3HbI, a TalOKe 061>flCHeHO HX BJ1UflHUe Ha pa601)' KaHaJIa. BHMMAHMEI B 3TOH maBe nO.llpa3YMeBaeTCSI, '1TO BO Bcex nOCJIe.llOBaTeJIbHblX KaHaJlaX ItCnOJIb3YIOTCSI BHeWHl1e MOlIYJIIt CSUjDSU. KOH$ltIypaul1Sl TaKHX MO.llYJIeH ItJIIt HaCT]JOHKIt BCT]JOeHHbIX I1HTepl}>eHcoB CSUjDSU BbIXO,UI1T 3a paMKIt ,UaHHOH KHl1rH. KOH(jUUYPMpOBaHMe MHKanCYI1'-'MM HDLC EcJIH paCCMaTpUBaTb TeXHOJIOrHIO Ethernet C TO'lKH 3peHHfI HH)l(HHX Tpex YPoBHeH MOlleJ1U OSI, HanpHMep, TO MO)I(HO 3aMeTHTb, 'lTO ,l{JIfi HaCTpOHKH I H 2 ypOBHeH He Tpe- 6yeTcfI KaKUX-JIH60 1l0nOJIHUTeJIbHbIX KOMal-lll:, 'lT06b1 YCTPOHCTBO Momo nepeCbIJIaTb IP-naKeTbI. XapaKTepHCTHKI1 ypOBHfI 1 flBJ1f1IOTCfI cTal-lll:ap'THbIMH U HY)I(HO npocTo no.n:- KJllO'll1Tb npaBHJIbHbIH Ka6eJIb. OnepaUUOHHafi CUCTeMa IOS cTal-lll:ap'THO ucnOJIb3yeT HH- KanCYJUlUHIO Ethernet ,l{JIfi Bcex Ethernet-HHTepcl>eHcoB YCTpOHcTBa, n03TOMY He H}')KHbI KaKHe-JIH60 KOMal-lll:bl ypOBHSI 2. Y.T06bI MaprnpYTH3aTop Mor nepecbIJIaTb naKeTbI TpeTbero ypOBHfI, He06xo.n:uMO }'Ka3aTh IP-a,apec Ha HHTepcl>eHce H 3a'lacTYIO KOMaHllY no shutdown, eCJIH B COCTOflHHH nOp'Ta BbIBO.n:HTCfI CTpOKa "administratively down" (a,aMHHUCTpaTUBHO BbIKJlIO'leH). A6cOJIIOTHO aHaJIOfl1'lHO, B nOCJ1e.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX uHTepcl>eHcax MapIIIPYTH3aTopoB KOM- naHUU Cisco CTal-lll:ap'THO ucnOJIb3yeTcfI npOTOKOJI HOLC, KOTOpblH He Tpe6yeT .n:onoJ1- HHTeJIbHbIX HacTpoeK Ha I H 2 ypOBHflX. Ka6eJII1 nOJI)l(HbI 6bITb no.n:KJlIO'leHbI TaK, KaK onHcaHO B maBax 4 H 16, HO.LI.JUI nepBoro ypOBHfI 3TaJIOHHOH MOlleJIH He H}')KHbI .n:onOJ1- HHTeJIbHbIe KOMal-lll:bI. nOCKOJIbKY CTal-lll:ap'THO I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI I1MeHHO npOTOKOJI HOLC, TO Ha ypOBHe 2 TalOKe He H}')KHbI HHKaKHe KOMal-lll:bI ,l{JIfi HaCTpOHKH HHTepcl>eHca. TO'lHO TaK )l(e, KaK H B Ethernet-uHTepcl>eHcax, H}')KIIO YKa3aTb IP-a,apec C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbI ip address, 'lT06bI YCTpOHCTBO Momo nepeCbIJIaTh IP-naKeTbI u, B03MO)I(H0, KOMaHllY no shutdown. TeM He MeHee B nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX KaHaJIaX 3a'laCTYlO Tpe6yeTcfI YKa3bIBaTb HeKoTO- pble He06f13aTeJIbHbIe KOMal-lll:bI. HH)I(e onHcaHbI HeKoTopbIe 3TanbI KOHcl>HrypaUI1U, yc- JIOBI1f1, B KOTOpbIX UX H}')KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb, U Tpe6yeMbIe KOMaHllbl (CJIe.n:yeT nOMHUTb. 'lTO OHH He06f13aTeJ1bHbl!).
rnaaa 17. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 587 3Tan 1. Hy;KHo YKa3aTb IP-a.n:pec Ha HHTep<peike C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbI ip address. 3Tan 2. CJIellYlOlllHe KOMaHllbI HY)I(HbI B TOM cJlyqae. eCJlH flBHO YKa3aHO, 'lTO CJle.n:yeT 3a.n:aTb HY)l(HYIO HaCTpOHKY: a) eCJlu B pe)KHMe KOH<pHrypHpOBaHHfI I1HTep<peHca YKa3aHa KOMaHlla en- capsulation KaKoi1-JIur5o_npOTOKOJI, CJIellyeT 3aMeHHTb ee KOMaH- .n:0" encapsulation hdlc. 'lT06bI BKJIlOlJHTb npOTOKOJI HOLC; 6) eCJIH KO.n: COCTOflHI1f1 HHTep<peHca YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, 'lTO HHTep<peHc a.n:- MHHI1CTpaTUBHO BbIKJIlOlJeH ("administratively down"), Hy;KHO BBeCTH KO- MaHllY no shutdown; B) eCJlI1 nOCJIellOBareJlbHbIe UHTep<peHCbI COelll1HeHbI Ka6eJleM HanpflMyJO (back-to-back serial link) B Jla60paTopHblX YCJIOBI1HX HJlH B 3MYJIfiTOpe cem, H}')KHO 3a.n:aTb 'laCTOTY TaKTOBblX HMnYJIbCOB C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbI B pe)l(H- Me KOH<pHrypHpOBaHI1H I1HTep<peHca clock rate CKOpOCTb. 3TY KO- MaH.n:y H}')KHO BBOllHTb TOJIbKO,l{JlSl OCE-I1Hrep<peHca, T.e. nopTa, K KOTO- POMY nOllKJIIO'leH OCE-Ka6eJlb (Tun HHTep<peHca MO)l(HO OnpelleJIHTb C no- MOIl{blO KOMaHllbl show controllers serial HOMep). 3Tan 3. CJIellYlOlllHe HaCTpOHKJt flBJlfllOTCfI COBceM He 06f13aTeJlbHbIMH 11 He BJlI1f1IOT Ha pa60TY K1lHaJJa U nepellalJY 1 P-Tpa<pHKa: a) MO)I(HO YKa3aTb JIOrH'lecK)'1O CKOpOCTb KaHaJJa C nOMOlllblO KOMaHllbI bandwidth CKOpOCTb_B_KoUT/C B pe)l(HMe KOH<pHrypHpoBaHI1f1 I1H- Tep<peHca; 6) 'IT06bI KOH<pHrypaLlHfI 6bIJIa y.n:060'lI1TaeMOH, MO)l(HO YKa3aTb Onl1CaHHe .LI.JUI I1HTep<peHca C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbI description TeKCT B pe)l(HMe KOH<pl1rypHpoBaHuSi HHTep<peHca. Ha npaKTHKe, Koma YCTaHaBJlUBaeTCfI HOBbIH MapIIIpYTH3aTop Cisco, T.e. B YCTpOHCTBe HeT HI1KaKOH npe.n:Bapl1TeJIbHOH KOH<purypaLlHH, a TalOKe eCJlH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI CTaHllaPT- HaSi cxeMa nOllKJIlOlJeHUfi K JIHHUU nocpellCTBOM MOllYJlfI CSUjOSU, TO ip address- ellHHcTBeHHaSi KOMaHlla, KOTOpyJO npu.n:eTcfI BHeCTU B KOH<pl1rypaLlHIO HHTep<peHca. Ha pUC. 17.1 nOKa3aHa cxeMa recToBoH ceTH, a B npHMepe 17.1 npHBe.n:eHa cOOTBeTcTBYlOlllafi KOH<purypaI.{Ufi. B naHHOM cJlyqae nOCJlellOBaTeJIbHbIH KaHaJI 6bIJI YCTaHOBJleH B pe3YJlbTa- Te npSlMoro nOllKJIIO'leHHfI MapIIIPYTH3aTopOB .n:Pyr K .n:pyry C nOMOlllblO Ka6eJlfl, n03TOMY KPOMe HacrpOHKH 3Tana I (KOMaHlla ip address) npl1IIIJIOCb HCnOJlb30BaTb KOMaHllY :nana 2,B (clock rate), a TalOKe 6bIJIO YKa3aHo onHcaHHe ,l{JIfi uHTep<peHca Ha 3Tane 3,6 (KoMaHlla description). CeaR eMa 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.4.0/24 192.168.1.1 FaO/O r 192.168.2.1 ---. - .r 50/1/1 RI /' 192.168.2.2 ..---:r 192.168.4.2 50/0/1" R2 FaO/1 Puc. 17. I. floCAeiJo8ame.rtbHblu KaHWl MeJIcoy 08YMR MapUJpymu3amopaMU
588 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM npMMep 17.1. KOHMrypMpoBaHMe MHKancymn..MM HDLC R1#show running-config ! BHMaHe! TonbO HYHe OMaH oHwrypa noa3aH. interface FastEthernetO/O ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface SeriaIO/I/1 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 description link to R2 clockrate 1536000 router rip version 2 network 192.168.1.0 network 192.168.2.0 Rl#show controllers serial 0/1/1 Interface SeriaIO/I/1 Hardware is GT96K DCE V.35, clock rate 1536000 ! qacTb CTpO BBoa onyeHa. Rl#show interfaces sO/l/l SeriaIO/I/1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is GT96K Serial Description: link to R2 Internet address is 192.168.2.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) Last input 00:00:06, output 00:00:03, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations % (allocated/max allocated) Available Bandwidth 1158 kilobits/sec 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 70 packets input, 4446 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 50 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles o input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored. 0 abort 73 packets output, 5280 bytes, 0 underruns o output errors, 0 collisions, 5 interface resets o output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out o carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up Rl#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernetO/O 192.168.1.1 YES manual up up FastEthernetO/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administra tively down down
rnaBa 17. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 589 SerialO/O/O tively down down SerialO/O/l tively down down SerialO/l/0 tively down down SerialO/l/l up Rl#show interfaces Interface FaO/O FaO/l SeO/O/O SeO/O/l SeO/l/0 SeO/l/l unassigned YES NVRAM administra YES manual administra YES manual administra YES manual up unassigned unassigned 192.168.2.1 description Status up admin down admin down admin down admin down up Description Protocol up down down down down up link to R2 KOHClmrypaLlHfI MapIIIPYTH3aTOpa R I OTHOCHTeJIbHO npocTa. B cOOTBeTCTByJOweH KOHcl>urypaLlHH HHTepcl>eHca SO/O/I MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa R2 H)')KHO YKa3aTb Bcero JIHIIIb KO- MaH.l{y ip address, CTaH,l{apTHO lI)UJ HHTepcl>eHca 3a.n;aHa KOMaH,l{a encapsulation hdlc H nOHa.n;06uTbCfI BKJIIO'lHTh cooTBeTcTByJOIl.{HH noPT C nOMOIllblO KOMaH,l{bI no shutdown. KOMaH,l{a clock rate He nOHa.n;06HTCfI B MapIIIpYTH3aTope R2, nQCKOJIbKY OCE-Ka6eJIb BKJIlO'leH B MapIIIpYTH3aTOp RI, CJJe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B YCTpOHCTBe R2 MO:>KeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaH TOJIbKO OTE-Ka6eJIb. B npHMepe nOKa3aH BbIBO.n: HeCKOJIbKHX KOMaH,l{ show. C nOMOlllblO KOMaH,l{bI show controllers MO)I(HO y6e.n:HTbcfI B TOM, 'lTO nopT SO/If I pa60TaeT B OCE-pe)KHMe. Ko- MaH,l{a show interfaces SO/l/l BbIBO.n:HT pa3.1IH'lHbIe HaCTpoHKH, B TOM 'lHCJIe H TaH,l{apTHyJO HHKanCYJIfiLlUIO Ha HHTepcl>eHce (HOLC), a TalOKe CTaH,l{aPTHoe 3Ha'leHHe nOJIOCbI nponYCKaHHfI (1544, T.e. 1544 K6uT/C, UJIH 1,544 M6HT/C). B KOHLle npHMepa nOKa3aH pe3YJIbTaT BbInOJIHeHHfI KOMaH,l{ show ip interface brief U show interfaces description, oT06pa:>Ka1OIllHX KpaTlcylO uH<PoPMauulO 0 COCTOSIHUH I1HTePcl>eHcoB, B 'laCTHOCTH KO.n:bI COCTOflHHfI JIUHHH H npOTOKOJIa. KOH(jnuypMpOBaHMe npOTOKOna PPP HacTpoHKa npocToro BapHaHTa npOTOKOJIa PPP He MeHee npOCTa, 'leM HaCTpOHKa npOTOKOJIa HOLC, 3a HCKJIlO'leHUeM TOro, 'lTO nOCJIe.n:HuH flBJISleTCSI CTaH,l{apTHOH UH- KancYlliILlHeH Ha nOCJJe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX HHTepcl>eHcax U He Tpe6yeT .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHOH KOH- cl>HrypaLlHH. llT06bI CMeHHTb HHKanCYJIflUUIO Ha PPP, H)')KHO BBeCTU TOJIbKO O.n:HY KO- MaH,l{Y - encapsulation ppp. Bce OCTaJIbHbIe 3TanbI KOHcl>HrypupoBaHHfI nOJIHO- CTblO COBna.n;aIOT C He06S13aTeJlbHbIMH 3TanaMH HacTpOHKU npOTOKOJIa HOLe. B npH- Mepe 17.2 nOKa3aHa KOHcl>HrypaLlHfI nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX UHTepcl>eHcoB MapIIIpYTH3aTopoB Rl II R2 C HCnOJIb30BaHueM npOTOKOJIa PPP. npMMep 17.2. KOHMrypMpoBaHMe MHKancynJl",MM PPP ! KOHMrypaMR YCTpoMcTBa Rl. Rl#show running-config interface sO/l/l Building configuration. . . Current configuration : 129 bytes !
590 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble ceTM interface SerialO/1/1 description link to R2 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp clockrate 1536000 end ! KOHMrypaQMH YCTpoMcTBa R2. R2#show run interface sO/O/l Building configuration... Current configuration : 86 bytes ! interface SerialO/0/1 ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp end B npHMepe BbIIIIe nOKa3aH HOBbIH BapHaHT KOMaH,l{bl show running-config H BbI- .n:e.rreHbI KOMaH,l{bI, OTHOCflu.meCfI K npOTOKOJIY PPP. KOMaH,l{a show running-config interface SO/l/l)I.JUI MaprnpynnaTopa RI BbIBO.n:HT KOHcl>Hrypall.HIO HHTepcl>eHca SO/l/l, H TOJIbKO ee, Bce OCTaJIbHbIe HacrpOHKH He oT06pIDKaIOTcfI. AHaJIOrH'IHafi KOMaH,l{a nOKa:xma )I.JUI MaprnpynnaTopa R2. 06paTHTe BHHMaHue, 'ITO B 060HX YCTPOHCTBaX 6bIJIa HCnOJIb30BaHa KOMaH,l{a encapsulation ppp)I.JUI uHTepcl>eHcoB - BIDKHO, 'IT06bI HH- KancYJUlll.Hfl6bIJIa OAHHaKOBa Ha.n:BYX KOHLlax KaHaJIa, HHaqe OH He 3apa60TaeT. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe, nOMCK M YCTpaHeHMe HeMCnpaBHOCTeM AnJ1 MapWPYTM3aTOpOB AOC1)'na K CeTM HTepHeT KaK 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO B maBe 16 "Ea30BbIe KOHlI.enll.HH WAN-ceTeH", MaprnpYTH3a- TOp .n:ocTYlla K ceTH I1HTepHeT 06bI'lHO no.n:KJIlOqeH K BceMHpHOH ceTH O.n:HHM HHTepcl>eH- COM, a BTOpOH ero nopT no.n:KJIIOqeH K JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH. MaprnpYTH3aTOpbI nOl])e6HTeJlb- CKoro KJIaCca )])IfI .n:ocTYna K ceTU HHTepHeT 06bI'lHO nOCTaBJIfllOTCfI C H3HaqaJIbHO CKOH- cl>HrypHpOBaHHbIM DHCP-KJIHeHToM Ha nopTY, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIM K npoBaH.n:epy, DHCP- cepBep 3anYIlleH Ha uHTepcl>eHce JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH U BKJIIOqeHa cJIyiK6a PAT. B Maprnpy- TU3aTopax ypOBHfI npe.n:npHflTHfi eCTb HaMHoro 60JIbIIIe cl>YHKlI.UH, KOTopbIe MOryT nOHa- .n:06HTbCfI HJIU He nOHall06HTbCfI B ceTH KOMnaHHH, OHU MOryT He HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI ,l{JIfi .n:ocTYna K HHTepHeT, a npOCTO BbIllOJIHflTb MaprnpYTH3aUHIO B KopnopaTUBHOH ceTH, no- 3TOMY 3TH cl>YHKlI.UU He BKJIlO'leHbI B HHX CTaH,l{aPTHO. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJle onHcaHO, KaK CKOHcl>HrypHpOBaTb nepe'lHCJIeHHble cl>YHKlI.HU B MaprnpYTH3aTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco. I1HTepcl>eHc KOMaH,l{HOH CTPOKH - He e.n:UHCTBeHHbIH MeTO.n: KOHcl>HrypHpOBaHltfi MaprnpYTH3aTopOB KOMnaHHU Cisco. QT06bI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3K3aMeHY KOMnaHHH Cisco ICNDI, B 3TOH maBe onHcaHO, KaK cKoHqmrypHpOBaTb pa3HbIe <t>YHKlI.UU C nOMorn blO cneLlHaJJH3HpoBaHHoro nporpaMMHoro 06eCneqeHHfI, Ha3bIBaeMoro npUAOJICeHUeM OAR ynpa6AeHUR U 6e30naCHocmbIO MapUlpymu3amop06 KOMnaHUU Cisco (Router and Security Device Manager - SDM). BMeCTO HCnOJIb30BaHHfI Telnet- HJIH SSH-ceaHcoB, nOJIb30BaTeJlb no.n:KJIIO'laeTCfI K YCTPOHCTBY 'lepe3 Be6-6paY3ep. (QT06bI MO)KHO 6bIJIO no.n:KJIIO'lUTbCfI K MaprnpyrU3aTOpy 'lepe3 6paY3ep, H}')KHO 'lT06bI Y YCTPOHCTBa 6bIJI cKoHcl>HrypltpOBaH KaK MHHHMYM O.n:HH IP-allpec, H TaKOH allpec .n:OJDKeH 6bITb .n:OCTYlleH C KOMnblOTepa ceTeBoro
rnaBa 17. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 591 HH)I(eHepa.) npHJlO)l(eHHe SDM n03BOJlfleT KOHcl>HrypHpoBaTb 60JlbIIIOe 'lHCJlO cl>YHKI.{HH, B TOM 4HCJIe DHCP-KJIHeHT, DHCP-cepBep H CJI}')K6y PAT. BHMMAHME! KOMMyraTopbI KOMnaHUU Cisco TaJOKe MO)l(HO KOHl]mrypltpOBaTb '1epe3 Be6-6paY3ep, D.JISI 3TOro ItcnoJlb3yeTcSI npltJIO)l(eHUe, Ha3bIBaeMoe npo.?paMMOU ynpa6fleHUR ycmpoucm6OMu KOMnaHUU Cisco (Cisco Device Manager - COM). COM SlBJlSleTCH aHaJIoroM npltJIO)l(eHItH 80M. CJle.n:yeT 3aMeTUTb, 'lTO cl>YHKl!UH, KOTopbIe nOKa3aHO KaK cKoHcl>HrypHpoBaTb C no- MOlllblO npHJIO)l(eHHfI SDM HillKe, MO)I(HO HacTpoHTb TO'lHO TaK )l(e C nOMOlllblO HHTep- cl>eHcaKOMaHAHOHCTPOKH. Mapwpyn13aTop AOCTYna K cen1 HHTepHeT: 3Tanbl KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMfI C nOMOlllblO nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHHfI SDM MO)l(HO cKoHcl>l1rYPupOBaTb DHCP- KJlHeHT, DHCP-cepBep H CJI}')K6y PAT, CJlellYfi nepe'lUCJleHHbIM HU)I(e 3TanaM. 3Tan 1. YCTaHoBHTb IP-cBH3b B ceTH. CJle.n:yeT CnJlaHHpOBaTb H cKoHcl>HrypHpOBaTb (H3 HHTepcl>eHca KOMaHllHoH CTpOKH) IP-anpeca B JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH. 4T06bl KOM- nblOTepbI HMeJlH 1l0CTYll K HHTepcl>eHcy MaprnpYTH3aTopa. 3Tan 2. YCTaHoBHTb H 3anYCTHTb npHJlOlKeHHe 8DM. CJIe.n:yeT YCTaHOBHTb no SDM Ha MapIIIpYTH3aTope H pa604eH CTaHI.{HI1 H no.n:KJlIO'lHTbCfI K MapIIIpYTH3aTopy .n:ocTYna. 3Tan 3. CKoH4JHrypHpOBaTb CJIylK6bI DHCP H PAT. C nOMOlllblO npHJIO)l(eHHfI SDM CJIe- .n:yeT cKoHcl>urypHpoBaTb CJl)')K6bl DHCP-KJIHeHTa H lpaHC.JI5IUHH anpeCOB PAT. 3Tan 4. PaCnJlaHHpOBaTb H cKoH4JHrypHpoBaTb napaMeTpbI CJlpK6bI DHCP. He06xo.n:HMO paCllJIaHHpOBaTb, KaKHe I P-anpeca 6y.n:YT Bbl)J.aBaTbCSI MapIIIpYTH3aTopOM .LI.JUI Y3.1IOB B JIOKaJlbHOH ceTH, KaKOH anpec DNS-cepBepa 6y.n:eT HCnOJlb30BaTbCfI, .n:OMeHHoe UMfi U KaKOH cTaHllapTHbIH IIIJII03 6yAYT aHOHCHpOBaTbCH. 3Tan 5. CKOH4JHrypHPOB3Tb DHCP-cepBep. C nOMOlllblO SDM He06xo.n:uMO CKOHcl>Hry- pHpOBaTb DHCP-cepBep B MapIIIpYTH3aTOpe 1l0CTYlla K ceTH I1HTepHeT. B CJIe.n:yJOlllHX pa3.n:eJIaX nepe'lHCJleHHble 3Tanbl onHcaHbI no.n:p06HO. KOHcl>HrypHpO- BaHHe BbInOJIHfleTCfI ,l{JIfi TOH )l(e caMOH TOnOJIOrHH ceTH, KOTopafl 6bIJIa onHcaHa B rna- Be 16 "Ea30Bble KOHuenUHH WAN-ceTeH" H nOKa3aHa B TeKYIlleH rnaBe Ha pHC. 17.2. 3Tan 1: YCTaHoBMTb IP-CB3b B ceTM B MapIIIpYTH3aTopax .n:ocTYlla K ceTH I1HTepHeT I1CnOJlb3yJOTCSI IP-anpeca 4aCTHbiX ce- TeHllJUI JIOKaJlbHOH ceTU, KaK 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO B maBe 16. )1JIfi .n:aHHoro 3Tana H}')KHO BbInOJIHHTb CJle.n:yJOlllHe lleHCTBHfI. 3Tan a. BbI6paTb npOH3BOJlbHYIO 'laCTHYIO ceTb. r:;::BaR ,eMa 3Tan 6. Bbl6paTb MacKY, KOTOpM llaeT 1l0CTaTO'lHoe KOJlH'IeCTBO anpeCOB Y3JlOB (cTaH- .n:apTHoH MaCKH COOTBeTCTBYlOlllero KJIacca 'laCTHOH ceTH 6y.n:eT BnOJlHe 1l0C- TaTO'lHo). 3Tan B. BbI6paTb I P-anpec,l{JISi MaprnpYTU3aTopa B TaKO" ceTH.
--- 592 '-IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM SOHO rru<2 IiIHTep<!>eHCbI FastEthernet 1 . , , , , , .,. "'=-- " FaO/O JiI FO/1 .. .. npOBaHAep/ceTb IiIHTepHeT '""). --- "' Ka6eJ1bHoe ;;p ) TeJ1eBa.1AeHa.1e ___ r- .-e- If :,..-( I (riK1 ,. Ka6el1bHblH MOAeM ... ... ... IP-3APeca B OAHoH nOACeTa.1 Puc. 17.2. TonoAo2UR c Mapwpymu3amopOM iJocmyna K cemu J1HmepHem Ha npaKTHKe a6COJIIOTHO Bce paBHo, KaKYIO H3 'laCTHbIX ceTeH HCnOJIb30BaTb, no- CKOJIbKY OHa qaCTHafI, 11 BHelliHue MapIIIpYTH3aTOpbI 0 HeH HH'lero He 3HaIOT. Bo MHOrl1X MapIIIpYTH3aTopax nOTPe611TeJIbCKOrO KJIacca UCnOJIb3yeTcfI 'laCTHafi ceTb KJIacca C 192.168.1.0, OHa :>Ke 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B npHMepax 3TOH rnaBbI co CTaHAapTHOH KJIaCCOBOH MaCKOH. J],a:>Ke eCJIU BbI pa60TaeTe B He O'leHb MaJIeHbKOH KOMnaHHH C He- CKOJIbKHMU cl>HJ1UaJIaMU 11 Ka)K.LI,bIH U3 cl>HJ1UaJIOB no.n:KJIIO'leH K ceTH HHTepHeT, ,l{JIfi Ka:>K- .n:oro cl>HJ1l1aJIa MO)I(HO I1CnOJIb30BaTb 11' :>Ke caMyJO ceTh, nOCKOJIbKY cJI}')K6a NA T IPA T B JII060M CJIyqae 6y.n:eT TPaHCJIHpOBaTb a,apeca. 3Tan 2: YCTaHoBKa iii 3anYCK SDM '-h06bI YCTaHOBUTb nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHUe SDM Ha MapIIIpYT"3aTOp (eCJIH OHO TaM He YCTaHOBJIeHO) 11 nOJIyql1Tb .n:oc11'n K KOHcl>HrypaUHOHHbIM HaCTpoHKaM YCTpOHCTBa nocpe.n:CTBOM Be6-6paY3epa, uIDKeHepy nOHa,a06HTCfI KOMnblOTep, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbIH K TOH :>Ke caMOH IP-ceTu, 'lTO U MapllIpYTH3aTOp. 06bIqHO UH:>KeHep UCnOJIb3yeT KOMnblOrep B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTU U YCTaHaBJIHBaeT a,apec H3 TOH )l(e caMOH no.n:ceTU Ha HHTepcl>eHce Map- IIIpYTH3aTopa, no.n:KJIIO'leHHOM K JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH (3Tan I). CJIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 'lTO npo- rpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe SDM He HCnOJIb3yeT Telnet- UJIU SSH-ceaHcbI. a KOMnbIOTep .n:OJDKeH 6bITb no.n:KJIIO'leH K MapIIIpYTU3aTOpy UMeHHO 'lepe3 IP-ceTb, C nOMOIl.{blO KOHCO- JIH MO)I(HO nOJIyquTb .n:ocTYll TOJIbKO K KOMaB.LI.HOH CTPOKe YCTPOHcTBa. CeTeBoMY uIDKeHepy npu.aeTcfI BBeCTH HeCKOJIbKO .n:onOJIHUTeJIbHbIX KOMaHA B Map- IIIPYTI13aTOpe, 'lTo6bI MO)I(HO 6billO nOJIyquTb K HeMY .n:OCTYll H UCnOJIb30BaTb YCTPOHCTBO, HO TaKHe KOMaHAbI BbIXO.lUlT 3a paMKH onucaHHfI, npe.n:cTaBJIeHHOrO B 3TOH KHure. ECJIU 'lHTareJIIO H}')KHa .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHafi HHcl>opMaUHfI, OH MO:>KeT 06paTuTbcfI K Be6-caHTY KOMnaHUH Cisco http://www.cisco.com/H npO'lHTaTh .n:0KYMeHTaUHIO B pa3.n: eJIe "YcTaHoBKa SDM" (SDM installation). 3TOT 3Tan KOHcl>urypHpoBaHHfI npe.n:nOJIaraeT, 'ITO nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHUe SDM HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B JIa60paTopHbIX YCJIOBHfIX, HO JIy)KH0 nOMHUTb, 'ITO B peaJIbHOH CeTI1 MOryr nOTpe60BaTbCfI .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe .n:eHcTBHfI. B KOHue 3TOro 3Tana H npouecca YCTaHOBKH qHTaTeJIb .n:OJDKeH nOJIyqHTb .n:OCTYll C nOMOIl.{blO Be6- 6paY3epa K MapIIIpYTH3aTopy H YBHlleTb B 6paY3epe COOTBeTCTBYIOII.{YIO cTpaHuuy no SDM. KOTOpafl nOKa3aHa Ha pUC. 17.3.
