Программа сетевой академии cisco ccna вспомогательное руководство

Cisco CCNA 1 2

,

Cisco Networking Academy Program

CCNA 1 and 2 Companion GuideRevised Third Edition

Cisco Press201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA

Cisco CCNA 1 2 ,

2005

32.973.26 018.2.75 78 681.3.07

. .. . , . , .. , . . . .. , .. , .. . . . .. :
[email protected], http://www.williamspublishing.com
115419, , / 783; 03150, , / 152

Cisco Systems, Inc.78 Cisco CCNA 1 2. , 3 ., .: . . .: , 2005.
1168 .: . . . .ISBN 5 8459 0842 6 (.)

, . , , , , IP , . OSI, , , . , Ethernet Ethernet. , IOS, TCP/IP
. 32.973.26 018.2.75 . , , , Cisco Press. Authorized translation
from the English language edition published by Cisco Press,
Copyright 2004 by The Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No
part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without
permission from the Publisher. Russian language edition published
by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with
R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2005 Cisco,
http://www.academy.ciscopress.ru. ISBN 5 8459 0842 6 (.) ISBN 1
58713 150 1 (.) , 2005 by The Cisco Systems, Inc., 2004

I. CCNA 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. LAN WAN 6. Ethernet 7. Ethernet 8.
Ethernet 9. TCP/IP IP 10. 11. TCP/IP II. CCNA 2: 12. 13. 14.
15.

27 29

3739 79 157 229 259 303 355 405 437 489

547

581583 631 665 697

6 16. Cisco IOS 17. 18. 19. TCP/IP 20. 21. TCP/IP 22. III. . .
.

723 757 797

845 869 905 933

973975 1095 1109 1145

Cisco Systems I. CCNA 1: 1. Internet Internet TCP/IP ping Web
Internet ,

23 23 25 26 27 29 29 29 30 31 35 36 36

3739 41 41 42 47 49 51 51 52 53 55 56 56 56 59 60

8

32 IP 2. OSI OSI TCP/IP

62 64 66 66 69 70 71 72 76 79 81 81 85 87 102 110 111 112 114
115 117 119 120 120 122 124 124 126 128 129 130 130 132 132 134 136
138 139 143 146 150

3. (STP) , 4.

9157 159 160 163 164 165 166 169 172 175 176 177 180 181 183 184
185 187 191 192 194 197 199 208 209 210 213 214 216 217 218 220 223
225 229 230 231 231 233 234 236 236

10

5. LAN WAN Ethernet Ethernet UTP WAN BRI ISDN DSL 237 239 240
240 243 244 248 250 251 252 252 253 255 257 259 261 261 263 264 265
268 272 272 274 275 278 279 281 283 286 286 287 289 292 294 295 297
298 299 300

6. Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet IEEE Ethernet Ethernet OSI MAC
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet MAC Ethernet Ethernet FCS Ethernet 7.
Ethernet Ethernet 10 100 / 10 Ethernet 10BASE5 10BASE2 10BASE T
10BASE T Ethernet 100 / 100BASE TX 100BASE FX Fast Ethernet 10
Ethernet Ethernet 1000 / 1000BASE T 1000BASE SX 1000BASE LX Gigabit
Ethernet Ethernet 10 / , 10GbE Ethernet

11303 305 305 307 309 312 313 316 318 320 321 323 327 329 332
334 337 339 341 344 347 348 351 355 356 357 361 363 364 367 369 371
374 377 380 380 382 386 389 391 394 398

12 8. Ethernet Ethernet 9. TCP/IP IP TCP/IP TCP/IP Internet OSI
TCP/IP Internet Internet IP IPv4 IP : A, B, C, D E IP IP 4 IP 6 IP
Internet

399 400 402 405 407 407 408 411 412 412 414 418 418 420 423 424
428 429 430 432 433 434 437 438 439 440 442 443 445 446 447 450 450
453 455 458 461 464 466 468 470 470

IP IP RARP IP BOOTP DHCP (ARP) 10. IP IP IP IP A B AND

13471 472 474 476 478 479 483 484 485 489 491 491 494 495 497
499 500 501 503 507 509 512 514 516 518 521 523 524 524 527 529 533
534 536 539 542

14 11. TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP , TCP UDP TCP UDP DNS FTP TFTP HTTP
SMTP SNMP Telnet II. CCNA 2: 12. , WAN

547 548 548 550 551 553 554 556 557 559 559 562 562 566 567 568
570 571 571 572 573 575

581583 584 584 587 588 591 592 605 607 609 609 614 615 616 617
619 620

13. Cisco IOS Cisco IOS Cisco IOS Cisco IOS , Cisco IOS show
version 14. show Ethernet ,

15623 624 625 631 632 632 632 633 634 638 639 639 645 646 648
650 652 656 657 659 660 660 661 661 665 666 666 674 674 676 678 679
680 681 681 682 682 683 684 684

16

685 686 692 693 693 697 698 698 699 702 704 704 705 706 706 707
708 709 710 716 717 717 718 723 724 725 726 727 729 730 733 733 736
737 740 742 744 747

15. CDP , CDP , CDP CDP CDP Telnet telnet telnet Telnet , IP 16.
Cisco IOS Cisco IOS boot system Cisco IOS Cisco IOS Cisco IOS TFTP
Cisco TFTP Cisco IOS Xmodem

17. IGP EGP 18.

17749 750 751 752 757 758 758 759 762 766 767 768 769 772 774
774 775 775 778 783 786 787 789 790 791 792 793 797 799 799 800 801
803 804 805 806

18

RIP RIP RIP ip classless RIP RIP RIP RIP RIP IGRP IGRP IGRP IGRP
IGRP IGRP RIP IGRP IGRP IGRP 19. TCP/IP TCP/IP Internet (ICMP) ICMP
ping TCP/IP ICMP / 807 808 808 810 811 814 816 819 819 821 823 826
826 828 829 830 832 833 835 837 839 840 842

845 846 847 847 848 849 850 853 855 856 857 858 858 859 860
862

20. show ip route OSI ping telnet show interfaces show
interfaces show cdp traceroute show ip route show ip protocol show
controllers debug

19862 864 865 865 866 867 867 869 870 870 872 873 874 874 875
877 877 879 879 879 880 881 883 884 887 888 888 892 892 893 895 897
898

20 21. TCP/IP TCP , UDP , , MAC , IP 22. any host ACL

901 901 902 905 911 912 913 914 916 919 919 921 921 924 924 925
925 926 928 928 929 933 934 936 939 940 943 946 947 947 948 948 952
960 963 965 966 968 969 970

III. . , ,

21 973975 977 977 978 980 981 983 985 989 996 997 1000 1001 1001
1003 1005 1006 1009 1013 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1019 1019 1021
1021 1023 1024 1024 1026 1026 1026 1028 1029 1034 1036 1037

22

: FARB Software Development FARB . . 1037 1037 1038 1039 1042
1044 1047 1051 1052 1055 1056 1062 1063 1064 1068 1070 1070 1072
1074 1074 1074 1076 1077 1077 1078 1080 1080 1082 1082 1083 1084
1084 1087 1088 1088 1088 1090 1095 1109 1145

Cisco Press , . . , . . , , , [email protected]
, , ISBN. Cisco .

(Bill Chapman) (Arcadia). , ++ Java, , CCNA CompTIA A+.
(Academic Mentor Planning Committee), (Emergency Planning
Committee), (Certified District Technology Instructor) . (Pasadena)
, Cisco CompTIA A+ (Los Angeles County Regional Occupational
Program). Cisco , . Cisco CCNA CompTIA A+, Network+ I Net+. (Allan
Johnson) 10 . 1999 . A&M Corpus Christi : . (Mary Carroll High
School) (Del Mar) Corpus Christi . , CCNA/CCNP Cisco.

24

(Rick Graziani) 20 . (Cabrillo) (Aptos), . (Loyola Marymount)
(California State University Monterey Bay). , , OSPF 3, MANET. CCNP
CCAI. (Mark Boolootian), (Dave Barnett), (Jim Warner) (Fred Baker)
(Teri) . (Elanie Horn) Cisco (CATC), 1998 . , . 27 . Tri Rivers (
CATC, Cisco Academy Training Centre) Cisco , , . CCNA, CCDA CCAI.
(Andrew Large) 1998 . , . 13 Cisco . Cisco . CCNA, CCNP CCAI. .
(Antoon W. Rufi) , 2000 . 20 , II . ECPI . . , (Maryland) . CCNA,
CompTIA Network+ , CCNP.

Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc . , .

DSU/CSU DSU/CSU

Catalyst

ISDN/ Frame Relay

Sun

Macintosh

Web CiscoWorks

IBM

Token Ring Token Ring

FDDI

FDDI

Ethernet

, IOS (IOS Command Reference). : (|) , ; [ ] ; { } ; , , ; ( ) ,
(, show).

