Руководство нато кто

Нынешний генеральный секретарь НАТО Йенс Столтенберг будет исполнять свои обязанности только до осени, очередное продление его полномочий не состоится. Эта новость свидетельствует о временном проигрыше «ястребов» внутри НАТО их более умеренной разновидности. Но главный итог деятельности Столтенберга подведут российские войска.

Норвежец Йенс Столтенберг подтвердил уход с поста генсека НАТО через своего пресс-секретаря, румынку Оану Лунгеску. До тех пор существовала некоторая интрига: истекающие в октябре полномочия Столтенберга могли продлить, как сделали это в 2022-м сроком на один год с пояснением типа «коней на переправе не меняют».

Тогда «переправой» стала российская СВО и вторая холодная война. Теперь ею является так называемое контрнаступление украинской армии, которое ожидают с марта. Строго говоря, оно уже началось, просто имеет вид не единой крупной военной операции, как представлялось многим, а наращивания активности ВСУ на разных участках фронта с серией «разведок боем». Если в каком-то месте оборону ВС РФ удастся проломить и подтянуть туда украинские резервы, это и будет объявлено Киевом тем самым «контрнаступлением».

От успехов и поражений ВСУ предположительно зависит дальнейшая политика стран НАТО в отношении украинского конфликта. «Проба оружия» (натовских танков, бронемашин и т. д.) до конца сухого сезона неизбежна, но подведение итогов наверняка уйдет на осень, а кадровое решение по одному из ключевых менеджеров по обеспечению и подготовке украинских войск – «коню» по фамилии Столтенберг нужно было принять край к июлю, когда лидеры стран альянса соберутся на саммит в Вильнюсе.

Если бы украинцы поторопились и преуспели, глядишь, Столтенберг остался бы в штаб-квартире НАТО. Теперь «коня» меняют, но пока непонятно – на кого. Еще два года назад приоритет был своеобразным – гендерным, в секретариат хотели назначить непременно женщину и желательно из Восточной Европы. С тех пор пост генсека НАТО стал значительно более значимым, поскольку конфликт на Украине подается внутри альянса чуть ли не как последняя линия обороны на пути российской военной экспансии в Европу.   

Это – пропагандистский миф, но это и смена приоритетов. Поэтому новым генсеком станет какой-нибудь опытный и влиятельный кадр, не чета экс-премьеркам из Прибалтики, откуда еще недавно предлагали сразу несколько «гендерно правильных» кандидатов.

Кандидатов и сейчас несколько, включая сверхизвестных вроде премьер-министра Великобритании Бориса Джонсона. Он опытный русофоб – в этом сила его заявки, но для такой должности слишком своеволен, а как политик токсичен – успел поссориться со многими из тех, кто должен будет согласовать его кандидатуру, включая нынешнего премьера Британии Риши Сунака и французского президента Эммануэля Макрона.

Поэтому фаворитом считается глава Еврокомиссии Урсула фон дер Ляйен, но это в том случае, если у нее возникнут проблемы с переизбранием на нынешний пост.

В любом случае Столтенберг уйдет – и уйдет не победителем. Есть несколько соображений по поводу того, почему его переназначение не состоялось. Главное из них – его линия оказалась слишком «ястребиной», чтоб стать доминирующей в нынешних условиях. Он был отличным генсеком для США, Британии, Польши и Прибалтики, но страны Старой Европы еще не настолько страх потеряли.

Тут дело уже не в пресловутом «контрнаступлении»: насчет того, что ВСУ должны как минимум попробовать, на Западе сложился устойчивый компромисс, и деятельный Столтенберг вроде как успешно отвечал за подготовку и переподготовку украинских войск. Однако он перегнул палку в своих попытках сделать Украину полноценным членом НАТО, а не просто его инструментом в противостоянии с Россией. Причем настолько сильно перегнул, что глава евродипломатии Жозеп Боррель, сам отнюдь не «голубь», даже устроил генсеку публичную отповедь.

Через несколько дней после этой отповеди источники сразу нескольких мировых СМИ сообщили, что на саммите НАТО в июле Киеву не будет направлено официальное приглашение в альянс. Столтенберг и большинство восточноевропейских членов НАТО настаивали на этом шаге, пусть и с сотней оговорок: мол, это билет с открытой датой, процедуры начнутся не раньше полного урегулирования конфликта и т. д. и т. п., но Западную Европу оговорки не убедили.

Да, там теперь терпимее относятся к идее официального оформления отношений с Киевом, чем пару лет назад, но к такому способу эскалации конфликта пока не готовы, ведь противостояние с Россией во многом идет вокруг дилеммы, станет Украина частью НАТО или нет (или какая именно часть Украины станет, а какая нет).