rl1aBa 17. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 593 It CISCO fCouler and Secunly DeVIce Man... !){)MI" 191 168 1 1 File Edt! VIIrW Tool9 Help .. ,..... X {JHome Corfpn 0 Iar o ....., .;;J 5... ....... f "'" .. Host .....: , Ctsco1841 HardWare Modal Typ.: IWaIabM TOI..MImDfy(MBt. 1 Total Flash (o1P.tclly. t. _ ...uftw.e Cisc(] 1841 IDS V.'-': 30&1384 M8 $OMvec.-.: 122MB o<L 1H(11)T3 232 klteor1M:t."!Io Md tUl'lnecrkJns ....."" I" n Tot....5IwCM'ILAN:: 2 TlDfalOftedWAJrt 4(Ser1al) COf"'_" LAN ......toe.: 1 Tot....WAHCon..cflolls: D DttCP s.rwc: NDtConllgul"ld , fcrewllH Pohrkrs '., 'J,' 1'3 - F3 FSec 15I8.tG-51.,: GAl: GWf FSec: )Catllll LofJIll RI!iJI*ed: EnyVPN Remot.: No. ofDMVPH C....s: No. of AdM VPHC......: ;rT!'" . r-=- . ,.H . ';:Ii1"""'1 '" No." 51..-: RoI.e: D ACiMSIgIto1I...s: .... RoI.'InIPrd:«ah. RIP No. oIFS-,,"'.rfaces: SDFVersaon: e",,"IIyI).u;.hbo.-vd VIew home page 17 3 35 UTcr,. May 1t 2D01 &1 Puc. 17.3. JI,oMaWHRfI cmpaHu/{a npUJIOJICeHUfl SDM 3Tan 3: KOH<PMrypMpoBaHMe CI1Y>K6 DHCP M PAT B HHTepq,eiice nOJIb30BaTeJIfi npHJIO)l(eHHfI SDM eCTb MHO)l(eCTBO MaCTepOB HaCl'pOH- KU pa3HbIX CJI}')K6 (wizards) 'lepe3 UHTepaKTUBHbIH Be6-HHTepq,eiic, B KOTOpOM H}')KHO OT- BerUTb Ha BonpOCbI U 3anOJIHUTb H}')KHbIe nOJIfl. nOCJIe 3aBeprneHHfI npouecca npHJIO)l(e- HHe SDM 3arp}')KaeT nOJIyqeHHYJO KOHq,urypauulO B MaprnpYTH3aTOp. O.n:UH U3 MaCTepOB nporpaMMHoro npoll}'KTa npe.n:Ha3Ha'leH .lIJUI KOHq,HrypupoBaHufi q,YHKUHU DHCP-KJlUeHTa Ha uHTepq,eiice, no.n:KJlIO'leHHOM K ceTU I1HTepHeT H onUHO- HaJIbHO 3anYCKa CJI}')K6bI PAT. B 3TOM pa3.n:eJIe nOKa3aHbI Be6-cl'paHHUbI KOHq,HrypHpO- BaHHfI YKa3aHHbIX q,YHKlJ,UH .lIJUI MaprnpYTH3aTOpa R1 Ha cxeMe ceTH pHC. 17.2. '-!"T06bl OCYIlleCTBUTb H)')KHbIe HacTpoHKH, B HHTepq,eHce, nOKa3aHHOM Ha pHC. 17.3, HY)KHO BbInOJIHUTb CJIe.n:YIOIllHe .n:eHcTBufi. l. B BepxneH 'laCTU Cl'paHUUbl B 6pay:3epe H}')KHO IlleJIIiliYTb MbIrnKOH Ha KHonKe Configure (CKOHq,urypupoBaTb ). 2. nOTOM CJIe.n:yeT Il{eJIKHYTb Ha KHonKe Inter1aces and Connections (I1HTepq,eiicbI U coe.n:JtHeHuSI) B naHeJlU Tasks (3a.n:aHH5I) CJIeBa B OTKpbIBrneMCfI OKHe. Ha pUC. 17.4 nOKa3aHO OKHO KOHq,urYPJ1pOBaHUfi J1HTepq,eHcoB (lnter1aces and Con- nections), B KOTOpOM oT06pIDKaercfI BKJla,nKa Create Connection (C03.n:aTb coellHHeHue). 06paTuTe BHHMaHue, I.jTO Ha pJ1cYHKe onUCbIBaeMbIe BbIrne 3JIeMeHTbI OTMe'leHbI CTpeJlKaMu. TonoJlorHfI CeTJ1, nOKa3aHHafi B npaBoH BepxHeH 'laCTU OKHa, BbIfJ1MUT no.n:03pJ1- TeJIbHO 3HaKOMOH, He npaB.n:a JIH? OHa, B 06rneM, COBna.n:aeT co cxeMOH CeTJ1 Ha pHC. 17.2,
594 "IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM '1'. tllCU RDuler ,snd Xc:urU, O!'YlCI! M<IIn.JBC-f [SOM1" 191 168 1.' File Etln VIew Taols Help x I;'}.... Coo-f.... O....ota o "ot"." ;;;! 5_ , ...... , "'" J)lU ,)1)'.. _. ,.-. '. InmrtKe. In' Connections CrwIIa C..-:IIon Edil kltitr?lce/Connadlon CJlate NewCOnnectlon ..... CiIM Scenarkl SIItd.InIIclc:to.-*w _LAN " CPPPoECI' SeriII(PF'P.tO.Cor"r_Relllly) Inform8llon yaJancxl"ro.....a.rr.tWANforFflPo!:arr.Qc:ter.e.NIw ..- PPPOI! - DOl' --- 3--...i-:z...-. _M , 'fIt,,, .. Q! ...... , cn_N.wco How do I: I HOWDO I tonngur. an UnlupportldWAN 'm-",c.? 17J425UTCFr1May112D07 tD Puc. 17.4. OKHO KOHrjJUZYPUp06aHUR UHmeprjJeUC06 U COedUHeHUU npUA03ICeHUR SDM B KOTOpOn MaprnpYTH3aTOp nO.n:KJlIO'leH K KaHaJly 'lepe3 Ka6eJIbHbIn HJIH DSL-MO.n:eM. Bo BKJla,l{Ke Create Connection (C03.n:aTb coe.n:HHeHHe) BbmOJIHHTe CJIe.n:yJOIllHe .n:enCTBHfI. t. YCTaHOBHTe ct>JIffiKOK Ethernet (PPPoE or Unencapsulated Routing) (Coe.n:uHeHHe Ethernet (PPPoE HJIH HHKancYJIHpOBaHHa$l MaprnpYTH3auHfI). 2. llI,eJIlCHHTe Ha KHonKe Create New Connection (C03.n:aTb HOBoe coe.n:HHeHHe) B HIDK- Hen 'laCTH OKHa BKJla,l{KH. nOCJIe BbInOJIHeHHfI yx:a3aHHbIX .nenCTBHn nOflBHTCfI MaCTep HaC'rponKH Ethernet- coe.n:HHemffl I1HTepct>enca SDM (SDM Ethernet Wizard), KOTopbIn nOKa3aH Ha puc. 17.5. B nOIG13aHHOM OKHe HeT onuHn, KOTopbIe MO}ICHO 6bIJIO 6bI YCTaHOBUTb, n03TOMY npacTO IlleJIKHHTe Ha KHonKe Next ()J.aJlbrne). B OTKpbIBrneMCfI OKHe, nOKa3aHHOM Ha pHC 17.6, eCTb Bcero o.n:Ha onuHfI, ct>JIffiKOK, ec- JIU OH YCTaHOBJIeH, TO B yC'rponCTBe BKJIIO'laeTCfI HHKanCYJIfluHfi PPP B cepelle Ethernet (PPP over Ethernet - PPPoE). ECJIH npoBai1.n:ep HCnOJIb3yeT 3'I)'TeXHOJIOrHlO, PPPoE, TO ct>JIffiKOK JIy)KH0 YCTaHOBHTb. 06bI'lHO ct>JIffiKOK He YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfI 11 HCnOJIb3yeTcfI He- UHKanCYJIHpoBaHHafi MaprnpYTH3auIDI, no.n:pa3YMeBaIOIllafl, 'lTO MaprnpYTU3aTOp nepe.n: a - eT Ethernet-ct>penMbI, co.n:ep:>KaIllHe BHYTPH ce6f1 IP-naKeT, B HHTepct>enc, KaK 6bIJIO onl1- caHO B HeCKOJIbKHX maBax 'laCTH III "IP-MaprnPYTH3aUHfI" 3Ton KHurH. B BepXHen 'laCTH OKHa Ha pUC. 17.6 B MaCTepe HaC'TpOHKH 6bIJI BbI6paH HHTep<l>enc Fast Ethernet, FaO/1 C UeJIblO .n:aJlbHenrnero ero KOHct>mYPHpoBaHHfI. B MaprnpYTl13aTOpe, KOTopbIn I1CnOJIb3yeTcfI B paCCMa'TpHBaeMOM npHMepe, eCTb .n:Ba HHTepct>enca JIOKaJlbHOii ceTH, O.n:HOMY H3 KOTOpbIX YJKe Ha3Ha'leH IP-a,l{pec Ha 3Tane 1 BbIrne (FaO/O). nOCKOJIbKY
rnaBa 17. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-cOeAMHeHMM 595 '" Ilf «td II Drrc Men I ( I 1'iI 168 1 1 FIlII Edn VIM Tool' H.IJ:I ... X # C<riv<. 0- o Rlllireth d 5_ ...'on , HoI> I _. .. Intllrhlc.. Inlll Conn.ctlon. craie CofW-=tkIn lerfac .te New .)nn.c1on SIII8d.CCII'"IWdIio'W'ddct. rthcrncl Wmud tI;, _LAN . EIwnBI (PFIPaf 01' SeriIIIFW.tQ.CuFr_ ."", IIINIIIWIIIrd w.lcome lonwEIMt.MtWAH ConIIgI.oIIIIon VI1l_d II WIZard WI OW'fl 11'1gUfll an EIh,mllilm:ertac. (or I""rnet c .tlMf1 .., You an t:IIIf1fV6l1 er.n.t -...... Two Iypel ofBhtml'l COMldoM Ire luppOtlld" PPPoE - Unene.plw..d Roulng ....... )ntlnu',ttttKNI'Id It ". 4 r", ....L - Hawdol HowDnU"onflgur.. L! uJ]port'dw..Nlnt,rfac.? Conn"ur81h1 foUltr ,,"ngl 113U7UTcr"May11201J1 £!J Puc. 17.5. flep6aR CmpaHUlJ,a Macmepa HacmpouKu Ethernet Itlr.n UI I, 0£0WIC.(' M..n., '"') 1 IIi t tl1 1 VlIrW Tool, Help _ " X ..... ,./ C<riv<. 0-'" o R.. . d 5_ ...'d. " HoI> .... '-.II. '" Intorfac.. and Cannecttons " erNe COnrIKaDn :III tn&erfO!clllCannecbon ... . rl.le tewConnll SeIrIcI'CCII"I'*ICIr'I.-1CIdct """""LAN Flhernel Whard F-..IUhe,ncIO/1 Enc.1tadon r..",."...(PPPo!or Inllrf'tl FesElh.meDl S.1II(PPP,I-CIlCuF,..". "III IJI'I. rouIIr IS cannt(:1n kI. C .. moCIlm. JOlI mllrnndlD cClnlgurtltl.l1HIIiIr.e I PPPoE t1lenl Your .'me, pnMoel een..lI.,au ",you ,..1(110 do 0'11.. "001 c.n ccnllQU_ ... BtwnIt :arr.cDanlodlrt Enable PPPoE IIntapsulcm """'" , ., . .. ,-", C NMwCannldaft cseckl r.... L I c."", I H"'!J How [ Jr. n II, IJ Dred WAN Int..lfac.? " Conllgur,l'I' IDulir , rt....,.1 Puc. /7.6. Macmep HacmpouKu Ethernet: OKHO 6b16opa UHKanCYARIJ,UU PPPoE
---- 596 "IacTb IV. PaCnpeAel1eHHble CeTM MaCTep HaCTpOHKH KOHct>UrYPUPYeT DHCP-KJlHeHT B MaprnpYTH3aTOpe, OH BbI6parr HH- Tepct>eHC KOMaHAHOH CTpOKH, B KOTOpOM He YCTaHOBJIeH IP-a.n:pec, a UMeHHO FaO/1. CJIe- .n:yeT y6ellHTbCfI B TOM, 'lTO MaCTep HaCTpOnKH YCTponCTBa BbI6parr npaBHJlbHblH HHTep- ct>eHC, no.n:KJIIO'leHHbln K Mo.n:eMY DSL HJlH Ka6eJIbHOMY, nOCKOJIbKY 3Ta UHct>opMaUHfi )l(U3HeHHO BffiKHa ,lI)IfI nOCJIe.n:yJOIllero nOUCKa U YCTpaHeHHfI HeucnpaBHOCTen. 3TOT UH- Tepct>enc TalOKe 6y.n:eT BHernHUM C TO'lKH 3peHUfi TeXHOJIOrHH NA T /P AT. lUeJIKHUTe Ha KHonKe Next (,l],arrbrne). Ha pHC. 17.7 nOKa3aHO cJIe.n:YIOIl{ee OKHO Mac- Tepa, CBmaHHoe C HaCTpOHKaMH IP-a.n:pecaUHu. B 3TOM OKHe MO)l(HO YKa3aTb IP-a.n:pec CTaTH'leCKU, HO, KaK 6bIJIO paCCKa3aHO B maBe 16 "6a30BbIe KOHl.{enuUU WAN-ceTen", npaKTH'leCKH BCer.n:a a.n:pec Bbl,l{aeTCfI .n:UHaMH'leCKH npoBafuIepoM - 3TO YHuKarrbHbIn m06arrbHO MaprnpYTU3HPyeMbIn a.n:pec H3 6JIOKa ceTen npoBafuIepa. CJIellOBlTeJIbHO, H}')KHO y6e.n:HTbCfI B TOM, 'lTO YCTaHOBJIeH ct>JIffiKOK Dynamic (DHCP Client) (.lJ,uHaMH'leC- KH (DHCP-KJIHeHT». '" '''11 - '" Fill Edl1 I111W TOOl, Help (- Homo ....$ Cofv.o. 0 _il o A..... u s_ " HoI> rnr. In _. ,_. 'nter1'lc., and Connections r- .. er.... ComKUon Edltlnt11U8IConneclion Cnatl N....COnn.cIon [lhe,nerWmud 1411111'" ,,0/1 ex' SIIId. cor'nIdD'I..... ddI ............. IIWIlMIard oIddI... Enttrl'll. add,.., for"'. conneclOn Ii , r.(PfIPafGl'l",- r-s.tII(PPP.tD..CCl" Info",""on --...- .- i.. BIde IP .deI..... r '(I ... . Dynamic (DHCP Client) HOlln.me (O......Q ., cBlKk l N_ I I H.!'U J .. /0 .. Cr.atI N ft' Connecton I I clnc.11 How do I I Haw Do I Conllgu,.an Un.upponed Intltrfl'I'I 17]521 UTC Fr! May 11 1001 & Puc. 17.7. Macmep HacmpouKu Ethernet: npUC60eHue aiJpeca 'tepe3 npomoKoA DHCP WlU cmamu'teCKU illeJIKHuTe Ha KHonKe Next (.lJ,arrbrne), 'lT06bI nepenTu K OKHY C Ha3BaHueM Advanced Options (PacrnupeHHbIe onUHu), nOKa3aHHOMY Ha pHC. 17.8. Ha 3TOM 3Tane He06xo.n:HMO YKa3aTb, 'lTO 6YlleT KOHct>HrypupoBaTbcfI TpaHCJIflUHfI a.n:peCOB PAT, 'lTO TalOKe npaKTH'le- CKU Bcerna BbITIOJIHfleTCfI B MaprnpYTH3aTopax .n:ocTYlla K CeTU I1HTepHeT. YCTaHoBlfTe ct>JIffiKOK Port Address Translation (TpaHCJIflUHfi a.n:peCOB C UCnOJIb30BaHUeM nOpTOB), a eCJIH no KaKOH-JIu60 npH'll1He TpaHCJIHpOBaTb a.n:peca He H}')KHO, CHUMUTe era. 06paTHTe BHUMaHl1e Ha paCKpbIBalOIl{HHCfI cnHCOK LAN Interface to Be Translated (EYlleT TpaHCJIl1pOBaTbCSI LAN-uHTepct>enc) B cepellHHe OKHa. B TepMI1HOJIOrHU CJIy)I{6b]
rl1aBa 17. KOH4tMrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 597 NAT B 3TOM cnUCKe }'Ka3aH BHYTpeHHHH uHTepct>eHc, T.e. nopT, nOllKJIlOI.jeHHblH K JIO- KaJlbHOii CeTU. B HaIIIeM npHMepe nOKa3aH HHTepct>eHc FastEthernetOjO, KaK U npellno- JIaraJIOCb. He MeHee Ba)KeH TOT ct>aKT, 'lTO UHTCPct>eiic FastEthernetOjl, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI CKOHct>urypl1pOBaH MaCTepOM KaK DHCP-KJlueHT, B llaHHOM cJlyqae 6y.n:eT BHeIIIHHM UH- Tepct>eiicOM,lIJUI CJIY.)I(6bI NA T, 'lTO TalOKe npaBHJIbHO. R ler..,.r.1 'a ufllfDr.ric I.kn "j 19 1681 f Edit 'Aew TI I' HIIII _ x ;. - ,j Ca/9n LJ "",Ia o -I t .;J .... """'" " - .... T.... '. Int.mc.s _"III Conn,cUons cr...c.on.cuon Elllnl-.rfac",-onrol!cllon Cre." NIWf""Innlnor SIIId . comedIcrI..rddl C. (fhernel Wl/ard r .uIUI-f"neIO/1 J ........LAN IIIWI WIDrd ."lCed(Jpl1onti ............... s.tII(ppp tD..Ccrfr... InIbrrnlllon PAT II nol tonngured on any router Inlarfltl ConngUling PAY 'llows mulllp.1 dme.. on I'll LAN to shart In'' tannetlon .....lcon... ..,BherNtW ....-..- r"lJpQrtiddrlli Transliltj - LANI;rr"llol)elrlnalnd I FaSlElheml10lD .......... If I . ....1 N.... I I 0....' I H.,. ,II 113539UTCFrtMsy112DOl &I " "',..te New nn,cUOh I Howdo I !-low Do I COnfigure an Un6US1POnid WAN Intarfatlll? Puc. 17.8. Macmep HacmpouKu Ethernet: 6K11IO'IeHUe mpaH(:.IIJ/UU PA T U 6b16op 6HympeHHe20 uHmepl/Jeiica OAR Hee WelIKHUTe Ha KHonKe Next U1aJ1bllIe), 'lT06bI nepeiiTu K OKHY C Ha3BaHHeM Summary (Pe3IOMe), nOKa3aHHoMY Ha pUC. 17.9, B KOTOpOM nOKa3aHbi BbI6paHHbIe B npol.{ecce KOHct>urYPupoBaHHfI paCCMal"pUBaeMbIX clIy;K6 napaMeTpbI. B 3TOM OKHe nOKa3aHO: · 'lTO KOHct>urypUpOBaJlCfI HHTePct>eiic Fast EthernetOj1 ; · ,l{JIfi Hero 6y.n:eT 3anYIl{eHa clIY)I{6a DHCP-KJlHeHTa; · uHKancYJIfll.{Ufi PPPoE OTKJlIO'leHa, ClIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, HCnOlIb3yeTcfI HeuHKancYlIH- pOBaHHafi MapIIIpYTH3auufI; · clIy;K6a PAT BKJlI04eHa, HHTepct>eiic FastEthernetOjO ucnolIb3yeTcfI B Ka'leCTBe BHyTpeHHero,l{JIfi Hee, a Fast EthernetOj 1 - BHelliHero. WeJIKHUTe Ha KHonKe Finish (3aBepIIII1Tb). npUlIO)l{eHUe SDM C03.n:aeT KOHct>urypa- I.{HoHHbIii ct>aifJI H Konl1pYeT era B ct>aHlI TeKyweH KOHct>urypauuu YCl"pOHCTBa (running- Config). EClIU HY)l{HO coxpaHUTb KOHct>urypauulO, TO ClIe.n:yeT Il{elIKHyrb Ha KHonKe Save (CoxpaHHTb), 'lT06bI nporpaMMHoe 06eCnel.jeHI1e SDM BbmOJIHl1lIO KOMaH.n:y copy running-config startup-config. Ee3 noclIe.n:Hero .n:eHCTBI1f1 HaCTpOHKI1 6y.n:YT H3MeHeHbI TOJlbKO B TeKyweM KOHct>l1rypauuoHHOM ct>aHJIe.
- -- 598 "IacTb IV. PaCnpeAel1eHHble CeTM olloD 11:.1.nd l.i'nro."tlSDM} 19111111 1 fd, Edit VI.w Toolt Hllp x ,- '.$ Con9n 0 -, o R_ ;) 5... . ...... , "'" r 1-'1 T... Intltff'ac.. and Conn_ClIO"1 O....c...aIon Ed"....lf'acll""')M.eIon CrHIt NrwConneC'lon tthernel Wi,.:ud toJ,lIlhefnc!IU/1 .1on00dClCt . . ........-. . rLAN r. ePwnd(PPPtll!:u ,... StnIIG'PP,HX.CuFrwN ..........n ......... Pl.... cRckFk'dSh 10 d,tnrlol'l'l"DUI(IIr lnald,lnterfac. -Fn1EI1.m.OO Ol/tlkl.lnbrflce .fas1Eth.mdll1 I II i i ". VCWlOCI'Ie... ComodOonto _ ltCt.d InIiIl'l'ltl 'F.tElttml'lOn PPPoE Em.ptulaDon Dlt,bled .lSdrtt. mk (OHCP cvenQ T ';, Lt - ..50 ".- . or -'iI r Till" connedMtt"'rccdguftng CN. NrwCon1'lft1On I -Slit,,1 How do I Haw Do I Conlgurw.n UnlJSIIPortildWAN In.rr.c.'? COnftgUf,l'I.rvums"ngt, 113551 VIC Fr'I Mey11 1007 ta Puc. 17.9. Macmep HacmpouKu Ethernet: U3MeHeHUR, Komopble 6y(}ym 8HeceHbl8 KOH,pUi!ypalJ,wo ycmpoucm8a IfTaK, DHCP-KJHt:eHT H cnYJK6a PAT CKOH4>HrypHpoBaHbI. OCTanocb cnnaHHpoBaTb KOH4>HrypaUHIO DHCP-cepBepa.lIJIfi nOKanbHoH ceTH H C nOMoIllblO MaCTepOB npHJIo)l(e- HHfI SDM cKoH4>HrypHpOBaTb HX. 3Tan 4: nnaHMpOBaHMe DHCP-cnY>K6 nepe.n: TeM KaK 3arrycKaTb 4>YHKIJ.HIO DHCP-cepBepa B MaprnpYTH3aTOpe .lIJIfi JIOKaJlb- HOH cern, CJIe.n:yeT BbI6paTb HeCKonbKO KJllO'leBbIX napaMeTpOB HaCTpOHKH cepBepa. B 'la- CTHOCTU, HYJKHO BbI6paTb no.n:ceTb 'laCTHOH IP-cern, KOTopafl 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCfI B cerMeHTe nOKanbHOH ceTH. HanpHMep, B npHMepax ::ITOH maBbI Ha 3Tane 1 6bIJIa BbI6paHa ceTb 192.168.1.0 co CTaH.LI.apTHOH MaCKOH 255.255.255.0. npe.n:nO'lTHTenbHee Bcero CKOH- 4>HrYPupOBaTb YCTpOHCTBO TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lT06bI TOJIbKO HeKoTopbIH 6JIOK a.n:pecoB H3 TaKOH ceTU Ha3Ha'lanCfI nocpe.n:CTBOM DHCP-cepBepa, a 'laCTb a.n:peCOB 6bIJIa OCTaBJIeHa .lIJIfi Ha3Ha'leHHfI BpyqHyJO CTarn'leCKHM 06pa30M. HanpuMep, uHTep4>eHcy FaO/O Map- rnpYTU3aTopa R 1, KOTOpbIH no.n:KJIIO'leH K nOKanbHOH ceTH, r.n:e 6bIJI Ha3Ha'leH I P-a.n:pec 192.168.1.1, CJlellOBaTeJIbHO, TaKOH a.n:pec cnellYeT HCKJIlO'lHTb H3 nyna a.n:pecoB, Ha3Ha- 'laeMbIX cepBepOM. HH)I(e nepe'lHCneHbI KJllO'leBble 4>aKTbI, KOTopbIe HYJKHO c06paTb nepe.n: TeM, KaK KOH- 4>HrypupOBaTb MapIIIpYTH3aTOp B Ka'leCTBe DHCP-cepBepa. nepBbIe TpH napaMeTpa OT- HOCflTCfI K llJIaHHpOBaHUIO JIOKanbHOH CeTH, a }:lBa nOCJIe.n:HHe - nonyqeHbI OT npoBai1.n: e - pa U OHH 1l0JDKHbI 6bITb nepe.n:aHbI Y3JIaM B nOKaJlbHOH ceTH 6e3 HCKa)l(eHHH.
- rl1aBa 17. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 599 l. BcnoMHHTe anpeca 'laCTHblX ceTeH H ux cTaH.n:apTHbIe MaCKH, KOTopbIe HC- nOJIb3YIOTCfI B JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTflX, H Bbl6epHTe U3 HHX ceTb, KOTOPYIO 6y.n:eT Ha3Ha'laTb Y3JIaM DHCP-cepBep. 2. 3anoMHuTe, KaKOH I P-a.n:pec YCTaHOBJIeH B COOTBeTCTByJOIl{eM HHrep4>eHce Maprnpy- TU3aTopa, 3TOT a.n:pec 6y.n:eT BbUlaBaTbCfI cepBepOM Y3JIaM KaK cTan.n:aPTHbIH lIIJI103. 3. Onpe.n:eJIUTe, KaKOH IP-anpec DNS-cepBepa 6bIJI nOJIyqeH OT npoBai1.n:epa DHCP- KJlUeHTOM MaprnpYTU3aTOpa C nOMOIl{blO KOMan.n:bI show dhcp server; MapIIIpYTH- 3aTop BnOCJIellCTBHU CMO)f(eT nepe.n:aBaTb 3TOT a.n:pec Y3JIaM-KJlHeHTaM JIOKaJJbHOH ceTU B HaC'rpoHKax. 4. Onpe.n:eJIUTe, KaKoe .n:OMeHHoe UMfi 6bIJIO nOJIyqeHo OT npoBai1.n:epa C nOMOIllblO TOH )f(e caMoH KOMan.n:bl show dhcp server. C"" eMa BHMMAHME! B lloKYMeHTaUItU It KHltraX KOMnaHItU Cisco ItcnOnb3yeTcfI TepMItH nyfl DHCP (DHCP pool) llJUi 0603HaQeHItSi 6noKa aLIpeCOB, npltCBaltBaeMbIX DHCP-cepBepoM Y3JJaM B nOKaJlbHOH ceTU. B paccMaTpuBaeMoM npuMepe I P-ceTb 192.168.1.0 C MaCKOH /24 y)f(e 6blJIa BbI6pa- Ha Ha 3Tane I B npol.{ecce KOH4>urypupoBaHufi YCTpoHCTBa. Ll.uana30H 192.168.1.10 1- 192.168.1.254 6bIJI 3ape3epBupOBaH ,l{JIfi DHCP-KJlUeHTOB B JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH, a .n:uana30H 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.100 6bIJI 3ape3epBupOBaH,l{JIfi CTaTH'leCKHX a.n:peCOB. IP-anpec HH- rep4>eHca MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa 6blJI TalOKe YCTaHOBJIeH Ha 3Tane I H paBeH 192.168.1.1, 'lTO- 6bI ceTeBOH UH)f(eHep Mor no.n:KJlIO'lUTbCfI K MapIIIPYTU3aTOpy C nOMornblO npHJIO)f(e- HUfi SDM, CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, UMeHHO era HY)KHO yJ<a3aTb B Ka'leCTBe a.n:peca CTan.n:apTHoro lIIJII03a (default gateway). Ll.JIfI.n:BYX nOCJIellHHX 3TanOB nJIaHUpOBaHUfI, onpe.n:eJIeHUflIP-a.n:peca DNS-cepBepa H .n:OMeHHora UMeHU H}')KHO HaHTU Tpe6yeMbIe napaMeTpbI B BbIBo.n:e KOMan.n:bI show dhcp server, KaK nOKa3aHO B npUMepe 17.3. 3Ta KOMan.n:a BbIBO.n:HT HH4>opMauulO 0 DHCP- KJlHeHTe, a TaIOKe napaMeTpbI, nOJIyqeHHbIe OT cepBepa, Koma MaprnpYTH3aTOpy .n:HHaMU- 4eCKH Ha3Ha'laJJCSI IP-allpec. H}')KHafi uH4>opMal.{Hfi 0 DHCP-HacTpoHKax B npHMe- pe 17.3 BbI.n:eJIeHa. npHMep 17.3. OnpeAeneHHe IP-a,Qpeca DNS-cepBepa H AOMeHHoro MMeHM R1#show dhcp server DHCP server: ANY (255.255.255.255) Leases: 8 Offers: 8 Requests: Declines: 0 Releases: DNSO: 198.133.219.2, Subnet: 255.255.255.252 8 21 DNS1: DNS Acks: 8 Bad: 0 0.0.0.0 Domain: example. com Naks: 0 3Tan 5: KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe DHCP-cepBepa 1..1T06bI cKoH4>urypupoBaTb DHCP-cepBep C nOMOIl{blO npHJIO)f(eHHfI SDM, IlleJIKHUTe Ha KHonKe Configure (CKoH4>urypupoBaTb) B BepxHeH naHeJIH U nOTOM Ha KHonKe Addi- tional Tasks <LlonOJIHUTenbHbIe 3anaHufI) B naHeJIH Tasks (3a.n:aHufI). OTKpOeTCfI OKHO npHJlO)f(eHI1S1, KOTopoe nOKa3aHO Ha pl1C. 17.10.
.......-- 600 "IacTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble CeTM lllt.O "OUIN and Srculily IJmt:t' MoIn.r (SUMJ" 1 " 161 1 1 FilII Edit VIew TOOl' Help ,_ of X t:" .... "':1. Coo-f.... 0-'" o R_ 5... ...d, , HoI> ... I'" .., Alltlrttonal Tasks t ROUlllr Propetll,. :.JRD.r Ace... DHCP Porots o AJ Sleur' C. PnM.lonlnll .JI DHCP Pool Nlme -C:g. r1fi'CNB DynamIC DN8I1dodl , ii ::llc..on ......,I"g ...J URl F'_ring ,!,-..JAM -N LoCII Pooll RDutir PI'O'l'l.lonlnll m1...J Conftgurdon ".nlg,mlnt ----.J A r; o.tIIl. OfDHCP POOl ',ram,Ie,.. Pu,hld to client Vatu. f"!JI .. AddlllonelTa'1eI 173633UTCFrlMay1120Dl Puc. /7. /0. OKHO KOHrPUi!YPUp08GHUR aonoJ/HumeJ/bHblX HGCmpOeK npUJ/oxeHUR SDM BbI6epHTe OnI.{HIO DHCP Pools (nYJIbI DHCP) B cnHCKe B JIeBott 'laCHt: OIilia (yKa- 3aHa cl"peJIKoH) H IlleJIKHHTe Ha KHonKe Add (,lJ,06aBHTb), "lT06bI OTKpbITb .n:HaJIOrOBOe OKHO nYJIa, nOlGl3aHHOe Ha pHC. 17.11. B 3TOM .n:HaJIOrOBOM OKHe eCTb nOJIfI, B KOTOpbIX H}')KHO YKa3aTb uH4>opMaI.{UIO, c06paHHyJO Ha npe.n:bI.aYIlleM 3Tane, a TalOKe .n:onOJIHU- TeJIbHbIe HaCl"poHKH. Ha pHC. 17.11 npo.n:eMOHCl"pHpOBaHO, KaK cKoH4>HrypHpoBaTb Map- rnpYTu3aTop Rl CO maCHO paCCMal"pHBaeMOMY npHMepy. Bce paccMOTpeHHbIe Ha 3Tane 4 napaMel"pbI 3aHoCSlTCfI B COOTBeTCTBYIOIllue nOlIfi B OKHe Hacl"poeK SDM: . .n:Hana30H a.n:peCOB DHCP-cepBepa; . IP-a.n:pec DNS-cepBepa; . .n:OMeHHoe HMfI; . HacTpoHKH cTaHllaPTHoro MaprnpYTH3aTOpa (IIIJII03a). B llHaJIOrOBOM OKHe H}')KHO yKa3aTb a.n:pec nOllceTH H MacKY, KOTopbIe 6y.n:YT HcnOJIb- 30BaTbCfI B nOllceTH, npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHHOH .lIJIfi .n:HHaMU'leCKoro npucBoeHHfI a.n:pecoB. C03- .n:aBaeMbIH nYJI a.n:pecoB He06xollHMO KaK-TO Ha3BaTb, B Ka'leCTBe Ha3BaHUfi MO)f(HO HC- nOJIb30BaTb Bce, 'lTO yrO.n:HO, HO )f(elIaTeJIbHO 3a.n:aBaTb KaKoe-TO OCMblCJleHHOe onl1CaHUe, no KOTOPOMY 6y.n:eT nOHflTHO, .lIJIfi 'lero npe.n:Ha:ma'leH nYJI. I1TaK, .lIJIfi KOH4>HrYPHpoBaHufi MapIIIpYTH3aTopa .n:oc1)'I1a K CeTH I1HTepHeT C nOMO- Il{blO npHJIO)f(eHUfi SDM nOHa.n:06HJ1oCb BbInOJIHHTb HeCKOJIbKO 3TanOB, B KOTOpbIX Hy)!(- HO BBO.n:I1Tb HH4>opMaUHIO HJlU BbI6HpaTb U3 Cnl1CKOB B HeCKOJIbKHX .n:HaJIOroBbIX OKHax. TeM He MeHee, TaKOH MeTOll KOH4>HrypHpOBaHUfi HeCKOJIbKO npOIl{e, LJeM HaCTpOHKa TCX
rl1aBa 17. KOH4>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHM!::t 601 II )f(e caMbIX CJ1y;K6 'lepe3 HHTep<penC KOMan.n:HOn CTpOKH. B CJIe.n:yJOIl{eM pa3JIeJ1e paccMoT- peHo HeCKOJIbKO He60J1bIIIHX npHMepoB npOBepKH pa60TbI HacTpoeHHbIx CJ1y;K6. a TalOKe nOHCK H YCTpaHeHue HeHcnpaBHocTen B HHX. 1f-4(,UO R ul.,,,ndSecullly'HvKeMd.I146Q.ISOM.) 192168 t 1 File Edh View Tools H.lp ..... ,.... Com 0 ....'" ." .... o ...... id S_ Soo"d. 'I' "'" _ " X 1 .. ... Addlt'onal Task, '" .. m -"Ii Router Pro"."I., ID..J Rou18r Actess- t1!1 Ctl PrIM610ning I I N bHCP PoOls I I - Q.OHCP Slndlngs /. NDNS I .A Oyn.lTllc DNB ..dlods $ .:.JACLEdnor r ponto plltallon Mapping , .:JURL Flltlnng 'I'MA .-if Local PoDia : Roull!lr PrOYIalonlng (B.D C:cnftgurlltion Miloagemehl Add DUCP Pool ---' DHCPPoolNem.. (lataH,AN CHCP POOl NiIM'ork , 92 188 1 0 Subne1 m.lS1r 1255 25 255.0 CHeP Pool leiselength k'c StartinglP 1'9211181101 1' NeverExptrts r- UlerDeI'Ined EndlnlllP- D... r;--- HH MM JD ro- L!' DHCP Option. ONe BemflC'") 1 'i18 13] 2111 WINS Servlr'l('") DNS Semr:z('") 'WINS SIIMr1M Domain wamtn l eQrnPIII com Def.uftRou18r(") 1 '92'..' ' I ,., J;llmpOr1aU OHCP Opllons Inla the- OHCP SlM'r databasa('") ('") eplon" flelos tJ 1111-3!WTCFtlMayt12007 Puc. 17. J J. j/,UaJ/02080e OKHO DHCP-nYIlG 6 npUAOJtCeHUU SDM npOBepKa pa60Tbi Mapwpynt3aTOpa ,QocT}'na K Cent HTepHeT KOH<pHrypHpoBaHue CJIy;K6 DHCP H NATjPAT C nOMOIIIblO nporpaMMHoro 06ecne- 'leHHfI SDM, a He UHTep<penca KOMan.n:HOH CTpOKH, UMeeT KaK CBOH npeHMYIl{eCTBa, TaK H He.n:OCTaTKH. K n0J10)KHTeJIbHbIM MOMeHTaM MO}I(HO OTHeCTH TOT «!>aI<T. 'lTO B 3K3aMeHe ICNDl, KaK B CePTu«!>uKaUHH cyry60 Ha'laJIbHoro YPOBHfI. paCCMOTpeH 6a30BbIn Ha60p nOJIe3HbIX <PYHKUUn. KOTopbIe npu.n:eTCfI HaCTpaHBaTb ceTeBOMY HIDKeHepy B He60J1bIIIUX H cpe.n:HUX KOMnaHUfiX. C03.n:aBaeMafi npHJIO)f(eHUeM KOH<purypauHfi 6y.n:eT .n:OCTaTO'lHO BeJ1UKa <no SDM B llaHHOM CJ1yqae reHepHpyeT,l{JIfi paCCMaTpHBaeMoro npHMepa nopfl,l{- Ka 20 KOH<pHrypauuoHHbiX KOMan.n:), a 3a C'leT TaKoro HHTepaKTUBHoro npouecca MO}I(HO 3Ha'lHTeJ1bHO COKpaTHTb BpeMeHHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha HaCTpOHKY CJ1y;K6 H 060nTUCb MeHbIIIH- 1.1H YClIJIUflMU. K OTpUl.{aTeJIbHbIM MOMeHTaM MeTOJIa HacTpoitKH He 'lepe3 UHTep<penC KOMaH.n:HOH CTpOKH MO)f(HO OTHeCTH CJIO)KHOCTH C nOHCKOM U YCTpaHeHueM HeHcnpaBHOCTen, B03HU- KalOIllHe U3-3a Toro, 'ITO KOH«!>HrypaI.{HOHHbIe KOMan.n:bI He 6bIJ1H no.n:p06HO onHcaHbI. B pe3YJIbTaTe UH)f(eHepy B npol.{ecce nOUCKa HeucnpaBHOCTen npu.aeTcfI BHHMaTeJ1bHO npOBepHTb, KaKHe 3Ha'leHHfI napaMeTpoB OH BBeJ1 B npouecce KOH<purypupoBaHufi CJ1y;K6 B 1.1acTepax npHJIO)f(eHUfI, H TIl{aTeJ1bHO npoBepHTb HaCTpoHKH C nOMOIllblO caMoro npH- JIO)f(eHUfi SDM. nOKa3bIBaTb Bce BapHaHTbJ npOBepKI1 KOH<purypaI.{HU C nOMOIl{blO no
602 "IacTb IV. PaCnpeAel1eHHble CeTM SDM .n:OCTaTO'lHO yTOMHTeJIbHO, n03TOMY B .n:aHHOM pa311eJIe 6yAYT npOCTO llaHbI Hau6o- JIee 06Illue peKOMeH.MUHH no HaC'rpOHKe CJIy;K6 DHCP H PAT, a TalOKe nOKa3aHbI He- CKOJIbKO KJIlO'leBbIX KOMaH.LI. HHTep«!>eHca KOMaH.LI.HOH CTpOKIt, KOTopbIe npuroAflTCfI B npaK- TU'leCKOH pa60Te. lJ:T06bI BbmOJIHHTb 6a30Boe TeCTupOBaHHe nOJIyqeHHoH KOH«!>HrypaI.{HU, BblllOJIHItTe nepe'lUCJIeHHbIe HIDKe .n:eHcTBHfI. 3Tan l. Ha KOMnblOTepe B JIOKaJJbHOH ceTU 3anYCTUTe Be6-6pay3ep U no- np06yHTe 3aHTU Ha CBOH JII06uMbIH caRT B ceTU I1HTepHeT (Hanpu- Mep, www.cisco.com). ECJIU Be6-CTpaHuua 3arpY)I(aeTCfI B OKHe 6paY3epa, 3Ha'lHT, MapIIIpyTH3aTOp .n:ocTYlla K CeTU I1HTepHeT npa- BHJlbHO pa60TaeT. ECJIH HeT - nepeH.n:HTe K 3Tany 2. 3Tan 2. ECJIH Ha KOMnblOTepe B JIOKaJJbHOH CeTIt YCTaHOBJIeHa onepauuoHHafi CUCTeMa KOMnaHHH Microsoft, 3anYCTUTe npHJIO)l(eHUe KOMaH.LI.HOH C'TpOKU U BbIllOJI- HUTe KOMaH.LI.Y ipconfig fall, 'lT06bI YBHAeTb, nOJIyqHJI JII1 KOMnblOTep OT DHCP-cepBepa IP-a.n:pec, MacKY, cTaHllapTHblH IIIJII03 11 IP-a.n:pec DNS-cep- Bepa, U, eCJIU nOJIyqHJI, TO npOBepbTe, npaBlIJIbHbl JIH 3TU napaMeTpbl. ECJIH HaC'TpOHKH He 6bIJIH nOJIyqeHbI HJIU nOJIyqeHbl HenpaBlIJIbHO. UCnOJIb3YHTe KOMaHllbI. nepe'lHCJIeHHbIe B maBe 15 "nOUCK H YCTpaHeHue HeucnpaBHocTeH I P-MapIlJpyTU3aI.{HU " ,l{JIfi nOHCKa U YC'TpaHeHltfi HeucnpaBHocTeH. 3Tan 3. npOBepbTe Ka6eJIb Me)l(J:(y MapIlJpyTH3aTopOM U JIOKaJJbHOH ceTblO, a TalOKe Me)l(j],Y MapIIIpyTH3aTOpOM It DSL-Mo.n:eMoM. Y6e.n:UTeCb B TOM. 'lTO Hy;KHbIe cerMeHTbI CeTIt nOllKJIIO'leHbI K npaBI1JIbHbIM I1HTep«!>eHcaM. npOBepbTe KOH- «!>urypal.{HIO B nplIJlO)l(eHlt11 SDM, 'lT06bI y6e.n:UTbCfI, 'lTO B cJIY)I(6e PAT B Ka- 'leCTBe BHyrpeHHero HHTep«!>eHca yJ<a3aH noPT, nOJIKJIlO'leHHblH K JIOKaJJbHOH ceTU, a B Ka'leCTBe BHeIlJHerO - K DSL- HJlU Ka6eJIbHoMY Mo.n:eMY. 3Tan 4. npOBepbTe pa60TOcnoc06HoCTb PAT, reHepupYfI KaKOH-JIu60 'Tpa«!>HK Ha KOMnblOTepe B JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH C nOJIyqaTeJIeM U3 ceTU I1HTepHeT (no.n:p06Hee 3TOT aTan onHcaH HIDKe). nOCJIe.n:HHH 3Tan 06bI'lHO npOBepfleTCfI C nOMOIllblO HeCKOJIbKHX KOMaHll 113 UHTep- «!>eHca KOMaHllHOH C'TpOKH. B npUMepe 17.4 nOKa3aH BblBOll HeCKOJIbKHX KOMaHll, CBfI- 3aHHbIX C npoBepKoH pa60Tocnoc06HoCTU KOH«!>urypaUHu MapIIIpyru3aTopa .n:oc1)'na K ceTU I1HTepHeT. COnpOBO)l(j],alOIllUXCfI He60JIbIlJI1MU KOMMeHTapHflMU. &::BaA eMa nplilMep 17.4. none3Hbie KOMaHAbl AJ1f1 npoBepKIII pa6oTocnoco6HoCTlil MapwpyTIII3aTopa AocT}'na K ceTIil L>1HTepHeT R1#show ip dhcp binding Bindings from all pools not associated with VRF: IP address Client-ID/Hardware address/User name Lease expiration Type 192.168.1.101 0063.6973.636f.2d May 12 2007 08:24 PM Automatic 192.168.1.111 0100.1517.1973.2c May 12 2007 08:26 PM Automatic R1#show ip nat translations Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Out- side global
rl1aBa 17. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 603 tcp 64.100.1.1:36486 192.168.1.101:36486 192.168.7.1:80 192.168.7.1:80 udp 64.100.1.1:1027 192.168.1.111:1027 198.133.219.2:53 198.133.219.2:53 R1#clear ip nat translation * R1#show ip nat translations R1# KOMaH}:la show ip dhcp binding BhIBO.n:HT cnHCOK IP-a,apecoB, Ha3Ha'leHHbIX Y3- JIaM B JIOKaJJbHOH ceTH DHCP-cepBepoM. Pe3YJIbTaT BhIllOJIHeHHfI 3TOH KOMaHllbl CJIe.n:yeT cpaBHHTb c a,apecaMH, KOTophIe 6hlJIH nOJIy'IeHbl Y3JIaMH, H y6e.n:HTbcfl B TOM, 'lTO OHH cOBna,aaIOT. C nOMOIllblO KOMaHllbl ip nat translations MO)KHO OTCJIe.n:HTb, npaBHJIbHO JIH pa60TaeT cJI}')K6a NAT HJIH PAT. B npHMepe 17.4 KOMaHlla BbIBp.n:HT CTJ)OK)' 3aroJIOBKa H .n:Be JanHCH ,l{JIfi npe06pa30BaHHfI a,apecoB. BbI.lI.eJIeHHbIe 3amaBHfI CTOJI6UOB B 3arOJIOBKe OTHOCflTCfI K JIOKaJJbHOMY BHyrpeHHeMY (inside local) H m06aJJhHoMY BHyrpeHHeMY (inside global) a,apecaM 3anHcetf TpaHCJIflUHH. BHyrpeHHHH JIOKaJJbHbltf a,apec Bcer.n:a .n:OJDKeH 6blTb a,apeCOM Y3JIa B JIOKaJJhHOH ceTH, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae 192.168.1.10 1. MapIIIPYTH3a- TOp TpaHCJIHpyeT TaKOH a,apec B O.n:HH H3 OTKphITblX MapIIIpYTH3HpyeMhIx a,apeCOB, B .n:aHHOM CJIyqae B I P-a,apec 64.100.1.1, nOJIyqeHHblH MapIIIpYTH3aTopOM OT cepBepa DHCP npoBaH.n:epa. nOCJIe.n:HfIfi KOMaH}:la B npHMepe, clear ip nat translation *, MO)KeT 6blTb nOJIe3Ha B TOM CJIyqae, KOma K1UKeTCfI, 'lTO cJl}')K6a NA T .n:OJDKHa pa60TaTb npaBHJIbHO, HO OHa He pa60TaeT. B TaKOH CHTYaUHH MO)KHO O'lHCTHTh (C6pOCHTb) Ta6JIHUY npe06pa30Ba- HHii, a Kor.n:a Y3eJI Ha'lHeT nepeCblJIaTh .n:aHHhIe, 3anHCh aBTOMaTH'leCKH C03.n:aCTCfI 3aHOBO. ClIe.n:yeT nOMHHTb, 'ITO 3Ta KOMaHlla MO)KeT C6POCHTh YCTaHOBJIeHHhIe coe.n:HHeHHfI HeKO- TOpbIX npHJIO)KeHHH. ]
604 "4aCTb IV. PacnpeAeneHHble Ce-rM nO.QrOTOBKa K 3K3aMeHY nOBTopMTe Bee KntO'-IeBble TeMbl CJIe.n:yeT nOBTopHTb Bce KJIIO'leBbIe TeMbl .n:aHHotf fJIaBbl, KOTopble nOMe'lCHbI nHKTOI-paMMOM Ha nOJIfix. B Ta6JI. 17.2 nepe'lHCJIeHbl Bee OCHOBHblC KJIlO'leBble TeMbl H COOTBCTCTByJOIl{He HM cTPaHHl.{bl. :'-:Ba "-eMs Ta6J1HUa 17.2. KJIIO'IeBbie TeMbi fJlaBbi 17 :beMeHT KJIIO'IeBoA TeMbl OnHcaHHe HOMep CTpaHHlIbI 588 CnHCOK 06113aTeJlbHble H He06113aTeJlbHble 3Tanbl KOHqmrypHpoBaHHII nOCJleJ!OBaTeJlbHoro KaHana Me)l(,llY.lBYMJI MapwpYTlt3aTopaMH }1eTanlt npouecca ruJaHHpOBaHHII H KOH<pltrypHpoBaHHII IP-aapecoB Mil JlOKanbHO CeTH MapwpyrH3aTopa .lOCTyIla K ceTH I1HTepHeT nJIaHHpoBaHHe KOH<pltrypaUHIt CJI}')K6bI DHCP-cepBepa Mil JlOKanbHO ceTH '-!To CJlellYeT npoBepltTb npH nOHCKe H YCTpaHeHHH HeHcnpaBHOCTe B Mapwpyrlt3aTOpe J!ocryna K cern I1HTepHeT 592 CnHCOK CnHCOK CnHCOK 600 603 3an0l1HMTe Ta611Mbl M cnMCKM no naMSlTM PaCne'laTaMTe npHJIO)KeHHe 3 (Appendix H) C KOMnaKT-.n:HCKa HJIH era pa3.n:eJI, OTHO- CSlIl{HtfCSI K ::HOM rJIaBe, H 3anOJIHHTe Ta6JIHI.{bI U cnUCKH no naMfiTH. B npHJIO)l(CHHH J1 (Appendix I) npHBe.n:eHbl 3anOJIHeHHble Ta6JIHI.{bi H cnHCKH .llIUI caMOKOHTPOJIfi. KI1IO"4eSble TepMMHbl rl1aSbl !I.aMTc onpe.n:eJIeHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHHblX HH)KC TepMHHOB H npOBepbTe npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HanHcaHHfI B cnHCOK TCpMHHOB: Cisco Router and Security Device Manager (SDM). CnMCOK KOMaHA 3ayquBaTh HaH3ycTb HH<p0pMaI.{HIO B Ta6JIHI.{aX He H)')KHO, TeM He MeHee, )])IfI Yll06cTBa ynoMHHaBIIlHeCfI B rJIaBe KOMaH}:lbI KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHfI nepe'lHCJIeHbI B Ta6JI. 17.3, a KO- MaH}:lbI.llIUI MOHHTopHHfa H YCTPaHeHHfI HeHcnpaBHocTeM npe.n:CTaBJIeHbl B Ta6JI. 17.4. Ha npaKTHKe KOMaH}:lbI .n:omKHbl 3anOMHHTbCfI caMH C060H nOCJIe BbmOJIHeHHfI npaKTH'le- CKHX JIa60paTopHbiX pa60T H B npol.{ecce no.n:raTOBKH K 3K3aMeHY. 4T06bl nOTPCHUPO- BaTbCfI B HX 3anOMHHaHHH, CJIe.uyeT 3aKpbITb JIeBYIO 'laCTb Ta6JIHI.{bl JIHCTKOM 6YMafH H nO onHcaHHIO B npaBOM cToJI61.{e no naMSITH 3anHcaTb COOTBCTCTBYIOIl{He KOMaHllbl, a nOTOM npoBCpHTb, npaBHJIbHO JIH 6bIJI )'Ka3aH OTBCT.