Internet , . . , , . , , . . , , , , , , , , . , . . , , . ,
Cisco Systems (Cisco Networking Academy Program CNAP). , Internet .
, Web , , , , . Cisco . , Web , , . , Cisco . , , , Cisco

28

Systems . . Cisco (Cisco Global Learning Network) Cisco . :
Internet , , . Cisco . . Worldwide Education ( ) Cisco Press Cisco,
Web . Cisco Systems , , . , , , Cisco Systems Internet . , , . ,
Cisco, , , . Cisco, , (Cisco Learning Partners) . , (e lrarning),
(self paced) . , , Cisco , . , , Learning & Events ( ) Web , .
, Cisco. (Kevin Warner) , , Cisco Systems, Inc.

, Cisco. , . , , , , CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate). ,
, . , (Local Area networks LAN). , , , , IP , . OSI, , , . ( ),
Ethernet Ethernet. , IOS, TCP/IP (ACL Access Control List). CCNA,
CompTIA Network+.

Cisco , , Cisco. , Cisco.

, . , , . .

30

. , , .

, . : … , . ; . , . ; , , . , , , , . , , , ; . . ; . , , ; .
, , . , , . :

. , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom).

31

, . :

22 , 3 : CCNA1 CCNA2.

I, CCNA 1: 1, , Internet. . 2, . , OSI , OSI. . 3, , . , OSI. ,
; , , , . 4, . , (Local Area Networks LANs). . . , , , , , , , . ,
, . 5, LAN WAN, WAN LAN. LAN , . Ethernet, Ethernet . WAN :

32

. , . . 6, Ethernet. Ethernet, Ether net (framing), Ethernet. ,
, . , . 7, Ethernet, OSI. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol ), .
Ethernet, . 10 Ethernet, , . 8, Ethernet , Ethernet. , , . Ethernet
. ; , , . 9, TCP/IP IP , TCP/IP, , . TCP/IP OSI; TCP/IP . 10, , ,
IP. , . : (distance vector), (link state) , , .

33

11, TCP/IP, , . , OSI, , , , . , .

II, CCNA2: 12, , , . . 13, , , , . (setup dialog), Cisco IOS.
14, . ; , , , Cisco IOS. , . 15, , Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol
CDP), , . 16, Cisco IOS, , Cisco IOS, . . TFTP . 17, .

34

(OSI) . . , , , . 18, , RIP IGRP; . 19, TCP/IP. ICMP, ICMP, ,
ICMP. ICMP, , . 20, , . , , . 21, TCP/IP. TCP/IP , TCP/IP: , , . .
ARP RARP. 22, , , , (ACL), , . , .

35

III, A, , , , ; , , , , . , , . CCNA, , . , , , . , , .

, , . , , , CCNA, , , , . . Packet Tracer 3.1, , , CCNA. , . ,
.

, , 3.1 Cisco (Cisco Networking Academy Pro gram). Cisco Systems
, . CCNA; , , : . , . Cisco Systems, , , , CCNA. CCNA Cisco (Cisco
Certified Network Associate). , , . , , . .

, , . , , . , . . Web . , , , , . , , . . : E mail: WWW:
[email protected] http://www.williamspublishing.com

: :

115419, , / 783 03150, , / 152

I CCNA 1:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

LAN WAN Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet- TCP/IP IP- TCP/IP

1

… , Internet; , ; , Ethernet , ; (NIC); , ; ping; Web ; , ; ,
; , ; , ; , ; , , ; IP ; ; .

, . Internet, . 41, , . 42, , . 42, , . 42, Web , . 42, , .
42,

40

I. CCNA 1: , . 43, , . 43, , . 53, , . 53, , . 56, , . 57, , .
57, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58,
, . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 60, , . 66, MAC , . 66, , . 67,
, . 69, IP , . 70, , . 70.

, . 42, / Internet, . 42, , . 43, , . 43, , . 44, , . 44, , .
44, , . 44, USB , . 44, , . 45, , . 45, , . 45, , . 45, , . 45, , .
46, , . 46, , . 46, , . 46, , . 46, , . 47, , . 47, , . 47, PCMCIA,
. 47, , . 49, ping, . 52,

1.

41

, Internet. . , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom). , .

Internet Internet , , . , Internet, . , , . , , , . . ,
Internet; Web . , .

Internet , Internet. Internet . , Internet. Internet, Internet .
, . , . : , . , , Web . Internet DSL (Digital Subscriber Line ) , .
Internet ;

42

I. CCNA 1:

, . Internet . , . . Internet : , , , . Internet; , . , , .
Internet . TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
/ Internet) Internet. TCP/IP , . TCP/IP 9, TCP/IP IP ; , ; .
Internet: Web (HyperText Markup Language HTML) Web , (File Trans
fer Protocol FTP) Internet. Web , , , . , Internet , , , , Internet
.

, .

1.

43

, . . , , , , , . , . ( ), .!

. , IT Essentials .

. , .. . , ; .!

, , .

(backplane) , . . (Network Interface Card NIC) , . Ethernet. . .
, . , . , , .

44

I. CCNA 1: , , . , . , , . . . . (Universal Serial Bus port USB
port) , , , , , , . USB , , . 1.1.2. . , . . Windows .

, . , . . , . . , . . , , . , . , .

1.

45

, , : (COM), (LPT), USB (Universal Serial Bus ) . (Light
Emitting Diode LED) , , . . : , . , , , . . (Printed circuit board
PCB) , . . — (CD-ROM) , -. — (CD-R, CD-RW) DVD-, . (Central
Processing Unit CPU) , (. 1.1). (Floppy Disk Drive FDD) , (. 1.2).
(Hard Disk Drive HDD) .

. 1.1.

. 1.2.

46

I. CCNA 1:

, . , . (. 1.3). , .. . ; , . , . . , (Industry-Standard
Architecture ISA), (Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI) .
(Random-Access Memory RAM), , . RAM , . , . , , , , . . (Read-Only
Memory ROM, ) , . . , , (Electronically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory EEPROM) . Flash-. — (Basic Input/Output System
BIOS) .

1.3.

1.

47

, , (. 1.4). . , , , , () , , , ( , -, ..) -. , , . . () . , , ,
, , , . , (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
card PCMCIA card), PC card. , , ( ), PCMCIA. . 1.5 (WLAN Wireless
LAN) PCMCIA-.

. 1.4.

. 1.5. PCMCIA

. 1.6 Ethernet, (LAN adapter). , .

48

I. CCNA 1:

. 1.6. !

, IT Essentials . , (Interrupt ReQuest IRQ), (I/O), , .

( ), . (IRQ) , (, Windows Linux), , . , , . . . , , . (I/O) , .
: . , , Ethernet Ethernet. Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI ), Ethernet ;

1.

49

, , : , , . ; . , , PCI ISA. .. PCI , ISA, . : . .

Internet : . , . (Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN). . 1.7
. . , , . . , .

. 1.7.

, . /. :

50

I. CCNA 1:

USB. , Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP). , 56 /, 53 /.
DSL , , . . . PCMCIA . . , , . . . 10 / 100 /. (. . 1.8) . , .
(plug and play), . , . ( ). , IRQ, , (Direct Memory Address DMA),
.

1.

51

1.8.

1960 . , . 300 (/), .. 30 . 1970 , (Bulletin Board Systems BBS),
. 300 / , . 1980 , . 300 / , . 1990 . 9600 / 56000 /, 1998 . , , ,
, (Digital Subscriber Line DSL) . . , , , . Internet .

TCP/IPTCP/IP , . Internet,

52

I. CCNA 1:

, TCP/IP. TCP/IP . IP , , (Domain Name Server DNS). (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol DHCP). , TCP/IP, Internet. : Windows,
Apple Macintosh, Unix. TCP/IP, DHCP DNS . 1.1.6. TCP/IP . , , MAC (
) ( ).

pingPing , TCP/IP. (), . Ping Packet Internet Groper Internet.
ping IP , . ping . , . ping , TCP/IP, . ping. ping 127.0.0.1 ( )
TCP/IP (. 1.9). ping IP- TCP/IP . ping IP- .

1. ping IP- .

53

. 1.9. ping 127.0.0.1 1.1.7. ping tracert. ping traceroute . IP
.

Web Web , , : Web ; ; ; . (HyperText Markup Language HTML), ,
Web . , , SGML) 1 (Standard Generalized Markup Language (Extensible
Markup Language XML), Web HTML. HTML , , . , 1

, ISO.

. .

54

I. CCNA 1:

HTML Web . Internet Explorer (IE) Netscape Web . , . Web , . .
1.1 . 1.1. Internet Explorer Microsoft Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer Microsoft HTML , ,

Netscape Communicator HTML , ,

Web . (plug in). . . Flash Shockwave (Flash player, Shockwave
player) , , Macromedia Flash. Adobe Acrobat Reader , PDF (Adobe
Portable Document Format Adobe). Windows Media , . Quicktime ,
Apple, . Real Player , .

1.

55

1.1.8. Web . Internet Internet, (Uniform Resource Locator URL).
Web , Web . : . , , , Microsoft Office Lotus Smart Suite. : , . ; ,
. , ; , , , , . , , , ; , , ; , , , .

Internet . 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. .

56

I. CCNA 1: 1.1.9. . , , .

, . , .