.., rnaBa 17. KOHcI>MrypMpoBaHMe WAN-coeAMHeHMM 605 Ta6J1H13 17.3. KOMaH,lUolll..1lH KOHcIIHI)'pHpoBaHHH YCTPOHCTB KOMau,aa encapsulation {hdlc I ppp I frame-relay} clock rate CKOpOCTb bandwidth CKOpOCTb_B_K6uT/C description TeKCT OnHcaHHe KOMaH.l1a lIJUI KOH<pltrypltpoBaHItH nOCJleJlOBaTeJlbHOrO I1HTep<t>e!ca MapWPYTlt3aTOpa, }'Ka3blBaIOIllCUl, KaKO! npOTOKOJl (T.e. I1HKancYJlHUI1H) 6YJleT ItCnOJlb30BaTbCH B KaHaJlbHOM ypoBHe COeJlItHeHItH KOMaH.l1a.IUIH KOH<pl1rypl1pOBaHI1H nOCJleJlOBaTeJlbHoro I1HTep<t>e!ca, 3a.aalOlIlCUI CKOpOCTb B 6ItT/C B TOM CJI}"Iae, eCJlIt K I1HTep<t>e!cy nOJlKJIIO'IeH DCE-Ka6eJlb KOMaH.l1a.IUIH KOH<t>ltrypltpOBaHI1H I1HTep<t>e!ca, KOTOpCUI 3a.aaeT Jlorlt'IecK)'IO, a He <p1t31t'IecK)'IO CKOpoCTb KaHaJla, T.e. KaK MapwpYTlt3aTOp 6YJleT ItHTepnpeTl1pOBaTb JlI1HItIO. HO He 811I1HeT Ha <paKTIt'IecK)'IO CKOpOCTb nepeJla'Il1. 3Ha'IeHlte 3a.aaeTCH B K6ItT/C KOMaH.l1a lIJUI KOH<t>l1rypI1POBaHI1H I1HTeP4>e!ca. }'Ka3blBaIOIllCUI OnltCaHl1e nop-ra Ta6J1H13 17.4. KOMau,ablll..1lH MOHHTOpHHra YCTpOHCTB H YCTpaHeHHR HeHcnpaBHocreH KOMau,aa OnHcaHHe show ip nat translations BblBOlll1T3anl1CI1 B NAT/PAT-Ta6J1l1ue show dhcp server nOKa3blBaeT ItH<popMaUI1IO, nOJl}"leHHYIO OT DHCP-cepBepa, Koma Mapwpyrn3aTop (1tJI11 ero ItHTeP4>e!c) pa60TaeT B Ka'IeCTBe DHCP-KJIl1eHTa clear ip nat translation * O'Il1lllaeT (YJlaJIHeT) BCeJlI1HaMI1'IeCKite 3anl1CI1 B NAT/PAT- Ta6J1ltue show interfaces BbIBOJlItT MHoro nOJle3Hoit I1H<t>opMaUItIt 06 I1HTeP4>eitcax, B TOM 'IItCJle ItHKanCYJlHUltIO. HaCTjJoitKlt nOJlOCbI nponYCKaHItH, BKJIIO'IeHbI JIlt TeCTOBble naKeTbI (keepalives), JlBa KOJIa COCTOHHItH coeJlItHeHItH, Onl1CaHlte It ItH<t>opMaUItIO 06 IP-aIIpece It MaCKe show controllers serial HOMep n03BOJUIeT OnpelleJlItTb, nOJlKJIIO'IeH JIlt Ka6eJlb K ItHTeP4>eitcy It KaKOB Tltn Ka6eJlH: DTE ItJIIt DCE show interfaces [Tun HOMep] description show ip interface brief BblBOJlItT OJIHY C1'pOKY ItH<t>opMaUItIt 06 I1HTep<t>eitce (1tJI1t no C1'pOKe Ha KaJKIlblit ItHTep<t>eitc), B KOTOpoH }'Ka3aHO COCTOHHlte ItHTep<t>eitca It ero OnltCaHlte BbIBOJlItT OJiHY CTpoK)' ItH<t>opMaUItIt Ha KaJKIlblit ItHTeP4>eHc, COJlep>KaIllYIO IP-a.apec 11 OnltCaHlte COCTOHHlte I1HTeP4>eHca I II
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rnaBa 18. nOAroToBKa K cepTM4>MKaI.4MOHHoMY 3K3aMeHY 617 l{HTaTeJIb MO)KeT n03KcnepHMeHTHpoBaTb C pa3HbIMH OnI.{HflMH. B Ta6JI. 18.1 onHcaHbI 'leTbIpe OCHOBHbIe BapHaHTa, KOTopbIe MO)KHO 3anyCTHTb nOCJIe BbI60pa pe)I(HMa TeCTHpo- BaHHfI, a TaJOKe nepe<iHCJIeHbl om.UtH, KOTopbIe H}')KHO BbI6paTb B HHTepct>eHce nporpaMMbl. Ta6J1HQa 18.1. BapHaHTbI Bbl60pa pe:HOlMOB pa60Tbi TeCTHpYlOuteH nporpaMMbI BapHaHT TeCTa Pe>KI-IM 06}"1eHIDI JLllII 3KJaMeHa ICNDI HB3BaHHe TeCTa Pe:HOlM ,L(onOJlHHTeJlbHble onlUlH Cisco ICND) CD 06}"1eHl-le 1l0nOJlHI-ITeJlbHbIX HaCTPoeK He H}')KHO Exam 3MYJlIIUI-IIIllJIJI 3KJaMeHa ICND) Custom Exam CJlellYeT Bbl6paTb Bapl-laHT TeCTa C orpaHl1'leHl1eM no BpeMeHI1, 55 BonpOCOB, 75 MI1HYT. CJle.llyeT y6paTb onUl11O Show current score during exam (noKaJbIBaTb peJYJlbTaT no Mepe C.lla'll1 TecTa) 11 Bbl6paTb napaMeTP Never (He oT06paJKaTb) B MeHIO Show answers and explanations (noKaJbIBaTb OTBeTbll1 o61.JlCHeHI1J1) Full CCNA Exam 06}"1eHI1e 1l0nOJlHI1TeJlbHbiX HaCT)JOeK He H}')KHO Pe>KI1M 06}"1eHI1J1 JLllJI 3KJaMeHa CCNA 3MYJlJlUI1J1llJ1J1 3KJaMeHa CCNA Full CCNA Exam 3MYJlSlUI1S1 1l0nOJlHI1TeJlbHbIX HacrpoeK He H}')KHO CJIe.n:yeT 3aMeTHTb, <iTO nOJIb30BaTeJIbCKHH BapHaHT HacTpoeK 3K3aMeHa n03BOJIfieT nOJIyqHTb HeKOTOpbIe nOJIe3HbIe pa3HOBHAHOCTH TeCTHpoBaHHfI. Bbl6paB TaKOH BapHaHT 3K3aMeHa, <iHTaTeJIb MO)l(eT IllemiliYTb Ha KHonKe Modify Settings (113MeHHTb Hac'TpOH- KH) H BbI6paTb BonpoCbl no KOHKpeTHbIM TeMaM, T.e. maBaM. B TaKOM BapHaHre pa60TbI 'lHTaTeJIb MO)KeT HCnOJIb30BaTb 6a3Y BonpoCOB B Ka<ieCTBe KOH'TpOJIbHbIX BonpOCOB no Me- pe H3yqeHHfI pa3HbIX maB KHHrH. Pe3tOMe Bce npHJIO)KeHHfI H HHCTpYMeHTbl, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH onHcaHbI B 3TOH maBe, npecJle.n:YIOT O.n:Hy-e.n:HHcTBeHHYIO l.{eJIb: nOMO'lb 'lHTaTeJIIO B no.n:rOTOBKe K 3K3aMeHaM ICNDI H CCNA. 3Ta KHHra, a TaJOKe BTOpOH TOM KYPca npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHbI,l{JIfI TOro, 'lTo6bI }:laTh 'lH- TaTeJIIO XOpOUIyJO TeOpeTH'lecKYIO OCHOBY ,l{JIfI npaKTH'leCKOH pa60TbI H HayqHTb npHMe- HflTb TeOpeTH'leCKHe 3HaHHfI Ha npaKTHKe. He BroKHO, KaKOB onbIT pa60TbI 'lHTaTeJIfi C COoTBeTcTByJOIllHMH TeXHOJIOrHflMH H 060py.n:oBaHHeM Ha MOMeHT C}:Ia<iH 3K3aMeHa. ECJIH <iHTaTeJIb npO<iHTaeT BCIO KHHry, .n:OCKOHaJIbHO H3Y'lHT MarepHaJI H nO'TpeHHpyeTcfI C no- MOlI.{blO npe.lI)IO)l(eHHbIX eMY MeTo.n:HK H YTHJIHT, OH CMO)l(eT YBepeHHO c.n:aTb 3K3aMeH. AB- TOp HCKpeHHe )KeJlaeT K!UK.Ll.OMY npo'lHTaBUIeMY KHHry ycneUIHo CllaTb COOTBeTCTByJOIUHe ceprHct>HKaI.{HOHHbIe 3K3aMeHbI.
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npMnO>KeHMe A. OTBeTbl Ha KOHTpOnbHble BOnpOCbl 623 4. 6) 224.1.1.1 - 3TO a.u.pec CeTH KJIaCCa D, a.u.pec 223.223.223.255 IIIHpoKoBewaTeJ1b- HbIH.IliUI no.n:ceTH KJIacca C C a.u.peCOM 223.223.223.0, n03TOMY OHH He MOryr 6bITb Ha- 3Ha'leHbI Y3JlaM. 5. r) 6. r) H e) ECJ1H He HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI no.n:ceTH, Bce a.u.peca OTHOCflTCfI K CeTH KJIacca A, 10.0.0.0. ECJ1H B ceTH eCTb MapIIIpYTH3aTOp H Y3Jlbl HaXOAflTCfI B .n:pyrOM cerMeHTe (no.n:KJIIO'leHbl K .n:pyroMY era noPTY), OHH He MOryr HMeTb a.u.peca H3 CeTH 10.0.0.0. 7. r) 8. e) 9. B) 10.6) H B) lI.a) H B) 12.B) 13.r) rnaBa 6 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl I. B. B npOTOKOJ1e TCP HCnOJIb3yeTcfI MeTO}:l npfiMora O)KH.n:aeMoro nO}:lTBep)l(lleHUfI, KOma B nOJ1e 3ar0J10BKa yx:a3aH cJ1e.n:YIOWHH O)KH,l{aeMbIH 6aHT, a He nOCJ1e.n:HHH nOJ1Y- 'leHHbIH. HanpHMep, nOpflAKOBbIH HOMep nOllTBep)l(lleHHfI 5000 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO cer- MeHT C HOMepOM 5000 6bIJI nOTepflH It KOMnblOTep }:IOJUKeH nOBTopHO nepeCJ1aTb HMeHHO 3TOT cemeHT. 2. r) 3. r) H 3) 4. r) H 3) 5. B) npOTOKOJI TCP, a He UDP, HCn0J1b3yeT MexaHH3M CK0J1b3f1Wero OKHa, BOCCTaHOB- JIeHHe nOCJ1e OlUH60K H ynopflAO'leHHYK> nepe.n:aqy cerMeHTOB. IlIH<ppoBaHHe HJ1H MapIIIpYTH3al.{HIO 06a npOTOKOJIa TpaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI He BbInOJ1HflIOT. 6. B) H e) TepMHHbI naKem H L3PDU onHCblBalOT 6J10K .n:aHHbIX TpeTl,ero ypOBHfI. Tep- MHHbI rPpeiJM H L2PDU OTHOCflTCfI KO BTOPOMY ypoBHIO 3TaJIOHHOH Mo.n:eJIH. 7. 6) I1Mfi Y3JIa - 3TO TeKCT Me)t(J:Jy KOCbIMH 4epTO'lKaMH II H I. TeKcT nepe.n: CHMBOJ1aMI1 Il0nHcblBae-r HCnOJIb3yeMblH npOTOKOJI ypOBHfI npHJ10)KeHHH, a TeKCT nOCJIe CHMBOJ1a 1- Ha3BaHHe Be6-CTpaHHl.{bI. 8. a) H r) nOTOKH .n:aHHbIX TeXH0J10rHU VoIP HaH60J1ee 4YBCTBHTeJ1bHbI K 3a.u.ep)lU(aM, ux <pJIYKTYaI.{HU H nOTepfiM naKeTOB; 'leM MeHbIIIe 3a.nep)lU(H, <pJIYKTY3I.{UH H nOTepH, TeM J1yqwe. TeM He MeHee VoIP-nOToKu 06bl4HO Tpe6yJOT MeHbIIIeH nOJIOCbl nponycKa- HHfI, 4eM nOTOKH 06bI'lHbiX .n:aHHbIX. 9. B) CHCTeMbI 06HapY)l(eHUfi BTOp)l(eHHH (IDS) BbInOJIHfllOT MOHHTopHHr naKeTOB, cpaBHHBafi HX co.n:ep)KHMOe C H3BeCTHblMH KOM6HHal.{HfiMU (T.e. cHrHaT)'paMH), no KO- TOpbIM OHH MOryr onpe.n:eJIHTb, 4TO npOHcxo.n:HT aTaK3 Ha ceTb.
624 '-IacTb VI. npMnO>KeHMft to.a) BHPTYaJIbHM 'laCTHaSi CeTb (VPN) - :no TeXHOJIOfHfI 6e30naCHOCTH, B KOTOPOrt JIBe OKOHe4HbIe TO'lKH KaHaJIa (B TOM 4HCJIe H JIOrH4ecKoro) IIIH<!>PyJOT JlaHHbIe, nepe.n: TeM KaK nepeJlaTb HX no KaKort-JIH60 OTKpbITOrt HH<!>paCTPYKTYPe, HanpHMep ceTH I1H- TepHeT, 4T06bI 06ecne4HTb KOH<!>u.n:eHI.{HaJIbHOCTb H ueJIOCTHOCTb .n:aHHblX. rnaBa 7 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 1. a) KOMMYTaTOp cpaBHHBaeT a.u.pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi co cBoert Ta6JIHI.{eH MAC-a.u.pecoB. Ec- JIU HaH.n.eHa COBna.u.aIOWM 3anHcb, KOMMYTaTop 3HaeT, 'lepe3 KaKoH HHTep<!>ertc OT- npaBI1Tb <!>peHM .n:aJIbIIIe, eCJIH He HaH.n.eHa - JIaBHHHO paCCbmaeT 'lepe3 Bce nopTbI, KpOMe Toro, OTKY.n:a OH npHWeJI. 2. B) KOMMYTaTOp paCCbmaeT JIaBHHHO IIIHpOKOBewaTeJIbHbIe, MHoroa.u.pecaTHbIe (eCJIH He HCnOJIb3yeTcfI OnTHMH3al.{Hfi MHoroa.u.pecaTHblX nOTOKOB) H <!>peHMbl C a.u.peCOM nOJIY'.JaTeJIfI, KOTOpblrt YCTPOHCTBY HeH3BeCTeH (T.e. a.u.pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi <!>peHMa OTCYT- cTByeT B Ta6JIHu.e MAC-a.u.peCOB KOMMYTaTOpa). 3. a) KOMMYTaTOp paCCbmaeT JIaBHHHO llIHpOKOBewaTeJIbHbIe, MHoroa.u.pecaTHbIe (eCJII1 He HCnOJIb3yeTcfI onTHMH3al.{Hfi MHoroa.u.pecaTHbIX nOTOKOB) H <!>peHMbl C a.u.peCOM nOJIy'IaTeJIfI, KOTOpbIrt YCl'portCTBY HeH3BeCTeH (T.e. a.u.pec nOJIy'IaTeJIfi <!>peHMa OTCYT- cTByeT B Ta6JIHI.{e MAC-a.u.peCOB KOMM)'TaTOpa). 4. 6) KOMMyTaTOp Cl'pOHT Ta6JIHI.{Y MAC-a.u.pecoB, 06Hapy)KHBaSi H 3anOMHHafi a.n:pec OT- npaBHTeJIfi H3 KaJK.lI.Oro npHXo.n:flIllero <!>peHMa, a TalOKe yqHTbIBaeT HHTep<!>ertc, 'lepe3 KOTOpblrt 6bm nOJIy'IeH TaKort <!>pertM. Ta6JIHu.a MAC-a.u.peCOB, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, cOLlep- )KHT HH<!>0pMaI.{HIO 0 MAC-a.n:pece H HHTep<!>eHce, 'lepe3 KOTOpbIrt OH 6bm npHHflT. 5. a) H 6) Koma <!>pertM OTnpaBJIeHHbIH YCTpOrtCTBOM nK3, nona.u.aeT B KOMMYTaTOp. Y nOCJIe.n:Hero eCTb B Ta6JIHI.{e TOJIbKO a.n:pec 1111.] 111.1111, MAC-a.u.pec nK I. <])peHM OT nK3 a.u.peCOBaH YCl'portCTBY C MAC-a.u.pecoM 2222.2222.2222, n03TOMY OH paccbI- JIae-rcfI JIaBHHHbIM 06pa30M, T.e. nepeCbmaeTCfI 4epe3 Bce HHTep<!>ertcbI, KpOMe TOro, OTKY.n:a npHllIeJI <!>peHM. 6. a) .lI.oMeH KOJIJIH3Hrt npeJlCTaBJUIeT C060H COBOK)'llHOCTb YCl'pOrtcTB, <!>peHMbl KOTOpbIX MOryT CTaJIKHBaTbCfI. MOCTbI, KOMMYTaTopbI H MapIIIpYTH3aTopbI pa3J1eJUIIOT, HJlH cer- MeHTHPYIOT, JIOKaJIbHYIO ceTb Ha MeHbIIIHe no pa3Mepy .n:OMeHbI KOJIJIH3Hrt, a KOHl.{eH- TpaTopbI H nOBTOpHTeJIH - HeT. 7. a), 6) 11 B) lllHpOKOBewaTeJIbHbIrt JlOMeH COCTOHT H3 YCl'pOrtcTB, llIHpOKOBewaTeJIbHbIe <!>pertMbI KOTOpbIX MOryT JlOCTHraTb JlPyr .n:pyra. KOHl.{eHTpaTopbI, nOBTOpUTeJIH, MOC- TbI H KOMMYTaTOpbI He pa3J1eJUIIOT (cerMeHTHpyJOT) JIOKaJIbHYIO ceTb Ha OmeJIbHble IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHble .n:OMeHbl, a MapllIpYTH3aTOpbI - )],a. 8. 6) H r)
npMnO>KeHMe A. OTBeTbl Ha KOHTpOnbHble BOnpOCbl 625 rnaBa 8 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl l. a) H 6) 2. 6) 3. 6) 4. a) 5. e) 6. r) 7. 6) U B) rnaBa 9 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl l. 6) ECJIH YKa3aHbl 06e KOMaHllbl, Onepal.{HOHHafI CHCTeMa Cisco IOS HCnOJIb3yeT na- POJIb, YKa3aHHbIH B KOMaHJI,e enable secret. 2. 6) U B) 3. 6) nepBblH CUMBOJI, He flBJIfllOIllHHCfI np06eJIOM, nOCJIe KOMaHllbl banner login 6y.n:eT HHTepnpeTupoBaH KaK CUMBOlI-pa3JIeJIHTeJIb. B JIaHHOM cJIyqae 3TO 6y.n:eT 6YKBa "t" B CJIOBe "this" , a BTopafl 6}'KBa "t" BClpe'laeTCfI B CJIOBe "the" H OHa 6YJIeT HHTepnpe- TupOBaHa K3K KOHeu co06weHHfI. B pe3YJIbTaTe npH no.n:KJII04eHHU K YClpOHCTBY 6YLleT BbIBO.n:HTbCfI TeKCT, H3XOMWHHCfI Me)l(.Lly .n:BYMfI6}'KBaMH "t". a HMeHHO "his is". 4. a) CTaHllapTH3S1 HaCTpOHKa MaKCHMaJIbHOro 4HCJIa MAC-a,u.pecoB B pe}l(HMe 6e30nac- HOCTH - I, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, KOMaHllY switchport port-security maximum BBOLlHTb He H}')KHO. 5. a), r) H e) 1.1T06bI pa3pellIHTb Llocryn K YClpOHCTBY 'lepe3 npoTOKOlI Telnet, B KOMMY- TaTope .n:OJUKHbI 6b1Tb YCTaHOBJIeHbl napOJIH. MHHHMaJIbHOe Tpe60BaHHe - JIOJUKeH 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH napOJIb Ha vtY-JIHHHH C nOMOWblO KOMaHJI,bl password. KpoMe TOro, CJIe.lI.YeT CKOH$HrypupoBaTb IP-a,u.pec B YClpOHcTBe (B HHTep$eHCe VLAN l) H YK33aTb cTaHllapTHbIH llIJI103, 4T06bl KOMMyTaTop Mor 06MeHHBaTbCfI naKeTaMH C Y3- JIaMU H3 .n:pyrux nOJIceTeH. 6. e) 7. LI) 8. a) Peruclp Ha3BaHHfI ceTH VLAN yqHTblBaeTCfI Onepal.{HOHHof! cHcTeMof!, n03TOM}' KOMaH,lla name MY - VLAN YCTaHOBUT .n:PYryIO ceTb VLAN, OTJIH4alOIllYIOCfI OT nOKa- 3aHHOH B KOH$HrypaI.{HH. KOMaHlla interface range He Moma 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30- BaHa,l{Jlfl KOH$HrypHpoBaHHfI, nOCKOlIbKY OHa n03BOJIHT BBeCTH B BHpryaJIbHYIO CeTb HHTep$eHCbI FaOj13, FaOjl4 H FaO/I5, 3 nopT FaOjl4 He BXOLlHT B nOKa3aHHYIO ceTb VLAN. 1-!T06bl npHCBOHTb nopTY ceTb VLAN, .n:OJI)KHa 6bITb BBe.n:eHa KOMaH.n:a swi tchport access vlan 2, a KOMaHll3 swi tchport vlan 2 - HenpaBHJIbHafi. II
626 4aCTb VI npMnO>KeHMft rnaBa 10 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 1. ]:I) U e) npOTOKOJI CDP c06HpaeT HH<!>0pMauulO 0 CMe)KHbIX YC'TpOHCTBax, a C nOMO- IUblO KOMaHJI,bI show cdp C pa3HblMH Onl.{HfiMU MO)KHO YBHAeTb 60JIee HJIU MeHee no.n:p06HyJO HH<!>0pMauHIO. 2. .n:) He) 3. a), 6) H r) ECJIH B BbIBo.n:e KOMaHJI,bI show interfaces status YKa3aHo OTKJIIO- 'leHHOe COCTOflHHe HHTep<!>eHca (disabled), TO 3TO CBHAeTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'lTO nop-r anMHHHC'TpaTHBHO OTKJIlO'leH H B BbIBo.n:e KOMaHllbI show interfaces 6y.n:eT OTO- 6pIDKaTbCfI C'TpOKa "administratively down/down". I1HTep<!>ertc ]:IOJI)KeH 6bITb B no.n:- KJII04eHHOM COCTOflHHH (connect), 'IT06bI YC'TpOrtcTBO Momo nepecbmaTb 'lepe3 Hero <!>pertMbI. 4. a) H r) B KOMMYTaTope SW2 6bma OTKJIlO'leHa CHCTeMa aBTOMaTlt'leCKoro comaCOBa- HHfI napaMeTpOB HHTep<!>eHca CTaHJI,ap-ra IEEE, KOr]:la 6bma YCTaHOBJIeHa CKOpOCTb H .n:yllJIeKCHOCTb BpyqHyJO. TeM He MeHee KOMMYTaTopbI KOMnaHHH Cisco MOryT onpe.n:e- JIHTb CKOpOCTb H pe)KHM pa60Tbi Y]:IaJJeHHoro nopTa .n:IDKe npu OTKJIlO'leHHOM aBTOCO- maCOBaHHH. KpoMe TOro, comaCHO cTaHllapTY IEEE .lI)UI CKOpOCTH nepe.n:a4H 1 f6uT/C UCnOJIb3yeTcfI .n:ynJJeKcHbIrt pe)KHM, eCJIH pe)KHM .n:yllJIeKCHOCTH He MO}l(eT 6bITb comaCOBaH, n03TOMY COe]:lUHeHHe B JII060M CJIyqae 6y.n:eT HOpMaJJbHO <!>YHKIJ.HO- HHpOBaTb, nOCKOJIbKY Ha 060HX KOHuax KaHaJJa HCnOJIb3yeTcfI CKOpOCTb I f6HT/C H .n:ynJJeKCHbIH pe)KHM. 5. 6) H r) C nOMOIUblO KOMaHllbI show interfaces MO}l(HO npOCMOTpeTb TeKYIllYIO CKOpOCTb pa60TbI H pe)KHM .n:ynJIeKcHocTH HHTep<!>ertca, HO HeJIb3f1 CKa3aTb, KaKafi CKOpOCTb 6bIJIa comaCOBaHa HJIH YKa3aHa B KOH<!>HrypaI.{HH. B BbIBo.n:e KOMaH.n:bl show interfaces status MO}l(eT 6bITb nOKa3aH npe<!>ItKC a- nepe.n: 3Ha'leHHeM CKOpO- CTH H pe)KHMOM .n:ynJIeKcHocTH; OH 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO CKOpOCTb H pe)KHM 6bmH aBTOMaTH- 4eCKH comaCOBaHbI. B npOTHBHoM cJIyqae napaMe'TpbI 6bmH 3anaHbi BpyqHYIO B KOH- <!>HrypaI.{HH. 6. a), 6) H r) JJ.;IfI nopTa FaO/l aBTOCOrJIaCOBaHHe .n:OJDKHO npaBHJIbHO OTpa60TaTb, H 06a KOMMYTaTopa BbI6epYT HaH60JIbllIyJO CKOpOCTb (100) U HaHJIyqllIHe HacTpOIili .n:yn- JIeKCHOCTH (nOJIHo.n:ynJIeKcHbIH pe)KHM). ABTocomacoBaHHe TaIOKe 0'Tpa60TaeT B nop- TY FaOj2 KOMMYTaTopa SWI, H 06a YCTportcTBa 6yAYT HCnOJIb30BaTb CKOpOCTb B 100 M6HT/C H nOJIHo.n:ynJJeKcHbIH pe)KHM. B HHTep<!>eHce FaO/2 OTKJIlO'leHa npoue.n:y- pa aBTOcomaCOBaHltfl, nOCKOJIbKY CKOpOCTb H pe)KHM 3anaHbl BpyqHyJO. KOMMYTaTop Ha BTOpOM KOHue KaHaJJa aBTOMaTH4eCKH 06Hapy;KltT CKOpOCTb 100 M6HT/C, HO BKJII04HT nOJIY.n:ynJJeKcHbIH pe)KHM, H coe.n:HHeHHe He 6y.n:eT pa6OTaTb. 7. a) H B) Ta6JIHUbI MAC-a,n;pecOB.lI)UI pa3Hbix ceTert VLAN pa3HbIe. nOCKOJIbKY <!>peHM npHIIIeJI 'lepe3 HHTep<!>eHc B CeTIt VLAN 2, OH MO}l(eT 6bITb nepeCJIaH TOJIbKO Ha OCHO- BaHi-IM MAC-Ta6JIHUbI 3TOH BHPTYaJJbHOH cern It ero anpec MO}l(eT 6blTb Ll06aBJIeH TaIOKe TOJIbKO B Ta6JIHUY 3TOrt ceTH VLAN. KOMaHlla show mac address-table dynamic nOKa3bIBaeT TOJIbKO .n:ItHaMH'leCKHe 3anHCH Ta6JIHU MAC-anpecoB YC'TpOH- cTBa, n03ToMY no ee pe3YJIbTaTY HeJIb351 cKa3aTb, KaK 6y.n:eT nepeCJIaH <!>peHM .n:aJJbIIIe, nOCKOJIbK)' CTaTU'leCKHe 3anHCU He BbIBO,l{flTCfI.
npMnO>KeHMe A. OTBeTbl Ha KOHTpOnbHble BOnpOCbl 627 8. 6) H B) Onepal.{UOHHafI CHCTeMa IOS 1l06aBJIfieT MAC-anpeca B 6e30naCHOM pe)I(HMe nOpTa B BHAe CTaTH4eCKHX 3anHCeH, n03TOMY OHH He oT06pa)l(alOTCH B BblBOlle KOMaH- .n:bI show mac address-table dynamic. KOMaHlla show mac address- table port-security - HenpaBUJIbHafi. rnaBa 11 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl l. a) B cTaHllapTe 802.llb HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TOJIbKO ISM-.n:uana30H (2,4 rru), a B cTaHllapTe 802.llg KaK ISM-, TaK H U-NII-.n:Hana30H. 802.1 Ii - 3TO CTaHllapT 6e30naCHOCTH 6ecnpoBo.n:HblX ceTeH. 2. 6) B cTaHllapTe 802.lIa HCnOJIb3yeTcfI TOJIbKO o FDM-MO.n:YJUIUHfi , a B 802. lib - TOJIbKO DSSS. B CTaHllapTe 802.llg MaKCUMaJIbHafi CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a'lu paBHa 54 M6HT/C H UCnOJIb3yeTcfI OFDM-MO.n:YJUIUUfI. 3. B) 4. a) B paCIIIHpeHHOM Ha60pe CJIy)K6 (ESS) HCnOJIb3yeTcfI HeCKOJIbKO TO'leK .n:oCTyIla U B03MO)KeH pOYMHHr Me)t(J:Jy HUMH. B BSS-ceTH ucnOJIb3yeTcfI TOJIbKO o.n:Ha T0-4Ka .n:oc- TYlla, a B I BSS-pe)KUMe TO'leK .n:ocTYna HeT Bo06IIIe. CJIen.oBaTeJIbHO, pOYMHHr HeB03- MO)KeH B ceTfiX BSS H IBSS. 5. a) H B) B T04Kax .n:ocTYlla .n:OJI)KeH 6bITb CKOH<!>HrypHpOBaH H.n:eHTU<!>UKaTOP SSID u, eCJIH TO'lKa no.n:.n:ep)KUBaeT HeCKOJIbKO CTaHllapTOB, TO MO)KeT 6b1Tb YKa3aH HCnOJIb3ye- MbIfi CTaHllapT 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH CeTU. TO'lKa .n:ocTYna Bcer.n:a nblTaeTCfI HCnOJIb30BaTb MaKCHMaJIbHyJO CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a4U .lI)UI Ka)l{)l.oro U3 YCTpOHCTB B 3aBUCUMOCTH OT ypOBHfI CHrHaJIa, TeM He MeHee, CKOpOCTb MO)KeT OTJIU'laTbCfI OT YCTpOHCTBa K ycrpOH- CTBY. Pa3Mep 06JIaCTU nOKpbITUfi T04KH CKOH<!>HrypupoBaTb HeJIb3f1, OH 3aBHCHT OT Tuna aHreHHbI, ee K03<!><!>UUHeHTa YCHJIeHHH, HHTep<!>epeHUHH U HCnOJIb3yeMoro CTaHllapTa 6ecnpOBo.n:HOH ceTH. 6. 6) T04Ka .n:ocTYlla no.n:I<JI104aeTCfI K KOMMYTaTopy JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH npHMblM Ka6eJIeM KaK JII060e OKOHe4Hoe YCTPOHCTBO. Bce TO'lKH .n:ocTyna B O.n:HOH ESS-ceTu TalOKe .n:OJI)KHbl BXO.n:UTb B OLiHY H TY )l(e ceTb VLAN, nOCKOJIbKY Bce I<JIUeHTbl B TaKoH 6ec- npoBo.n:HOfi ceTH 1l0JI)KHbl 6b1Tb B O.n:HOH nOllceTH. KaK H KOMMYTaTopaM JIOKaJIbHOH ceTU, TO'lKaM .n:ocTYlla He Hy)KHa IP-KoH<!>urypaUHfI, 'lT06bI nepeCblJlaTb Tpa<!>HK, HO I P-anpec MO)l(HO CKOH<!>HrypHpoBaTb .lI)UI ynpaBJIeHUfi T04KOH. CTaH.n:apT UJIH CKO- pOCTb nepe.n:a'lU .n:aHHbIX B 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceTH He BJIUfleT Ha CKOpOCTb pa60Tbi Ether- net-nopTa B npoBo.n:HOH 4aCTH ceTH T04KH .n:ocTYlla, reM He MeHee, 06wafl npOH3BO.n:U- TeJIbHOCTb 6y.n:eT BblllIe, eCJIU B BbICOKOCKOpOCTHbIX 6ecnpoBO.n:HblX ceTfiX UCnOJIb3yeT- CfI TeXHOJIOrHH Ethernet co CKOpOCTblO 100 M6uT/C. 7. B) H r) Ethernet-HHTep<!>eHcbI 06b14HO He .n:alOT HHTep<!>epeHUUU B 6ecnpOBOllHOH pa- .n:U04aCTOTHOH 4aCTH, n03TOMY Ka6eJIbHafi ceTb He BJlUfieT Ha ceTb WLAN. KJlHeHT- CKHe YCTpoHcTBa 06Hap}')KHBa1OT T04KH 1l0cTYna, npOCJIYIIIuBaH Bce KaHaJIbl, n03ToMY KOH<!>urypHpoBaHHe KaKoro-To OnpelleJleHHoro KaHaJIa He nOMeIIIaeT I<JIHeHTY 06Ha- py)KHTb T04K)' .n:ocTyna.
. 628 4aCTb VI. npMnO>KeHMft 8. 6) H r) 31'0 CTaH.ll:apT IEEE 802.1 Ii. Wi-Fi-AJIMlHc AaJJ 3TOM}' CTaH.ll:apTY MapKeTHHro- Boe Ha3BaHHe WPA2. 9. a), B) H r) rnaBa 12 3HaeT8 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl l. a) H B) 2. 6) 3. r) 4. .n:) B ceTH KJIacca B 16 ceTeBbIX 6HTOB, B HCnOJIb3yeMort MaCKe 7 6HTOB OTBe.n:eHO Mfl Y3JIOB (7 .n:BOH4HbIX HYneH B MacKe), n03TOM}' Mfl nOAceTeH OCTaeTCfI 9 6HTOB. 2 9 .n:aeT 512 nOAceTeH, at -2 AaeT 126 Y3JIOB B nOAceTH. 5. 6) B TPe60BaHHflx LlH3aHHa YKa3aHO, 4TO H}')KHO BbmeJIHTb KaK MHHHMYM 7 6HTOB MJI. no.n:ceTeH, nOCKOJIbKY 2 6 =64, a t=128. nOCKOJIbKY 2 6 -2=62, TO 6 6HTOB HellOCTaTO'l- HO, a 2 7 -2=126 - 3TOro KonH4eCTBa XBaTHT. MacKH /23, /24, /25 (255.255.254.0, 255.255.255.0 H 255.255.255.128, cooTBeTcTBeHHo) B ceTH KJIacca B .n:alOT MHHHMYM no 7 6HTOB K3K MSI no.n:ccreH, TaK H .lI)UI Y3JIOB. MacKa /23 AaeT MaKCHMaJJbHoe 'lltCJIO Y3- JIOB (9 6HTOB Bbl)J.eJIfleTCfI.lI)UI a.u.peCOB Y3J10B B 3TOM cJIyqae). 6. B) B ceTH KJIacca C 24 6HTa OTHOCJl.TCfI K KJIaCCoBort ceTH; CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, MaCKa npe.n:nOJIaraeT no 4 6HTa Ha Y3JIbI (.n:BOH'lHbIe 0 B MacKe) H 4 - Ha nOJIceTH. CJIe.n:oBa- TenbHo, MbI nOJIy'IHM 16 nOJICeTert H 14 a.u.peCOB Y3JIOB B KroKJIOH. 7. B) '-!T06bI a.n:peCOBaTb 150 Y3JIOB, nOHa.n:06HTCfI 8 6HTOB, nOCKOJIbKY 2 7 MeHbIIIe 150, a i - 60JIbIIIe: 2 7 =128, i=256. KpoMe TOro, HaM nOHa.n:06HTCfI TaIOKe 8 6HTOB Mfl Y3- nOB no TOH }l(e caMOH npH'lHHe. nOCKOJIbKY y Hac HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ceTb KJIaCca B, TO 8 6HTOB Bbl)J.eJIHTb.ll)Ul no.n:ceTert H 8 - .lI)UI Y3JIOB MO)KHO TOJIbKO B MaCKe 255.255.255.0. 8. 6), B), r) H JI) 'h06bI BbI6paTb CTPYKTYPY a.n:peCaI.{HH comaCHO 3a.n:aHHIO, He06xOLlHMO Bbl)J.eJIHTb 8 6HTOB Ha no.n:ceTH B MaCKe, nOCKOJIbKY t=128, 2 8 =256, T.e. B nepBoM CJIY- 4ae He.n:OCTaTO'lHO nOJIceTert. AAaJJorH'lHO, Hy)KHO Bbl)J.eJIHTb 8 6HTOB Ha a.u.peca y3JIOB, comaCHO 33.LlaHHIO, nOCKOJIbKY t - 2= 126 JIacr He.n:OCTaTO'lHOe 'lHCJIO Y3JIOB. B 3a.n:a4e HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ceTb KJIacca A, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, B ceTeBort MaCKe eCTb 8 6HTOB. B pe- 3ynbTaTe 06wafl MaCKa 6y.n:cr co.n:ep}l(aTb 16 .n:BOH4HbIX I, KaK MHHHMYM, a B nOCJIe.n:- HeM OKTeTe JIOmKHO 6bITb 8 .n:BOH'lHbIX O. 9. .n:) H e) IP-a.u.pec 190.4.80.80 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.0 Haxo.n:HTCfI B no.n:ceTH 190.4.80.255, a .n:Hana30H npHeMJIeMbIX a.n:peCOB paBeH 190.4.80.1-190.4.80.254. to.e) A,u,pec 190.4.80.80 C MacKort 255.255.240.0 Haxo.n:HTCfI B nOJIceTH 190.4.80.0 C IlIH- pOKOBewaTeJIbHbIM a.u.peCOM 190.4.95.255, a .n:Hana30H a.n:peCOB Y3JIOB paBeH C 190.4.80.1 no 190.4.95.254. 11.r), .n:). e) IP-a.u.pec 190.4.80.80 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.128 (/25) Haxo.n:HTCfI B no.n:cent 190.4.80.0, IIIHpoKoBewaTeJlbHblH a.u.pec paBeH 190.4.80.127, a }:IHana30H a.u.pecoB y3- JIOB: C 190.4.80.1 no 190.4.80.126. 12.6) H r) '!TOGb] HaHTH npaBHJIbHbI1!: OTBeT, H}')KHO B npe.n:CTaBJIeHHbIX a.u.pecax HaHnt nnnrPTU lot IUHDOKOBell.l.aTj::JIbllbIH a.n:pec. EcnH JIyqeHHblH a.u.pec COBna,naeT C
npMnO>KeHMe A. OTBeTbl Ha KOHTpOnbHble BOnpOCbl 629 TeM, KOTOpblH npe.n:CTaBJIeH, TO 'lHTaTeJIb y6e.n:HJICfI B TOM, 'lTO 3anHCaH a.n:pec no.n:- CeTH HJlH llIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHblH a.n:pec. IP-a.n:pec 10.0.0.0 flBJIfleTCfI a.n:peCOM KJIaC- COBOH CeTH KJIacca A, T.e. OH T04HO 3ape3epBHpoBaH. A,u,pec 172.27.27.27 C MaCKOH 255.255.255.252 npH paC4eTaX .n:aeT no.n:CeTb 172.27.27.24 H ]:IHana30H 172.27.27.25- 172.27.27.26, a IIIHpoKoBewaTeJIbHblH - 172.27.27.27. 13. B), r),.n:) H e) B 3TOM 3a.n:aHHH a.n:peca nO]:lCeTeH Ha4HHalOTCfI C 180.1.0.0 (HYJIeBafi no.n:- ceTb) H ]:IaJIbWe HAyr B TaKOM nOpflAKe: 180.1.8.0, 180.1.16.0, 180.1.24.0 H T..n:. A,u,pec KaJKlI.OH cJIe]:lyJOIl{eH no.n:ceTH YBeJIH4HBaeTCfI Ha 8 B 'TpeTbeM OJcreTe, nOK3 He .n:OCTHr- HeT 3Ha'leHHfI 180.1.248.0 - IIIHpoKoBewaTeJIbHOH no.n:ceTH. 14.a) B 3TOM Bonpoce a.n:peca no.n:ceTefi Ha4HHalOTCfI C 180.1.0.0 (JIyJIeBafi nO]:lCeTb) H .n:aJIbllIe HAyr B TaKOM nOpflAKe: 180.1.1.0, 180.1.2.0, 180.1.3.0 H T..n:. A,u,pec KaJKlI.ofl cJIe.n:yJOweH no.n:CeTH YBeJIH4HBaeTCfI Ha 1 B 'TpeTbeM OJcreTe, nOK3 He .n:OCTHrHeT 3Ha- 4eHHfI 180.1.255.0 - IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHOH no.n:CeTH. rnaBa 13 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 1. 6) H ]:I) B MapIIIpyrH3aTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco eCTb BbIKJIlO'laTeJIb nHTaHJ.tH, B KOMMY- TaTopax - 06bl4HO HeT. 2. 6) H B) SOHO-MapIIIpyrH3aTOPbI npe.n:Ha3Ha4eHbI.lI.JIfi no.n:KJI104eHHfI nOJIb30B3TeJleH K ceTH I1HTepHeT, n03TOMY B HHX HCnOJIb3yeTcfI DHCP-KJIHeHT.lI.JIfi nOJ1yqeHJ.tfl IP- a.n:peca OT npoBafuI.epa YCJIYru. a cJIy)K6a DHCP-cepBepa Ha3Ha4aeT a.n:peca Y3JlaM B ceTH MaJIOro o<!>Hca. 3. a) 11 B MapIIIpyrH3aTopax, H B KOMMyraTopax HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI IP-a.n:peca, n03TOMY 06e KOMaHllbI ip address a.npec MaCKa H ip address dhcp MOryr HCnOJIb30- BaTbCfI B KOMMyraropax H MapIIIpyrH3aTopax. KOMaHJI,a interface vIan 1 BC'Tpe- 4aeTCfI TOJIbKO B KOMMyraTopax. 4. 6) H r) '-Iro6bI MapIIIpyrH3HpoBaTb naKeTbI, Y HHTep<!>eHca MapIIIpyrH3aTOpa ]:IOJUKeH 6bITb IP-a.n:pec Hero COCTOflHHe .n:OJDKHO 6bITb "up" H "up". B nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJ1bHblX K3Ha- JIax B JIa60paTopHOM CTeHlle, KOma He HCn0J1b3yJOTCfI MO.n:yJIH CSU/DSU, Ha O.n:HOM KOHlle K3HaJIa B HHTep<!>eHce .n:OJI)KHa CTOflTb KOMaHlla clock rate, KOTOpafl B .n:aHHOM c./I}"Iae 6y.n:eT 33.ll3BaTb CKOpOCTb JIJ.tHHH. KOMaH.LI.bI bandwidth J.t description He BJIHfllOT Ha pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb KaHaJIa. 5. B) ECJIH nepBblH KO.n: COCTOflHHfI HHTep<!>eHca paBeH "down", 3Ha'lHT ecrb np06JIeMa Ha ypOBHe I (HanpHMep, Ka6eJIb He nO]:lKJIlO'leH K HHTep<!>eHcy). 6. B) H .n:) 7. 6) H B) B MapIIIpyrH3arope IGnK.lI.blH pa604HH HHTep<!>eHC .n:OJ1)[(eH HMeTb IP-3.llpec, a B KOMMyraTope eCTb TOJIbKO O.n:HH a.n:pec, KOTOpblH HCnOJIb3yeTcfI cyry60.lI.Jlfl LlocTYna K YCTPOHCTBY. B .n:HaJIOre Ha'laJIbHoro KOH<!>HrypHpoBaHHfI YCTpOHCTBa TaKHM 06pa30M 33.LIalOTCfI HeMHoro OTJ1H4aIOWHeCfI napaMe'TpbI, B 4aCTHOCTH, ,l{JIfI MapIIIpyrH33Topa MO)[(HO YKa3aTb aApeca Bcex HHTep<!>eHcoB. 8. r) H e) np0l.{e.n:ypa Ha'laJIbHOH 3arpY3KH MapIIIpyrH3aTopa CHa'laJIa C4J.tTblBaeT 4 MJIaA- IIIHX 6HTa KOH<!>J.trypal.{J.toHHoro perucTpa, Ha3bIBaeMbiX 3arpY30'lHbIM nOJIeM, H npo-
30 4aCTb VI. npMnO>KeHMft BepfieT. eCTb nH B m06aJIbHort KOH$HrypaI.{HH KOMaH,l1bI boot system. .lJ.aHHble Ha- CTPOrtKH n03BonfilOT HH)KeHepy yx:a3bIBaTb, KaK)'lO onepaUHoHHYJO cucTeMY IOS cne- .n:yeT 3arp}')KaTb npu HHHUHaJIH3al.{HH YCTPortCTBa. a) .naBa 14 IHaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl a) H B) MaprnpYTH3aTOp ]:I06aBHT CTarn'lecKHrt MaprnpYT B Ta6nHI.{y MaprnpYTH3a1.{HH, ecnH BblXO]:lHOrt HHTepcpeHC pa60TaeT HJ1H HH$OpMaUHfi 0 cne.n:YJOweM TPaH3HTOM Y3- ne npaBHJ1bHa. a) I. a) H 6) I. .n:) H e) ). 6), r),]:I) H e) ). r),.n:)He) 7. a), r), .n:) H 3) KOH$HrypaUHfi COCTOHT H3 KOMaHJI, router rip, version 2, network 10.0.0.0 H network 11.0.0. O. KOMaHJI,a network Hcnonb3YeT B Ka4eCTBe napaMeTPa anpec KJIaCCoBort cern, a KOMaHJI,a version 2 H}')KHa .lIJIfi BKJIlO'leHHfI BTOpOH BepcHH npOTOKona RIP. MaprnpYTU3aTopy N22 He H}')KHa KOMaH- .n:a network 9.0.0.0, nOCKOJIbKY B KOH$HrypaI.{UH cne.n:yeT BBO.n:HTb KOMaHJI,y net- work TOJIbKO .lIJIJI. Tex ceTert, KOTopbIe nO]:lKJII04eHbI Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo K YCTPOrtcTBY. 8. a) B KOMaHJI,e network B Ka4eCTBe napaMeTPa HCnOJIb3YJOTCfI KJIaCCOBbIe anpeca ce- TeH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX Ha HHTep$ertcax MaprnpYTH3aTopa. B napaMeTPe .n:OJUKeH 6bITb yx:a3aH anpec ceTH nOJIHOCTblO, a He TonbKO ceTeBbIe OIcreTbI. 9. 6) 10.6) U B) B KBanpaTHbIX cK06Kax YX:a3aHO allMHHHCTpaTHBHoe paCCTOflHHe (nepBoe 4Hcno) npOTOKOJIa H MeTPHKa (BTopoe 'lHCno) MapIIIpYTa. C4eT'IHK BpeMeHH (00:00:13) yx:a- 3bIBaeT BpeMH, npOIIIe.n:IIIee OT nOCne]:lHero 06HOBneHHfI MapIIIpYTa. C4eT'IUK c6paCbI- BaeTCfI B 3Ha4eHHe 00:00:00 npH nOJIyqeHHH 06HOBJIeHHfI MapIIIPYTHOH HH$OpMaW1H. rnaBa 15 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl 1. B) H r) Aapeca, Ha'lUHalOIl{HeCfI C 225, flBJIflIOTCfI MHoroanpecaTHbIMH H OTHOCflTCfI K KJIaccy D, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, OHH He MOryT 6bITb Ha3Ha'leHbI HHrep$eHcaM. Anpec 10.43.53.63 C MacKort 255.255.255.192 - 3T0 rnupoKoBewaTeJIbHblH anpec nOllcenI 10.43.53.0 C MacKort 255.255.255.192. 2. 6) 3. B) CHMBOJI "3Be3110'lKH" ("*") OKOJIO coe.n:HHeHHfI C HOMepOM 2 yx:a3bIBaeT Ha nOCJIe.n:- Hee aKTI1BHOe coe.n:HHeHHe, B KOTopoe KOMaHlla resume nepeKJII04HT nOJIb30BaTeJUl. .........u UP VlCH"IJ'ITh nanaMeTDOB.
npMnO>KeHMe A. OTBeTbl Ha KOHTpOnbHble BOnpOCbl 631 4. a) H r) Y3JIbi B JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH HCnOJIb3yJOT npOTOKOJI ARP, 4T06bl HaHTI" MAC- anpeca B TOH }l(e caMOH no.n:ceTH. Y3eJI nK I C'lHTaeT, 4TO anpec 10.1.1.130 pa3MeweH B TOH)Ke caMOH no.n:ceTH, n03TOMY OH 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTb yx:a3aHHb1H MexaHH3M. nK3 He 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTb npOTOKOJI ARP llJIfi anpeca 10.1.1.10, nOCKOJIbKY ero no.n:ceTb H MaCKa paBHbl 10.1.1.128/25, a .n:Hana30H anpeCOB - 10.1.1.129-10.1.1.254. Y MapIIIpy- TH3aTOpa RI eCTb MapIIIpYT K no.n:cem 10.1.1.0/24 C .n:Hana30HOM 10.1.1.1-10.1.1.254, n03TOMY YC'TpOHCTBO 6y.n:eT HCnOJIb30BaTb npOTOKOJI ARP llJIfi 06Hap}')KeHHfI MAC- anpeca Y3JIa C I P-anpecoM 10.1.1.130. 5. a) TecTHpoBaHHe C nOMOIl{blO YTHJIHTbI ping cBoero c06CTBeHHoro anpeca He nOKa)KeT. pa60TaeT JIH JIOKaJlbHafi ceTb, nOCKOJIbKY naKeT 4epe3 ceTb He nepe.n:aeTCfI. He06xOllH- MO nepeCbmaTb ping-naKeTbl OT YCTpOHCTBa nKI 4epe3 CTaHllapTHbIH IIIJII03 (RI), 'IT06bI nOBepHTb pa6OTocnoc06HOCTb ceTH, no KpaHHeH Mepe Ha yqacTKe OT Y3JIa.n:0 lllJIlO3a. Eu.HHcTBeHHbIH OTBeT, B KOTOpOM yx:a3aHO, 'lTO naKeTbl 6y.n:YT npOXO,l{l1Tb HC- KOMbIfi yqacToK ceTH (Me)K,l{Y nKI H RI) - ping 10.1.1.1, .n:a}l(e HecMO'Tpfl Ha TO, 4TO TaKoe TeCTHpOBaHHe .n:aeT OTpHUaTeJIbHblH pe3YJIbTaT. 6. a), B) H.n:) KOMaHlla tracert B onepaUHOHHblX CHCTeMax KOMnaHl111 Microsoft H KO- MaH.n:a traceroute B onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMe Cio IOS BbIBOnl1T cnHCOK IP- anpeCOB npOMe04Hb1X MapllIpYTH3aTopOB H anpec Y3JIa-nOJIyqaTeJIfi. nepBoH Janl1- CblO B BbIBo.n:e KOMaHllbI 6y.n:eT anpec 6JIH}I(aHIIIero MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa K Y3JIY - IIIJII03a. 7. 6) H B) Y3eJI nKI I1CnOJIb3yeT npOTOKOJI ARP llJIfi 06HapY)KeHI1f1 MAC-anpeCOB Y3JI0B B TOM )Ke caMOM cerMeHTe ceTH. KOMnblOTepy nKl H}')KeH MAC-anpec CTaHllapTHoro lllJIlO3a, R I, a lllJI103Y, aHaJIOrH'lHO. H}')KHO 3HaTb MAC-anpec Y3JIa n K I. 8. a) H r) Y3JIbi HCnOJIb3YlOT npOTOKOJI ARP J])UI 06Hap}')KeHHfI MAC-a,apeCOB Y3JIOB B TOM )Ke caMOM cerMeHTe ceTH. TeM He MeHee Y3eJI TalOKe MO}l(eT Y3HaTb anpec H3 npH- IIIe.n:IIIero ARP-3anpoca. Y3eJI nKI OTnpaBHT IIIHpoKoBewaTeJIbHblH 3anpOC Ha IP- anpec 10.1.1.1 MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa R I, B pe3YJIbTaTe Y3eJI n K I Y3HaeT MAC-a,apec Map- IIIpYTH3aTopa, a MapllIpYTH3aTOp Y3HaeT anpec Y3JIa. AHaJlOrH'lHO, nOCKOJIbKY nepBbIH naKeT npHIIIeJI OT Y3JIa nKI K Y3JIY nK2, MapIIIpYTH3aTopy R2 H}')KHO onpe.n:eJIHTb MAC-a,apec nOCJIeJlHero C nOMOWblO npOTOKOJIa ARP, H OH OTnpaBHT 3anpoc. 1-13 Ta- KOro 3anpoca Y3eJI nK2 Y3HaeT MAC-anpec MapIIIpYTH3aTOpa R2, a MapIIIPYTH3aTOp Y3HaeT anpec Y3JIa nK2, n03ToMY YC'TpOHCTBY nK2 He HY}l(HO nepeCbmaTb IIIHpOKO- BewaTeJIbHblH ARP-3anpoc, 4T06bl Y3HaTb a,apec IIIJII03a. 9. a), B) H .n:) 8 IP-3aroJIoBKe YKa3aH anpec oTnpaBHTeJIfi 10.1.1.10, a anpec nOJIyqaTeJIfi 172.16.2.7 J])UI naKeTOB, nepe.n:aBaeMbIX B cxeMe ceTH CJIeBa HanpaBO. 8 OTBeTHblX ping- naKeTax 3TH a,apeca nOMeHflJIHCb MeCTaMH (T.e. B naKTax cnpaBa HaJleBO). MAC- 3.lI.peca Bcer.n:a onHCbIBalOT YCTpOHCTBa B .n:aHHOH JIOKaJIbHOH ceTH, TalOKe HY}l(HO nOM- HHTb, 4TO B npOTOKOJIe HOLC He HCnOJIb3YIOTCH MAC-anpeca. rnaBa 16 3HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke TeMbl rl1aBbl l. r) Mo.n:eMbl .n:eMonYJIl1pylOT aHaJIoroBbIH Cl1rHaJI H3 TeJIeOHHOH ceTH B UH<PPOBOH 11 npe.n:Ha3Ha'leHbI llJI5I .n:eKOlll1pOBaHI1f1 6HTOB. nepeCbIJIaeMblX MOlleMOM Ha .n:pyroM
......- 12 4aCTb VI. npMnO>KeHMft KOHue nUHHU. Cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, .n:eMO.n:YJUlUHfi npe.n:CTaBJIfieT c060ii npe06pa30BaHHe aHaJJoroBoro CHrHaJJa B UH$POBOrt, T.e. 6HTbI. a) 113 paCCMO'TpeHHblX B ::nort KHHre TeXHOJIOrHH }:Ioc1)'I1a K ceTH I1HTepHeT TOJIbKO Y DSL eCTb orpaHH'leHHe Ha ,lIJIHHY a60HeHTCKora KaHaJJa. r) MynbTHnJIeKCOp DSlAM pa3}:1eJIfleT, HJIH MYJIbTHnJIeKcHpyeT, rOJIOCoBort 'Tpa$HK H nOTOKH .n:aHHbIX, nepeHanpaBJIfleT ronocoBort nOTOK B ronocoBort KOMMYTaTOp, a no- TOKU }:IaHHbIX - B MapIIIpyTH3aTOp. a) H B) Ka6eJIbHafi TeXHOJIOrHfl .n:oc1)'I1a K I1HTepHeT nOMep)KHBaeT TOJIbKO aCHMMeT- pH'lHbIe CKOpOCTlt KaHaJJOB. 6) H B) a) MapIIIpyTH3aTOp BbIllOJIHJl.eT $YHKUHIO DHCP-cepBepa B nOKaJJbHort ceTH, a Ha era ItHTep$eiice IP-a.u.pec Ha3Ha'leH CTaTH'leCKH. YC'TpOHCTBO TalOKe BbIllOJIHfleT npe06pa- 30BaHHe NAT/PAT, 3aMeHfIfi IP-a.u.peca OTnpaBHTeJleii naKeTOB. MapIIIpyTH3aTOp He MO)KeT 6bITb DNS-cepBepOM, XOTfi ero DHCP-cJI}')IC6a nepe.n:aeT HH$OpMaUHIO 0 cep- Bepax pa3peIIIeHlUI HMeH KJIHeHTCKHM Y3JIaM. 6) H B) MaprnpyTH3aTOp BbIllOJIHJl.eT $YHKUHIO DHCP-cepBepa B JIOKaJJbHOrt ceTH H pa60TaeT KaK DHCP-KJIHeHT B HHTep$eiice, nO}:lKJII04eHHOM K npoBai1J1epy. OH BbI- nOJIHfleT npe06pa30BaHHe NAT/PAT, T.e. JaMeHfleT a.u.peca OTnpaBHTeJIert naKeTOB, HO He pa60TaeT KaK DNS-cepBep. 6) H B) B THnH'lHOii cxeMe no.n:KJIIO'leHItJl. MaprnpyTH3aTOp npe06pa3yeT a.u.peca (BbI- nOJIHfleT 'TpaHCJUlUHIO NAT/PAT), CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, cepBep nOJIyqHT naKeT C OTKpbI- TbIM MapIIIpyTH3HpyeMbIM a,n,peCOM, a He 'laCTHbIM - 10.1.1.1. KOMnblOTep BOCnOJIb- 3yeTcfI 06bI'IHoii cJI)')K60ii DNS, 'IT06bI onpe.n:eJIHTb IP-a,n,pec caifTa www.cisco.com. KOTOpblH npe.n:CTaBJIfieT c060ii TalOKe 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHblrt a.u.pec B ceTH I1HTepHeT. B TepMHHOJIOrHH NA T BHyrpeHHHii nOKaJJbHbIrt a.n:pec npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060H 'laCTHbIii a.u.pec BO BHyrpeHHeH ceTH, a BHyrpeHHHii rn06aJJbHbIii - OTKpbITblH a.u.pec B ceTH I1HTepHeT, B KOTOpblrt npe06pa3yJOTCfI a,n,peca OTnpaBHTeJIeii C nOMOIllblO TeXHOJIomii NATHJlH PAT. "naBa 17 :HaeTe 11M Bbl Y>Ke T8Mbi rl1aBbl a) KOMaH.ll:a encapsulation c6pacbIBaeT HHKancYJUlUHIO (Hac'TportKa KaHaJJbHora ypOBHfI). n03ToMY HO BBO.n:HTbTOJIbKO KOMaH.ll:Y encapsulation ppp. KOMaHAa clock rate HMeeT CMbICJI TOJIbKO B JIa60paTopHoM nO}:lKJII04eHUH YC'TpOHCTB (T.e. KOr}:la OHH coe.n:HHeHbI HanpflMyJO) H, eCJIIt KaHaJJ}')ICe pa6OTaeT, 3Ha'lHT, 'laCTOTa CHH- xpoHH3auHH JIHHHH }')ICe BBe.n:eHa. KOMaH.ll:a bandwidth He BJIHfleT Ha pa6ary KaHaJla. 6) npH na60paTopHoM nOCJIe}:lOBaTeJIbHOM nO}:ll<JIIO'leHHH YCTpoiicTB He06xo.n:UMO BBeCTH KOMaH.ll:Y clock rate B HHTep$ertce YC'TpoiicTBa, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJIIO'leH DCE-Ka6eJIb. ECJIH K MaprnpyTu3aTopy RI no.n:KJIIO'leH DTE-Ka6eJIb, TO K Maprnpyrn- JaTOPy R2 .n:OJUKeH 6blTb no.n:KJIIO'leH DCE-Ka6eJIb H KOMaH.ll:Y HO BBeCTH B Map- IIIpyTH3aTOpe R2. KOMaHlla bandwidth He BJIHfleT Ha pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb HHTep-
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CnMCOK TepMMHOB lOOOBASE-T - Cnel.{lt4>HKaUHfi IIIHpOKOnOJIOCHOM TeXHOJIOrHH Gigabit Ethernet co CKOpOCTbJO nepe.n:a'lH 1000 M6ltT/C, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3YIOTCfI 'leTbIpe napbl UTP-Ka6eJUI KareropltH 5 H MaKCHMaJIbHaH .lI)IHHa cerMeHTa COCTaBJIHeT 100 M (328 4>YTOB). 100BASE- TX - cneuH4>ltKaUHH Y3KOnOJIOCHOM TeXHOJIoruH Fast Ethernet co CKOpO- CTblO nepe.n:a'llt .n:aHHbIX 100 M6HT/C, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3yJOTcfI .n:m: napbI Ka6eJIfi UTP lIJIlt STP. nepBafi napa HCnOJIb3yeTCfI.lI)IfI npHeMa .n:aHHbIX, BTopaH - .lI)IfI nepe.n:a'lH. )],.rIfi HOpMaJIbHOH CltHXpOHH3al.{HH CHrHaJIa B 100 BAS E- TX coe.n:HHeHHe He .n:OJI)KHO npeBbl- IIIaTb 100 M (328 4>yroB). OnHcblBaeTcH CTaH.llapTOM IEEE 802.3. lOBASE- T - cneUlt4>ltKaUltfi Y3KOnOJIOCHOM TeXHOJIoruH Ethernet co CKOpOCTblO ne- pe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX 10 M6HT/C, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3yJOTCH .n:Be napbI Ka6eJIfi THna BHTafi napa (KaTeropHH 3, 4, 5): o.n:Ha napa - .1IJUl nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX, .n:pyrafl - .lIJ1H nplteMa. OHa flB- JIfleTCfI 'laCTblO CTaH.n:apTa IEEE 802.3: MaKCHMaJIbHafi .lIJ1ltHa cerMeHTa paBHa 100 M (328 <PYTOB). 802.lla - craH.llapT HHCTHTYTa IEEE .lI)IH 6ecnpooo.n:HbIX CeTeM C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM cneKTPa V-Nil, OFDM-Mo.n:YJIHUHeJl H CKOpOCTbJO.n:O 54 M6HT/C. 802. JIb - CTaH.llapT HHCTHTYTa IEEE .1IJUl 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX CeTeM C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM cneKTPa ISM, DSSS-MO.n:YJIflUHeM H CKOpOCTblO.n:O II M6HT/C. 802.llg - CTaH.llapT HHCTHTYTa IEEE .lI)IfI 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX CeTeM C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM cneKTPa ISM, DSSS-MO.n:YJIflI.{HeM H CKOpOCTblO.n:O 54 M6ltT/C. 802.lli - CTaH.llapT HHCTHTYTa IEEE 6e30nacHocTH B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTflX, BKJIIO- 'laIOIllHM B ce6f1 aYTeHTlt4>HKaI.{HIO H IIIlt4>poBaHHe. 802.lQ - CTaH.llapT HHCTHTYTa IEEE .lIJ1f1 MarucTpaJIbHblX KaHaJIOB (TpaHKoB) ceTeM VLAN. Anti-X - TepMHH, ItCnOJIb3yeMbIM KOMnaHHeM Cisco .1IJUl onHcaHHfI MHOruX cpe.n:cTB cereBOM 6e30nacHocTH, npe.n:oTBpaIllalOIllHx pa3JlH'lHbIe aTaKH, BKJIlO'lalOIllHX B ce6H aH- 'fHBHPYC, aHTH4>ltIIIHHr H aHTHcnaM. CDP-coceiJ (CDP neighbor) - YCTpOMCTBO Ha .n:pyrOM KOHue HeKoToporo TeJIeKOMMY- HI1KaI.{HOHHOro Ka6eJUI, paCCbIJIalOIllee CDP-naKeTbI. CIDR-3anucb. CM. nperjJUKCHaJl3anUCb. Cisco IDS (Internetwork Operating System, Cisco IDS - Me:HCCeme6aJ1 onepau,UOHHaJI cuc- tneMa Kopnopau,uu Cisco). nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe Me)l(CeTeBOM Onepal.{HOHHOM CHC- 'feMbI KopnopaUHH Cisco 06eCne'lHBaeT 4>YHKUltOHaJIbHOCTb, paCIIIHpfleMOCTb H 6e30nac- HOCTb Bcex annapaTHbIX npo.n:YKTOB. nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe xpaHHTCfI B BH,l{e 06pa3a
644 CnMCOK TepMMHOB BO FIash-naMHTH, 3arpy)KaeTCfI B OnepaTHBHyJO naMflTb YCTpoticTBa 11 06eCne'lHBaeT ero pa60T)' 11 BbmOnHeHl1e Bcex He06xo.n:HMbIX <PYHKUHti. DNS (Domain Name System) - CHCTeMa .n:OMeHHbIX I1MeH. CI1CTeMa, HCnOJIb3yeMM B ceTH H HTepHeT JI)IfI TpaHCJUIUHI1 HMeH Y3JI0B B CeTeBbIe a.n:peca. £1- I.{I1<PPOBOti KaHaJI nepe.n:a'lH .n:aHHbIX C nonOCOH 2,048 M6HT/C, COCTOflIllHH H3 32 no.n:KaHaJIOB no 64 K6I1T/C, 113 KOTOpblX O.n:I1H 3ape3epBHpOBaH JI)IfI <ppetiMHpoBaHHH H cny)Ke6HblX .n:aHHbIX. I1cnoJIb3YeTCfI B EBpone 11 flBJlfleTCfI aHaJIoroM aMepHKaHCKOro CTaH.llapTa TI. Flash-naMJlmb (flash memory) - Cnel.{I1aJIH311pOBaHHbIti THn naMfiTH EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory - 3neKTpoHHo-nepenporpaM- Ml1pyeMafi nOCTOflHHaH naMflTb), co.n:ep)l(I1MOe KOTOpOH MO)l(eT 6bITb CTepTO H nepe- nporpaMMHpoBaHo 3aHOBO. HH<p0pMaI.{Hfi B 3TOM Tl1ne naMflTI1 coxpaHfleTCfI npl1 BblKJ1lO- 4eHHOM nl1TaHI1I1, B Heti HeT .n:BI1)KyIllHXCfI MexaHH4eCKI1X 'laCTeH, 4TO YMeHblUaeT Bepo- HTHOCTb OTKa3a. lP-aopec - 3TO 32-6I1TOBbIH a.n:pec, Ha3Ha4aeMbIH Y3JIY npH I1CnOJIb30BaHHH npOTO- Kona TCP/IP. Ka)l(,lJ,bIH a.n:pec COCTOHT H3 HOMepa CeTI1, He06f13aTenbHoro HOMepa no.n:ce- TI1 11 HOMepa Y3JIa. Mpeca ceTH H nO}:lCeTI1 COBMeCTHO I1cnOJIb3YIOTCfI JI)IfI MaplUpYTH3a- I.{I1H, a a.n:pec Y3JIa Heo6xo.n:HM .ll1UI }:IOCTaBKH HH<popMaUHH onpe.n:eJIeHHOMY ceTeBOMY Y3lIY BHYTPH CeTI1 HJII1 no.n:ceTI1. MaCKa no.n:ceTH HCnOJIb3yeTcH JI)IfI H3BJ1e'lemUl H3 IP-a.n:peca I1H<popMaUI1H 0 ceTH 11 no.n:ceTH. L4PDU - 6nOK }:IaHHbIX, C<pOpMl1pOBaHHbIH npOTOKonOM ypOBHfI 4, co.n:ep)l(aIllI1H 3aroJIOBOK 4eTBepToro ypOBHfI H HHKanCYJIHpOBaHHbIe .n:aHHble BepXHI1X ypoBHeH, HO He I1H<popMal.{l1lO HI1)1(HI1X. LLC (Logical Link Control - nooYPo6eHb ynpa6AeHUJl AOi!u'teCKUM KaH(JJ/oM) - 3TO BepXHI1H 113 }:IBYX no.n:YPOBHeti KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI, onpe.n:eneHHbIX B CTaH.llaPTe IEEE. nO.n:ypOBeHb LLC OCYIlleCTBJlfleT KOHTponb olUI160K, ynpaBJIeHl1e nOTOKaMH, C03.n:aHl1eM <ppeMMOBI1 a.n:peCal.{HeH Ha MAC-ypoBHe. OCHOBHbIM npOTOKOJIOM LLC flBJUIeTCfI cne- 1.{11<pI1Kal.{l1f1 IEEE 802.2, KOTopaH onHCbIBaeT KaK Bapl1aHT CeTI1 C YCTaHoBKoH coe.n:HHe- HHfI, TaK 11 6e3 Hero. MAC (Media Access Control- noiJYPo6eHb ynpa6AeHUJl iJocmynoM K nepeiJalOw,eu cpe- iJe) - 3TO HIDKHHH 113 .n:BYX no.n:ypOBHeH KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI, onpe}:leneHHbIX cneUH<p I1 - Kal.{l1eti IEEE. MAC-no.n:ypoBeHb ynpaBJIfieT .n:ocrynoM K nepe.n:alOIlleH cpe.n:e, TaKI1M, KaK nepe.n:a'la MapKepa HJIH KOHKYpeHUI1f1 3a .n:ocryn. CM. TaIOKe LLC. MAC-aopec - 3TO CTaH.llapTI130BaHHbIti a.n:pec KaHaJIbHoro ypoBHH, He06xo.n:HMbIH Ka)l(,lJ,OMY YCTPOHCTBY, no.n:KJ1IO'leHHOMY K JIOKaJIbHOH CeTI1. Bce ycrpoticTBa I1cnonb3yJOT MAC-a.n:peca, 4T06bI HatiTI1 onpe.n:eneHHbIe YCTpoticTBa B CeTI1, a TaIOKe .ll1UI C03.n:aHI1H 11 06HOBJIeHHH Ta6nl11.{ KOMMYTaUl111 H CTpYKTYJ) .n:aHHbIX. ,llriI1Ha MAC-a.n:pecoB COCTaBJIHeT 6 6aHToB, KOHTponl1pYIOTCfI OHH HHCTHTYTOM HH)I(eHepOB no 3neKTpOTeXHI1Ke 11 3J1eK- TpOHI1Ke (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE). 3TOT Tl1n allpeca TaIOKe Ha3bIBalOT annapamHbIM aiJpecoM (hardware address), aopecoM MAC-YPo6HJl (MAC- layer address) H rjJu3u'tecKUM aiJpecoM (physical address). NVRAM (NonVolatile RAM - 3Hepi!OHe3a6UCUMaJl nl1MJlmb) - OnepaTI1BHOe 3anOMI1- HalOIllee ycrpOtiCTBO, co.n:ep)l(I1MOe KOToporo COXpaHfleTCfI npl1 OTKJIlO'leHHI1 nI1TaHI1f1. Ping (Packet Internet Groper - 3anpOC'tUK cemu I1HmepHem) - KOMaH.n:a, I1CnOJIb3yeMafI JI)IfI OTnpaBKH 3XO-3anpoca npOTOKOJIa ICMP H nOJIY'leHI1H Ha Hero OTBeTa. l.JacTo I1C- nonb3yeTcH B I P-ceTfiX JI)IfI npOBepKH HaJII14HfI CBfl3H C ceTeBblM YCTpOHCTBOM.