, , . , . , : ( 1 0). , : . ( ). , 0 . , . (American standard
code for information interchange ASCII) . , . , , : 1 0. .

, , 0 1. (/) / , . 0 (). +5 .

1.

57

, 8 . 8 . 1 . , , ASCII . 256 ( 28). 0 255. , (. 1.2). KB Kb, MB
Mb ( , ). , . , (, 45 /, 45 bps). . , 45 / 5,6 /. , . , , (/) (/).
8, . 1.2. (b, ) (B, ) (KB, ) (MB, ) (GB, ) (TB, )

1/8 1 1024 ( 1000 ) 1 1 1

1 8 8096 ( 8000 ) 8 8 8

. . 1 0 , , . , ; , . 1 8 .

58

I. CCNA 1: () 1024 , 1000 . () 1024 , 1000 . () 1 . () 1 048 576
, 1 . . . . () 1 . . . () 1 . . (/) . . (/) . . (/) . . Ethernet 10
/. (/) . . (/) . . 10 / Ethernet 10 /. (/) . . Internet 1 /. () . ,
, , 1 , ().

1.

59

() . , , . , (, 900 ). () , (1 000 000 000) . , , . (, 802.11b
2,4 ).!

. , 1980 , 10 ( IBM 4,77 ). 3 . . .

, . , , . , . . , .

. , , 10. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 9. (. . 1.3). 1.3. : 2 134 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 103 1000 2103

102 100 1102

101 10 3101

100 1 4100

60

I. CCNA 1:

10. 10 ( ), ( ). , 10, . , () 100 (1), 102 (1010 = 100). , , 101
(10), 106 (101010101010 = 1 000 000), . ., . 2134: 2134 = (2103) +
(1102) + (3101) + (4100). 4 , 3 , 1 2 . , , , . , , . IP , 4 , , ,
, 172.16.14.188. , IP 32 , .. , 8 . .

, , 2. (0 1) , ( 10). 2 ( ), ( ) (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, ..), .
1.4. 1.4. : 10110 0,1 27 128 0 26 64 0 25 32 0 24 16 1 23 8 0 22 4
1 21 2 1 20 1 0

1. . 10110 = (124 = 16) + (023 = 0) + (122 = 4) + (121 = 2) +
(020 = 0) = = (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0) = 22.

61

(10110) , 1 16, 0 8, 1 4, 2 0 1. , 22. IP 32 (4 ). : 16 (,
hexadecimal, hex) , .. . , , . 16 . . 10 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9), , : A, B, C, D, E F. 10, B 11, 12, D 13, E 14 F 15 (. .
1.5). () 16, . , 160 ( 1), 161 ( 16), 162 ( 256), .. , . 1.5.

: 1A2C

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 163 65536 1 162 256
A 161 16 2 160 1 C

. 1A2C = (1163 = 65536) + (10(A)162 = 2560) + (2161 = 32) +
(12() 160 = 12) = = (65536 + 2560 + 32 + 12) = 68144.

62

I. CCNA 1:

. . 1.10. , . , . , . . 168 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 128 , 168, , 1. 168
128 = 40. 64 , 40, , 0. 32 , 40, , 1. 40 32 = 8. 16 , 8, , 0. 8 8
(, ); 1. 8 8 = 0, , 0. 10101000 168.

6.

255. 11111111. , . 1.10, 255 . , IP . , 2, . , 650 29 = 512, .
1.2.5. . .

1.

63

0

128

1

0

64

1

0

32

1

0

16

1

0

8

1

0

4

1

0

2

1

0

1

1

. 1.10.

64

I. CCNA 1:

, . , . 1.11, . , .!

, . , 0 , 1, , 2 = 1.

01110000 . 02 = 0 + 1 02 = 0 + 2 02 = 0 + 3 02 = 0 + 4 12 = 16 +
5 12 = 32 + 6 12 = 64 + 7 02 = 0 112 ( 2, 1.) , (. . 1.10), . 1.11
255 , . 2. , , 10 , 512, 9 256, 1. 1.2.6. . .0

1.

65

0

128

1

0

64

1

0

32

1

0

16

1

0

8

1

0

4

1

0

2

1

0

1

1

. 1.11.

66

I. CCNA 1:

32 , Internet (IP ), 32 . 32 , : 8 . . , , 10.15.129.201. 32 .
32 , , . , , ( ) , . 128, , . , , 10.15.129.201
00001010.00001111.10000001.11001001: 10 = 00001010, 15 = 00001111,
129 = 10000001, 201 = 11001001.

. Cisco Systems 16 . , , 0010000100000010 2102 . MAC (Media
Access Control addresses OSI) .!

MAC . .

1.

67

Ethernet Token Ring 48 , 6 ( ). (Oct .) 6 , 12 . 4 4 (2 = 16), .
1.6. 10101010.11110000.11000001.11100010.01110111.01010001 :
AA.F0.C1.E2.77.51. A = 1010, A = 1010, F = 1111, 0 = 0000, C =
1100, 1 = 0001, E = 1110, 2 = 0010, 7 = 0111, 7 = 0111, 5 = 0101, 1
= 0001. MAC 4 , AAF0.C1E2.7751. 0x . , , , , 0x1234 , 1234. (, ..),
(16), . , , 0 9 A F. . 1.6 . , 4 . AC (.. 0xAC) A 1010,

68

I. CCNA 1:

C 1100 . AC 10101100. , 4 ; , 4 , . 8 ( : 4 ). , , . , ,
00011111 115. ? 11 5 1 15? 11 5, 10110101, . 1F, 00011111. 1.6.
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100
1101 1110 1111

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

. 8 , , . , 0x, , 5D 0x5D.

1.

69

. 1.2.8. . .

, . , , , . , . ( ) (AND), (OR) (NOT). , . (0 1) . ( ), , . (.
1.7) . 1, 0, 0 1. 1.7. (NOT) 0 1

1 0

(. 1.8) . , , . , . IP . (. 1.9) . 1, , . , , , , , .

70

I. CCNA 1:

1.8. (AND) 0 1 00 0

10 1

1.9. (OR) 0 1 00 1

11 1

, . , .

IP Internet 32 IP (Internet Protocol address, IP address). IP .
9, TCP/IP IP . IP IP , . IP . , , (host). , IP , . IP , 32 , . , .
1; , , 0. , 0, . . 1: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000,
255.0.0.0.

1.

71

2: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000, 255.255.0.0. , 24 . 16 ,
16 . IP 10.34.23.134 , 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110. IP , IP
, . IP 0 0. 0 1 0. . . 3: (255.0.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP .
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 .

00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000 . 10.0.0.0. 4:
(255.255.0.0). 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP .
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 .

00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000 . 10.24.0.0. IP . IP .

: . , ; ; TCP/IP Internet; ping ;

72

I. CCNA 1: . Web ; ; . ; . ; , . 0 1; . : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, F; , . , ; IP 32 , Internet.

.

MAC (Media Access Control address OSI). , , . , . MAC 6 , IEEE.
ping. Packet Internet Groper, Internet. , IP . Web . , Web
Internet, , Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator. (American
standard code for information interchange ASCII). , , .

1.

73

. , , , , . 1 8 . . . 1 0 , , . (/) / , . . , . . ( ) ( ). , . ,
. , , . (). 1 . . . (/). . . 10G Ethernet 10 /. . , HTML Web . . .
0 1, ( ). . , . (). 1024 , 1000 . (/). . . (). 1024 , 1000 . (/). .
. . , .

74

I. CCNA 1:

. . (). 1 048 576 , 1 . . . . (/). . . (). 1 . (/). . . Ethernet
10 /. (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PCMCIA). , , PCMCIA ( PC ). , , . . , . (modem). , . , . . . , , .
(backplane). , . . 8 . , .. 8 . (Random access memory RAM). , . . .
, . , , . (Printed circuit board PCB). , . . , Web .

1.

75

. IP , . , , . . . . . (Universal Serial Bus port USB port). , ,
, , , , . . , , . (Read only memory ROM). , . (CD ROM). , . (Floppy
disk drive FDD). , . (Hard disk drive HDD). , . . , , . Internet.
Internet (Internet Protocol IP). TCP/IP; . (File Transfer Protocol
FTP). , TCP/IP, . / Internet (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP/IP). , 1970 . TCP IP . . , , . . , ,
.

76

I. CCNA 1:

(NIC). , . Internet. , . Internet , , . . . (). 1 . . (/). . .
Internet 1 /. . 32 , 8 , , 8 . IP Internet, , 192.67.67.20. . , , ,
. (Central processing unit CPU). , . (Bus). , . . . (HyperText
Markup Language HTML). , ( ) , , Web .

, , , . , . 1. Internet?a) . ) . ) . ) .

1. 2. ?) . ) . ) . ) .

77

3. PCMCIA?) , . ) , . ) . ) .

4. ?) . ) , . ) , Ethernet. ) OSI.

5. ?) , . ) . ) . ) .

6. 2?) . ) . ) . ) ASCII.

7. , . . . /. .) . ) . ) ; , .