- CnMCOK TepMMHOB 645 RFC (Request For Comments) - cepHfI .n:OKYMeHTOB I ETF C onHcaHHflMH Ha60pa npo- TOKOJIOB MHrepHeT H JIOnOnHHTenbHoH I1H<p0pMaw1eH. HeKoTopbIe JIOKYMeHTbI RFC npHHSITbI COBeToM no apXI1TeKTYPe MHTepHeTa (Internet Architecture Board - lAB) KaK HHTepHeT-CTaHJIapTbI. EonbllIHHcTBO .n:0KYMeHTOB RFC onpeJIenSIIOT TaKHe npOTOKOJlbI, KaK Telnet 11 FrP, HO HeKOTopbIe HOCflT IOMOpl1CTI14eCKHH HJlH HCTOpH'leCKHH xapaKTep. .D.oKYMeHTbI RFC JIOCrynHbI Ha MHOfl1X Be6-Y3JIax. RJ-45 - 3TO pa3'beM, KOTOpbIM 06bI'lHO 3aKaH411BaeTCSI Ka6enb Tl1na BHTOH napbI B Ethemet-ceTI1. OH noxo)l( Ha Tene<poHHbIH pa3'beM RJ-II, KOTOpbIH O'leHb pacnpoC'rpaHeH B CiliA 11 EBpone. RJ-45 - 3T0 BOCbMI1KOHTaKTHbIH pa31>eM. ROMMON - COKpaIlleHHoe Ha3BaHHe pe)KHMa ROM Monitor, npe.n:CTaBJIfllOIllero co- 60H HH3KoypOBHeByJO onepaUI10HHyJO CI1CTeMY, 3arpaeMyJO MapllIPYTH3aTOpaMI1 KOM- naHHH Cisco B pe.n:KHX CJIy'IaSIX JI)IfI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHfI napOJIeH HJlI1 BOCCTaHOBJIeHI1f1 one- pal.{110HHOH CHCTeMbI IOS BO F1ash-naMSITI1. RxBoot - Bapl1aHT onepal.{110HHOH CI1CTeMbI Cisco IOS C orpaHl1'leHHbIMI1 <PYHKUI1f1- MI1, XpaHflIllI1HCfI B naMSITH ROM B CTapblX Mo.n:enSIX MapllIpYT"3aTOpOB. 3Ta BepCI1f1 CI1C- TeMbl I1cnOnb3yeTcfI pe.n:KO JI)IfI HeKOTopblX HI13KoypOBHeBbIX <PYHKUHH, Hanpl1Mep, 3a- rpY3KI1 HOBOH BepCHH CI1CTeMbI IOS BO F1ash-naMflTb HJlI1 BOCCTaHOBJIeHI1f1 CI1CTeMbI 113- 3a OTKa3a naMSITH. . Tl- UI1<PPOBOH KaHaJI nepella41111aHHbIX no pacnpen.eneHHOH CeTI1. B nl1Hl111 TI .n:aH- H1>1e nepe.n:aIOTCfI B <popMaTe OS-I co CKOpOCTbIO 1,544 M6IITjc B BHlle 24 OTJIenbHbIX nO}:l- KaHaJIOB no 64 K6IITjc (DSO) 11 ynpaBJISIlOwero KaHaJIaJl]UI CJIy)Ke6HbIXJIaHHbIX B 8 K6lITjc. Telco - 06wenpl1HSITOe aHrJIOSI3bI'lHOe COKpaweHHe OT CJIOB Tene<poHHaSI KOMnaHHfI Traceroute (W1U cOKpaw.eHHblu 6apuaHm trace) - nporpaMMa, KOTopaSI npOCne)l(HBaeT nYTb naKeTa .n:o nYHKTa Ha3Ha'leHI1H. McnOJIb3yeTcfI rJIaBHbIM ropa30M Jl]UI OTJIa.rr.KH npo- uecca MapllIpYTH3aUHH Me)K.ay Y3JIaMH. CYIlleCTByeT TaIOKe npOTOKOJI OTCJIe)KHBaHHfI, on- pe.n:eneHHbIH B RFC 1393. 3Ta nporpaMMa npl1CYTCTByeT BO MHornx Onepal.{HOHHbIX CHC- TeMax. Wi-Fi-AAbRHC (Wi-Fi Alliance) - OpraHI13al.{l1f1, C<pOpMl1pOBaHHafi MHO)l(eCTBOM KOM- naHHH, np0l13BOAflWHX 060py.n:oBaHl1e JI)IfI 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTeH (T.e. npOMblIIIJIeHHafi aCCOUl1aUI1f1), OCHOBHafi 3aAa4a KOTOpOH - C<pOpMl1pOBaTb pbIHOK COBMeCTHMbIX Me)l(,LJ,y CroOM YCTPOHCTB OT pa3HbIx npoH3Bo.n:l1reneH. 3Ta OpraHl13aUI1f1 3aHHMaeTCfI BbmycKoM CTaHJIap-roB 11 YCKopHeT npouecc CTaHJIapTI13aUI1H B Me)l(,LJ,YHapOJIHbIX opraHH3aUI1f1x. WLAN-ICJ/UeHm (WLAN client) - 6ecnpoBO.n:Hoe yC'rpoHcTBO, nblTalOIlleecSI no.n:KJ1IO- 'll1TbCSI K 6ecnpoBo.n:HOH ceru 'lepe3 TO'lKY JIocryna. A60HeHmcKuu KaH(JJ/ (local loop) - Tene<poHHafI nHHHSI HJlH TeneKOMMYHHKaUHOHHbID KaHaJI OT 060pYJIOBaHI1f1 a60HeHTa .n:o A TC onepaTopa MeCTHOH Tene<poHHoH CBfl3H. ABToHoMHaSI CI1CTeMa - 3TO OT.n:enbHaSI ceTb HJlH Ha60p ceTeH, HaXOAflIllHXCfI nOJI en.I1HbIM a.n:MHHl1cTpaTI1BHbIM KOHTpOJIeM KaKOH-nI160 KOMnaHI1I1, rocy.n:apcTBeHHoH op- raHl13al.{l1l1. BHYTPI1 aBTOHOMHOH CI1CTeMbI 06b14HO I1cnOJlb3yeTcSI npOTOKOJI MapIIIpYT"- 3aUHH BHYTPeHHero IIIJII03a (Interior Gateway Protocol- IGP). A6mOpU3al.(UJI (authorization) - B reXHOflOrl1f1X 6e30nacHocTI1 npoBepKa npaB onpeJIe- neHHOro nOJIb30BaTenfi HJlH YCTpoHcTBa. CM. AM. AdMuHucmpamu6Hoe paccmoRHue (Administrative Distance - AD) - 3TO Benl14HHa, xa- paKTepl13yJOIl{aSI Ha.n:e)l(HOCTb HCT04HHKa HH<popMaUHI1 0 MapllIpYT"3aUHH. 3Ta BeJII1'lH- Ha BbIpIDKaeTcfI 411cnOM B .n:l1ana30He OT 0 .n:o 255. l.J:eM 60nbIIIe ee 3Ha'leHl1e, TeM MeHee n.OBepHTenbHa nonY'leHHafi HH<p0pMauHfi. I I I II
- 646 CnMCOK TepMMHOB Aopec noocemu (subnet number W1U subnet address) - B npOTOKone IP v4 3TO 4eTbIpex- 6aHToBoe 4l1cno, 3anl1CbIBaeMoe B n.ecflTI14HOH <popMe C T04KaMI1 Me)l(JlY 6aHTaMI1, KOTo- poe Onl1CbIBaeT Bce a.n:peca B nOllceTI1. B 4HcnOBOM Bblpa)l(eHHI1 - 3TO Hal1MeHbllIl1H a.n:- pec B no.n:ceTI1, KOTOpbIH SIBnSIeTCfl 3ape3epBI1pOBaHHblM 11 He MO)l(eT 6bITb Ha3Ha4eH Y3JIY. Adpec Y3J/a (host address) - I P-a.n:pec. KOTOpblM npHCBOeH ceTeBOH KaPTe KOMnblOTepa. AHOHCbl MapUlpymu3au,uu (routing update) - 3TO c00611IeHI1f1, paCCbInaeMbIe Me)l(L{y MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaMI1 061>e.n:I1HeHHOH CeTI1, B KOTOpbIX co.n:ep)l(HTCSI I1H<popMalll1f1 0 n.OCTI1- )l(I1MOCTI1 ceTH 11 COOTBeTCTByJOlliafi Ol.{eHKa MapllIPYTa. 06HOBneHI1f1 MapIIIpYTH3aUHI1 06bI'lHO paCCbInalOTCSI C nOCTOflHHbIMH I1HTepBaJIaMI1, a TalOKe B cnY'lae H3MeHeHI1H B ce- TeBoH TOnOJIOnm. CM. Mi!H06eHHble U3MeHeHUJ/ (flash update). ApeHoo6aHHblu KaH(JJ/ (leased line) - pa3HOBI1.n:HOCTb nocne.n:OBaTenbHoro KaHaJIa CBfl3H Me)l(Jly.n:BYMfI T04KaMI1 6e3 KOMMYTalll1l1, 3ape3epBHpoBaHHaSI .ll1UI I1CKJII0411TenbHoro uc- nOJIb30BaHI1f1 3aKa3411KOM nOCTaBIllHKOM YCJlyru, 06bl4HO - MeCTHOH Tene<poHHoH KOM- naHueH. nOCKOJlbKY onepaTOp CBSI311 HJlU Tene<poHHafi KOMnaHI1f1 06bI4HO He BbUenfieT <pH3H4eCKI1H Ka6enb Me)l(JlY .n:BYMfI nnOIl{a.n:KaMI1, a npe.n:OCTaBlliIeT BI1PTYaJIbHbIH KaHaJI, CTOI1MOCTb TaKOH nl1HHH MO)KeT 6blTb HI1)Ke. ACUMMempU'iH{JJ/ U,UrjJp06{JJ/ a6oHeHmcKaJ/ AUHUJ/ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line- ADSi). O.n:Ha 113 4eTbipex TeXHOnOrl1H OSL, npe.n:Ha3Ha4eHHafi ,l{JIfi BbICOKOCKOpOCTHOH nepella4U .n:aHHbIX B HanpaBneHHI1 OCHOBHOro Tpa<pHKa (OT ueHTpaJIbHoro o<pl1ca K nonb- 30BaTeJIIO), a He B 06paTHOM HanpaBJIeHI1H. JII1HI1f1 AOSL <PYHKUI10HI1PyeT Ha paccTOSI- HHI1.n:O 18000 <PYTOB (548H MeTpOB) no O.n:I1HO'lHOH 3JIeKTpH4eCKoH BHTOH nape. ACUMMempuJ/ (asymmetric) - CBOHCTBO MHorux TeXHOJIOrl1H .n:ocTYIIa K CeTI1 I1HTep- HeT, B TOM 4Hcne 11 OSL, npe.n:nonaralOl.l{ee, 'lTO CKOpOCTb BXOAflIllero nOTOKa .n:aHHbIX HaMHoro 60JIbllIe, 'leM I1CXOAflllIero. ACUltXpOHHocmb (asynchronous) - OTCYTCTBHe BpeMeHHblX MeTOK B nOTOKe 6I1TOB. Ha npaKTHKe 06a KOHua KaHaJIa cornaCOBbIBalOT Olll1HaKOByJO CKOpOCTb nepe.n:a4H .n:aHHbIX, HO B .n:aJIbHeHllIeM no.n:CTpOHKa HJlI1 npOBepKa TOro <paKTa, 4TO CKOpoCTI1 nepen.a'lH He- MHOro OTJII14aIOTCfI, OTCYTCTByeT. TeM He MeHee, nOCKOJIbKY .n:aHHbIe nepeCbInalOTCfI no- 6I1TOBO, He60nbIIIaSI paCCI1HXpOHI13aUl1SI He flBJlfleTCfI np06J1eMOH. AymeHmurjJuKau,uJ/ (authentication) - B TeXHOJIorufiX 6e30nacHocTI1 npoBepKa HlleH- TU<pUKaTOpa nOnb30BaTeJlfl HJlI1 npouecca. CM. AM. AymeHmurjJUKau,UJ/, a6mopu3au,uJ/ U Y'iem (authentication, authorization, and accoun- ting - MA). npOH3HOCHTCfI KaK "triple an. C nOMOIl{blO aYTeHTI1<pI1KaUI1U HlleHTH<p"I.{I- PYIOT nonb30BaTenfi I1JII1 YCTpOttCTBO, aBTOpH3auml. onpe.n:eJlSIeT npaBa Ha BbInOJIHeHUe 4ero-JI1160 nOJIb30BaTeJleM, a yqeT 3anl1CbIBaeT HH<popMaUHIO 0 nOnbITKaX .n:ocTYna. Ea306blu Ha60p CAYJIC6 (basic service set - BSS) - 6ecnpoBo.n:Hafi ceTb C e.n:I1HCTBeHHO H T04KOH .n:OCTyna K CeTI1. EecKflacco6blU npomOKOA MapUlpymu3au,uu (classless routing protocol) - 60nee HOBbIH npOTOKOJl MapmpYTU3aUI1H, nepeCbInalOIl{HH B CBOI1X 06HOBJleHI1SIX Ta6nl11.{ MapllIPYT"3a- UI1I1 a.n:pec no.n:ceTI1 11 MacK)'_ TaKoH npoToKon MapIIIpYT"3aulU He Opl1eHTHpOBaH Ha KJIacc ceTH 11 no.n:.n:ep)KI1BaeT MaCKI1 VLSM 11 CYMMl1poBaHHe MapIIIpYTOB BPY'lHYIO. EflOK nodcemu (subnet part) - B no.n:ceTSIX a.n:pecHoro npocTpaHcTBa I Pv4 - O.n:Ha 113 Tpex 4aCTeH a.n:peca HnH MaCKI1 nOllCeTI1, YHI1KaJIbHblM o6pa30M HlleHTH<pHUHpyiOlliafi no.n:ceTI1 B paMKax KJIaCCOBOM ceTU. Epam)MaY3p (firewall) - OllHO HJlH 60Jlee ceTeBblX YCTpOHCTB, TaKI1X KaK MapIIIpYT"3a- TOpbl I1nl1 cepBepbI 1l0CTYTla. npellHa3Ha4eHHblX.ll1UI C0311aHHfI 6y<pepHoH 30HbI Me)l(JlY co-
,.. CnMCOK TepMMHOB 647 e,l{l1HeHHbIMH OTKpbITbIMI1 H 4aCTHbIMH CeTfiMU. ,l],JISI 06eCne4eHI1f1 6e30naCHOCTH 4aCT- HblX CeTeH B 6paHllMaY3pe I1CnOJIb3YIOTCfI CnHCKI1 ynpaBJIeHHfI .n:OCTYllOM 11 .n:pyrne MeTO.n:bI. EYAe60 "J1" (Boolean AND) - MaTeMaTH4eCKaSI onepaUI1f1 ,l{JIfi 0.n:H06I1TOBOro .n:BOI1'l- HOro 4I1CJIa. B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIY'laeTCfI 0.n:H06HToBoe 4UCJIO. 1 "H" 1 .n:aeT I, Bce OCTaJIb- HbIe KOM611HaUl111 6HTOB llalOT B pe3YJIbTaTe O. Be6-cep6ep (web server) - nporpaMMHoe 06eCne'leHHe, 3anYIlleHHoe B HeKoTopoM KOMnblOTepe, n03BOJUIIOIl{ee xpaHHTb Be6-C'rpaHI1UbI 11 nepe.n:aBaTb HX KJIUeHTcKoMY nporpaMMHOMY 06ecne4eHI11O - 6paY3epy. B3aUModeucm6ue Ha pa6Honpa6HOM yp06He (same-layer interaction) - KOMMYHI1KaUI1f1 Me)!(,L{y .n:BYMfI YCTpoHCTBaMI1 C I1CnOJlb30BaHl1eM ct>YHKUI1I1 onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO ypOBHfI CeTe- BOH Mo.n:eJII1. KOMMYHI1KaUI1SI npOI1Cxo.n:HT C HCnOJIb30BaHI1eM 3arOJIOBKOB KOHKpeTHoro YPOBHfI, HanpHMep, YCTPOHCTBO 3anOJIHfleT onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe nOJISI B 3aroJIOBKaX, nepeCbI- JIaeT 3aroJIOBKI1 H I1HKancYJIl1pOBaHHbIe .n:aHHbIe, a npl1HI1MalOIl{aSI CTopOHa I1HTepnpeTH- PyeT HHct>opMal.{l1lO B 3aroJIOBKaX 11 BbInOJIHfleT COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{l1e .n:eHCTBI1SI. B3auMoiJeucm6ue Ha CMe:JICHblX yp06HJlX (adjacent-layer interaction) - 06Il{I1H TepMI1H, onHCblBalOWI1H, KaK.n:Ba CMe)KHbIX ypOBHfI O.n:HOro KOMnblOTepa B3aI1Mo.n:eMcTBYIOT B paM- KaX ceTeBOH Mo.n:eJlI1. HmIUi!1H ypOBeHb npe.n:ocTaBJISIeT HeKoTopYlO CJIy)K6y BepXHeMY. BupmYaJIbHaR AOKaJlbHaR cemb (Virtual LAN VLAN) - rpynna YCTpOMCTB, npI1HM.JIe- )l(aWI1X O.n:HOH HJII1 HeCKOJIbKHM JIOKaJIbHblM ceTfiM 11 CKOHct>Hrypl1pOBaHHbIX TaKHM 06pa- 30M (npl1 nOM0I1.111 ynpaBJIfllOI1.1erO nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'leHHSI), 'lTO 06MeH .n:aHHbIMI1 Me)K.ay HHMU npOHcxo.n:HT TaK, KaK 6y.n:TO OHI1 no.n:KJIlO4eHbI K O.l!.HOMY Ka6eJIIO, XOTfi Ha caMOM .n:eJIe OHH HaXO,l{flTCfI B pa3HbIX cerMeHTax CeTI1 LAN. OOCKOJIbK)' CeTI1 VLAN oc- HOBaHbl Ha JIOrI14eCKOM, a He Ha ct>113I1'leCKOM coe.n:HHeHI1I1, OHH He06bI'laHHO rH6KH. BupmYaJIbHaR 'IaCmHaR cemb (Virtual Private Network - VPN) - 4aCTHafi ceTb, C03.n:a- BaeMafi B OTKpbITOH ceTeBOH I1Hct>paCTpYKTYPe, TaKoH, Hanpl1Mep, KaK m06aJIbHaSI ceTb HHTepHeT. B ceTfiX VPN naKeTbI WI1ct>PYIOTCfI, nOaTOMY 06eCne'll1BaeTCfI KOHct>I1.n:eHUH- aJIbHOCTb nepe.n:aBaeMbIX .n:aHHbIX, a OKOHe'lHbIe T04KI1 ceTU aYTeHTI1ct>I1UI1PYlOTCfI, 4TO 06ecne411BaeT I1X u.n:eHTH'lHOCTb. BupmYaJIbHblU KaHaJI (virtual circuit) - JIOrl14eCKHH KaHaJI, 06ecne4l1BalOIl{I1H Ha.n:e)l(- Hoe coe.n:HHeHl1e Me)K.ay .n:BYMSI ceTeBbIMI1 YCTpOHCTBaMH. BI1PTYaJIbHbIe KaHaJIbI npHMe- HSIIOTCfI B ceTfiX Frame Relay, X.25 H A TM 11 06eCne'll1BalOT Te )l(e caMble ct>YHKUI1I1, 4TO 11 Bbl.lleJIeHHaSI JIHHI1SI, HO 6e3 Bbl.lleJIeHHoro ct>H311'leCKoro coe.n:HHeHHSI. BumaR napa (twisted pair) - cpe.n:a nepe.n:a4U .n:aHHbIX, npe.n:CTaBJUIJOI1.1afl C060H .n:Ba CBHTbIX Me.n:HbIX npoBo.n:HI1Ka B llJIaCTHKOBOM 060JI04Ke 6e3 MeTaJIJIH3HpOBaHHoro 3Kpa- Ha. 3a C4eT TOro, 4TO npoBo.n:HHKH nepeKpY'leHbI, I1HTepct>epeHUHfi 11 nepeKpecTHbIe no- MeXI1 CYIl{eCTBeHHO YMeHbIIIaIOTCfI. Wl1pOKO I1CnOJIb3YeTCSI B pa3JII1'lHbiX ceTSIX. BHympeHHuu 2/106aJ1bHblU aopec (inside global) - 3TOT a.n:pec 3aMeHfleT cYIl{eCTBYIOWI1H a.n:pec B 3aroJIOBKaX naKeTOB, nepe.n:alOIllI1XCSI 113 JIOKaJIbHOH CeTI1 (T.e. H3-3a NA T -YCT- pOHCTBa) I1I1CnOJIb3YIOIl{I1MCfI,l{JISI MaprnpYT"3al.{ll TaKHX naKeTOB B rJI06aJIbHOH (OTKpbI- TOH) CeTI1 HHTepHeT. BHympeHHuu AOKaJlbHblU adpec (inside local) - a.n:pec B 3aroJIOBKaX naKeTOB, HaXOllfl- Il{HXCSI 3a NAT-ycTpoMcTBoM B JlOKaJIbHOH KopnopaTHBHoH (T.e. 4acTHoH) CeTl1 H nO,l{Jle- )l(aIl{I1H 3aMeHe npu nepe.n:a'le B OTKpbITYIO ceTb. BCnOMOi?ameAbHblu nopm (auxiliary port) - ct>u3H4ecKuM pa3"beM MapIIIpYTl13aTOpa, npe.n:Ha3Ha4eHHbIH,l{JIfi no.n:KJl104eHHfI Y.lIaJIeHHoro TepMI1HaJIa, Hanpl1Mep, KOMnblOTepa C 3anYIlleHHOM nporpaMMoH 3MYJIflUI1U TepMI1HaJIa, coe.l!.UHfllOIl{erocfI C MapIIIpYT"3aTOpOM 4epe3 Mo.n:eM.
-- -- 648 CnMCOK TepMMHOB BblCOIWYPo8He8blU npomoKoJ/ ynpa8J/eHUJ/ KaH{JJ/OM (High-Level Data Link Comrol- HDLC) - 6I1T-OpUeHTl1pOBaHHblti CI1HXpOHHbIti npOTOKon KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHfI, pa3pa- 60TaHHbiti OpraHI13aUl1eti ISO. OCHoBaH Ha npOTOKone SDLC H onpe.n:enfieT MeTO.n: I1H- Kancynfll.{HI1 JIaHHbIX B CI1HXPOHHbIX nocne.n:OBaTenbHbIX KaHaJIaX C nOMOI1.1blO CHMBOJIOB KaJJ:pl1pOBaHHSI 11 KOHTpOJIbHbIX CYMM. FOJ/08HOU Y3eJ/ (head end) - BbIIIIecToflIllHti Y3eJI a60HeHTcKoro KaHaJIa Ka6enbHoro TeJIeBlI,l{eHHSI ,l{JIfI.n:ocryna K CeTI1 HHTepHeT. l/,eKancYJ/RlI,UJI (decapsulation UJ/U oeuHKancYJ/JllI,uJI) - npouecc I1HTepnpeTaUl111 11 y.u.a- neHI1f1 3aronoBKoB HI1.>KHI1X ypoBHeti no Mepe npOllBI1.>KeHHfI 6JIOKa llaHHbIX CHI13Y BBepx no ypOBHflM B KOMnblOTepe. 3TOT npouecc Ha Ka)l()10M ypoBHe pacnaKoBbIBaeT Mo.n:ynb nepe.n:a'll1 .n:aHHbIX,l{JIfi BbIlliecToflIllero ypOBHSI. J!.U{JJ/Oi? Ha'l{JJ/bHou HacmpouKu (setup mode) - onUI1SI Onepal.{HOHHOH CHCTeMbI Cisco 10S B MapIIIpYTH3aTopax H KOMMYTaTopax, n03BOJIflIOIl{afI HaCTpOI1Tb 6a30BbIe napaMeTpbl ycrpoticTBa B pe:>KHMe I1HTepaKTHBHOrO .n:HaJIOra 11 C03.n:aTb <patin TeK)'Il.1eti H cTapToBOti KOH<pl1rypaUI1I1. J!.ucmaHlI,UOHHO-8eKmOpHfJlU npomOKOJ/ MapUlpymu3all,UU (distance vector routing protocol) OTHOCI1TCSI K KJ1accy aJIropHTMOB MapIIIpYTH3aUI1I1, nocne.n:OBaTenbHO aHaJIl13l1py!oIl{I1X nepeXOJIbI Ha MapIIIpYTe .ll1UI nOCTpoeHI1f1 CBfl3YlOIllero .n:epeBa KpaTllaHIIIero nYTH. B .n:I1C- TaHUI10HHO-BeKTopHbIX npoToKonax Tpe6yeTcSI, 'lT06bI Ka)K,l{bIH MapIIIpYT"3aTOp npl1 Ka- )I()10M 06HOBJIeHI1H MapIIIPYTH3aUHH paCCbIJIaJI nonHOCTblO CBOIO Ta6nHUY MapIIIpYTH3a- UI1H, HO TOJIbKO CBOI1M cocellfiM. AJIropl1TMbI .n:HCTaHUI10HHO-BeKTOpHoti MapIIIpYTH3a- UI1I1 no.n:Bep)l(eHbI np06JIeMe 06pa30BaHI1f1 KonbueBblX MapIIIpYTOB, o.n:HaKO B Bbl'lHCJIHTenbHOM OTHOIIIeHHH OHI1 npOIlle aJIrOpl1TMOB MapIIIpYTH3aUUI1 no COCTOflHl11O KaHaJIa. TalGte aJIrOpHTMbI TaIOKe Ha3bIBalOTCfI aJIrOpHTMaMI1 MapIIIpYTH3aUHI1 EennMa- Ha-<1>op.n:a (Bellman-Ford). J!.oMeH KOJ/J/U3UU (collision domain): B CeTfiX Ethernet - 06naCTb CeTH, B KOTOpOH pac- npocTpaHflIOTCfI CTonKHYBIIIueCfI H nOBpe)l()1eHHble <ppeHMbI. nOBTOpl1TenH 11 KOHueHTpa- TOpbI He OT<pHJIbTpOBblBaIOT TaKHe nOBpe)l()1eHHbIe <ppetiMbI, B TO BpeMfi KaK KOMMYTaTO- pbl nOKaJIbHbIX CeTeti LAN, MOCTbI H MaplllpYTH3aTOpbI HX He nponYCKalOT. J!.Y1lJleKCHaJi nepeoa'la (full. duplex) - 3T0 B03MO)KHOCTb o.n:HOBpeMeHHOH nepe.n:a'lH JIaHHbIX Me)l()1y OTnpaBJIfllOI1.1eti H npl1HI1MalOllieH CTaHUHSIMI1 B JIBYX HanpaBJIeHHSIX. Enable-pe:JICuM (enable mode) - npl1BHJIerl1pOBaHHblti pe.>KUM JIocTyI1a K HHTep<peHcy onepaUI10HHoti CI1CTeMbI Cisco lOS, B KOTOpOM nOJIb30BaTenb MO)l(eT BBO.n:HTb HaH60nee CJIO.>KHbIe U "onacHbIe" ,l{JIfi MapIIIPYT"3aTOpa I1nH KOMMYTaTopa KOMaHAbI, a TaIOKe BbI- nOnHflTb KOH<pHrypHpoBaHHe YCTpoticTBa. 3ai?PY30'lHOe nOJ/e (bootfield) - 4eTbIpe MJIaJJ:IIIHX 6HTa KOH<purypaUHoHHoro perl1cTpa MapIIIpYTI13aTOpa Cisco. 3Ha'leHI1e B 3arpY304HOM nOJIe yJ<a3blBaeT MapIIIPYTH3aTopy, U3 KaKoro HCT04HI1Ka 3arpaTb onepaUI10HHYlO CHCTeMY Cisco IOS. 3ape3ep8upo8aHHble nopmbl (well-known ports) onpe.n:eneHbI .n:OKYMeHTOM RFC 1700 U 3ape3epBHpoBaHbI 11 B npoToKone TCP, 11 B npOTOKone UDP. 3ape3epBHpoBaHHbIe nopTbI MOryr onpe.n:enflTb npHJIO)l(eHI1SI, BbmonHfleMbIe HaJJ: npOTOKOJIaMH TpaHcnopTHoro ypOBHfI. 3aw,uw,eHH{JJl 8UmaJi napa (Shielded Twisted Pair - STP) - THn Ka6enfl BHTOH napbI, B KOTOpoti Ka)K,l{afi napa I1MeeT CBOti 3KpaH, a BeCb Ka6enb 3aIl{I1IlleH 06I1.1HM 3KpaHOM. 3aw,uw,eHHblU 6ecnpo8oiJHOU oocmyn (Wi-Fi Protected Access - WPA) - MapKeTI1HrO- Boe I1MfI, npHCBoeHHoe Wi-Fi-AJIbSIHcoM cneUI1<pI1KaUI1f1M no 6e30nacHocTI1, KOTOpbIe IIDeLlUleCTBOBaJIH CTaHAapry IEEE 802.11 i.
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 649 3aU4uw,eHHblU 6ecnp060iJHou iJocmyn 6epcuu 2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 - WPA2)- MapKenmroBoe HMSI, npUCBoeHHoe Wi- Fi-ArIbflHcoM cneUl-Upl1Kal.{I1SIM no 6e30nacHocTI1, onucaHHbIM B CTaH.D.apTe IEEE 802.11 i. 36e3iJo06pa3HaR monOJlOUR (star topology) - Hal160JIee 'laCTO I1CnOJIb3yeMafi <p113114e- CKa51 TOnOJIOrHfI JIOKaJIbHbIX ceTeM Ethernet. CeTb co 3Be3.n:006pa3HoM TOnOJIOmeM HMeeT ueHTpaJIbHyJO T04K)' coe.n:HHeHI1M, KOTopaSI MO)l(eT 6bITb KOHueH'rpaTOpOM, KOMMYTaTO- pOM HJIH MapIllPYTI13aTOpOM; B 3TOM T04Ke CXOAATCSI Bce Ka6enbHbIe cerMeHTbI. HiJeHmurjJuKamop Ha60pa cJlYJIC6 (Service Set Identifier - SSID) - TeKCTOBafi cTpoKa, HCnOJIb3yeMaSI B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTSIx.n.nfl u.n:eHTH<pI1KaUI1I1 CeTI1. H30JlUp06aHue np06J1eMbl (problem isolation) - ::ITan npouecc nOI1CKa 11 YCTpaHeHI1f1 Hel1CnpaBHocTeM, Ha KOTOpOM CeTeBOM I1HJKeHep nblTaeTCfI Bbmenl1Tb OCHOBHbIe npl1'll1- HbI OTKa3a. HMnYJlbcHo-KoiJo6aJl MOiJYJlRl{UR (Pulse Code Modulation - nKM) - nepe.n:a'la aHaJIO- mBOM I1H<popMaUHH B I.{I1<PPOBOM <POp Me nocpe.n:CTBOM .n:I1CKpeTH3aUHH H npe06pa30Ba- HHSI B KO.n:bI C <pI1KCl1pOBaHHbIM 'lHCnOM 6UTOB. AHaJIoroBbIM ronOCOBOM nOTOK Ko.n:l1pyeT- CSI B UH<PPOBOM C nponycKHoM cnoc06HoCTbIO 64 K6HT/C 3a C4eT I1CnOnb30BaHI1f1 8 6HTOB .n.nfl YPoBHeH CHrnaJIa H BbI60PKI1 B 8000 pa3 B ceKYHAY. HHKancYJlRl{UR (encapsulation) - ynaKoBKa .n:aHHbIX B 3aroJIOBOK HeKoToporo KOH- KpeTHoro npOTOKOJIa. Hanpl1Mep, .n:aHHbIe npOTOKonOB BbICOKOro ypOBHfI nepe,D, nepe.n:a- 'leH nOMeIllalOTCfI B 3aronoBoK Ethernet. AHaJIOrl1'lHbIM 06pa30M npH coe.n:HHeHI1H no- cpe.n:CTBOM MOCTOB pa3Hopo.n:HbIX CeTeM BeCb <ppeMM H3 On.HOH CeTI1 MO)l(eT 6bITb nOMeIl{eH nOCJIe 3aronoBKa, I1cnOnb3yeMoro npOTOKonOM KaHaJIbHoro ypOBHSI .n:pyrOH ceTH. HHcmumym IEEE (HHcmumym UHJlCeHep06 no 3J1eKmpOmeXHUKe u 3J1eKmpOHUKe - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) - 3TO npo<peCCl10HaJIbHaSI OpraHH3aUHfI, n.e5lTeJIbHOCTb KOTOpOM BKJIlO'laeT B ce6SI pa3pa60TK)' KOMMYHHKaUHOHHbIX H ceTeBblX CTaH.D.apToB. CTaH.D.a)ITbI.n.nfl LAN-ceTeM, pa3pa6OTaHHbIe J.1HCTHTYTOM IEEE, B HaCTOfl- uree BpeMfi HBJIfllOTCH npe06na.u.alOIl{I1MI1 npl1 npOeKTHpOBaHI1H H 3KCllJIyaTaUHH ceTeM. HHmeprjJeuc 6a3060U CKopocmu (Basic Rate Inteiface - BRI). J.1HTep<peHc CeTH ISDN, COCTOflIl{I1M H3.n:BYX B-KaHaJIOB (no 64 K6I1T/C) 11 O.n:HOro D-KaHaJIa (16 K6I1T/C) B ceTH C KOMMYTal.{HeM KaHaJIOB.n.nfl nepe.n:a'll1 ronoca H BHlleO,D,aHHbIX. HHmeprjJeuc iJocmyna (access inteiface) - TepMI1H, OTHOCflIllI1MCfI K .n:113aMHY nOKaJIb- HbIX ceTeH; Onl1CblBaeT I1HTep<peiic KOMMYTaTopa, K KOTOPOMY no.n:KJ1IO'leHbI YCTpOMCTBa KOHe4HbIX nOnb30BaTeneM. HHmeprjJeuc KOMaHiJHou cmpOKU (Command-Line Inteiface - CLI) - HHTep<peMc, KOTO- PbIH n03BOJIfieT nOJIb30BaTenfiM B3aHMo.n:eMcTBoBaTb C onepaUHoHHoii cHCTeMoH nocpe.n:- CTBOM BBO,D,a cneUUaJII13UpOBaHHbIx KOMaH,l{ H HX apryMeHTOB. HHmeprjJeuc OCH06HOU cKopocmu (Primary Rate Inteiface - PRI) - HHTepcpeiic cern ISDN .ll1UI .n:ocTYIIa Ha OCHOBHOH CKOpOCTH nepe.n:a'lH. )].ocTYII Ha OCHOBHOii CKOpOCTH no OllHOMY D-KaHaJIY co CKOpOCTblO 64 K6HT/C llJIlOC 23 (TI) HJII1 30 (EI) B-KaHaJIOB.n.nfl nepe.n:a'l11 roJIoca HJIH .n:aHHblX. HCnpa6J1eHUe OWU60K (error recovery) - npouecc, n03BOnSIIOIl{I1M 06Hap}')KHTb, 4TO n.aHHbIe 6bIJIH nepe.n:aHbl C oIlll16KaMI1 H OTBe'lalOIl{I1M 3a nOBTopHyJO nepeCbIJIK)' He.n:oc- TalOIl{UX HJII1 OIIII1604HbIX 6noKoB. HCmO'iHUK CUHXpoHu3al{UU (clock source) - YCTPOHCTBO, C KOTOpbIM .n:pyrHe YCTpoMcTBa B JII1HI1U CI1HXpOHI13HPYIOT CBOIO CKOpOCTb B CI1HXPOHHbIX nI1HHflX. KaH{JJ/ iJocmyna (access link). B TeXHonorUH Frame Relay - <pu3I1'leCKHH nocne.n:OBa- TenbHblM KaHaJI, coe.n:I1HflIOIIIHH DTE-ycTpoMcTBo cpe.n:bI Frame Relay, 06bI4HO MapIIIPY-
650 CnMCOK TepMMHOB TI13aTOp, C Frame RelaY-KOMMYTaTOpoM. B TaKOM KaHaJIe I1CnOJlb3yJOTCfI Te )l(e caMbIe CTaHAapTbl <p113H4eCKoro ypOBHSI, 4TO H B .n:BYXTO'le'lHbIX Bbl,l{eJIeHHblX JII1HI1f1X. IVzacco8oR cemb (classful network) - ceTb KJIacca A, B I1JIU C npOTOKOJIa I Pv4: Ha3blBa- eTCfI KJIaCCOBOM nOTOMY, 'lTO n01l4HHfleTCSI npaBHJIaM KJIaCCOBOM a.n:pecaUHH. KAacco8blU npomoKoJ/ MapUlpymu3au,uu (classful routing protocol) - npOTOKOJI, He nepe- .n:alOIl{I1M MacKY no.n:ceTH B 06HOBJIeHI1f1X COBMeCTHO C a.n:peCOM no.n:CeTl1 11, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIb- HO, Opl1eHTI1PYIOIl{I1MCfI Ha KJIaCC CeTI1 - A, B HJlH C. He no.n:.n:ep)!(UBaeT MaCKI1 VLSM. KooeK (codec, Kooep-oeKooep - coder-decoder) - YCT)JOMCTBO B BH,l{e I1HTerpaJIbHOM cxeMbI .lI.JIfi npe06pa30BaHH5I aHaJIOrOBbIX CHrHaJIOB B I.{H<PPOBOM nOTOK 6HTOB 11 06paT- HOro npe06pa30BaHI1f1 UI1<PPOBbIX CHrHaJIOB B aHaJIoroBbIe CHrHaJIbl. 06bI4HO npl1 nOMO- Il{H KO.n:oBO-I1MnYJIbCHOH MO.n:YJISII.{HH. KOMMymamop (switch) - YCT)JOMCTBO, coe.n:mrnlOII.1ee cerMeHTbI JIOKaJIbHOH CeTI1 LAN 11 HCnOJIb3yJOIl{ee Ta6JII1UY MAC-a.n:peCOB.lI.JIfi onpe.n:eJIeHI1f1 cerMeHTOB. B KOTopbIe CJIellY- eT nepeCJIaTb <ppeMMbI. TaKOH npHHUl1n pa60Tbi n03BOJIfieT CYIlleCTBeHHO YMeHbIlIUTb 061>eM HeueJIeco06pa3Ho paCCbIJIaeMbIX .n:aHHbIX. KOMMYTaTOpbl pa60TalOT C ropa3.n:0 60JlbIlII1MI1 CKOpOCTSIMI1, 4eM MOCTbI. KOMMYTaTopbI pa60TalOT Ha KaHaJIbHOM ypOBHe 3TaJIOHHOM MOlleJIH OSI. KOMMymau,uR KaHOJ/08 (circuit switching) npenCTaBJISIeT C060M TeXHOJIOrHlO, B KOTOpOM BO BpeMfi ceaHca CBSI311 .n:OJDKeH CYIlleCTBOBaTb <pH3114ecKHM KaHaJI Me)l()1y OTnpaBHTeJIeM 11 nOJIY'laTeJIeM. Wl1pOKO HCnOJIb3yeTcSI B ceTfIX TeJIe<p0HHbIX KOMnaHHM. C TeXHOJIOrU'le- CKOM TO'lKU 3peHH5I KOMMYTaUHIO KaHaJIOB MO)I(HO paCCMaT)JHBaTb KaK npOTI1BOnOJIO)l(- HOCTb KOMMYTaUHH naKeTOB U C006Il{eHHM. a C TO'lKH 3peHHfI MeTo.n:OB .n:oC'ryna - KaK npOTHBOnOJIO)I(HOCTb MeTO.n:y KOHKypeHUl111 11 nepe.n:a411 MapKepOB. npl1MepOM CeTeBOM TeXHOJIOrHl1 C KOMMYTaUl1eM KaHaJIOB flBJIfleTCSI ISDN. KOMMymau,uR naKem08 (packet switching) npe.n:CTaBJISIeT C060H cereBYIO TeXHOJlOrl1lO. B KOTOpOH pa3HbIe Y3JIbI 06MeHI1BalOTCSI .n:pyr C .n:pyrOM naKeTaMI1 llaHHblX no O.n:HOMY pa3- .n:eJIfieMoMY KaHaJIY CBfl311. KOMMymupyeMoR cemb Ethernet (switched Ethernet) - Ethemet-ceTb. B KOTOpOM I1C- nOJIb3yeTcfI KOMMYTaTOp, HO He KOHl.{eHTpaTOp. n03TOMY YCT)JOHCTBa B CeTI1 He KOHKypI1- pyJOT 3a cpe.n:y nepella'lH .n:aHHbIX H ee nOJIOcy nponYCKaHUSI. 3TOT TepMI1H SIBJlfleTCfI aH- TOHI1MOM TepMI1Ha pa30eJ/ReMOR cemb Ethernet, KOTOpbIM npe.n:nOJIaraeT HCnOJIb30BaHl1e CeTI1 B TaKOM pe:>KHMe, 'lTO YCT)JOnCTBa KOHKypHpyJOT 3a cpe.uy nepe.n:a4H 11 nOJIOcy npo- nYCKaHHSI. KOMMYTHPyeMbIM Bapl1aHT CeTI1 n03BOJIfleT Hal160JIee OnTHMaJIbHO I1CnOJIb30- BaTb nOJIOcy nponYCKaHHSI H <paKTI1'leCKI1 Bbl,l{eJIHTb CBOIO c06cTBeHHYIO nOJIOcy Ka)l()J,OMY YCT)JOMCTBY. KOH8epi?eHu,uR (convergence) - 3TO cnoc06HOCTb rpynnbI YCTPOMCTB 061>e.n:uHeHHoM ceTH, I1CnOJIb3YIOIl{HX KOHKpeTHbIH npOTOKOJI MapIIIpYT"3aUHI, comaCOBaTb .n:Pyr C .n:PY- roM I1H<popMaUI1IO 0 TOnOJIOrl111 CeTI1 nOCJIe TOro, KaK B HeM np0I130IIIJII1 H3MeHeHI1f1. Tpe6yeMOe.ll.Jlfl 3Toro BpeMSI onpe.n:eJISIeT CKOpOCTb KOHBepreHUHI1. KOHe'/HOe 06opyoo8aHue J/UHUU nepeoa'iU oaHHblX (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment- DeE) - 3mo YCT)JOHCTBO. I1CnOJIb3yeMOe.ll.Jlfl KOHBepTl1pOBaHHSI .n:aHHbIX nOJIb30BaTeJIflI13 UH<PPOBOro <popMaTa DTE B <POPMY. npl1eMJleMYlO .lI.JIfi 060Py.n:oBaHI1SI cJIy)K6 pacnpe.n: e - JIeHHOM CCTU. KOHCOJ/bHblU nopm (console port) - <pH3114ecKHM pa31>eM B MapIIIpYTI13aTOpe I1JII1 KOM- MYTaTope. K KOTOPOMY Ka6eJIeM MO)l(eT 6bITb nOllKJIlO4eH KOMnbIOTep. 3TOT nopT HCnOJIb- 3yeTcfI llJISI .n:ocT)'na K HHTep<peiky KOMaHJlHOM CTpOKH YCTpOHCTBa 11 ero KOH<purypl1pO- BaHl110 C nOMOIl{blO nporpaMM 3MYJlflUI111 TepMI1HaJIa.
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 651 KOHrjJUi?ypau,uoHHbIU pei?ucmp (configuration register) - 16-6I1TOBbIM KOH<purypuPyeMbIH napaMeTP B MaprnpYTH3aTopax KOMnaHHI1 Cisco, KOTOpbIM OnpelleJIfleT, KaK pa60TaeT MapIIIpYTH3aTOp B npouecce I1HI1Ul1aJJI13aUI1I1. 3Ha4eHHe perl1cTPa YCTaHaBJIHBaercSi nporpaMMHbIMU cpellCTBaMI1 B IIIecTHa.n:uaTepu4HoH CI1CTeMe C nOMOIIIblO cneUHaJJU3U- pOBaHHbIX KOMaHll. KOHu,eHmpamop (hub) - 06Il{aSi T04Ka coe.n:I1HeHI1H YCTPOttcTB ceTH. 06bI4HO KOHueH- TPaTopbI HCnOJIb3yJOTCSJ: .lI.JISJ: no.n:coe.n:HHeHI1f1 K JIOKaJJbHOM CeTI1 OT.n:eJIbHbIX cerMeHTOB. KOHUeHTPaTOp MO)l(eT I1MeTb HeCKOJIbKO nopTOB. Kor.n:a Ha O.n:HH 113 HI1X nOCTYllaeT na- Ke-r, OH KonHpyeTCSJ: H HanpaBJIfleTCSJ: Ha Bee OCTaJJbHble nopTbI KOHl.{eHTpaTopa, n03TOMY TaKO" naKeT nOCTYllaeT BO Bce cerMeHTbI LAN-ceTI1. JIa6uHHaR paCCbIJlIW (flooding) npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060M cnoc06 nepella'll1 .n:aHHbIX, npHMe- HfieMbIM KOMMYTaTopaMH 11 MOCTaMH, npl1 HCnOJIb30BaHI1I1 KOTOpOro .n:aHHbIe, nOJIY'leH- Hble Ha HeKOTopOM I1HTep<peMce, paCCblJlalOTCfI 4epe3 Bce I1HTep<peMcbI YCTpoMcTBa, 3a HCKJ1104eHl1eM TOro, Ha KOTOpOM OHU 6bUTH nepBoHa4aJJbHo nOJIY'leHbl. JIOi?U'ieCKUU aopec (logical address) - 06Il{I1M TepMI1H, 0603Ha4alOIl{UH a.n:peca ceTe- Boro ypOBHSJ: H npOTOKOJIOB TpeTbero ypOBHSJ:. OH He 3aBI1CI1T OT HI1)KHI1X YPOBHei1 U 3a- 'lacTYIO npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIfleTCfI a.n:pecaM KaHaJJbHOro ypOBHSJ:, Ha3bIBaeMbIX <p113U4eCKHMH, nOCKOJIbJ<y nOCJIe.n:HHe 3aBI1CflT OT I1CnOJIb3yeMoM TeXHOJIOrl1H <pU3114ecKoro YPOBHSJ:. Mai?UCmp(JJlbHbIU uHmeprjJeuc (trunk inteiface) - <pu3H4ecKoe 11 JlOrU4eCKoe coe.n:uHe- HHe Me)K.ay llBYMfI KOMMYTaTopaMI1, no KOTOPOMY nepe.n:aeTCSJ: ceTeBOM Tpa<pI1K. B COBpe- MeHHbIX KOMMYTaTopax I1CnOJlb3yJOTCfI MaruCTPaJJbHbIe COellI1HeHI1f1 CTaHllapTOB 802.1 Q HJIH ISL. Mapwpymu3upyeMbiu npOmOKOJl (routed protocol) - npOTOKOJI, OTBe'lalOI1.1HM 3a nepe.n:a- 'ly.n:aHHbIX, HanpHMep, AppleTalk, DECnet HJII1IP. MacKa noocemu (subnet mask) - 32-pa3pflllHaSi MaCKa a.n:peca, I1cnOJIb3yeMaSi IP- npOTOKOJIOM .lI.JIfi OnI1CaHI1f1 611TOB ce-reBOM 11 Y3JIOBOH 'laCTI1 B a.n:pece nOllceTH. Ce-reBoH 4aCTI1 a.n:peca COOTBeTCTByJOT llBOl1'lHbIe I B MaCKe, Y3JIOBOM - O. MacKa noiJcemu nepeMeHHOU OJlUHbl (Variable-Length Subnet Mask - VLSM) - B03MO)l(- HOCTb 3a,llaBaTb pa3JlH'IHbIe MaCIGt DJlSI O.n:HOMI1 TOH )l(e ce'm KIlacca A, B HJII1 C B pa3JI114Hb1X no.n:CeTfIX. VLSM n03BOJUIeT OllTHMI1311poBan .n:OCIyJlHoe a.n:pecHoe npOCll'aHCTBo. Me:HCoYHapooHaR Opi?aHu3au,uR no cmaHoapmu3au,uu (International Organization for Standardization - ISO) - Me)l(,!l.YHapo.n:Hafi aCCOUHal.{HSI Hal.{HOHaJJbHbIX OpraHH3aUUH no CTaHllapTU3aUI1H, 06eCne'lHBalOIllaSI pa3pa60TKy 11 nO.lI,1Jep)f(J()' fJI06aJJbHbIX CTaH.n:ap- TOB B c<pepe KOMMYHHKaUHM H 06MeHa HH<popMaUHeM. ISO pa3pa60TaJJa nonYJIflpHyJO 3TaJJOHHylO Mo.n:eJIb B3aHMo.n:eMCTBI1f1 OTKpbITbIX CHCTeM OSI. Me:HCKOMMymamopHblu KaH(JJl (Inter-Switch Link - ISL) - c06cTBeHHblM npOTOKOJl KOMnaHHH Cisco, KOTOpbIM coxpaHfleT I1H<popMauHIO BI1PTYaJJbHOM LAN npl1 06MeHe TP a <pI1KOM Me)l(,!l.y KOMMYTaTopaMI1 11 MapIIIpYT"3aTOpaMI. Memoo CKOJlb3RUJ,ei?O OKHa (sliding window) - MeTO.n: ynpaBJIeHI1S1 nOTOKOM, npH KOTO- POM npHeMHI1K llaeT OTnpaBUTeJIIO pa3peIIIeHI1e Ha nepeCblJlJ<y .n:aHHbIX .n:o 3anOJlHeHI1f1 OKHa. Kor.n:a OKHO 3anOJIHfleTCfI, OTnpaBUTeJIb npeKpaIl{aeT nepe.n:a4Y .n:o Tex nop, nOKa nOJIY'laTeJIb He 061>flBI1T 0 paCIIIupeHUU OKHa. 3TOT MeTO.n: ynpaBJIeHUfi nOTOKOM UCnOJIb- 3ye-rCfI B TCP 11 .n:pyrl1X TpaHcnop-rHblX npOTOKOJlaX, a TaIOKe B HeKOTopblX npOTOKOJIaX KaHaJJbHOro ypOBHSI. MempUKa (metric) - 3TO 4HCJIOBOe 3Ha4eHHe, Bblpa6aTbIBaeMoe KaKJ1M-JIH60 aJJro- PHTMOM DJlfI KIDKllOro MapIIIPYTa B CeTI1. 06bl4HO 4eM MeHbIIIe MeTpHKa, TeM npe.n:nO'lTH- TeJIbHee MapIIIpYT.
--..... 652 CnMCOK TepMMHOB MexaHu3M C030aHUJ/ noiJcemeu (subnetting) - MeTO.n: .n:eJIeHUfi nOJIHOrO a.n:peca JII06oro H3 KJlaCCOB Ha 60JIee MeJIKHe 'laCTU. 3TOT MeXaHH3M n03BOJIHJI H36e)l(aTb nOJIHoro HC'lep- naHHfI.n:OC'fYIIHbIX IP-a.n:pecoB (BepCI-IM 4). MUKpoceZMeHmal.(UJ/ (microsegmentation) n03BOJIfieT C03}:1aBaTh B JIOKaJIbHOM ceTH 'laCT- HbIe HJlH BhmeJIeHHbIe cerMeHTbI, B KOTOpbIX Ha Ka)l(}:lbIM CerMeHT npuxo.n:HTCfI TOJIbKO o.n:- Ha pa6o'lafl CTaHUHSI. B 3TOM CJIyqae Ka)l(}:laSI CTaHUHfi nOJIyqaeT MrHOBeHHbIM .n:OC'fYII Ko BceM nOJIoce nponYCKaHI1f1, H eM He npHXo.n:HTCfI KOHICYPHpOBaTh C .n:PyrHMH 3a .n:OC'fYI1 K .n:OC'fYIIHOM nOJIOce nponYCKaHHfI. MH020M0006biU onmo6oJ/oKOHHbiU Ka6eJ/b (Multimode Fiber- MMfiber) - MHOrOMO}:lO- BbIM OnTOBOJIOKOHHbIM Ka6eJIb. OnTOBOJIOKOHHbIM HOCHTeJIb, B KOTOpOM CBeT pacnpo- crpaHfleTcfI B HeCKOJIbKHX Mo.n:ax 3a C'leT TOro, 'lTO .n:HaMe1p ero 60JIbIIIe H nyqoK CBeTa MO)l(eT BXO}:lHTh no.n: pa3HbIMH ymaMH. nOJIOCa nponYCKaHUfi TaKoro Ka6eJIfi MeHbIIIe, 'leM Y O,l{HOMo.n:OBoro, HO B HeM 06bI'lHO HCnOJIb3yJOTCfI 60JIee .n:eIIIeBbIe HCTO'lHHKH CBeTOBbIX HMnYJIbCOB - CBeTo.n:110,l{HbIe H3JIyqaTeJIH, a He JIa3epbI. MHO:HCeCm6eHHbiU oocmyn c o6HapY:HCeHUeM KOJ/J/U3UU (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect - CSMAjCD) npe.n:cTaBJIfieT C060M MexaHH3M .n:oc'fYIIa K cpe.n:e ne- pe.n:a'lu, npl1 HCnOJIb30BaHHH KOToporo YCTpoMcTBa, roToBbIe K nepe.n:a'le .n:aHHbIx, npe.n:- BapHTeJIbHO npOCJIyuIHBalOT KaHaJI ,l{JISI BbIflCHeHHfI, He 3aHflT JII1 OH. ECJII1 B Te'leHHe 3a- .n:aHHoro npOMe)I(yTKa BpeMeHH KaHaJI He 3aHflT, Ha'lHHaeTCfI nepe.n:a'la. ECJIH }:IBa YClpOM- CTBa Ha'll1HalOT nepe.n:aqy O,l{HOBpeMeHHO, npOHCXO.llHT KOJIJIH3HH, KOTopmI pemC1pHpyeTcH BceMU yqaCTByJOIllHMH B KOJIJIH3HH YCTpoMcTBaMH. TaKafi KOJIJIH3UfI BbI- 3bIBaeT Y YC1pOMCTB 3a.n:ep)l(l0' nOBTopHOM nepe.n:a'lH B Te'leHHe HeKoToporo CJIy'IaMHbIM o6pa30M BbI6HpaeMoro npOMe)I(yTKa BpeMeHH. MeTO.n: .n:ocTYna CSMAjCD UCnOJIb3yeTCfI B ceTfIX cneuu<pHKaUHM Ethernet H IEEE 802.3. MHO:HCeCm6eHHbiu oocmyn c npeoom6paw,eHueM KOJ/J/U3UU (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance - CSMA/CA) npe.n:CTaBJIfieT C060M MexaHH3M .n:oc'fYIIa K cpe.n:e nepe.n:a'lu, npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH KOTOporo ycrpoMcTBa cTapalOTcfI H36e)KaTb KOJIJII1311M 3a C'leT HCnOJIb30BaHHfI CneUHaJIbHoro cppeMMa. TaKoM MeTO.n: .n:oc'fYIIa K cpe.n:e HCnOJIb3yeT- CfI B 6ecnpoBo.n:HbIX ceTSIX. MOiJeM (MooYJ/f1mop-oeMoOyJ/f1mop - modulator-demodulator, modem) - 3TO YC1pOMCT- 00, npeo6pa3yJOII.1ee UH<ppoBbIe CHrHaJIbI B aHaJIoroBbIe H Hao60poT. Ha CTaHUHI1- oTnpaBHTeJIe Mo.n:eM npeo6pa3yeT UH<ppoBbIe CHrHaJIbI B <poPMY, cooTBeTcTBYIOIllyJO Ka- HaJIaM aHaJIoroBoM CBH3H. B nYHKTe Ha3Ha'leHHfI aHaJIOrOBbIe CHrHaJIbI npeo6pa3yJOTcfI B UH<PPOByJO <POPMY. Mo.n:eMbI n03BOJIflIOT nepe.n:aBaTb HH<p0pMaUHIO no 06bI'lHblM TeJIe- <pOHHbIM JIHHHflM. MOOYJ/b iJaHHbLX npomOKOJ/a (Protocol Data Unit - PDU) - TepMHH B Mo.n:eJIH OSI, onHcblBalOIllHM crpynnHpoBaHHYIO onpe.n:eJIeHHbIM o6pa30M HH<popMaUHIO KaKoro-JI1160 KOHKpeTHoro ypOBHfI Mo.n:eJIH. 06bI'lHO a66peBHaTYPoM LxPDU 0603Ha4alOT MO.n:YJIb ypOBHfI x (Layer x). MOOYJ/b 06CJ/Y:HCU6aHUJ/ KaHaJ/a/MooYJ/b o6pa6omKu oaHHbLX (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit - CSU/DSU) - YC1pOMCTBO, pa60TalOIl{ee co CTaH,l{apl"aMH nepBoro YPOBHfI B nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIX KaHaJIaX, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMOe onepaTopOM CBfl3H H onpe.n:eJISIIOII.1ee, KaK TeJIeKOMMYH"KaUI0HHOe o6oPy.n:oBaHHe 6y.n:eT B3aHMo.n:eMcTBoBaTb C nOCJIe.n:OBa- TeJIbHbIM nopTOM MapIIIpYT"3aTopa. Hanpa6J/eHHbiu UJupoKo6ew,ame.nbHbiu aopec (directed broadcast address). CM. UJupOK06e- w,ameJ/bHblu aopec noiJcemu.
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 653 HenOAHOC6Jl3HQf/ monoJ/Oi!UJl (partial-mesh topology) - B CeTH C TaKoH TOnOnOrl1eH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, OAHO YC1pOHCTBO HMeeT HeCKonbKO COeAI1HeHHH C APyruMI1 ycrpoHcTBa- MH ceTH, O,l{HaKO npH 3TOM ceTb He 06JIa.n:aeT nOJIHOCBfl3HOH C1pYKTYPOH. BMecTe C TeM HenOJIHOCBfl3Hafi TOnOJIOrHfI 06eCne'll1BaeT onpeAeneHHbIH ypoBeHb 1136blTO'lHOCTH 3a C'leT HaJIH'lHfl HeCKOJIbKHX aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX MaprnpyTOB. He3KpaHUp08aHHQf/ 6UmQf/ napa (Unshielded Twisted Pair- UTP) - cpeAa nepeAa'IH AaH- HbIX, npeACTaBJUlIOIllafi C060H 'leTbIpe napbI CBHTbIX Me,l{HbIX npOBO)J.HHKOB B nJIaCTHKOBOH o6oJIo'lKe 6e3 MeTaJIJIH311pOBaHHoro 3Iq)aHa. IIIHpoKo HCnOJIb3yeTcfI B pa3JlH'IHbIX CeTfIX. HOMep nopma (port number) - nOJIe B TCP- HJIH UDP-3aroJIOBKe, HAeHTH<pI1l1pyJO- I.l{ee npHJIO)l(eHl1e, KOTopoe nepeCbIJIaeT (nopT OTnpaBI1TenH) HJlH npHHHMaeT (nopT no- JIy'IaTellil) nOTOK CerMeHTOB AaHHbIX. HYAe6{JJl noocemb (zero subnet) - 3TO nOACeTb B KJIaCCOBOH CeTH IPv4, B KOTOpOH B a.n:- pece nOAceTH CTOfiT .lI.BOH'lHbIe O. B AeCflTl1'lHOM BHAe HYJIeBaH nO.ll.CeTb MO)l(eT 6bITb JIerKO HAeHT"<pHHpoBaHa, nOCKOJIbKY ee a.n:pec COBna.n:aeT C a.n:pecoM ceTH. 06HapY:HCeHUe OUJU60K (error detection) - npoecc onpeAeneHHfI, 6bm JIH <ppeHM Ka- HaJIbHOrO ypOBHH H3MeHeH B npoecce nepeAa'lH. .llJIH BbInOJIHeHHfI 3TOH 3a.n:a'lH 06bI'lHO HCnOJIb3yeTcH KOH1pOJIbHaH CYMMa <ppeHMa (Frame Check Sequence - FCS) B KOHeBH- Ke <ppeJI:Ma. 06opyoo6aHue ICJ/UeHma (Customer Premises Equipment - CPE) - OKOHe'lHOe 060PYAO- BaHHe: TepMHHaJIbI, Tene<p0HbI, MOAeMbI H Ln., YCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIe TeJIe<pOHHOH KOMna- HHeH Y KJIHeHTa H nOAKJII04eHHble K ceTH TeJIe<pOHHOH KOMnaHI1H. 06pa3 IOS (IOS Image) - <paitn, COAep)l(aIllHH onepaHoHHYIO CI1CTeMY IOS. 06w,ecm6eHHQf/ meJ/erjJoHHo-me.rzei!parjJHQf/ KOMnaHUR (Post, Telephone and Telegraph- PTT) - KOMMep'leCKafi KOMnaHI1H HnH npaBI1TenbCTBeHHaH OpraHI13aI1f1. 06eCne'lH- BalOI.l{afi TeJIe<poHHoe 06cny)KHBaHHe. OTAeneHHfI PTT CYIlleCTBYIOT BO Bcex C1paHax H 06eCne'lHBalOT MeCTHyJO H Me)K.l{yfopoAHYJO TeJIe<poHHyJO CBfI3b. OOHoaopeCamHfJiU rjJpeuM c HeU36ecmHbiM nOAY'lame.rzeM (unknown unicast frame) - 3TO Ethernet-<ppeHM, MAC-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfl KOTOpOro OTCyTCTBYeT B Ta6JIHe KOMMyTaHH (Ta6JIHe MAC-a.n:pecoB) KOMMyTaTopa, n03TOMy YC1pOHCTBO AOJDKHO pa30cnaTb ero C HCnOnb30BaHHeM JIaBHHHOro MexaHH3Ma. OOHOM0006oe onm060J/OKHO (single-mode) - pa3HOBHAHOCTb OnTH'leCKoro BOJIOKHa, C TOHKHM CepAe'lHHKOM, B KOTOpbIH JIyq CBeTa MO)l(eT BXOAHTb nOA OAHHM onpeAeneHHbIM yrnOM. npOnYCKHaH cnoc06HoCTb TaKoro BOJIOKHa HaMHoro 60JIbrne, 'leM Y MHoroMOAo- BOro, HO MH nepeAa4H AaHHbIX Hy)KeH HCTO'lHHK C Y3KHM cneKTpoM CHrHaJIa. Hanpl1Mep JIa3ep. OKHO (window) - KOnH'leCTBO 6HTOB, KOTopble MOryT 6bITb nepecnaHbI 6e3 nOATBep- )l()],eHHfI. OnepamU6HQf/ nl1MJlmb (Random-Access Memory - RAM) - 3TO naMflTb, KOTopaH <PYHKI..HOHHPyeT TOJIbKO npH BKJIlO'leHHOM mnaHHH, ee COAep)I(HMOe MO)l(eT 3anHCbIBaTb- CfI H C'lHTblBaTbCfI MHKponpoeccopOM. OpmOi!OH(JJ/bHoe '1aCmOmHO MYAbmunneKcup06aHue (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing - OFDM) - MeTOA KOAl1pOBaHHH .n:aHHbIX B 6ecnpoBOAHbIX ceTHX, n03BO- JIflIOI.l{HH AOCTH4b 60JIee BbICOKHX CKopocTeH nepeAa'lH AaHHbIX, 'leM KOAHpOBaHl1e FHSS HJlH DSSS. OCH06HQf/ npU'lUHa (root cause) - CTaHAapTHbIH TepMHH B nOHCKe H yC'rpaHeHHI1 He- HcnpaBHocTeH, onHcbIBalOIllHH npH'lHHY Hepa60Tocnoc06HoCTH 'lero-nH60. OCHOBHafi
---...... 654 CnMCOK TepMMHOB 3a.n:a'la ceTeBoro HH)f(eHepa - HaHTH H YCTPaHHTb TaKYIO npH'lHHY, B pe3YJlbTaTe np06J1e- Ma 6YAeT HJlH pelIIeHa HJlH nepefuIeT B APYrylO np06J1eMY. OmKa3 e o6CJ1YJICueaHuu (DoS - denial-oJ-service) npeACTaBJlfleT C060H THn ceTeBoH aTaKH, npH3BaHHoH 3a6J10lGtpOBaTb ceTb, 3aBaJJI1B ee nOTOKOM 6eCnOJle3HOrO TPa<}:mKa. OmKJlIo'teH U3-3a OUJU6KU (error disabled) - cneUHaJJbHoe COCTOSlHHe HHTep<peHca B KOMMYTaTope JlOKaJJbHOH ceTH, B KOTOpoe OH nepexoAHT 113-3a pa3J1H'lHbIX HapYlIIeHHH pe)KHMa 6e30naCHOCTH. OmKpblmaJ/ KOMMymupyeMaJ/ mellerjJoHHaJ/ cemb (Public Switched Telephone Network - PSTN) - 06mee 0603Ha'leHHe TeJle<p0HHbIX ceTeH H cJIy)K6, B OTJlH'lHe OT rJI06aJJbHbiX KOMnblOTepHblX ceTeH. I1Hor.n:a I1CnOJlb3yeTcfI a66peBHarypa POTS. OmKpblmblu IP-adpec (public IP address) - a.n:pec, flBJUIIOIllHHCfI 'laCTblO 3aperucTpHpo- BaHHoH ceTH HJIH llHana30Ha ceTeH perHOHaJJbHoro areHTCTBa UeHTPa no npl1CBOeHHIO HO- MepOB I1HTepHeT (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - IANA). TaKoH a.n:pec MO)f(eT HC- nOJlb30BaTb TOJlbKO opraHH3auHfI, 3aperucTPHpOBaBIIIaSi ero Ha ce6f1, H MapIIIpYTH3aTOpbI B I1HTepHeT 6yllYT 3HaTb MapIIIpYTbI K OTKpbITblM 3aperucTPHpoBaHHbiM I P-a.n:pecaM. fIaKem (packet) - JlOrH'leCKH crpynnHpoBaHHaSi HH<popMauHfI, COCTOflIllafi H3 3aro- JlOBKa, COllep)f(aIllero ynpaBJlSlIOIllYIO HH<popMauHIO, H (KaK npaBHJlo) AaHHblX nOJlb30Ba- TeJlfl. lJaIlle Bcero naKeTaMH Ha3bIBalOT 6J10KI1 llaHHbIX ceTeBoro ypOBHfI. Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHHX 3TaJJOHHOH MOAeJIH OSI 11 B pa3HbIX 06J1aCTSIX TeXHHKH D.J1S1 onHcaHHfI Jloru'le- CKOro rpynnl1pOBaHI1f1 HH<popMaUI1H HCnOJlb3yJOTCfI TepMHHbl deUmai!pOMMa, rjJpeuM, co- 06w,eHue H Cei!MeHm. fIepeda'ta i!Olloca no cemu IP (Voice over IP- VoIP) - n03BOJIfleT MaplIIpYTH3aTopy nepeJIaBaTb no 061>eAHHeHHbIM IP-ceTfiM roJlOCOBOH TPa<pI1K (HanpHMep, TeJle<poHHbIe neperoBopbI HJIH <paKcHMHJlbHbIe co06IlleHHfI) C TeMH )Ke <PYHKUHflMI1, Ha.n:e)KHOCTblO H Ka'leCTBOM, 'lTO H no TeJle<poHHoH JlHHHH. nepeKpeW,eHHblU Ka6ellb (crossover cable} - aTO Ka6eJlb, B KOTOpOM nepeKpeIlleHa napa, D.J1f1 Toro 'lT06bI npaBHJIbHO nOAaTb, nepeAaTb H nOJl}"'lHTb CHrHaJJbl Me)K,l{Y OAHOTHnHbIMH YCTPOHCTBaMH. B ceTfiX IOBASE- T H 100 BAS E- TX npOBOAa KOHTaKTOB I H 2 nO,l{l<JIIO'le- HbI K KOHTaKTaM 3 H 6 Ha ApyrOM KOHue Ka6eJlfl, a 3 H 6, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BeJIYT K KOH- TaKTaM 1 H 2 Ha APyroM KOHue Ka6eJlfl. fIepecbiJlIw iJaHHblX (forwarding) - npouecc nepeAa'lH <ppeHMa K nOJl}"'laTeJlIO C OJIHOro HHTep<peHca YCTPOHCTBa Ha JIpyrOH. fIo6umoeoe 6Ylleeo "If" (bitwise Boolean AND) - onepaUHSI JIOIWfecKoro "11" D.J1f1ABYX 'IHCeJI oAHHaKoBoH D.J1I1HbI, BbIllOJlHHeMaSi CHa'IaJJa D.J1f1 nepBoro 6HTa 'lI1CJla, nOTOM D.J1f1 BToporo, nOTOM D.J1f1 TPeTbero H T.A. fIoiJcemb (subnet) - HeKoTopaSi 'laCTb ceTH KJlacc A, B HJlH C, Bbl,l{eJleHHafI ceTeBbIM HH)KeHepoM. C nOMOIllblO nOAceTeH MO)KHO C3KOHOMHTb a.n:pecHoe npocTpaHcTBo H C03- AaTb rpynnbI IP-a.n:pecoB. fI03umueHoe noiJmeepJICiJeHue u noemopHaJ/ nepeiJa'ta (Positive Acknowledgment and Retransmission - PAR) - 06Illee Ha3BaHHe MexaHH3MOB 06Hapy)f(eHHSI 11 HCnpaBJleHHSI OIIII160K BO MHorHX npOTOKOJlaX, HanpHMep B TCP. nOJIy'IaTeJlb 1l0Jl)f(eH nepeCJlaTb nOJI- TBep)K,l{eHHe 0 TOM, 'lTO llaHHble 6bIJIH ycneIIIHo nOJlyqeHbI (n03HTHBHoe nOATBep)Klle- Hl1e) HJII1, eCJlH nOllTBep)KlleHHe He nOJl}"'leHO, OTnpaBHTeJlb 6YAeT nepeCbIJIaTb AaHHbIe nOBTopHO (nOBTOpHaSi nepella'la). fIolle muna npomoKolla (protocol type field) - nOJle B 3aroJlOBKe <ppeHMa B JlOKaJJbHOH ceTH, HJIeHTH<pHUHPYlOlIIee CJIellYlOlIIHH 3a HHM 3aroJlOBOK BepxHero ypOBHfI. BKJllO'laeT
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 655 B ce6H nOJIe DIX Ethernet Type, nOJIe CTaHna(ITa IEEE 802.2 DSAP H nOJIe Hma npOTO- KOJIa SNAP. llo/1Hoc6R3HWl mon0/10i!UR (full mesh) - BapHaHT TOnOJIOrHH ceTH. B KOTOpOM Bce YCT- pOMcTBa coellHHeHbI co BceMH H MOryT HanpHMYIO B3aHMolleMCTBoBaTb. llo/1yiJYn/leKcHWl nepeiJa'ta (half duplex) npellCTaBJIfieT C060M B03MO)KHOCTb nepella'll1 JIaHHbIX Me)f(.l{y nepeJIaIOIlleM H npHHHMalOweM CTaHUHHMH B Ka)!(}:lbIM KOHKpeTHbIM MO- MeHT BpeMeHH TOJIbKO B OllHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. llo/1b3oeame/1bcKuu pe:JICUM (user mode) - pe)KHM HHTep<peMca KOMaHllHoM CTpOKH MapwpYTH3aTopa lIJIH KOMMYTaTopa, B KOTOpOM nOJlb30BaTeJlb MO)KeT BBOllHTb KOMaHnbI. He BJIHflIOIllHe Ha pa6ary YCTpOMCTBa, 06bI'lHO npOCMaTpHBaTb TeK)'lllee COCTOHHHe CJly)K6 H nopToB, HO He MO)KeT HaCTJ)aHBaTb YCTpOMCTBO. llopm (port). B IP-TepMHHoJlOrHH npellCTaBJlSleT C060M npouecc BepxHera ypOBHH. KO- TOpbIM npHHHMaeT llaHHbIe OT HH)l(HHX ypoBHeit. nOpTbI HYMepYJOTCSI H npHBH3bIBalOTCfI K KOHKpeTHbIM npoueccaM. HanpHMep. npOTOKOJl SN M P npHnHcaH K nopT}' C HOMepOM 25. HOMep nopTa TaKora THna Ha3bIBaeTCH 3ape3epeupoeaHHbLM nopmOM, W1U aiJpecoM. lloCJleiJoeame.nbHblu Ka6e/1b (serial cable) - pa3HOBHllHOCTb Ka6eJISI. B KOTOpOM HC- nOJIb3yxm;H pa3HbIe HHTep<peMCbI,l{JIfI nOllKJIlO'leHHfI K MO.n:yJlIO lIJIH YCTpOMCTBY CSU/DSU BbLlleJleHHOM JlHHHH. llocmoRHHoe 3anoMuHalOw,ee ycmpoucm6o (Read-Only Memory - ROM). THn KOMnblO- TepHoM naMflTH, B KOTOPOM llaHHbIe npeJIBapHTeJIbHO 3anHCaHbI. nperjJUKCHWl3anUCb (prefIX notation) - KpaTKHM <popMaT 3anHCH MaCKH nOllceTH, B KO- TOpOM yJ<.a3blBaeTCH TOJlbKO KOJIH'leCTBO ellHHH'lHbIX 6HTOB B MaCKe nocJle KOCOM 'IepTbl. HanpHMep, 124 onHCblBaeT MacK}' C 24 ellHHH'lHbIMH 6HTaMH, T.e. MacK}' ceTH KJIaCca C. 3a'laCTyIO KOJlH'leCTBO eAHHH'lHbIX 6HTOB B MaCKe ceTH Ha3bIBalOT D.JlHHOM npe<pHKca. llpWlO:JICeHUe iJ/1R ynpa6/1eHUR 6e30naCHocmbIO MapUJpymu3amopo6 KOMnaHUU Cisco (Router Security Device Manager) - Be6-HHTep<peMc D.JlSl ynpaBJleHHSI MapIIIPYTH3aTOpoM, KOTOpbIM n03BOJlfleT KOH<pHrypHpoBaTb H MOHHTOpHTb <PYHKUHH MapIIIpyrH3aTopa. B TOM 'lHCJle, HanpHMep. CJlY)f(6bI DHCP H NAT/PAT. llpo3pa'tHblu Mocm (transparent bridge) - TaK Ha3blBaeTCfI YCTPOMCTBO. KOTopoe 6b1J1o npeAIIIeCTBeHHHKOM COBpeMeHHbIX KOMMYTaTopOB JlOKaJJbHbIX ceTeM. MOCTbl nepeCblJla- lOT <ppeHMbI Me)!(}:ly cerMeHTaMH JlOKaJJbHOM ceTH Ha OCHOBaHHH MAC-anpeca nOJlY'laTe- JIfI, KaK H KOMMYTaTopbI, a np03pa'lHblMH HX Ha3bIBalOT nOTOMY. 'lTO HX npHcyrcTBl1e B ceTH He3aMerno D.Jlfl OKOHe'lHbIX ycrpOHCTB. llpomoKo/1 Frame Relay - CTaHAa(ITHbIM npOTOKOJl KOMMyrHpyeMoM nepeAa'lH llaH- HbIX KaHaJJbHora ypOBHfI, KOTOpbIH ynpaBJlfleT HeCKOJlbKHMH BHpT}'aJJbHbIMH KaHaJJaMH Me)!(}:lY nOAKJIlO'leHHbIMH YCTpoMcTBaMH C nOMOWblO HDLC-I1HKancYJlflI.{HH. OH 60JIee 3<p<peKTHBeH, 'leM X.25, H 06bI'lHO paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI KaK era 3aMeHa. llpomoKo/1 HTTP- npOTOKOJl nepeAa'lH rHnepTeKCTa (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). npOTOKOJl, HCnOJlb3yeMbIM Be6-6paY3epaMH H Be6-cepBepaMH D.JlH nepeAa'l11 <pafuIoB. Ha- npl1Mep, TeKCTOBblX H rpa<pI1'1eCKHx. llpomoKo/1 Secure Shell (SSH) - npOTOKOJl ypOBHH nplIJlO)f(eHHM TCP/IP. n03BOJlfllO- WHM 3MYJlHpOBaTb TepMHHaJJbHoe nOAKJIlO'leHHe K cepoepy H HCnOJlb3YIOWI1M 11I1HaMH'le- CKHM 06MeH KJIIO'IaMH H IIIH<ppoBaHHe, 'ITo6bI 06eCne'lHTb 6e30naCHOCTb coenHHeHHSI. llpomoKo/1 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol- npOmOKO/1 ynpa6/1eHUR nepeda'teu) - npOTOKOJl TpaHcno(ITHora ypOBHSI C YCTaHOBJIeHl1eM coeAHHeHHH, KOTOpblH 06eCne'lHBa- eT Hane)I(HYIO nynJIeKCH}'JO nepella'lY. n pOTOKOJl TCP OTHOCI1TCH K CTeKY TCP II P.