78

I. CCNA 1: ) , , , .

8. 1 ?) 254. ) 256. ) 255. ) 257.

9. 151?) 10100111. ) 10010111. ) 10101011. ) 10010011.

10. 11011010?) 186. ) 202. ) 218. ) 222.

11. 0010000100000000?) 0x2100. ) 0x2142. ) 0x0082. ) 0x0012.

12. 0x2101?) 0010 0001 0000 0001. ) 0001 0000 0001 0010. ) 0100
1000 0000 1000. ) 1000 0000 1000 0100.

13. ping ? ) ping .) Ping packet Internet groper. ) ping
127.0.0.1 TCP/IP . ) .

2

… ; , OSI ; , , , , ; ; ; LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN ; , VPN; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; OSI; OSI; OSI; TCP/IP; ; , , , , ; , DSLAM, CMTS ; , VPN ;
,

80

I. CCNA 1: ; ; , .

, . , . 84, , . 85, , . 87, , . 88, , . 89, ., . 90, , . 90, MAC
, . 90, , . 91, , . 92, , . 93, , . 93, , . 93, , . 94, , . 95, , .
98, , . 104, , . 105, , . 106, , . 106, , . 107, , . 109, , . 109,
, , . 109, , . 110, , . 110, , . 115, , . 116, , . 117, Intranet, .
119, Extranet, . 119, , . 120, , . 126, OSI, . 132, , . 135, , .
135, , . 135, , . 135, , . 136, , . 136, , . 136, , . 136, , . 137,
, . 137, , . 137, , . 139, , . 141.

2.

81

, . , . , OSI , OSI. OSI, , . , . , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom).
, .

. : (Local Area Networks LAN); (Wide Area Networks WAN);
(Metropolitan Area Networks (Storage Area Networks SAN); (Data
center); (Intranet ); (Extranet ); (Virtual Private Networks
VPN).

MAN);

, . , , . . 2.1 , , .

82

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.1. !

, , , ; . , , , , , , . (sneakernet 1). . 2.2.

, . . , . :1 Sneakernet () . (floppy), . . .

2. ? ? ?

83

, . , , . 80 XX .

. 2.2.

, 80 , . , , , . . , , ; , . (Local Area Network LAN). , LAN. .
2.3 . , , , . LAN , . 2.4. LAN ,

84

I. CCNA 1:

. (Metropolitan Area Network MAN) (Wide Area Network WAN). WAN ,
, , , . 2.5. , , , .. Internet

2 G E0 E1 K D E F N L 1 FDDI F0 T0

Token Ring J

H

I

M

B C O

A

P

. 2.3.

. 2.4. (LAN)

2.

85

. 2.5. (WAN)

; 35 . . 2.1 Internet. , . 40 XX , . 1946 . 50 , , . 50 . , , .
60 , . 60 70 , ( ). 1977 Apple Computer , (Personal Computer PC).
1981 IBM PC.

86

I. CCNA 1:

Apple Macintosh, IBM PC PC , . 2.1. 40 XX . 1947

, . , ( ) , , Apple Computer , (Personal Computer PC) IBM , , ,
() , . ,

50

60

60 70 XX . 1977 1981 80

80 , , () , . , . , . 2 (bulletin board). , , , . 2 BBS Bulletin
Board System, , , ( ) Internet. . . .

2.

87

, . , , . , , , . , . , , 500 ! 60 90 XX (U.S. Department of
Defense DoD) WAN . , . . , . , , . Internet.

, , (device). : . , , , , ; . , . , , (host). . 2.6 . , . , .
(Network Interface Card NIC), . , , , . NIC , ()

88

I. CCNA 1:

. NIC PCMCIA.

. 2.6.

NIC , MAC . MAC . , NIC . . , , . , . , . , , , , , . .

(repeater) , () OSI. , , , , , . (signals). , . , . , .

2.

89

(repeater) . . OSI , .

(hub) . . . 2.7, . LAN. . , LAN .

. 2.7.

, (multiport repeater). , . , 4 20 , . 2.8. : ; ; ;

90

I. CCNA 1: ; .

. 2.8.

, 10BASE T 100BASE T ( Ethernet 7, Ethernet). . , . , ( ). , (
). Ethernet . , , . (collision) , . , , (collision domain). ,
(bandwidth domain). 6, Ethernet. , . , , . , , .

( ) (Network Interface Card NIC), , , , (Media Access Control
MAC), MAC . LAN. NIC . . 2.9 NIC.

2.

91

. 2.9.

(bridge) , LAN, . , . LAN , () LAN . NIC MAC . , () MAC , MAC .
MAC . . , , , MAC . . , . , ( ) . LAN . 3, , . MAC . . 2.10 .
.3

.

. .

92

I. CCNA 1:

1

2

. 2.10.

. MAC , , . . 1. , MAC . , MAC MAC , . , MAC , , . (filtering).
, . , MAC , , . MAC , , , . (flooding). . ( ), MAC

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2.

93

. MAC , , , . , ( ) , , MAC , , , . , .!

, . , .

(broadcast) , . (broadcast domain) , , , . ( FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF)
, . , , . , , (switch) , . .

, (LAN), ; . . 2.11 . , LAN , MAC , , . , . , . , MAC .

94

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.11.

, , , 4. . . . (microsegmentation) , , . , . , . , , . , , . , ,
. , Cisco 6500 8500 . . 2.12 Cisco Catalyst 8500 ATM , ATM , .
Catalyst 8500 ( , ..) MAN, , Intranet , . ATM , , Catalyst 8500 ATM
Gigabit Ethernet . CCNA, .

, , . . .

4

2.

95

. 2.12. Catalyst 8500

(router) , (. 2.13). . , MAC . , , Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber
Distributed Data Interface (FDDI ). , ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode ATM) . , Internet IP.

. 2.13.

96

I. CCNA 1:

( , ), . , . . .

, DSL-, : , ; DSLAM, DSL ; (Cable Modem Termination System
CMTS), ; , . . : (gateway) , . Cisco AS5400 , , , . . 2.14 Cisco
AS5400, , , . DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
DSLAM) , DSL-. DSLAM . . 2.15 DSL Cisco 6100.

2.

97

. 2.14. Cisco AS5400

. 2.15. DSLAM Cisco 6100 CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System
CMTS) Internet, . (Universal Broadband Router) CMTS uBR7100 MTU
(multitenant units ), , . , uBR10012, . 2.16, .

98

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.16. CMTS Cisco uBR1001 , , . . 2.17 (Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplexing DWDM) Cisco ONS 15454. . Internet- Extranet-
, , . , AAA- VPN-. (firewall) , , . . , , ,

2. . , , . . 2.18 Cisco PIX 535, .

99

. 2.17. Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM

. 2.18. Cisco PIX AAA AAA (AAA server) , . , . — , , ( ), , ( ),
, ( ). — . — , , , (). , , (), (). . 2.19 -.

100

I. CCNA 1:

(HQ) (HQ)

(HQ) AAA

(HQ)

. 2.19. VPN (Virtual Private Network VPN) VPN-, VPN-. VPN- Cisco
3000 VPN- , , , , . . 2.20 VPN- Cisco 3000.

. 2.20. VPN Cisco 3000 (Wireless LAN WLAN) LAN, , Ethernet, .
NIC, . . NIC, . PCMCIA PCI

2.

101

, . PC NIC , . PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect 32- ) ISA
(Industry-Standard Architecture , ) LAN , . . : PCMCIA , PCI- . , .
. 2.21 .

. 2.21. (Access Point AP), (. 2.22), LAN, , .. , . AP (roaming),
, . (. 2.23) (11 /) 5 ( 25 ) Ethernet. Cisco ( ).

5

.

. .

102

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.22.

. 2.23. : Cisco 1503 Micro Hub. Cisco 1503 Micro Hub. : Cisco
Catalyst 1924. Cisco. : Cisco 2621. Cisco 2162.

, , . , , , . .

2.

103

, . . : ; ; ; ; ; . . 2.24 .

. 2.24.

, . . . 2.25 , . , . .

104

I. CCNA 1:

2 G E0 E1 K D E F N L 1 FDDI F0 T0

Internet

Token Ring J

H

I

M

B C O

A

P

. 2.25.

(linear bus) (bus topology) (. 2.26). , , 6.

. 2.26.

6

. . .

bus topology

2.

105

, , . , , , .

(star topology), . 2.27, Ethernet , . . , , , , . , , . , . , ,
LAN Ethernet . , . , .

. 2.27.

106

I. CCNA 1:

, ( ), (extended star topology). . 2.28.

. 2.28.

.

(ring topology). , , . , . , . , . , . , , . .

2. : ; .

107

, . 2.29, , . . , .

. 2.29.

, . 2.30. , .. . (wrap) , .. .

(hierarchical topology) . . (trunk node), (branches) , . 2.31.
() : ; , .

108

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.30.

. 2.31.

2.

109

— (full mesh topology) () , ( ) , . 2.32. . , , . , , . , , , .
, , . WAN.

. 2.32.

(partial mesh topology) ( ) ; , , . .2.33. . , , . ,
Internet.

. , . , NIC . . ,

110

I. CCNA 1:

(First come, first served). , Ethernet. . . , . , , , , . , ,
Token Ring FDDI, .

.2.33.

, . , . , , . . . , , . : (Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers IEEE);

2.

111

(American National Standards Institute ANSI);
(Telecommunications Industry Association TIA); (Electronic
Industries Alliance EIA); (International Telecommunications Union
ITU), (Consultative Committee for International Telephone and
Telegraphy CCITT).

(Local Area Network LAN) , (network interface cards), , . . 2.34
LAN. , . , .

. 2.34. (LAN)

112

I. CCNA 1:

, : ; ; , ; . : Ethernet; Token Ring; FDDI.

(Wide Area Networks WAN) LAN, LAN , . WAN , , (. 2.35).

. 2.35. (WAN)

2.

113

, LAN . WAN . (Instant Message IM) , , . , . (telecommuters), ,
. WAN : , ; ; ; , World Wide Web, Internet. : ; (Integrated
Services Digital Net work ISDN); (Digital Subscriber Line DSL); ,
Frame Relay; T () E () T1, E1, T3, E3 ..; (Synchronous Optical
Network SONET) 1 (STS 1) ( [OC] 1), STS 3 (OC 3) .. : Internet-,
Ethernet. , , , , , . , , , , Internet. (Local Exchange Carrier
LEC)

114

I. CCNA 1:

, , DSL , . Internet, . Cisco , DSL. , , , . , Internet, IP
(Voice over IP VoIP), Internet , , .

(Metropolitan Area Network MAN) , , . MAN LAN, , , . 2.36. , MAN
, . LAN , . MAN . , , MAN , . MAN LAN WAN : MAN , , LAN , , WAN ;
MAN ( WAN ); MAN LAN . : , , LAN . , . Intranet- Extranet-, VPN.
.

2. POP 1

115

POP 2

SAN

. 2.36.

(Storage Area Network SAN) , . , (. 2.37). SAN , . , , . SAN . .
SAN , . . SAN , SAN 10 7. . LAN/WAN, SAN . , .

7

6,2 .

. .

116

I. CCNA 1:

Internet

IP

. 2.37. : . 2.38, (data center) , , Internet. IP- , , , . . , .
Web- , . , Internet- (Internet Service Provider ISP) , , ,
Internet- , .

2.

117

Web

, , 2 3

L2/L3

DSL

/ATM/FR

ISDN/

. 2.38.

(Virtual Private Network VPN) , , , , Internet. VPN , Internet
VPN . Cisco VPN . , , , Internet. VPN , . . VPN , . 2.39. VPN
(Access VPN) / (Small Office/Home Office SOHO) (Intranet Extranet)
. VPN , ISDN, DSL, IP

118

I. CCNA 1: , . VPN Intranet ( ) . VPN (Intranet) VPN (Extranet)
, . VPN Extranet ( ) . VPN (Extranet) VPN (Intranet) , , .

V

, Cisco

PN

VPN VPN , Cisco

N VP POP

VP N PIX Cisco

VPN

, PIX

, VPN

SOHO, Cisco ISDN/DSL

. 2.39. VPN

VPN : VPN TCP/IP. , ;

2.

119

TCP/IP VPN . . , ; VPN .

LAN Intranet ( ). Web (Intranet) Web , Intranet . (Intranet) , ,
. Web , , , . Extranet ( ) (Intranet), . (Intranet) , Extranet .
(Extranet) , ; (Extranet). (Extranet) , Intranet , . , (ID) . ,
(Extranet) (Intranet) (Intranet). (Extranet) (Intranet) . , , ,
(Intranet) . . 2.40 (Intranet Extranet).

120

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.40. Intranet Extranet

LAN WAN ( bandwidth). , , . . , , .

(bandwidth) , . , . ? . , , , . , , . , 56 /, , .

2.

121

DSL , DSL , . ( ), DSL, , ( ). , DSL . . , , . . LAN , . WAN . ,
. . , Internet. . , . Internet , , . , Internet . . , , , . , , .
IP , . .

122

I. CCNA 1:

() , . , . , (. 2.41). . 2 , 2 . . , , , . , (put in bigger
pipes), .

, ,

. 2.41.

(. 2.42). . ( highways) ,

2.

123

. , . , . , , , . , , , . ; , . , , ( ).

8

STOP

, , ,

. 2.42.

, , . , .

124

I. CCNA 1:

. , , . , . , , . , . , , T3 45 / , T1 1,544 /. , , , , . , T3 ,
T1. . 2.2 . 2.2.

/ / / /

1 / 1 / = 1000 / = 103 / 1 / = 1 000 000 / = 106 / 1 / = 1 000
000 000 / = 109 /

, LAN WAN. . , , . , . , , (Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP), , 1
/,

2.

125

, , 10BASE T, 100BASE TX 1000BASE TX Ethernet. , , , , , .. , ,
, , , NIC . . 2.3 , . 2.3. 50 (10BASE2 Ethernet, Thinnet) 50
(10BASE5 Ethernet, Thicknet) UTP 5 (10BASE T Ethernet) UTP 5
(100BASE TX Ethernet) UTP 5 (1000BASE TX Ethernet) (62.5/125 )
(100BASE FX Ethernet) (62.5/125 ) (1000BASE SX Ethernet) (50/125 )
(1000BASE SX Ethernet) (9/125 ) (1000BASE LX Ethernet)

(/)10 10 10 100 1000 100

()185 500 100 100 100 2000

1000

220

1000

550

1000

5000

. 2.4 WAN .

126

I. CCNA 1:

2.4. WAN WAN DSL

, , , () , , ,

56 / = 0,056 / 12 / 6,1 / = 0,128 / 6,1 /

ISDN Frame Relay

128 / = 0,128 / 56 / 44,736 / () 34,368 / () = 0,056 / 44,736 /
() 34,368 / () 1,544 / 44,736 / 51,840 /

T1 T3 STS 1 (OC 1)

STS 3 (OC 3)

155,251 /

STS 48 (OC 48)

2,488 /

, . . LAN , 100 /, , 100 /. . , . (throughput) , Internet .
,

2.

127

, . , : ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; . , , , . . 2.43 , . , . , . . .

634

II. CCNA2:

. , . . . #. enable , >. , . Cisco . , #, EXEC . ? , ; .

Cisco IOS Cisco Cisco IOS . Cisco IOS. , , . Cisco . . , Cisco,
. : , ; , ; , , . 16, Cisco IOS. Cisco IOS, .

13.

635

Cisco IOS Flash . , , , , , , . Flash show version, 13.1. Web
Cisco , Flash , . , , Cisco IOS, . Cisco Product Documentation (
Cisco) . Cisco Software Advisor ( Cisco) Web . Cisco IOS . show
version, 13.1. 13.1.

show version

Cisco> show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System
Software — —image file is «flash:/c2500-i-l.121-16.bin» Cisco
2600 (68030) processor (revision N) with 6144K/2048K bytes of
memory.

. . , , Cisco IOS . Flash 1, show flash, 13.2.

1 , ( Read ONLY ). , Flash , , . . .

636

II. CCNA2:

13.2. show

flash

Cisco> show flash System flash directory: File Length
Name/status 1 8022152 /c2500-i-l.121-16.bin [8022216 bytes used,
366392 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board
System flash (Read ONLY)

Cisco IOS : boot system ; ; Flash ; . boot system. , Flash .
show version, 13.3. 13.3.

Cisco> show version — —ROM: System Bootstrap, Version
11.0(10c), SOFTWARE BOOTLDR: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R),
Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Cisco IOS . , . show version, 13.4.

13. 13.4.

637

Cisco> show version — —Configuration register is
0x2102

. Cisco IOS show version. , Web Cisco.com. . , , , , Flash . , ,
:open: read error…requested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0 trouble reading
device magic number boot: cannot open «flash:» boot: cannot
determine first file name on device «flash:»

Flash , . , , , . Cisco. , , . . 13.1 . show , show, ?. 13.1.
show version

, , , , . ( ) , Flash

show processes show protocols show memory show stacks show
buffers show flash

638

II. CCNA2: . 13.1

show running-config (write term Cisco IOS Software 10.3 ) show
startup-config (show config Cisco IOS Software 10.3 )

show interface

Cisco IOS Cisco IOS : ROM ; (Boot ROM); Cisco IOS. (RAM) . , .
ROM . , . ROM , . , , . Flash ; Cisco IOS, Flash . copy tftp flash,
, TFTP , Flash , . Cisco IOS, Flash . Flash , .

13.

639

Flash () . Cisco IOS Flash . show version, . show flash , 13.5,
, Flash , , , Flash , IOS. 13.5. Flash- Cisco IOS

Cisco> show flash System flash directory: File Length
Name/status 1 8022152 /c2500-i-l.121-16.bin [8022216 bytes used,
366392 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board
System flash (Read ONLY)

, , . , , , .

(bootstrap), . , (setup mode). , , (NonVolatile Random Access
Memory NVRAM). Cisco (POST Power On Self Test). (Read Only Memory
ROM). : , . , :

640

II. CCNA2: ; , , .

Cisco IOS. . : 1. , ; 2. Cisco IOS; 3. , , .