... 656 CnMCOK TepMMHOB flpomoKoA UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - npOTOKOJI nepe.LIa'lH nOJIbJOBaTeJIbCKHX AeHTarpaMM. OH flBJUleTCfI npOTOKOJIOM TPaHcnO(JTHoro ypOBHH 6e3 YCTaHOBJIeHHfI CO- eJIHHeHHfI H3 rpynnbI npOTOKOJIOB TCP/IP. UDP - ::ITO npOCTOH npOTOKOJI, KOTOpbIH 06eCne'lHBaeT 06MeH JIeiharpaMMaMH 6e3 nO.LITBep)K,l{eHHH HJIH rapaHTHH JIOCTaBKH, TPe- 6YfI, 'lT06bl 06pa6OTK}' OUJH60K H nOBTopHYIO nepeJIa'lY KOHTPOJIHpOBaJJ KaKOH-JIH60 APyroH npOTOKOJI. 3TOT npOTOKOJI onHcaH B JIOKyMeHTe RFC 768. npOmOKOA 6HeUJHeZO UlJ/I03a (Exterior Gateway Protocol- EGP) - HHTepHeT-npOTOKOJI, HCnOJIb3YJOIllHHCfI .lIJIfi 06MeHa MapIIIPYTHOH HH<popMau,HeH Me)l(}:ly aBTOHOMHbIMH CHC- TeMaMH. npOTOKOJI rpaHwmoro lllJII03a (Border Gateway Protocol- BGP) flBJIfleTCfI HaH60JIee pacnpOClpaHeHHblM npOTOKOJIOM KJIacca EGP. flpomoKoA 6HympeHHezo UlJ/I03a (Interior Gateway Protocol- IGP) - HHTepHeT-npoTO- KOJI, HCnOJIbJYJOIIlHHCH .lIJIH 06MeHa MapIIlPYTHOH HH<popMau,HeH BHYTP" aBTOHOMHbIX CHCTeM. npHMepaMH lllHpOKO HCnOJIbJyeMbIx npOTOKOJIOB KJIacca IGP HBJIflIOTCfI: IGRP, OSPF H RIP. npOmOKOA iJ6yxmOrteltHozo coeiJuHeHUJl (Point-to-Point Protocol- PPP) - npeeMHHK npOTOKOJIa SLIP, KOTOPblH 06eCne'lHBaeT COe.llJtHeHlUl "MapIIIPYTH3aTOp-MapIIIPYTH3a- TOp" H "XOCT-ceTb" no CHHXpOHHblM H aCHHxpOHHbIM KaHaJJaM. SLIP 6bIJI pa3pa60TaH .lIJIfi pa60Tbi C I P, HO PPP MO)KeT pa60TaTb C HeCKOJIbKHMH npOTOKOJIaMH ceTeBoro YPOB- HfI, TaKHMH KaK IP, IPX H ARA. npOmOKOA iJuHaMUrteCKoU KOHrjJUi!ypau,uu Y3/la (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol- DHCP) - 06eCnelJHBaeT MexaHH3M JIHHaMH'leCKOrO pacnpeAeJIeHHfI H nOBTopHOro HC- nOJIbJOBaHHfI oCB060)K,l{aeMbIX IP-a.n:pecoB, a TaIOKe aBTOMaTH'lecK}'IO HaCTPOHKY MaCKH, CTaHAapTHOro lllJII03a H IP-a.n:peca DNS-cepBepa. flpomoKoA HHmepHem (Internet Protocol- IP). npOTOKOJI ceTeBoro YPOBHfI B CTeKe npOTOKOJIOB TCP/IP; o6eCne'lHBaeT nepeJIa'lY JIaHHbIX Me)K,l{Y ceTflMH 6e3 npeABapHTeJIb- HOH YCTaHoBKH COeJIHHeHHfI. npOmOKOA Mapwpymu3au,uu (routing protocol) - 3TO npOTOKOJI, oCYIlleCTBJIfllOIIlHH peaJJH3au,HIO KaKoro-JIH60 aJJropHTMa MapIIlpYTIt3aUHH. npHMepaMH npOTOKOJIOB Map- IIlpYTH3aUHH MOryT CJI}')KHTb npOTOKOJIbl IGRP, OSPF H RIP. npOmOKOA MapwpymHou uHrjJopMau,uu (Routing Information Protocol- RIP) - npOTO- KOJI IGP-THna, nOCTaBJIflBIIlHHCfI C BSD UNIX-cHcTeMaMH. 3TO HaH60JIee IIlHpOKO pacnpOcTPaHeHHbIH npOTOKOJI MapIIlpYTH3aUHH B JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTfIX. npOTOKOJI RIP HC- nOJIb3yeT B Ka'leCTBe MeTPHKH C'leT'IHK TPaH3HTHbIX Y3JIOB. nepBafi BepCHfi npOTOKOJIa YC- TapeJIa H nOCTeneHHO CTaHOBHTCfI HenonYJIflpHOH, a BTOpafl, RIPv2, eIlle IIlHpOKO HC- nOJIb3yeTcfI, nOCKOJIbKY COJIepI1T MHoro AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblX <PYHKlI.HH, B TOM 'lHCJIe nOA- Aep)l(](Y MaCOK VLSM. npOmOKOA o6eCnelteHUJl 6e30naCHocmu OAR 6ecnpo6oiJHbIX cemeu (Wired Equivalent Privacy - WEP) - MexaHH3M 06eCnelJeHHfI 6e30nacHocTH, onHcaHHbIH B CTaI-mapTe 802.11, npeJIHa3Ha'leH .lIJIfi 3aIIlHTbi npouecca B3aHMOJIeHCTBHfI ceTeBOH llJIaTbI H TO'lKH JIocryna OT HecaHKlI.HOHHpOBaHHoro npOCJlYlllHBaHHfI. npOmOKOA o6HapY;JICeHUJl ycmpoucm6 Cisco (Cisco Descovery Protocol- CDP). npOTO- KOJI CDP HCnOJIb3yeTCfI .lIJIfi nOJIyqeHHfI HH<popMau,HH 0 COCeJIHHX YCTPOHCTBax, TaKoH, KaK THn npHcoeAHHeHHbIX YCTPOHCTB, HHTep<peHcbI MapIII, PYTH3aTOpa KOTopble B Ha- CTOHlI.{HH MOMeHT npHcoeAHHeHbI, H HOMepa MOAeJIeH YCTPOHCTB. .D:aHHbIH npOTOKOJI pa- 60TaeT npaKTH'leCKH BO BceM 060PYAoBaHHH KOMnaHHH Cisco: KOMMYTaTopax, MapIIlpy- TH3aTopax, cepBepax JIocryna HAp.
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 657 flpomoKO/l pacnpeOe/leHH020 C6R3YIOw,e20 oepe6a (STP - Spanning Tree Protocol) npeA- CTaBJIfleT C060H HCnOJIb3yeMbIH B MOCTax H KOMMYTaTopax npOTOKOJI, B KOTOpOM 3a.n:eHcT- BOBaH aJJropHTM CBSl3YIOlI.{erO llepeBa .lLIUI 06eCne'leHHfI llHHaMH'leCKOrO caMo06yqeHHfI MOCTOB H npeAOTBpall.{eHHfI 06pa30BaHHfI KOJ1bl.{eBbIX MapIIIpYTOB. MOCTbl 06MeHHBalOTcSI BPDU-co06l1.{eHHflMH. KOTopble n03B0J1f1IOT 06Hap}')KHTb KOJIbueBble MapIIIpYTbI H YCT- paHHTb HX nocpeACTBoM OTKJIlO'leHHfI OTAeJIbHbIX HHTep<}:JeHcoB. flpOmOKO/l mpembe20 yp06HfI (layer 3 protocol) - npOTOKOJI. cooTBeTcTBYIOIllHH Tpe60- BaHHSlM YPOBHfI 3 3TaJ10HHOH MOAeJ1H OSI, OnpeAeJISIIOIllHH npHHUHnbl MapIIIpYTH3al.{HH H a.n:pecaUHH B ceTH. IP. IPX H AppleTalk DDP SlBJUlIOTCfI npHMepaMH npOTOK0J10B 'IpeTbero ypOBHfI. flpomoKO/l ynpa6/leHUR nepeiJa'teu/npomoKO/l IfHmepHem (Transmission Control Proto- col/Internet Protocol - TCP/IP). Ha3BaHHe Ha60pa npOTOKOJIOB. pa3pa60TaHHbIx MHHH- cTepcTBoM 060POHbI CiliA B 1970-x rOAax .lIJISI noc'IpoeHHfI BceMHpHoH ceTH. TCP H I P - JIBa HaH60J1ee 113BeCTHbIX npOTOKOJ1a H3 ::noro CTeKa. flpOmOKO/l ynpa6JUllOw,ux c:006w,eHuu cemu IfHmepHem (Internet Control Message Protocol - ICMP) npellCTaBJIfieT C060H HHTepHeT-npOTOKOJI ceTeBoro ypOBHfI CTeKa TCP/IP, co06- lI.{alOIllHH 06 oIIIH6Kax H npeAOCTaBJUllOlI.{HHllPYfYIO HH<!>opMaUHIO OTHOCHTeJIbHO 06pa- 60TKH IP-naKeToB. OnHcaH BAoKYMeHTe RFC 792. flpRMoe /la60pamopHoe nOOKJIIO'teHue (back-to-back link) - nOCJIellOBaTeJ1bHbIH KaHaJJ Me)I(JI.Y ABYMfI MapIIIpYTH3aTOpaMH 6e3 MOAYJ1eH CSU/DSU. YCTaHOBJ1eHHbIH 3a C'leT nOA- KJIlO'leHHfI DTE-Ka6eJ1S1 OllHOro MapIIIpYTH3aTopa K DCE-Ka6eJIIO Apyroro. 06bIlJHO Ta- Koe nOAKJ1IO'leHl1e HCnOJIb3yeTcSI B Jla60paTopHbiX pa60Tax .lIJISI coeAHHeHHfI JIBYX YCT- pOHCTB 6e3 HCnOJIb30BaHHfI BbilleJIeHHOH JIHHHH OT MecTHoro onepaTopa CBSl3H. flpRMOU Ka6e/lb (straight-through cable) - 3TO Ka6eJIb. B KOTOpOM COXpaHeH nopSlAOK CJ1eJIOBaHHfI KOHTaKTOB Ha 060HX KOHl.{ax. ECJIH npoBoA nOAcoeAHHeH K KOHTaKTY C HO- MepOM 1 Ha OJIHOM KOHue Ka6eJISI. TO H Ha ApyrOM KOHue OH 6YJIeT nOllcoellHHeH K aHa- JIOrHlJHOMY KOHTaKTY I. Pa30eJ/ReMaJ/ cemb Ethernet (shared Ethernet) - Ethemet-ceTb, B KOTOpOH RcnOJlb3yeT- CSI KOHueHTpaTOp HJlH KOaKCl1aJJbHbIH Ka6eJIb H YC'IpoHcTBa AOJDKHbl KOHKYpHpOBaTb 3a B03MO)KHOCTb nepe,l{a'lH B TaKOH cpeAe, pa3AeJIIDI ee pecypCbI Me)I(JI.y C060H. PacnauKa (p036ooKa) - cxeMa nOAKJ1lOlJeHHfI npOBOllHHKOB B Ka6eJIe K KOHTaKTaM OKOHI.{OBO'lHOro pa31>eMa. PacUJupeHue cneKmpa cumOJ/a npRMou nOC/le006ame/lbHOCmU (Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum - DSSS) - TeXHOJIOrHfI. B KOTOpOH nepeAalJa JIaHHblX SlBJIfleTCfI 60JIee Ha.n:e)K- HOH. nOCKOJIbKY Ka)l(llbIH 6HT (0 HJlH 1) npellCTaBJIfleTCSI HeKoH nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTblO HYJ1eH H eAHHHU, KOTopafl Ha3bIBaeTCSI 3JIeMeHTapHoH nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTblO. PacUJupeHue cneKmpa co cKa'tKoo6pa3HblM U3MeHeHueM '1aCmOmbl (frequency hopping spread spectrum) - MeTOA KOlll1pOBaHHSI AaHHbIX B 6eCnpOBOJIHOH ceTH, B KOTOpOM nepe- Aaqa Ka)l(Jl.oro CJIe.n:yIOIllero 6J10Ka llaHHbIX OCYIlleCTBJIfleTCfI Ha 6JIH3KO pacn0J10)f(eHHOH HO llPyroH 'laCTOTe. B COBpeMeHHblX CTaHllapTaX 6ecnpoBollHbIX ceTeH He HCnOJIb3yeTCfI. PacUJupeHHblU Ha60p C/lY:JIC6 (Extended Service Set - ESS) - BapHaHT 6ecnpoBoAHOH ceTH, B KOTOpOi1 eCTb HeCKOJIbKO TO'leK AOc1)'na. Me)I(JI.Y KOTOpbIMH B03MO)f(eH POYMHHr. PeJICUM ad hoc (ad hoc mode). B 6ecnpoBoAHbIX ceTSlX - MeTOA pa60TbI, KOma KJIHeH- TbI 6eCnpOBOJIHOH ceTH 06MeHI1BalOTCSI JIaHHbIMH HanpflMYIO 6e3 I1CnOJIbJOBaHHSI TO'leK 1l0C1)'na. PeJICUM acuHXpoHHOU nepeoa'tu (Asynchronous Transfer Mode - ATM) - Me)l(llYHa- POAHblH CTaHllapT n03JIeMeHTHOH nepellalJl1, npH KOTOpOi1 HeCKOJ1bKO THnOB llaHHbIX
658 CnMCOK TepMMHOB (HanpHMep, roJIOCOBbIe, BlI}:IeO- H UH<!>pOBbIe AaHHble) nepeAalOTCfI B BlI}:Ie SI'leeK <!>HKCH- poBaHHOM ,l{JIHHbI (53 6aHTa). SI'leMKH <!>HKcHpoBaHHoH ,l{JIHHbI 06pa6aTbIBalOTcfI Ha an- napaTHoM ypoBHe, 'lTO, B CBOIO O'lepellb, n03BOJIfieT COKpaTHTb 3a.n:ep)I(KH npH nepena'le. Pe)f(HM A TM npeAHa3H3lJeH,l{JIfi TaKHX BbICOKOCKOpOCTHblX ceTeH, KaK E3, SON ET H T3. PeJICUM 6ecrjJpazMeHmHou KOMMymau,uu (fragment-free switching) - 3TO pe)f(HM KOMMY- TaI.{HH, npH KOTOpOM nepell nepeCbIJIKOH <!>peHMOB <!>HJIbTPy!oTCfI <!>p3rMeHTbI KOJIJIH3HH, RBJISIIOll.{HeCfI OCHOBHblM HCTO'lHHKOM 01llH60K B ceTH. PeJICUM uHrjJpacmpYKmypbl (infrastructure mode) - pe)KHM pa60TbI 6ecnpoBoAHOH ceTH. B KOTOpOM K3)f(J1.bIH. KJIHeHT 06MeHHBaeTCfI naHHbIMH C TOlJKOM AOCTyIIa, 'lTO n03BOJISIeT lumeHTaM nOJlyq3Tb AOCTYll K pecypC3M TOJIbKO 'lepe3 Hee. Me)f(JI.Y C060H KJIHeHTbI TaIOKe He 06MeHHBalOTCfI naHHbIMH HanpfiMYlO, 3 neJIaIOT 3TO TOJlbKO 'lepe3 TOlJKY AocTYlla. PeJICUM KOMMymau,uu c npoMeJICymo'tHbLM xpaHeHueM (store-and-forward switching) - 31'0 TeXHHKa KOMMYTaUHH, npH KOTOpOH <!>peHM nepeA nepeCbIJIKOH B nopT Ha3H3'leHHSI nOJIHOCTblO 3anHCbIBaeTCfI B naMflTb YCTPOMcTBa H 06pa6aTblBaeTcfI. 06pa6OTKa BKJIIO'laeT B ce6f1 nOAC'leT KOHTPOJlbHOH CYMMbI H nporepKY a.n:peca nOJIyqaTeJISI. ,LJ,onOJIHHTeJlbHO cl>peHM nOJDKeH 6bITb BpeMeHHo coxpaHeH no Tex nop, nOKa ceTeBbIe pecypCbl (HanpHMep, KaHaJJ) He CTaHYT AOC1)'nHbI ,l{JIfi nepeCbIJIKH <!>peHMa. PeJICUM KOHrjJuzypau,uu (configuration mode) HCnOJIb3yeTcfI ,l{JIfi BBeneHHSI KOM3HA B on- HOH CTPOKe 11 KOMaHA. KOTopbIe BHOCflT H3MeHeHHfI B m06aJJbHy!o KOH<!>HrypauHIO Map- WpYTH3aTopa. KOMaHAbI COXpaHfllOTCfI B TeK)'llleM KOH<!>HrypauHoHHoM <!>aMJIe YCTPOHCT- Ba (running-config). PeJICUM CK603HOU KOMMymau,uu (cut-through switching). YCTPoMCTBa, HCnOJlb3y!oume 3T0T MeTOn KOMMYTaUHH, 'IHTaIOT, 06pa6aTblB31OT H nepeCbIJIalOT <!>peHMbI cpa3Y nOCJIe roro, KaK 6yneT npO'IHTaH a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi H onpeAeJIeH nopT Ha3Ha'IeHHfI. CM. TaIOKe peJICUM KOMMymau,uu c npoMeJICymo'tHblM xpaHeHueM. CaMOo6Y'teHue (learning) - npol.{ecc, HCnOJIb3yeMbIM KOMMYTaTopaMH ,l{JIfI 06Hap}')Ke- HI1f1 MAC-a.n:peCOB H HX OTHOCHTeJlbHoro MecTOp3CnOJIO)f(eHHfI. KOMMyTaTOpbI npocMaT- pl1BalOT MAC-a.n:peca oTnp3BHTeJleM ,l{JIfi Bcex BXOAflIllHX <!>peHMoB C ueJlblO nOCTPoeHHSI Ta6J1Hl.{bl KOMMYTaUHH. CaMomeCmUp06aHue npu 6KAIO'teHUU nUmaHUJl (Power-On Self- Test - POST) - Ha60p JUtarn<>C1W-leCKHX cpellCTB. KOTOpble nporepfilOT <!>ynKlliloHHpoBaHHe annapa1)'pbI npH BKJIIO- '1eHHH nHTaHHSI. C6a.J/aHcup06aHHblu ZU6PUiJHblU npomoKoA MapUJpymu3au,uu (balanced hybrid routing protocol) - 3TO npOTOKOJl MapUlpYTH3aUHH, HCnOJIb3y!oll.{HH 3JIeMeHTbI llHCTaHUHOHHO- BeKTOpHOrO npOTOKOJIa H npOTOKOJIa M3pUlpYTIf3aUHH no COCTOflHHIO KaHaJJa. PaCIIIH- peHHbIM npOTOKOJI MapIIIpYTH3aUHH BHYTPeHHero IIIJII03a (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol- EIGRP) KOMnaHHH Cisco SIBJUleTCfI eAHHCTBeHHbIM npeAcTaBHTeJIeM 3T0ro KJIacca npOTOKOJIOB. CezMeHm (segment). 1. qacTb ceTH, orpaHH'leHHafi MOCT3MH, MapUlpYTH3aTOpaMH HJIH KOMMYTaTopaMH, HanpHMep B Ethernet-ceTH. B cpeAe Ethernet cerMeHT MO)f(eT npeACTaB- nflTb C060H KaK OAHH yqacToK Ka6eJIfI, TaK H eAHHbIM AOMeH KOJIJIH3HH, B KOTOpOM eCTb fHOro Ka6eJleH. 2. B cneuH<!>HKauHH npOTOKOJla TCP - JIOrH'leCKH crpynnHpoB3HHAA HH<!>opMaUH5I Ha TPaHcnopTHOM ypOBHe 3TaJJOHHOH MOneJIH OSI, HHorna Ha3bIB3eMaSI L4PDU. CezMeHmau,UJl (segmentation) - npouecc pa36HeHI1f1 60JlbIIIHX 6JIOKOB 113HHbIX OT npl1- -- _nnu..__ ....nTnn..../ {'{){)TBeTCIBVeT HCIlOJlb3yeMOH. cpene H TeXHO-
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 659 Cepeep onpeOeJleHUJl UMeH (name server) - cepBep, YCTaHOBneHHbIM B ceTH, B KOTOpOM 3anYIlleHa cn)')K6a npe06pa30BaHHSI ceTeBblX HMeH B IP-a.n:peca H 06paTHO. CemeeaR MOOeJlb (networking model) - 06UlHM TepMHH, onHcblBalOIIlHM HeKoTopblM Ha60p npOTOKonOB H CTaHAap-rOB, o6'hellHHfleMbIx no HeKOTopOMY npH3HaK}'. BnOCJIellCT- BHH comaCHO MOnen" pa3pa6aTbIBalOTCSI ceTeBbIe YCTJ)OMCTBa, n03BOJIflIOIllHe 061>enH- HHTb Y3Jlbl B ceTb. npHMepaMH ceTeBbIX Mo.neneM SlBnSlIOTCSI TCP/IP H OS I. CemeeaR 'tacmb aopeca (network part) - 'laCTb a.n:peca, llJIHHOM I, 2 HJlH 3 mcreTa (6aMTa) B CTaHlIapTe I Pv4, OCHOBaHHafi Ha KJlacce ceTH A, B HJlH C. Cemeeoii aopec (network address, network number) - a.n:pec ceTeBoro ypOBHfI, KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCfI K nOrH'leCKoMY, a He <pH3H'leCKOMY ceTeBOMY YCTJ)OHCTBY. OH TaIOKe Ha3bIBa- eTCfI npOTOKOJIbHblM a.n:peCOM (protocol address). Cemb (network) - rpynna KOMnbIOTepOB, npHHTepOB, MapIIIpyrH3aTopOB, KOMMyraTo- pOB H ApyrHX YCTPOMCTB, KOTopbIe MOryT B3aHMOAeMCTBOBaTb llPyr C ApyrOM B HeKOTopOM cpeAe nepeAa'lH. CUMMempu'tHocmb (symmetric) - xapaKTepHCTHKa MHorHX TeXHOnOrHH nocTyna K ceTH I1HTepHeT, npellnonaralOIIlaSl, 'lTO HHCXOAflIllHH H BOCXOASlIllHM KaHaJJ HMelOT OAHHaKO- BYIO CKOpOCTb nepeAa'lH naHHblX H eMKOCTb. . CUHXpOHU3all,UR (clocking) - npouecc nepeAa'lH cneUHaJJH3HpOBaHHoro Cn)')Ke6Horo CHrHaJJa no Ka6enIO B OCHOBHOM nOJIoce nponYCKaHHfI HJIH no OTAeJIbHOMY KOHTaKTy, no KOTOPOMY npHHI1MalOIl{ee YCTJ)OMCTBO comacyeT CBOIO pa60Ty C nepenalOIIlHM. CUHXpOHHWl onmu'teCKaR cemb (Synchronous Optical Network - SONET) - cneuH<pH- KaUHfi BblCOKOCKOpOCTHOM (cBbIIIIe 2,5 r6HT/C) CHHXpOHHOH ceTH Ha 6a3e OnTOBOJIOKHa, pa3pa60TaHHafi Bellcore. OCHOBHbIM 6JIOKOM SON ET flBJIfleTCfI STS-l. B 1988 ro.n:y SONET 6bIJI yrBep)K,l{eH B KaqeCTBe Me)K,l{yJiaponHoro CTaIf.lI:apTa. CUHXpoHHocmb (synchronous) - BCTaBKa BpeMeHHbIX MeTOK B nOTOK 6I1TOB. Ha npaK- THKe YCTPOHCTBO Ha OAHOM KOHue JIHHHH nOAcrpaHBaeTCfI nOA CKOpOCTb nepeAa'lH APY- roro KOHl.{a JIHHHH, TeM He MeHee, npHHHMafi nOTOK AaHHbIX, 060PYAOBaHHe 06Hap}')KH- BaeT He60JIbIIIHe OTKJIOHeHHfI H AOJUKHO nOCTOSlHHO nOllCTJ)aHBaTb CBOIO CKOpOCTb. CucmeMa o6HapYJK:eHUR emopJK:eHuii (intrusion detection system - IDS) - cpeAcTBo 6e- 30naCHOCTH B ceTSlX, HCCJIellyJOIllee CJIO)J(Hble IIla6JIOHbI Tpa<pHKa H cpaBHHBalOIllee HX C H3BeCTHbIMH cHrHaTypaMH H npo<PHJlflMH aTaK. n03BonSlIOIllee KJIaCcH<pHI.{HpOBaTb aTaKH Ha ceTH H YBenOMJIflTb ceTeBoro a.n:MHHHcrpaTopa. CucmeMa npoeomepaw,eHuR emopJK:eHuii (intrusion prevention system -IPS) - cpenCTBo 6e30nacHocTH B ceTSlX, HCCJIeA)'lOIllee CJIO)KHbIe llIa6JIOHbI TJ)a<pHKa H cpaBHHBalOIIlee HX C H3BeCTHbIMH cHrHaTypaMH H npo<pHJlflMH aTaK, n03BOJIflIOIllee KJlaCcH<pHI.1JtpOBaTb aTaKH " npeAnpHHHMaTb OnpelleJIeHHbIe AeHcTBHfI no HX npeAOTBpaIlleHHIO. CJlYJK:6a telnet - cTaHlIapTHblM npOTOKOJI 3MynSluHH TepMHHaJJa H3 rpynnbl npoToKo- nOB TCP/IP. npOToKon tel net Hcnonb3yeTCflllJIfi opraHH3aUHH coellHHeHHM C YllaJJeHHoro TepMHHaJJa H n03BonSleT nOJIb30BaTeJISlM BXOllHTb B YAaJJeHHYJO cHcTeMY H Hcnonb30BaTb ee pecYPcbI TaK, CJI08HO OHH nOllKJIlO'leHbl K nOKaJJbHoM CHCTeMe. OnHcaH B RFC 854. CocmoRHue KaHOJ1a (link state) - OAHH H3 KJIaCCOB aJJrOpI1TMOB, HCnOJIb3yeMbIx B npo- TOKOJIaX MapwpyrH3auHH. npOTOKOJIbI C yqeToM COCTOSlHHfI KaHaJJOB CTJ)OSlT 6a3Y AaHHblX co MHO)J(eCTBOM lleTaJleM 0 KaHaJJax (nollceTflx) H HX COCTOSlHHH, (pa60TaeT, BbIKJIIO'leH) Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOPOH CTJ)OHTCSI Ta6nHua onTHMaJJbHblX MapIIIpyroB. Cnell,urjJuKau,uFl Erherner- 6a30BaSl LAN-cneuH<pHKal.{l1S1, C0311aHHafi KopnOpaUl1eH Xerox H Bnocne.nCTBHH pa3BHBaBIIIaSlCSI KopnopaUHSlMH Xerox, InteJ H Digital Equipment
h 660 CnMCOK TepMMHOB CO CKOpoCTHMH nepe.n:a'lH 10, 100 H 1000 M6HTjC. CTaHAapTbI Ethernet H IEEE 802.3 aHaJJorH'lHbI. Cneu,urjJuKau,UJI IEEE 802.2- npOTOKOJI IEEE)J.JIfi JIOKaJJbHbIX ceTeH LAN, onpeAe- JIfllOIllHH peaJJH3au,HIO no.nypoBHfI LLC KaHaJJbHoro ypOBHfI 3TaJ10HHOH MOlleJIH OSI. CTaHAapT IEEE 802.2 3a.n:aeT MeTOAbI o6pa60Tlill OIllH60K H HHTep<peHc CJIy)I(6bI ceTeBOro (1peTbero) YPOBHfI. Cneu,urjJuKau,UJI IEEE 802.3 - npOTOKOJl I1HcTHTyTa IEEE )J.JIfi LAN -ceTeH, onpeAe- JIfllOIllHH peaJJH3aUHIO MAC-noAypoBHfI KaHaJJbHoro ypOBHfI (T.e. <pH3H'leCKYJO 'laCTb no- CJIeAHero). B cneUH<pHKaUHH IEEE 802.3 HCnOJIbJyeTcfI MeTOA AOCTyIIa CSMNCD.lI.JUI Ha60pa B03MO)l{J-lbIX CKopocTeH nepeJIalJH JIaHHbIX B pa3Ho06pa3HbIX <pH3H'leCKHX cpeAax. CmaHiJapmHOJ/ MaCKa (default mask) - MaCKa, HCnOJIb3yeMafi B ceTfiX KJIaCca A, B HJIH C, KOTOpafl He C03JIaeT KaKHX-JIH60 nOJICeTeH. J],JIfi ceTH KJIaCca A MaCKa paBHa 255.0.0.0, .lUUI KJIacca B - 255.255.0.0, )J.JIH C - 255.255.255.0. CmaHiJapmHblu MapUJpym (default route) - MapIllpyr B MapIllpyrH3aTOpe, no KOTOPOMY OTnpaBJlfllOTCfI Bce naKeTbI, ceTb nOJIyqaTeJIfi )J.JIfi KOTOpblX OTcyrcTByeT B flBHOM BH,l{e B Ta6JIHu,e MapIIIpyrH3a1.{HH. CmaHiJapmHblu UJAlO3/cmaHiJapmHblu MapUJpymu3amop (default gateway/default router)- B KOH<pHrypau,HH IP-Y3JIa - IP-a.n:pec MapIllpyrH3aTOpa, KOTOPOMY Y3eJI 6YAeT nepeCbI- JIaTb naKeTbI B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH IP-a.n:pec nOJIyqaTeJIfi naKeTa OTHOCHTCH K APyrOH nOAce- TH. Cmapmo6blu KOHrjJUi!)lpau,uoHHblU rjJaUn (startup-con fig file) - B KOMMyraTopax H Map- IllpyrH3aTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco nOJI ynpaBJIeHHeM onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI (OS TaK Ha- 3bIBaeTCSI <paifJI, pa3MeIllaeMblH B NVRAM-naMHTH YC1pOHCTBa, B KOTOpOM XpaHflTCfI Ha- C1pOHKH YC1poHCTBa, HCnOJIb3yeMbie npH 3arpY3Ke H KonHpyeMble B TeKYIllHH KOH<pHry- paUHoHHbIH <paifJI B onepaTHBHoH naMfiTH B npouecce 3anYCKa. Ta6Auu,a MapUJpymu3au,uu (routing table) - npeACTaBJlfleT C060H HeKoTopyJO pa3Ho- BH,l{HOCTb 6a3bI AaHHbIX, xpaHflIllyJOcfI B MapIllpyrH3aTope HJIH ApyrOM YC1pOHCTBe 061>e- JIHHeHHOH ceTH, B KOTOpOH COAep)KHTCfI HH<popMauHfI 0 MapIllpyrax K KOHKpeTHbIM ce- TIlM-noJIy'IaTeJIfiM H B 60JIbIllHHCTBe CJIyqaeB Me1pHKH, CBflJaHHble C 3THMH MapIIIpyraMH. TauMep o6Ho6AeHuu MapUJpymu3au,uu (update timer). nepHOJI 3Toro TaHMepa 3a.n:aeT 'laCToT}' paCCbIJIKH 06HOBJleHHH MapIllpyrH3au,HH. TauMep npocmOR (inactivity timer) - napaMe1p Ta6JIHUbI MAC-a.n:pecoB KOMMyraTopa, KOTOpbIH CBfl3aH C Ka)l(}:lOM H3 3anHceH Ta6JIHUbi H OTC'lHTblBaeTCfI OT 0 HJIH c6pacbIBaeTcfI JIO 0 B TOM CJIyqae, KOfJIa KOMMyrnTOp nOJIyqHJI <ppeHM C HMelOIllHMCH Y Hero B Ta6JIHUe MAC-a.n:peCOM. 3anHCH C HaH60JIbIllHMH 3Ha'leHHflMH TaHMepa YJIaJIfllOTCfI nepBbIMH B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH H}')KHO OCOO60AHTb MeCTO B Ta6JIHu,e)J.JIfi HOBbIX 3anHceH. TeKYw,uu KOHrjJUi!ypau,uOHHblU rjJaUn (running-configfile) - B KOMMyraTOpax H MapIllPY- TH3aTopax KOMnaHHH Cisco nOJI ynpaBJIeHHeM onepaUHoHHoH CHCTeMbI IOS TaK Ha3blBa- eTCfI <paifJI, pa3MelllaeMbIH B onepaTHBHOH naMfiTH YC1pOHCTBa, B KOTOpOM xpaHflTCfI Te- KYlllHe HaCTpOHKH YC1pOHCTBa. TepMuHOAbHoe o6opyiJo6aHue (Data Terminal Equipment - DTE) - 3mo yCTpOHCTBO, pacnOJlO)KeHHoe Ha nOJlb30BaTe.lIbCKOM KOHl.{e HHTeP<PeHca "nOJIbJOBareJlb-CeTh", KOTOpoe MO)f(eT BbICTynaTb B Ka'lecrne HCTOlJHHKa AaHHbIX, nOJl)"lareJlH AaHHbIX HJIH B Ka'leCTBe H TOro, H APyroro. YcrpoHCTBO DTE Coe.IUtHfleTCfI C CeTblO AaHHblX nocpeACTBOM yc-rpoHCTBa DCE (HanpHMep, MOlleMa) H .lUUI CHHXpOHHJaI.{HH Ja'laCTylO HCnOJIbJye-r BpeMeHHble CHrHaJJbI, re- HepHpyeMble DCE. TepMHHaJJbHoe o6oPYAOBaHHe BKJlIO'lae-r B ce6f1 TaKHe yc-rpOHCTBa, KaK ----nA.,N.,m... r TO'!"" 3DeHHH npoBa.i1;J.epa
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 661 DTE-yc-rpoHCTBO HaXOllHTCfI BHe Cent npoBafuIepa ycJIyrn H 06bI'IHO npelICTaRlISIeT co6oM MapIIIpyrH3arop. TeCm06blU naKem (keepalive) - 3TO C006Il{eHHe, OTnpaBnSIeMoe OlIHHM ceTeBbIM YCT- POMCTBOM, KOTOpoe CHrHaJJH3HpyeT npyroMY ceTeBOMY yc-rpoMCTBY 0 pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH BHpryaJJbHOro KaHaJJa Me)K,l{y HHMH. TO'tKa oocmyna (access point) - YCTPOMCTBO B 6ecnpOBOlIHOM JIOKaJJbHOM ceTH, n03BO- JIfllOlI.{ee KJIl1eHTaM 06MeHHBaTbCfI AaHHbIMH APyr C lIpyroM H C OCTaJJbHOM ceTblO. TO'lKa JIocT)'I1a nOAKJIlO'leHa K npOBOlIHOM nOKaJJbHOM ceTH H HMeeT pa.n:110TpaKT D,J1f1 6ecnpo- BOAHbIX coelIHHeHHM. TO'tKOU oeMapKall,UU, UAU oeMaplWM (demarc), Ha3bIBalOT Y3eJI, B KOTOpOM Ka6enb npo- Bai1.Ilepa CJl)')K6bl nOAKJIlO'laeTCSI K Ka6enbHOM CHCTeMe opraHH3al.{HH lIJIH 3AaHHfI. TpaHCJlRlI,UR aopeco6 c UCnOflb306aHUeM nopmo6 (Port Address Translation - PAT) - Me- TOJI TpaHCJIflUHH, KOTOpbIM n03BOJIfleT nOJIb30BaTeJIIO coxpaHflTb a.u,peca B rJI06aJJbHOM a.n:pecHoM nYJIe, n03BOJIflfl TpaHcnHpoBaTb nOpTbI oTnpaBHTeJIeH B TCP-coeAHHeHHflx lIJIH UDP-nHaJJorax. Pa3Hbie nOKaJJbHble a.n:peca 3aTeM npe06pa3YlOTcfI B rJI06aJJbHbIe, me TpaHcnflUHfi nopm 06eCne'lHBaeT HX YHHKaJJbHOCTb. TpaHCJlRlI,UR ceme6blX aopec06 (Network Address Translation - NAT) - MeXaHI13M co- KpaIlleHHSI He06xolIHMOCTH B rJI06aJJbHO YHHKaJJbHbIX IP-a.n:pecax. n03BOJIfleT nOJIKJIIO- 'laTbCfI K I1HTepHeT opraHH3aUHH C nOKaJJbHO YHHKaJJbHblMH a.n:pecaMH nyreM TpaHcnSI- UHH aTHX a.u,peCOB B rJI06aJJbHO MapIIIpyrl13HpyeMoe a.n:peCHoe npOCTpaHCTBO. Y3eJl (host) - JII060e YCTpOMCTBO, HCnOJIb3YIOlI.{ee I P-a.n:pec. Y3./l08aR 'tacmb aopeca (host part) - TepMHH, onHcblBalOlI.{HM 'laCTb a.u,peca <!>opMaTa IPv4, KOTopafl ynHKaJJbHblM 06pa30M HAeHTH<!>HuHpyeT Y3eJI BHyrpH nOJICeTH. Y3noBafi 'laCTb a.n:peca HAeHTH<!>HuHpyeTcfllIBOH'lHbIMH 0 B MaCKe nOlIceTH. Y3./l080U MapUJpym (host route) - Mapillpyr C MaCKOH /32, npelIcTaBnfllOIllHH C060M Mapillpyr K OJIHOMY I P-a.n:pecy Y3JIa. YHu6epCO/lbHblU flOKamop pecypco6 (Universal Resource Locator - URL) - CTaHAapTHafi cxeMa a.n:pecaUHH .LIJUI 1I0CT)'I1a K runepTeKCTOBblM AOK}'MeHTaM H JIpyrHM CJI}')K6aM 'lepe3 6paY3ep B TCP/IP-ceTH. HanpHMep, a.n:pec http://www.cisco.com/univercd npeJIcTaBJIfleT C060M URL, HAeHTH<!>HI.{HPYlOIllHit npOTOKOJI (HTIP). Ha3BaHHe Y3JIa (www.cisco.com). a TaK)I(e nyrb K cTpaHHue (funivercd). YnopRoo'teHHaR nepeoa'ta oaHHblX (ordered data transfer) - ceTeBafi <!>ynKUHfI, BXO,l{fl- I1lafI B CTeK TCP/IP, B KOTOpOM npOTOKOJI OnpeAeJIfleT, KaK Y3eJI-OTnpaBHTeJIb AOn)l(eH HYMepOBaTb nepeCbIJIaeMbIe ):IaHHbIe H KaK Y3eJI-nOJIyqaTenb AOJDKeH nepeynopSlllOlJHBaTb 6JIOKH AaHHbIX, eCJIH OHH npHUlJIH B HenpaBlIJIbHOM nopSlllKe. 3Ta <!>ynKUHfi TaJOKe onpe- JIeJIfleT, KaK ynH'lTO)l(aTb 6JIOKH AaHHbIX, KOTopble He MOryT 6bITb JIOCTaRlIeHbI B H}')KHOM nopSlllKe. Ynpa6J1eHUe nomOKOM (flow control) npeACTaBJlfleT C060M MeTOlIHKY, 6JIaroAapfi KOTO- POM He AonYCKaeTCSI cHryaUHSI. Koma nepeAalOIllHH 061>eKT nepenOJIHfleT AaHHbIMI1 npH- HHMalOIllHM 061>eKT. npH nonHOM 3anonHeHHH 6y<!>epOB npHHHMalOIllero YCTpOHCTBa no- CbIJIalOlI.{eMY YCTpOi1cTBY OTnpaBnfleTCfI co06IlleHHe 0 He06xOAHMOCTH OTJIO)l(l1Tb nepeAa- lJY AaHHbIX lIO 3aBepIIIeHHSI 06pa60TKH lIaHHbIX B 6y<!>epax. npHMepOM MexaHH3Ma ynpaBneHHSI nOTOKaMH SIBJISIeTCfI MeTOlI CKOJIb3S1wero OKHa B TCP. YcmaH06Ka coeduHeHUR (connection establishment) - 3TO npouecc, C nOMOll.{blO KOTO- poro npoTOKon C YCTaHOBJIeHHeM coeAHHeHHfI C031IaeT BHPTYaJJbHblH KaHaJJ. B npoToKOJIe