. 1. , (ROM). , , . , . 2. . . Flash , boot system . , , NVRAM ,
. , Cisco IOS, Flash . 3. Cisco IOS. , . 4. , (NVRAM). , , ..

13.

641

5. NVRAM , , . . 13.1 . ROM

Flash TFTP ROM

Cisco IOS

NVRAM TFTP

. 13.1. : . , , . . Cisco IOS. ([]) , , . , ( ). , . NVRAM-,
erase stratup-config. reload . , , -. — , , , ? . +, . (shutdown).
13.6 , setup.

642

II. CCNA2:

13.6. setup

# setup — System Configuration Dialog -At any point you may
enter a question mark ‘?’ for help. Use ctrl-c to abort
configuration dialog at any prompt. Default settings are in square
brackets ‘[]’. Basic management setup configures only enough
connectivity for management of the system, extended setup will ask
you to configure each interface on the system Would you like to
enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no First, would you like to
see the current interface summary? [yes]: yes Interface Ethernet0
Serial0 Serial1 IP-Address 198.133.219.1 unassigned unassigned OK?
YES YES YES Method NVRAM NVRAM NVRAM Status Protocol up down
administratively down down administratively down down

. , , yes (), NVRAM-. no (), , . — More —, . , 13.7. , . , . .
Cisco IOS Software . , [Router]. , . , . , , Cisco, . , .

13. 13.7.

643

Configuring global parameters: Enter host name [Router]: Cisco
The enable secret is a password used to protect access to
privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after
entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration. Enter enable
secret: cougars The enable password is used when you do not specify
an enable secret password, with some older software versions, and
some boot images. Enter enable password: lumberjacks The virtual
terminal password is used to protect access to the router over a
network interface. Enter virtual terminal password: matadors
Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: no , , (enable password)
(enable secret word). . , . , , . . , . . 13.8 line console 0,
login password, . , . . console 0 , login , . 13.8.

Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# password Cisco

13.9, line vty 0 4, login password, Telnet-.

644

II. CCNA2:

13.9.

Router(config)# line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# password sanjose , , , 13.10. , . — (yes), , .
13.10.

Configure IP? [yes]: Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: 200 % Please
answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: yes Your IGRP
autonomous system number [1]: 200 Configuring interface parameters:
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [yes]: yes Configure
IP on this interface? [yes]: yes IP address for this interface:
10.10.10.1 Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : Class A
network is 10.0.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /8 Do you want to
configure Serial0 interface? [yes]: n Do you want to configure
Serial1 interface? [yes]: n The following configuration command
script was created: hostname Cisco enable secret 5
$1$37Kq$vA6UckClKEBzOIWGIF54U/ enable password lumberjacks line vty
0 4 password sanjose no snmp-server ! no bridge 1 ip routing !
interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 ! ! — —

13.

645

13.2.1. .

(LED ). Cisco. 1 . WAN BRI. . 13.2 13.3 . . , , . , . (WAN) .
WAN (60 Token Ring D ) (RJ 45) (RJ 45)

AUX

SER0

TR

SER1 BRI

WAN (60 D ) BRI (RJ 45)

. 13.2. 2500

646

II. CCNA2: WIC 2 OK ASDL WIC

ISDN BRI WIC

LAN 10/100 Ethernet

MOD OK

WIC 1 OK

. 13.3. 1721

, . 1. , POST. 2. , Cisco IOS ( ). , Cisco IOS, Flash TFTP , .
0x2102. , Flash , boot system. , , Cisco IOS. boot system (..
NVRAM), , .. IOS Flash . 3. Flash , , , ( ROM). Cisco IOS. 4. ,
.

13.

647

5. NVRAM , TFTP , . , . 13.11 13.12 , Cisco IOS. 13.11.
NVRAM-

System Bootstrap, Version X.X(XXXX) [XXXXX XX], RELEASE SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems 1721 processor with 4096
Kbytes of main memory Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write
erase. — —

13.12. Cisco IOS

— —IOS ™ 1721 Software (XXX-X-X), Version [XXXXX XXX]
Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems, Inc.!

NVRAM erase start write erase.

NVRAM , 13.11. , . , . , 13.12, Cisco IOS, . , . , , 13.13 : ;
;

648

II. CCNA2: NVRAM ; Flash .

13.13. , Cisco

Processor board ID 10226279 R4700 CPU at 100Mhz, Implementation
33, Rev 1.0 MICA-6DM Firmware: CP ver 2730 — 5/23/2001, SP ver 2730
— 5/23/2001. Bridging software. X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software. Primary Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 24 Serial network interface(s) 4
Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s) 6 terminal
line(s) 1 Channelized T1/PRI port(s) DRAM configuration is 64 bits
wide with parity disabled. 125K bytes of non-volatile configuration
memory. 32768K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102

Cisco (RJ 45) EIA/TIA 232. (ASCII ) . , , RJ 45 RJ 45 DB 9 RJ 45
DB 25 ( ). 9600 , , , , . . 1. RJ 45 RJ 45 DB 9 RJ 45 DB 25. 2.
9600 , 8 , , .

13.

649

. 13.4 HyperTerminal .

(RJ 45)

RJ 45

RJ 45 DB 25

. 13.4.

650

II. CCNA2:

. 13.2 , . 13.2. Windows 9x, NT, 2000 XP Windows 3.1
Macintosh

HyperTerminal ( Windows), ProComm Plus Terminal ( Windows)
ProComm, VersaTerm, ZTerm

13.2.4. HyperTerminal , HyperTerminal .

Cisco . , . , 13.14. EXEC . . . EXEC . . , EXEC . , , . .
13.14.

Router> ————— Router>enable Password: Router#
—————- Router>disable Router>

13.

651

. > enable. , enable secret. #. , : (router(config-if)#);
(router(config-subif)#); (router(config-line)#);
(router(config-router)#); (router(config-map-class)#). , disable.
exit. Cisco IOS . : Cisco IOS Cisco Internetwork Operation System
(IOS ) , . Cisco. Cisco IOS Software : ; ; ; ; . (CLI Command Line
Interface) Cisco IOS Telnet-. , EXEC-.

652

II. CCNA2:

13.15, . — More —, . 22 . — More — , . . , . .!

, .. . , , , .

13.15.

? Exec commands: access-enable access-profile access-template
archive bfe cd clear clock configure connect copy debug delete dir
disable disconnect elog enable erase exit help —More isdn lock

Create a temporary Access-List entry Apply user-profile to
interface Create a temporary Access-List entry manage archive files
For manual emergency modes setting Change current directory Reset
functions Manage the system clock Enter configuration mode Open a
terminal connection Copy from one file to another Debugging
functions (see also ‘undebug’) Delete a file List files on a
filesystem Turn off privileged commands Disconnect an existing
network connection Event-logging control commands Turn on
privileged commands Erase a filesystem Exit from the EXEC
Description of the interactive help system Make/disconnect an isdn
data call on a BRI interface Lock the terminal

13. login logout more mrinfo mrm mstat mtrace name-connection no
pad ping ppp pwd reload resume rlogin rsh send setup show —More
slip start-chat systat telnet terminal test traceroute tunnel udptn
undebug verify where write x28 x3 Log in as a particular user Exit
from the EXEC Display the contents of a file Request neighbor and
version information from a multicast router IP Multicast Routing
Monitor Test Show statistics after multiple multicast traceroutes
Trace reverse multicast path from destination to source Name an
existing network connection Disable debugging functions Open a X.29
PAD connection Send echo messages Start IETF Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP) Display current working directory Halt and perform a
cold restart Resume an active network connection Open an rlogin
connection Execute a remote command Send a message to other tty
lines Run the SETUP command facility Show running system
information Start Serial-line IP (SLIP) Start a chat-script on a
line Display information about terminal lines Open a telnet
connection Set terminal line parameters Test subsystems, memory,
and interfaces Trace route to destination Open a tunnel connection
Open an udptn connection Disable debugging functions (see also
‘debug’) Verify a file List active connections Write running
configuration to memory, network, or terminal Become an X.28 PAD
Set X.3 parameters on PAD

653

enable ena. . ( 13.16).

654

II. CCNA2:

13.16.

Cisco# ? Exec commands: access-enable access-profile
access-template archive bfe cd clear clock configure connect copy
debug delete dir disable disconnect elog enable erase exit help
—More

Create a temporary Access-List entry Apply user-profile to
interface Create a temporary Access-List entry manage archive files
For manual emergency modes setting Change current directory Reset
functions Manage the system clock Enter configuration mode Open a
terminal connection Copy from one file to another Debugging
functions (see also ‘undebug’) Delete a file List files on a
filesystem Turn off privileged commands Disconnect an existing
network connection Event-logging control commands Turn on
privileged commands Erase a filesystem Exit from the EXEC
Description of the interactive help system

? 2 Cisco IOS .

, . , . . , . , , , . 1. , ?. clock. 2. .

, , . . .

2

13.

655

3. : , . (clock) , (% Incomplete command.) , . , set ( 13.17).
13.17. clock

set

Cisco# clok Translating «clok»…domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer
address Cisco# cl? clear clock Cisco# clock % Incomplete command.
Cisco# clock ? set Set the time and date Cisco# clock set %
Incomplete command. Cisco# clock set ? hh:mm:ss Current Time

4. . , ( 13.18). 13.18.

Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 % Incomplete command. Cisco# clock set
19:50:00 ? Day of the month MONTH Month of the year Cisco# clock
set 19:50:00 14 7 ^ % Invalid input detected at ‘^’ marker. Cisco#
clock set 19:50:00 14 July % Incomplete command.

656

II. CCNA2:

Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 14 July ? Year Cisco# clock set
19:50:00 14 July 2003 Cisco#

1. , + ( ). ?. . 2. ^ , . ^ . , , ?. 3. , , . , ^. , . .

Cisco IOS , , , . , , . 13.3. , , , . terminal no editing . , .
, . , . +. . , +. 13. 13.3. + + + + + + !657 . 13.3 13.4
. , : , , Telnet DOS; CCNA , . , . 13.19 , . , . $ , , . , , .
13.19. , Cisco>$ value for our customers, employees, investors,
and partners Cisco IOS , . +. EXEC . , , . . :658 II. CCNA2: ; ; .
, , . , , terminal history size history size. , , 256. . 13.4 .
13.4. + , ( ), () , ( ), + show history terminal history [size _]
terminal no editing terminal editing , , , +. , . + +. . , . (.. ),
. . , . 13. 659 2.2.9. . . , , . : , . . , ^. , , . .router#clock
set 13:32:00 23 February 04 ^ % Invalid input detected at ‘^’
marker. ^ , 04. , , , (?).router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February ?
Year router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February ( , ).router#clock set
13:32:00 23 February 2004 , .660 II. CCNA2: show version show
version IOS, . . : Cisco IOS ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . : HyperTerminal; ; ; ;
; Cisco IOS; ROM , Cisco IOS; show version show flash Cisco IOS,
Flash ; , , (CLI). , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom). , . 13. 661 Cisco
IOS (Internetwork Operating System, Cisco IOS Cisco). Cisco , .
Flash , . (Command Line Interface CLI) , . (daughter card) , ( ) .
Flash (flash memory) , , . Flash Intel . BIOS, . Flash , , . (Light
Emitting Diode LED) , . . NVRAM (NonVolatile RAM ) , . (Power On
Self Test POST) , . , , , . , .662 II. CCNA2: 1. ? ) NVRAM, . ) , .
) , , . 2. ? ) +. ) +. ) +. 3. , HyperTerminal . ) BAUD None. )
DATA BITS 1. ) PARITY 8. ) STOP BITS 9600. ) FLOW CONTROL None. 4.
, ? ) Cisco IOS . ) Cisco IOS . 5. , ? ) Flash . ) Flash . 6. ? ) +
. ) + . ) + . ) + . ) + . ) + . 13. 6637. ? ) . ) + . ) + .
) show history . ) terminal history size # . ) terminal editing . )
no terminal editing . 8. Cisco IOS? ) , . ) Cisco IOS . ) . ) . 9.
, ? ) Cisco IOS ROM . ) Cisco IOS . ) Cisco IOS Web . ) NVRAM boot
system. 10. Cisco IOS show version? ) . ) . ) Flash . ) . 11. Cisco
IOS? ) . ) Flash .664 II. CCNA2: ) TFTP . ) .12. ? ) exit. ) no
config mode. ) +. ) +. 13. ? ) router(config)#. ) router(config
in)#. ) router(config intf)#. ) router(config if)#. 14. Cisco IOS?
) CLI. ) TCP/IP. ) OSPF. ) OSI. 15. Cisco ? ) . ) . ) . ) . 16.
Cisco? ) . ) . ) . ) Root. 14 …, ; , ; , show; ; Ethernet ; , ; ,
; , ; ; , ; , ; . , : , . 667, , . 667, , . 670, NVRAM, . 671, , .
683.666 II. CCNA2: , Cisco IOS , . , . , , : (e Lab), ,
(PhotoZoom). , . , . , . , , . IOS : ; . , . : — . . . 14.1 . . . .
, ( ). ! , . , , . 14. 14.1. 667access-enable atmsig d clear
connect dir disable disconnect enable exit help lat lock login
logout mrinfo mstat mtrace name-connection pad ping ppp pwd resume
rlogin ATM ( ) LAT () X.29 PAD IETF (PPP) rlogin 668 II. CCNA2: .
14.1show slip systat telnet terminal tn3270 traceroute tunnel where
x3 xremote SLIP telnet TN3270 X.3 / (PAD) Xremote (privileged mode)
EXEC- enable ( en):Router>enable Password: Router>en
Password: . ?, . . 14.2 . , . 14.2. access-enable access-template
appn atmsig bfe APPN ATM 14. 669 . 14.2calendar cd clear clock cmt
configure connect copy debug delete dir disable disconnect enable
erase exit format help lat lock login logout mbranch mrbranch
mrinfo FDDI (. undebug) Flash EXEC LAT EXEC 670 II. CCNA2: .
14.2mstat mtrace name-connection ncia pad ping ppp pwd reload
resume rlogin rsh sdlc send setup show slip squeeze start-chat
systat tarp telnet terminal test tn3270 NCIA X.29 PAD IETF (PPP)
rlogin SDLC tty setup SLIP (Target ID Resolution Process) telnet ,
TN3270 14. 671 . 14.2traceroute tunnel undebug undelete verify
where which route write x3 xremote (. debug) Flash OSI , X.3 PAD
Xremote , , . configure. : , . . . , . . 14.3 , . exit. +, EXEC .
14.1 .672 II. CCNA2: 14.3. IPX Router(config if)# Router(config
subif)# Router(config controller)# Router(config map list)#
Router(config map class)# Router(config line)# Router(config
router)# Router(config ipx router)# Router(config route map)# 14.1.
, Router# configure terminal Router(config)# ! Router(config)# exit
Router# Router#configure terminal Router(config)# router protocol
Router(config-router)# ! Router(config-router)# exit
Router(config)#interface type port Router(config-if)# !
Router(config-if)# exit Router(config)# exit Router# : telnet- . .
(ROM monitor) . : , (IOS). , . : Rommon>. (setup mode) , 14.
673. , , , . . , . , setup . , , ( NVRAM) . RXBoot , . RXBoot Cisco
IOS, (streamlined setup mode). , . , . , , Flash- Cisco IOS
Software. : . . 14.4 , . 14.4. , configure terminal configure
memory copy tftp running config show running config copy running
config startup config copy running config tftp show startup config
erase startup config (NVRAM) TFTP , TFTP , Cisco IOS 11.0 , .
14.1.674 II. CCNA2: config term show running configshow startup
config erase startup config config memoryNVRAM copy tftp startup
configcopy running config startup configOcopy tftp running config
copy running config tftpTFTP ( IP). 14.1. , , , 14.2. 14.2.
Router(config)#hostname SunDevils SunDevils(config)# . (global
configuration mode), (hostname) . , Router. 14.1.2. . . . . 14. 675
. EXEC . enable password. . , , enable secret. , , enable password.
. line console 0. , . . telnet . . 0 4 . , telnet. . , . . telnet
line vty 0 4. 14.3 . , enable secret, ; , , , , , , . service
password-encryption. . , , enable secret, . service
password-encryption : , , , . 14.3. ! Router(config)# line console
0 Router(config-line)# login Router(config-line)# password Cisco !
Router(config)# line vty 0 4676 II. CCNA2: Router(config-line)#
login Router(config-line)# password Cisco ! Router(config)# enable
password san fran ! Router(config)# enable secret [] !
Router(config)# service password encryption ! Router(config)# no
service password encryption 14.1.3. , . show show, ; . show ? . .
14.5 show. 14.5. show show interfaces . , show interfaces .
:Router# show interfaces serial 1show controllers serial show clock
show hosts show users show history show flash show version , ,
Flash Cisco IOS, Cisco IOS Software, (RAM) 14. 677 . 14.5show arp
show protocol show startup configuration show running configuration
ARP , (NVRAM) , (RAM) 14.4 14.6 show protocol, show version show
interfaces. 14.4. showprotocolRouter# show protocols Global values:
Internet Protocol routing is enabled DECnet routing is enabled XNS
routing is enabled Vines routing is enabled AppleTalk routing is
enabled Novell routing is enabled —More-Ethernet0 is up, line
protocol is up Internet address is 183.8.126.2, subnet mask is
255.255.255.128 DECnet cost is 5 XNS address is 3010.aa00.0400.0284
CLNS enabled Vines metric is 32 AppleTalk address is 3012.93, zone
ld-e0 Novell address is 3010.aa00.0400.0284 —More 14.5.
showversionRouter# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System
Software IOS ™ 4500 Software (C4500-J-M). Version 12.1.5
Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri
28-Jun-96 16:32 by rbeach Image text-base: 0x600088A0, data-base:
0x6076E000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.1(1) RELEASE SOFTWARE
(fc1) ROM: 4500-XBOOT Bootstrap Software, Version 10.1(1) RELEASE
SOFTWARE (fc1) router uptime is 1 week, 3 days, 32 minutes System
restarted by reload System image file is c4500-j-mz, booted via
tftp from 171.69.1.129 —More—678 II. CCNA2: interfaces 14.6.
showRouter# show interfaces Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is MK5025 Internet address is 183.8.64.129, subnet mask is
255.255.255.128 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 56 kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely
255/255. load 9/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive
set (10 sec) Last input 0:00:00, output 0:00:01, output hang never
Last clearing of show interfaces counters never Output queue 0/40,
0 drops, input queue 0/75, 0 drops Five minute input rate 1000
bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 331885 packets input, 62400237 bytes, no
buffer Received 230457 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants 3 input
errors, 3 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0ignored, 0 abort 403591 packets
output, 66717279 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions,
8 interface resets, 0 restarts 45 carrier transitions 14.1.4. show
show. show . . . (DCE), , (CSU) , (DSU). Cisco (DTE), DCE . DCE (..
) . clockrate. : 1200, 2400, 9600, 19 200, 38 400, 56 000, 64 000,
72 000, 125 000, 148 000, 500 000, 800 000, 1 000 000, 1 300 000, 2
000 000 4 000 000. , , . , ( 14.7). 14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . IP . ( )
(DCE) ( DTE ). .679 6. 14.7. Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)# ip address
10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 Router(config-if)# bandwidth 56
Router(config-if)# clockrate 56000 Router(config-if)# no shutdown .
no shutdown. , , . shutdown. :Router(config-if)# shutdown
.Router(config-if)# no shutdown :Router(config-if)# exit 14.1.6. ,
. . , , 680 II. CCNA2: , no shutdown. show running-config. . , :
no; ; erase startup-configuration, . :Router# copy running
configuration startup configuration . 14.6 , Cisco IOS 11. . 14.6.
, Cisco IOS 11. configure memory erase startup config copy running
config startup config (NVRAM) (NVRAM) , ( ) ( ) , show startup
config 14.1.6. . , . Ethernet-Ethernet . Ethernet IP . 14. 681
Ethernet , ( 14.8): 1. 2. 3. 4. . . IP . . 14.8. Ethernet-Router#
configure terminal Router(config)# interface e0 Router(config-if)#
ip address 192.168.1.150 255.255.255.128 Router(config-if)# no
shutdown . no shutdown. , , . shutdown. 14.1.7. Ethernet Ethernet
FastEthernet . , . , , . . . , . MOTD . . . . , .682 II. CCNA2: , .
, , . . , . , , . , , , , . , , . . , . , , , . . , ( 14.9). 1. 2.
, configure terminal. (, Ethernet 0), interface ethernet 0.
description, (, XYZ Network, Building 10). , +. , copy
running-config startup-config. 3. 4. 5. 14. 14.9. —
683Router(config)# interface ethernet 0 Router(config-if)#
description SkyDome LAN Communication Building Router(config-if)#
exit ! Ethernet0 show: description SkyDome LAN Communication
Building ip address 198.133.215.1 255.255.255.0 14.2.3. ., , (login
banner), , . , , , . , , . . , , , . , This is a secure system,
authorized access only! ( , !) , . 14.10 , . 14.10. , Tokyo con0 is
now available Press RETURN to get started. This is a secure system.
Authorized Access ONLY!!! User Access Verification Password:
Tokyo>enable Password: Tokyo#684 II. CCNA2: (Message Of The Day
MOTD) , , . MOTD . banner motd, , #, 14.11. . 1. 2. 3. , configure
terminal. banner motd # The message of the day goes here # . , copy
running-configuration startup-configuration copy run start. 14.11.
Tokyo(config)# banner motd # You have entered a secure system,
authorized access ONLY! # 14.2.5. , , . . , . , , , telnet ping , .
, , IP , , , IP . IP (host table). . IP . Cisco IOS EXEC . . (DNS
), , . 14. 685 , . 1. 2. , configure terminal. ip host , IP , . 2 ,
. , +. , copy running-config startup-config. 3. 4. 5. 14.2.7. , , ,
. . : ; ; . . , TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol ) , . . . .
16, Cisco IOS. . 14.2 .686 II. CCNA2: Router (config)# router (rip,
eigrp, ..) ? ? DNSRouter > enableRouter (config)# ip host ? DNS
? Router (config line)# passwordshow run ? .. ? Router (config)#
int (E0, S0, ..) ? Copy run start . 14.2. TFTP , copy
running-config tftp. , , . 14. 1. 2. copy running-c