662 CnMCOK TepMMHOB TCP COeAHHeHHe C03JIaeTCfI B pe3YJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHHfI TpeX3TanHOrO COmaCOBaHHfI Ka- HaJJa C nOMOIllblO CneUHaJJH3HpOBaHHbIX CerMeHTOB. Y'lem (accounting). B TepMHHax 6e30nacHocTH cJI)')K6a, 3anHCbIBalOIIlmi AeHcTBHSI nOJIbJOBaTeJUl, B TOM <IHCJIe H nonbITKH JIocTYlla. CM. AAA. C/JUJlbmp (filter)- 06bI'lHO npol.{ecc lIJIH YCTPOHCTBO, KOTopoe OnpeAeJIfleT, nepellaBaTh HJIH He nepeAaBaTb TPa<}:mK AaJJbIIle Ha OCHore 3a.aaHHbIX KpHTepHeB, TaKHX KaK allpec OT- npaBHTeJIfI, a.apec nOJIyqaTeJIfi lIJIH npoTOKOJI. C/JpeUM (frame) - JIOrH'IeCKH crpynnHpoBaHHafI HH<popMaI.{Hfi. nepeCblJIaeMafi B BH1J.e 6JIOKa JIaHHbIX KaHaJJbHoro ypOBHfI no cpeJIe ceTH. II.UrjJp06Wl cemb c KOMf/J/eKCHbIM 06CAYJlCU6aHUeM (Integrated Services Digital Network- ISDN) - npOTOKOJl, HCnOJlb3yeMbIH TeJIe<poHHbIMI1 KOMnaHHflMH H n03BOJlflIOIIlHH nepe- JIaBaTb no TeJIe<poHHbIM ceTfiM JIaHHble, rOJIOC H APyrHe THnbI TPa<pHKa. qacTo HCnOJlb3Y- eTCfI B Ka'leCTBe JIOCTyIIa K ceTH J.1HTepHeT, a TaIOKe KaK CpeACTBO YCTaHOBKH pe3epBHoro KaHaJJa Me)K,l{Y MapIIlpYTH3aTopaMH Ha CJJy'IaH OTKa3a OCHOBHoro WAN-coeAHHeHHfI. II.UrjJp060U a60HeHmcKUU IWHOA (Digital Subscriber Line - DSL). OTKpblTaSi ceTeBaSi TeXHOJIOrHfl, KOTopafl 06eCne'lHBaeT BbICOK}'lO CKOpOCTb nepeAa'lH Ha orpaHH'leHHble pac- CTOflHHfI no 06bI'lHOMY MeAHOMY npOBOAY. 06bI'lHO HCnOJIb3yeTcSI B Ka'leCTBe TeXHOJIOfHH .I10cTYlla K ceTH HHTepHeT.lIJIfi nOAKJIlO'leHHSI nOJIb30BaTeJUI K npoBaii.aepy. II.UrjJp060U CUi!HOA YP06HfI 0 (Digital Signal level 0 - DSO). CneuH<pHKal.{Hfi <pOpMHpO- BaHHfI <ppeHMoB npH nepeAa'le UH<PPOBbIX CHrHaJJOB no OAHOMY KaHaJIy C nOJIOCOH npo- nYCKaHHSI 64 K6HT/C .lIJISi nepena'lH OAHoro roJIOCOBOro BbI30Ba B HMnYJIbCHO-KOllOBOH M0.1IYJIflI.{HH II.UrjJP060U CUi!HOA yp06HfI I (Digital Signal level 1- DSI). CneUH<pHKaUHfi <pOpMHpO- BaHHfI <ppeHMoB npH nepeAalJe UH<pPOBbIX CHrHaJJOB no OJIHOMY KaHaJIy C nOJIOCOH npo- nycKaHHfI 1,544 M6HT/C no JIHHHH T1 (B CiliA) lIJIH 2,108 M6I1T/C no JII1HHH El (B EB- pone). KaHaJJ 3Toro ypOBHfI BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 24 nOAKaHaJJa DSO no 64 K6HT/c H 8 K6HT/C ynpaBJISIIOIIleH I1H<popMaI.{I1H .lIJIjI coeAHHeHHfI Tl. lfacmHble aiJpeca (private addresses) - 3ape3epBHpoBaHHble IP-a.apeca B KJIaccax cereH A, B H C, KOTopble npeAHa3Ha'leHbI .lIJIjI HCnOJlb30BaHHfI TOJIbKO BHYTPH JIOKaJJbHOH cern KaKOH-JIH60 opraHH3al.{l1H. 3TH a.apeca onHcaHbI B JIOK}'MeHTe RFC 1918; OHH He Map- IUPYTH3HPYJOTCfI B ceTH HHTepHeT. lfacmoma CUHXpOUMnYflbC06 (clock rate) - CKOpOCTb. C KOTOpOH HHTep<peHc nOCJIeAO- BaTeJIbHOrO KaHaJJa nepeAaeT 6HTbi B cpeJIY nepe.n:a'lH llaHHblX. lfembipexnpo6oiJHou KaHOA (four-wire circuit) - JIHHHfI OT TeJIeKoMMYHHKauHoHHoH KOMnaHHH, COCTOflIIlafi H3 ABYX CBHTbIX nap. Ka)K.l{afi H3 nap HCnOJIb3yeTcSI .lIJIfi nepeAalJH Cl1rHaJJa B OJIHOM HanpaBJleHHH, 3a C'leT 'lero AocrnraeTCSI .n:ynJJeKcHbIH pe)l(HM pa60TbI. llIuHa (bus). Ha60p 3JIeKTPH'leCKHX ueneH, 'lepe3 KOTopble nepeAalOTCSI JIaHHbIe OT O.l1HOH 'laCTH KOMnblOTepa ApyrOH. llIupuHa nOflOCbI nponYCKaHUfi (bandwidth) - o6'beM HH<popMaI.{HH, npOxOAflIlleH 'lepe3 ceTeBoe coeAHHeHHe 3a onpeJIeJIeHHbIH nepHOJI BpeMeHH. CaM TepMHH npHIIIeJI H3 paH- HHX CTaHAap'TOB TeJleKOMMYHHKaUHOHHblX TeXHOJIOrHH, KorJIa TaKHM TepMHHOM onHCbI- BaJICfI 'laCTOTHbIH AHana30H lIJIH IIIl1pHHa 'laCToTHoro AHana30Ha YCTPOHCTB.lIJISi nepe.n a - 'IH AaHHbIX. llIupoKo6ew,ame/lbHblu aiJpec HCnOJIb3yeTcfI .lIJISi IIlHpoKoBeIllaTeJlbHOH paCCblJIKH naKe- TOB BceM ceTeBbIM YCTPOHCTBaM. CM. UlupoKo6ew,ameflbHblU aopec nOOcemu. llIupoKo6ew,ameflbHblu aopec noiJcemu (broadcast subnet). Pa36HBafi ceTb KJIacca A, B II..J1.U C Ha llOllceni HlUKeHep JIOJDKeH BbI}:IeJlHTb allpec, B Y3JlOBOH 'laCTH KOTOPOro Bce 6H-
CnMCOK TepMMHOB 663 TbI paBHbl I. TaKoM allpec H flBJIfleTCfI umpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHbIM, a llJISI nOCJIeAHeM nOllceTH OH COBnallaeT C IIIHpOKOBeUIaTeJIbHbIM allpeCOM KJIaCCOBOM ceTH. nOCJIeAHlO1O nOllceTb KJIaCCOBOM ceTH 3a'laCTylO Ha3bIBalOT UmpOKOBeIIlaTeJIbHOM. lllupoKoeew.ameJ/bHblu aopec noocemu (sub net broadcast address) - cneUHaJJH3HpOBaH- HblM a,npec B KmK.lI.OM H3 nOAceTeM, npeACTaBJISlIOIIlHM C060M HaH60JIbIIIHM a,npec 6JIOKa ,lIJISI nOAceTH. Anpec pa60TaeT TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lTO eCJIH naKeT OTnpaBJIeH Ha IIlHpOKOBe- IllaTeJIbHblM a,npec, ero nOJIy'IaT Bce YCTpOMCTBa B nOJICeTH. lllupoKoeew,ameJ/bHblu aopec cemu (network broadcast address) - B CTaHAapTe IPv4- cneuHaJJbHbIM a,npec B Ka)l(}:lOM KJIaCCOBOM lIJIH 6eCKJIaCCOBOM ceTH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIM .lLIUI IIIHpoKoBeIllaTeJIbHOH nepeCbIJIKH naKeTa BceM Y3JlaM B ceTH. B 'lHCJIOBOM BblpIDKeHHH TaKOM a,npec npellCTaBJISleT C060M HaH60JIbIIIHM a,npec B ceTH, HanpHMep, ,lIJISI KJlaCCOBOM 'laCTHOM ceTH 10.0.0.0 IIIHpoKoBeIIlaTeJIbHbIM a,npec 6YJIeT paBeH 10.255.255.255. lllupoKoeew,ameJ/bHblu oOMeH (broadcast domain) - aTO COBOKynHOCTb Bcex ycrpOMCTB, KOTopble nOJIyqalOT IIIHpOKOBeIl{aTeJIbHble <ppeMMbI OT JII060ro H3 YCTpOMCTB 3TOM COBO- KynHOCTH. rpaHHl.{bl IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHoro AOMeHa 06bI'lHO OnpeAeJIfllOTCSI MapIIlpYTH- 3aTopaMH (lIJIH, B KOMMYTHpyeMbIx ceTSlX, BHpTyaJJbHbIMH CeTSlMI1 VlAN), nOCKOJIbKY MapIIIpYTH3aTopbI He nepeCbIJIalOT IIIHpOKOBeIllaTeJIbHbIe <ppeMMbI. lllupoKoeew,ameJ/bHblu rjJpeiiM (broadcast frame) - 3TO <ppeMM, paCCbIJIaeMblM BceM Y3- JIaM cerMeHTa JIOKaJJbHOM ceTH, a,npec nOJIyqaTeJISI KOTopora paBeH FFFF.FFFF. FFFF. lllurjJpoeaHue (encryption) - npHMeHeHHe cneUHaJJbHoro aJJropHTMa llJIfi H3MeHeHHSI BHeIIIHero BHAa AaHHblX TaKJtM 06pa30M, 'lT06bl I1X cOJIep)/(aHHe 6bIJIO HenOHflTHO ,lIJIfi rex, KOMY He npeAOCTaBJIeHbI COOTBeTCTBYIOIllHe CpeJICTBa AeIIlH<PPOBaHHfI. 3maJ/oHHaR MooeJ/b e3auMoe)eucmeuR omKpblmblX cucmeM (Open System Interconnec- tion - OSI reference model) - CTpYKTypHafi MOAeJIb ceTH, pa3pa60TaHHafI Me)KllynapoJI- HOM opraHH3aUHeM no CTaHAapTH3aUHH (ISO). 3Ta MOJIeJIb BKJIlO'laeT B ce6f1 ceMb ypOB- HeM, Ka)I(}:IblM H3 KOTOpblX BbInOJIHSleT CBOH Cnel.{H<pH'leClGte <PYHKI.{HH, TaKHe KaK a,npe- caUHfI, ynpaBJIeHHe nOTOKOM, KOHTpOJIb OIIlH60K, HHKanCYJIflUHfi H Ha,ne)I(HaSl nepeAa'la co06IlleHHM. 3TaJJOHHaSl MOlleJIb OSI HCnOJIb3yeTcSI KaK ynHBepCaJJbHbIM MeTOA o6yqeHHfI ceTeBbIX cneUHaJJHCTOB,lIJIfi nOHHMaHHfI HMH <PYHKUHM KOMnblOTepHOM ceTH. f/3blK i!UnepmeKcmoeou pa3MemKU (HyperText Markup Language - HTML). npOCTOM fl3blK runepTeKcToBoro <popMaTl1pOBaHHfI AOKYMeHTOB, B KOTOpOM HCnOJIb3YJOTCfI TerH (HeoT06pa)/(aeMbIM TeKCT pa3MeTKH AOK}'MeHTa),lIJIfi YKa3aHHSI cnoc06a npeACTaBJIeHHfI 'laCTeM AOK}'MeHTa nporpaMMaMH-npOCMOTpIllHKaMH, TaKHMH KaK Be6-6paY3epbI.
npeAMeTHbl YKa3aTel1b A Aapec, 51 broadcast, 106 IP,69;152 MAC, 88; 106 multicast. 106 unicast, 106 BHYTPeHHItH rn06aJ1bHb1H.579 nOKaJlbHblH, 579 KaHaJlbHblH,149 nOrH'IeCKHH, 150 MHoroa,ApeCaTHblH, 106; 107; 221 0HoaapecaTHblH.106;221 noceTH.520 npollIHTblH, 107 YHHBepCaJlbHO ynpaBillieMblH, 107 IlIHpoKoBelliaTem.HwH. 106; 107; 156; 221; 520 HanpaBneHHblH,156;418 AapecaLlItH IP, 152; 154 6ecKnaccoBaH, 160 KnaCCOBaJl. 160 nOrH'IeCKaR.75; 145; 150 AnbHHC EIA. 97 Wi-Fi. 352; 371 nonynpoBoHHKOBOH npOMblllIJleHHoCTH. 97 ACCOLlltaLlItH ICANN. 390 TIA. 97; /24 TeneKoMMYHItKaLtHOHHOH npoMblUlneHHocTH. 97; /24 ATaKa DoS, 200; 202; 338; 369 oCTyna, 202 OTKaJ B o6cnY>KHBaHHIt, 202 paJBeblBaTenbHaR.202 I> 6aHT, 153; 155 6e30nacHocTb,200 6ecnpoBollHOH cern. 369 3IlIenOHHpOBaHHaR.204 6nOK MTU,191 PDU, 78 nepea'llt MaKCHMaJlbHblH 191 npoToKonbHblH. 78 6paHll.MaY3p,205 UlHpOKOBelllaTe.llbHbIH.232 B Be6-a,apec, 197 Be6-6paY3ep, 196 Be6-cepBep,64; 196 Be6-cTPaHItLla, 196 B3altMOLleHCTBite ypoBHeH. 67; 77 paBHOLteHHbIX. 65 CMe>KHbIX. 67 Bltpyc. 202 BHTaH napa, 87; 88; 94; 96; 218 r fltnepCCbInKa. 197 ,lJ; JJ.eMapKaLlItH, 123 JJ.eMoLlynHLlIDI, 561 JJ.ltana30H aapeCOB. 415; 421; 422 MeLlHLtHHCKHH, 357 HenHueH3ltPyeMblH. 356; 357 'IaCTOTHbIH, 352; 356 JJ.oMeH KOITllH3HH.I03;219;231 IlIHpoKoBelllaTeJlbHblH. 231; 232 E EMKOCTb, 359 3 3aronOBOK. 129 3aItMCTBOBaHHe, 393 3anHCb CIDR. 399
npeAMeTHblH YKa3aTenb 665 npe«pHKCHIUI. 399 TOqeqHO-eCHTHqHIUI,152 3aTyXaHlte, 92 3auItKnHBaHHe,227 30Ha BSS, 359 DMZ, 205 eMHnItT3plt30B3HHIUI,205;206 nOlCpbITItJI, 360; 361 u HLleHTIt<!>ItKaTOp DLCI. 135; 571 OUI, 106 ssm, 366 M3CKHpOBKa, 373 BHpTy8nbHOrO K3H8n3,571 M3prnpYT3, 571 H360pa cnY>K6, 366 opr3HH33L1HH, 106 nOKJllOqeHItJI K3H8nbHOrO ypOBHJI, 134 nopT3,326 ceTH,366 yCTpOHCTB3,326 HMnynbcHo-KOOB3 MOLlynUIt, 560 HHKancYIDIUItH, 71; 78; 148 HDLC, 453; 586 PPP,594 HHCTH1Yf ANSI, 124 IEEE,87;90;97; 106;221;350;371 HH>KeHepOB no 3neKTpoTexHHKe H 3neKTpoHltKe, 87;90;351 CT3HJ3pTH38L1HH CiliA, 124 HHTepaKTItBHIUI nOLlCKa3K3, 260 HHTep<!>eik. 249; 299: 452 CLI, 249 BHernHHH, 580 BHyrpeHHHH,580 KOM3HHOH CTpOKH, 249 CeTH VLAN 1, 296 HHTep<!>epeHUHH, 359 K Ka6enb UTP, 87; 94; 336 nepeKperneHHbIH, 99 npJlMOH,98 KaHan PVC, 136 360HeHTcKItH,559 LlIt«PPOBOH, 563 BHPTY8nbHbIH, 570 nocToHHHMH,136;570 oCTyna, 134 CItHXpOHHblH, 125 CKOpOCTb, 125 KaqeCTBO 06CJIy)KItBaHItH, 193 KOLIltpOB3HHe, 97 KOJInIt3ItH, 94; 102; 338; 363 33n03anlUl, 337 KOMMyTarop, 103 KOMMyTaUItH 6ec«PP3rMeHTHIUI,228 K3H8noB,561 n3KeTOB.132;135 C 6y«pepH38L1HeH, 228 CKB03HIUI,228 «ppeHMoB. 135 KOHBepreHUHH,165;497 KOHTaKT,97 KOH<!>ltrypaUItOHHMH pemcTp, 466; 467 KOHueBHK,70; 71; 76; 109; 129; 135; 148 KOHUeHTpaTOp, 51; 93; 102 JI JIHHItH 3peHJB8HHIUI, 120 BMeneHHIUI,120;208;562 LleM3pK3L1ltOHHIUI, 123 KocHconbHIUI,258 qpexnpoBoHIUI,132 M MapIIIpyT KonbLieBoH,491 CT3HJI8pTHMH, 489 CT3THqeCKHH,484 peJepBHMH, 505 MapIIIpyTlt33TOp, 147; 449; 481 C ItHTerpHpoB8HHblMH cnY>K63MIt, 446 MaprnpyTH3aUIDI, 69; 146; 161; 394: 522 aHOHC, 167; 492 neTnH, 491 npoTOKon,151 T36nHLl3, 147 M3CK3, 160 AJlHHbI nepeMeHHoH,403
666 npeAMeTHblH YKa3aTenb nOCTOHHOH,403;484 MeTOLi DSSS. 357 FHSS, 357 OFDM,359 npMoH nOCJleLiOBaTeJlbHOCTH, 357 C opTOrOHaJIbHblM 'IaCTOTHbIM pa3L1eJleHHeM CHrHaJIOB,359 C pacIlIHpeHHeM cneKTpa, 357 MeTpItKa, 495 MItKpOCerMeHTamul, 220; 229 MOLleJlb as!, 61; 72 TCPIIP, 62 CeTeBIUI, 57 MOLleM,561 MOLlYJlb CSUfl)SU,122;445;562;586 06pa60TKH LlaHHblX, 122; 445 06CJlY)!(HBaHHII KaHaJIa, 122; 445 MOLlymUUtH,561 MorneHHIt'lecTBO,204 MYJlbTlWJleKCHpOBaHHe, 182 OFDM.359 TOM, 128 BpeMeHHoe,128 C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM nopToB, 181 H H8Lle)l(HOCTb, 187 o OKHO LlHHaMIt'leCKOe, 188 CKOJlb311llee, 188 OKTeT, 153 OnepaLI.HOHHaH CHCTeMa Cat as, 250 lOS, 250 KOMNryTaTopoBCatUy,250 Me>KceTeBall,250 OrKa3 B 06CJI}')KItBaHHH, 200; 369 n naKeT,68; 72 naMHTb Flash, 267 NVRAM,267 RAM. 266. ROM,267 onepanfBHall, 266 :meproHe3aBHcHMIUI, 267 nOBTOpHTeJlb, 92 nOLIKoMaHLIa, 265 nOLICeTb, 150; 389; 403 HOMep, 415 HYJleBlUI, 407; 520 pe3lt1IeHTHIUI, 415 IlIHpOKOBernaTeJlbHlUI, 407; 520 nOLlypoBeHb LLC, 90 MAC, 90 KOHTpOJlII Llocryna K cpene nepella'lH LlaHHblX, 90 ynpaBJleHHII JlOrH'IeCKOH CBII3blO, 90 nOJle KOHTpOJlbHOH CYMMbI, III THna npOTOKOJla, no nOJloca nponYCKaHHH, 125; 356 nOpT, 249; 299 LlonoJlHHTeJlbHblH.452;458 OTnpaBHTeJlII,185;578 nOJlY'laTeJlII,183;579 nOCJleLlOBaTeJlbHbIH, 125; 254 npe<!>ItKC, 160; 399; 400 nposaHLlep, 120; 577 n pOTOKOJl ARP, 149; 169 CDP, 325 DHCP. 171; 583 EGP,493 FfP, 186 HDLC, 129; 586 HTIP,63; 198 IGP,493 IP,68 PPP, 131; 589 RIP, 152 SNMP, 186; 296 SSH, 257 TCP,65; 180 UDP. 65; 180; 192 6e3YCTaHoBJleHltllcoeLlHHeHHII,191 6e30nacHblx coeLlHHeHHH, 258 nHHaMH'IeCKOrO KOHcpHrypHpOBaHHII y3JIa. 583 MapIllpyrH3aUHH, 151; 165 6eCKJlaCCOBblH, 497 KJlaCCOBbIH, 497 MapIllpYTH3HpyeMbIH, 151 MapIllpYTHOH HHcpOpMallHH, 152 06Hap)"KeHHII yCTpOHCTB Ci!>co. 325
npeAMeTHblH YKa3aTenb 667 ncpc,nal.JH rHnepTCKCTa, 63; 198 «paHnoB, 186 nonb30BaTenbCKHX ,ncHTarpaMM, 65; 192 npc06pa30BaHHHIP-a.npccoB,149 C YCTaHOBJICHHCM COClIHHeHHH, 191 cercBoro ypOBHH, 148 ynpaBncHHH ncpe,nal.JeH.65; 181 ceTblO, 186; 296 IlInlO3a BHcllIHero, 493 BHyrpCHHCro. 493 p Pa31>eM GBIC, 96 RJ-45, 95 SFP,96 MaJIo«popMaTHbIH MOlIynbHbIH, 96 PaCCCHHItC, 360 PaccToHHHC a.nMHHItCTPaTItBHOC, 504 PaCCbInKa ARP, 169 naBHHHaJI,226 MapllIp}'Ta, 492 MHoroa.npccaTHaJI,221 PC}I(ltM aCHHxpoHHOH nepelIal.JH, 132 6c30nacHoCTH.301 6noKHpoBaHHH,226 lIynncKcHwH,105;220;300;334 KOH«p H rypHpOBaHItH,263 06bII.JHOrO nonb30BaTeJIJl. 259 ncpc,nal.JH lIaHHwx, 226 nonYlIynncKCHbIH, 102; 105; 334 npHBHnCrHpOBaHHWH,259 POYMHHr,355 c CcrMCHT,66; 72; 191 CcrMcHTaUHH, 191; 219; 571 CCTb, 150; 392 Ethcrnct, 87 DIX, 90 KOMM}'THpycMaJI,104 VLAN, 235 VPN,208 BHpryaJIbHaJI l.JaCTHaJI, 208 I1HTepHCT, 48 KapTitpOBaHHC, 368 KJIacca A. 155 B,155 C,155 KJIaccoBaH,154;389;403 nOKaJlbHaJI, 83; 120 BHpryaJIbHaJI,235 TeppHTOpHaJlbHaJI,236 oObelIHHcHHaJI,47; 151 pacnpe,nenCHHaJI, 118; /20 pernOHaJIbHaJl, 120 C MHorOCTaHU110HHHbIM ,nocrynoM, 134 caM03aIlIHllalOllaHCH, 204 Tenc«poHHaJI, 558 l.JaCTHaJI, 390 CHrHan-IlIYM, 360 CltrHarypa, 202 CItMnCT, 320 CItHxpoHH3auItH,125;456 CItCTeMa IDS, 370 IPS, 370 aSTOHOMHaJI, 494 HOMCp. 494 BTOp>KCHHH 06HapY>KCHHH, 207; 370 np c lI oTB pwuCHHH,207;370 CItCTeMHbIH JKypHan, 294; 304 CKaHcp, 204 CKOPOCTb KaHaJIa, /27 orpaHHI.JCHl1C, 573 nOpTa,253 COKCT, 183; 190 CTaHlI8pT,372 IOOOBASE-T,loo IOBASE2, 90 IOBASE5. 90 802.11,353 802. 11 a, 353 802.11b,353 802.11g, 353 802.11i,376 CSMNCA,363 CSMNCD, 91; 102; 228; 335 IEEE 802.2, 87 802.3, 87 T568A, 98 WEP,372 WPA, 375
668 npeAMeTHblH YKa3aTenb WP A2. 376 C}'MMltpOBaHlte aBTOMaTHqeCKoe.497 BpyqHYIO. 497 cereBOH. 75 TpaHcnOpTHbIH. 75; 180 TCPIIP, 65 «pH3HqeCKHH, 76 SUlpa cem. 239 T <I> Ta6JHtIla KOMMYTaIlHH.222;224 Maprnpyrn3auHH. 162 MOCTOBIUI, 222 CAM. 222 TaHMep 6e3JeHcTBHJI.226 06HoBneHHH.330 xpaHeHHJI HH«popMaIlHH, 330 TaKTOBaH QaCTOTa, 125 TOQKa JeMapKaIlHH, 123 JoCTyna, 350 He3aperHCTpHpoBaHHIUI,370 <1>afuI KOH«pHrypaIlHIi. 267 cTapTOBoH. 267 TeKYllieH. 267 <1>11J1 b Tpausul URL. 207 MAC-MjJecoB. 374 «ppeHMoB. 222 3J1eKTpoHHoH nOQTbI, 207 <1>peHM. 70; 72; 129; 135; 571 <1>peHMltpOBaHlte. 108; 129 x y XaKep, 369 Y3eJl roJlOBHOH,568 TpaH3HTHbIH, 70; 489; 530 YpoBeHb,63 Jocryna K CeTI1, 237; 239 TCPIIP.69 I1HTepHeT,67 KaHaJIbHbIH, 76 npeJcTaBneHHJI. 75 npItJlO>KeHHH. 75 TCP/IP.63 pacnpeJeneHHJI. 237; 239 ceaHcoBbIH, 75 q 4epBb.204 LU WIt<!>p0BaHl1e, 370 WJlI03, /6/ .H 51QeHKa,57/
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- Книги
- Руководства
- Уэнделл Одом
📚 Официальное руководство Cisco по подготовке к сертификационным экзаменам CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822
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Стоимость книги: 800 ₽
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- Объем: 706 стр.
- Жанр: зарубежная компьютерная литература, зарубежная справочная литература, интернет, компьютерное железо, ОС и сети, руководства
- Теги: Cisco, сетевое оборудование, сетевые технологии, эксплуатация оборудованияРедактировать
Эта и ещё 2 книги за 399 ₽
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Оплачивая абонемент, я принимаю условия оплаты и её автоматического продления, указанные в оферте
Описание книги
DVD и Коды Доступа прилагаются только к печатному изданию
Третье издание этой книги – лучший учебник для экзаменов Cisco. Автор бестселлеров и опытный преподаватель Уэнделл Одом делится советами по подготовке к экзамену, помогая вам выявить слабые стороны, улучшить концептуальные знания и практические навыки. Книга ознакомит вас с процедурой организованной подготовки к тестам с использованием проверенных временем методов и техник обучения. Главная таблица экзаменационных тем существенно упрощает поиск. Контрольные вопросы в начале каждой главы позволяют читателю пройти самопроверку и решить, сколько времени следует потратить на каждую тему. Разделы для подготовки к экзаменам в конце каждой главы помогут запомнить самые важные концепции по каждой из тем и существенно сэкономить время на сертификационных экзаменах, что значительно увеличит вероятность успешной сдачи тестов. В последней главе даны дополнительные советы и описаны ресурсы для подготовки к сертификационному экзамену, а также приведен некоторый формальный план подготовки. Главы по поиску и устранению неисправностей помогут читателю подготовиться к решению практических задач и самым сложным заданиям сертификационного экзамена.
Данное издание было существенно переработано: обновлено содержимое, добавлены новые упражнения и расширены определенные темы, являющиеся ключом к пониманию и успеху сдачи экзаменов CCENT и CCNA. Тема IP-адресов была переписана и реорганизована так, чтобы отразить проверенные временем методики изучения концепций и специфических элементов головоломки подсетей. Кроме того, глава, посвященная моделям сетей TCP/IP и OSI, также была полностью переработана и изменена.
Эта книга поможет освоить нужные темы, в частности:
- модели сетей TCP/IP и OSI;
- использование сетевых маршрутизаторов и коммутаторов Cisco;
- конфигурирование и диагностика коммутаторов Ethernet;
- беспроводные локальные сети;
- IP-адресация и подсети;
- протоколы маршрутизации;
- конфигурирование и диагностика маршрутизаторов;
- безопасность в сетях;
- концепции и конфигурирование каналов распределенных сетей.
Подробная информация
- Возрастное ограничение:
- 12+
- Дата выхода на ЛитРес:
- 30 января 2015
- Дата перевода:
- 2013
- Дата написания:
- 2012
- Объем:
- 706 стр.
- ISBN:
- 978-5-8459-1807-9
- Общий размер:
- 9 MB
- Общее кол-во страниц:
- 706
- Размер страницы:
- 165 x 230 мм
- Переводчик:
- В. Л. Коваленко
- Правообладатель:
- Диалектика-Вильямс
Книга Уэнделла Одома «Официальное руководство Cisco по подготовке к сертификационным экзаменам CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822» — скачать в pdf или читать онлайн. Оставляйте комментарии и отзывы, голосуйте за понравившиеся.
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Уэнделл Одом
Официальное руководство Cisco по подготовке к сертификационным экзаменам CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822PDF
Обновлено 15.12.2018
Всем привет, сегодня продолжаем рубрику перед сном и я предлагаю вашему вниманию книгу Официальное руководство Cisco по подготовке к сертификационным экзаменам CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822 , 3-ье издание. Это еще одно хорошее переведенное издание для цисководов.
Год издания: 2013
Автор: Wendell Odom / Уэнделл Одом
Переводчик: В.А. Коваленко
Жанр или тематика: Official Certification Guide
Издательство: Вильямс
Серия: Cisco Press Core Series
Язык: Русский
Формат: PDF
Качество: Отсканированные страницы + слой распознанного текста
Интерактивное оглавление: Да
Количество страниц: 706
Содержание Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822 , 3-ье издание
Описание: Третье издание этой книги — лучший учебник для экзаменов Cisco. Автор бестселлеров и опытный преподаватель Уэнделл Одом делится советами по подготовке к экзамену, помогая вам выявить свои слабые стороны, улучшить концептуальные знания и практические навыки. Книга ознакомит вас с процедурой организованной подготовки к тестам с использованием проверенных временем методов и техник обучения:
— Главная таблица экзаменационных тем существенно упрощает поиск.
— Контрольные вопросы в начале каждой главы позволяют читателю пройти самопроверку и решить, сколько времени следует потратить на каждую тему.
— Разделы для подготовки к экзаменам в конце каждой главы помогут запомнить самые важные концепции по каждой из тем и существенно сэкономить время на сертификационных экзаменах, что значительно увеличит вероятность успешной сдачи тестов.
— В последней главе даны дополнительные советы и описаны ресурсы для подготовки к сертификационному экзамену, а также приведен некоторый формальный план подготовки.
— Главы по поиску и устранению неисправностей помогут читателю подготовиться к решению практических задач и самым сложным заданиям сертификационного экзамена.
Новое издание книги было существенно переработано.
В нем обновилось содержимое, добавлены новые упражнения и расширены определенные темы, являющиеся ключом к пониманию и успеху сдачи экзаменов CCENT и CCNA. Тема IP-адресов была переписана и реорганизована так, чтобы отразить проверенные временем методики изучения концепций и специфических элементов головоломки подсетей. Кроме того, глава, посвященная моделям сетей TCP/IP и OSI, также была полностью переделана и изменена.
Хорошо выверенный по уровню детализации, оснащенный средствами оценки, вопросами и упражнениями, этот официальный учебник поможет овладеть концепциями и методиками, которые позволят преуспеть на экзамене.
Третье издание этой книги — часть рекомендуемого учебного курса от Cisco, которое включает имитацию и практическое обучение от Cisco Learning Partners, а также средств самостоятельной подготовки от издательства Cisco Press. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию об очных курсах под руководством сертифицированных инструкторов, электронных версиях курсов и лабораторных работах, предлагаемых партнерами по обучению компании Cisco во всем мире, посетите сайт www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.
Эта книга поможет освоить нужные темы, в частности:
— модели сетей TCP/IP и OSI;
— использование сетевых маршрутизаторов и коммутаторов Cisco;
— конфигурирование и диагностика коммутаторов Ethernet;
— беспроводные локальные сети;
— IP-адресация и подсети;
— протоколы маршрутизации;
— конфигурирование и диагностика маршрутизаторов;
— безопасность в сетях;
— концепции и конфигурирование каналов распределенных сетей.
Скачать книгу Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822 с Яндекс диска
Дек 15, 2018 00:34
Официальное руководство Cisco по подготовке к сертификационным экзаменам CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822
Тема в разделе «Разное», создана пользователем Dollarboy1, 18 окт 2014.
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Одом Уэндэлл
Официальное руководство Cisco по подготовке к сертификационным экзаменам CCENT/CCNA ICND1 640-822Издательство: Диалектика / Вильямс
Жанр: Сети связиКачество: Хорошее
Страниц: 720
Формат: pdf, fb2, epubТретье издание этой книги — лучший учебник для экзаменов Cisco. Автор бестселлеров и опытный преподаватель Уэнделл Одом делится советами по подготовке к экзамену, помогая вам выявить слабые стороны, улучшить концептуальные знания и практические навыки. Книга ознакомит вас с процедурой организованной подготовки к тестам с использованием проверенных временем методов и техник обучения. Главная таблица экзаменационных тем существенно упрощает поиск. Контрольные вопросы в начале каждой главы позволяют читателю пройти самопроверку и решить, сколько времени следует потратить на каждую тему. Разделы для подготовки к экзаменам в конце каждой главы помогут запомнить самые важные концепции по каждой из тем и существенно сэкономить время на сертификационных экзаменах, что значительно увеличит вероятность успешной сдачи тестов. В последней главе даны дополнительные советы и описаны ресурсы для подготовки к сертификационному экзамену, а также приведен некоторый формальный план подготовки. Главы по поиску и устранению неисправностей помогут читателю подготовиться к решению практических задач и самым сложным заданиям сертификационного экзамена. Данное издание было существенно переработано: обновлено содержимое, добавлены новые упражнения и расширены определенные темы, являющиеся ключом к пониманию и успеху сдачи экзаменов CCENT и CCNA. Тема IP-адресов была переписана и реорганизована так, чтобы отразить проверенные временем методики изучения концепций и специфических элементов головоломки подсетей. Кроме того, глава, посвященная моделям сетей TCP/IP и OSI, также была полностью переработана и изменена. На прилагаемом к книге DVD содержится мощный процессор Pearson IT Certification Practice Test, укомплектованный сотнями выверенных реалистичных экзаменационных вопросов. Процессор оценивания предоставляет множество возможностей настройки и средств составления отчетов, обеспечивает полную оценку ваших знаний и поможет сосредоточиться на изучении наиболее необходимого именно для вас. В новое издание включен также бесплатный экземпляр эмулятора CCNA ICND1 640-822 Network Simulator, Lite Edition, укомплектованный лабораторными работами, которые помогут вам отточить свои практические навыки работы с пользовательским интерфейсом маршрутизаторов и коммутаторов Cisco. НА DVD содержится также более чем 60-минутная видеолекция от автора на английском языке, посвященная подсетям. Хорошо выверенный по уровню детализации, оснащенный средствами оценки, вопросами и упражнениями, этот официальный учебник поможет овладеть концепциями и методиками, которые позволят преуспеть на экзамене.
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