Нет электронной версии

Программа сетевой академии Cisco CCNA 1 и 2. Вспомогательное руководство, 3-издание, исправленное

Программа Сетевой академии

CISCO
CCNA
3 и 4

Вспомогательное
руководство

Оглавление

Студентам 29

О
технических редакторах 30

Пиктограммы
сетевых устройств и соединений,
используемые корпорацией Cisco Systems 32

Обозначения,
используемые в командах 33

Введение 37

Цели
книги 38

Для
кого предназначена эта книга 39

Организация
материала книги 39

Структура
книги 40

Прилагаемый
компакт-диск 45

От
издательского дома “Вильямс” 46

Часть I 46

Обзор 46

Глава 1 Эталонная модель osi и маршрутизация 46

Эталонная
модель OSI и маршрутизация 47

Многоуровневая
модель сети: эталонная модель OSI 48

Обмен
информацией между устройствами одного
ранга 51

Инкапсуляция
данных 53

Физический
уровень 55

Физические
соединения сетей Ethernet 802.3 57

Канальный
уровень 58

Интерфейс
сети Ethernet/802.3 59

Сетевой
уровень 60

IP-адресация
и подсети 61

Определение
пути 62

Обмен
информацией о путях 63

Протокол
ICMP 65

Протокол
ARP 66

Маршрутизация 68

Маршрутизируемые
протоколы и протоколы маршрутизации 72

Конфигурирование
IР-маршрутизации 77

Транспортный
уровень 79

Сегментирование
приложений верхнего уровня 81

Установка
соединения 81

Передача
данных 82

Повышение
надежности передачи путем создания
окон 83

Способы
подтверждения 84

Резюме 85

Часть II 96

CCNA
3: Основы коммутации и промежуточной
маршрутизации 96

Глава 2 Начальные сведения о маршрутизации по адресам без классов 97

В
этой главе… 97

Начальные
сведения о маршрутизации по адресам
без классов 97

Обзор
маршрутизации по адресам без классов 97

Для
чего используется адресация CIDR? 98

Обобщение
маршрутов и создание суперсетей 98

Суперсети
и выделение адресов 101

Использование
масок подсети переменной длины 103

Функции
масок VLSM 104

Вычисление
масок VLSM 108

Конфигурирование
маски VLSM 111

Использование
масок VLSM протоколами RIP и IGRP 112

Обобщение
маршрутов 114

Обобщение
маршрутов в октете 116

Обобщение
маршрутов во фрагментарной сети 118

Флэппинг
маршрутов 119

Протокол
RIP версии 2 120

Краткая
история протокола RIP 121

Функции
протокола RIP версии 2 123

Сравнение
протоколов RIPvl и RIPv2 124

Конфигурирование
протокола RIP версии 2 126

Тестирование
протокола RIP V2 128

Устранение
ошибок конфигурирования протокола
RIP 131

Стандартные
маршруты 134

Резюме 136

Глоссарий 138

Контрольные
вопросы 138

Глава 3 140

Основные
понятия протокола OSPF для одной зоны 141

Обзор
протокола OSPF 142

Терминология
протокола OSPF 143

Состояния
протокола OSPF 146

Сравнение
протокола OSPF с дистанционно-векторными
протоколами маршрутизации 152

Алгоритм
выбора кратчайшего пути 155

Типы
сетей протокола OSPF 155

Протокол
приветствия (Hello) стека протоколов
OSPF 159

Операции
протокола OSPF 160

Установка
отношений смежности 160

Выбор
назначенного маршрутизатора и резервного
назначенного маршрутизатора 162

Обнаружение
маршрутов 165

Выбор
наилучшего маршрута 166

Поддержка
информации о маршрутах 168

Конфигурирование
протокола OSPF для одной зоны 170

Конфигурирование
адреса петлевого интерфейса 173

Изменение
приоритета OSPF-маршрутизатора 174

Изменение
метрики, используемой протоколом OSPF
для присвоения оценки каналу 176

Конфигурирование
аутентификации в протоколе OSPF 178

Конфигурирование
таймеров протокола OSPF 180

Конфигурирование
протокола OSPF в сетях NBMA 181

Полносвязные
сети Frame Relay 183

Сети
Frame Relay с частично-связной топологией 186

OSPF-сеть
типа “точка-несколько точек” 189

Распространение
в сети маршрута по умолчанию 191

Общие
вопросы конфигурирования протокола
OSPF 192

Тестирование
конфигурации протокола OSPF 193

Резюме 194

Глоссарий 196

Контрольные
вопросы 198

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