Примечательно, что после «утечек от источников» обычно грозный Столтенберг публично обратился к членам НАТО с призывом не давать Украине гарантий безопасности в одностороннем порядке и даже не обсуждать их, поскольку это опасно близко к задействованию пункта о коллективной обороне альянса.

Другими словами, военного конфликта с Россией в НАТО все еще опасаются – и Столтенбергу опасаться велели, когда он чересчур раздухарился. Его уход на этом фоне можно трактовать как поражение радикальных «ястребов» внутри альянса вроде все той же Польши (предупреждение о гарантиях от Столтенберга обращено в первую очередь к ней) от крыльев – нет, совсем не «голубей», но более осторожных хищников.

Окончательное решение «не торопиться» наверняка было принято в США, где уступили опасениям Германии и Франции. После этого ценность Столтенберга как генсека резко упала, и уже этим летом он будет подыскивать себе другую работу.

На улице, понятно, не останется: глобальные «ястребы» полезными фигурами не разбрасываются, а Столтенберг свою полезность, как и верность ястребиной линии, доказал, чего от него не все ждали.

Формально дважды премьер Норвегии был креатурой Германии, точнее – канцлера Ангелы Меркель. В 2014-м ему предложили перестроить структуры и политику альянса под конфронтацию с Россией после «крымского перелома», но в управляемом ключе. Первое время так оно и было, но потом в своих стремлениях генсек пошел значительно дальше той умеренности, которой ждали от него немцы, перейдя на бескомпромиссные в отношении России позиции американцев и верных им лимитрофов.

Тут стоит упомянуть о собственных взглядах Столтенберга. Пока он был сугубо норвежским политиком, он был левак, а многие леваки в Скандинавии прохладно дышат к НАТО, тогда как партия Меркель – ХДС – прохладно дышит к левакам. Но все сложилось так, как сложилось, и «товарищ Столтенберг», он же несостоявшийся агент КГБ «Стеклов» (КГБ традиционно интересовался западноевропейскими леваками, но Столтенберг от сотрудничества отказался) стал верным падаваном США в их стремлении вывести НАТО на еще более глобальный уровень – вплоть до Дальнего Востока. Однако эта новая, опасная уже для всей планеты экспансия Североатлантического альянса продолжится без его участия.

Столтенберг стал самым влиятельным генеральным секретарем альянса за всю его историю, а по длительности пребывания в должности не смог обойти только нидерландца Йозефа Лунса, старого «коня» холодной войны, которого не сменили на переправе от никсоновской «разрядки» к новой эскалации отношений с СССР, продержав в генсеках 13 лет.

Другое дело, что вес поста генсека НАТО как эдакого распорядителя многомиллиардной конфронтации с Россией увеличился за девять столтенберговских лет благодаря не столько лично ему, сколько англосаксам – главному «мотору» новой холодной войны.

Теперь англосаксы в рамках как бы уступки немцам и французам отправят перевербованного норвежца на почетную пенсию, по-настоящему омрачить которую, обнулив почти все достижения Столтенберга, может только одна группа сил. Это Вооруженные силы РФ, о которые надлежит разбиться подготовленному им «контрнаступлению ВСУ».

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique nord
Logo
Flag
Member states shown in dark green
Abbreviation	NATO, OTAN
Formation	4 April 1949 (74 years ago)
Type	Military alliance
Headquarters	Brussels, Belgium
Membership	31 states  Albania  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Montenegro  Netherlands  North Macedonia  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States
Official language	English and French[1]
Secretary General	Jens Stoltenberg
Chair of the NATO Military Committee	Lt. Admiral Rob Bauer, Royal Netherlands Navy
Supreme Allied Commander Europe	General Christopher G. Cavoli, United States Army
Supreme Allied Commander Transformation	Général Philippe Lavigne, French Air and Space Force
Expenses (2021)	US$1.050 trillion[2]
Website	www.nato.int
Anthem: «The NATO Hymn» Motto: «Animus in consulendo liber»

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; French: Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 31 member states – 29 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949.^[3][4] NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization’s motto is animus in consulendo liber^[5] (Latin for «a mind unfettered in deliberation»).

NATO’s main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO’s military headquarters are near Mons, Belgium. The alliance has targeted its NATO Response Force deployments in Eastern Europe, and the combined militaries of all NATO members include around 3.5 million soldiers and personnel.^[6] Their combined military spending as of 2022 constituted around 55 percent of the global nominal total.^[7] Moreover, members have agreed to reach or maintain the target defence spending of at least two percent of their GDP by 2024.^[8][9]

NATO formed with twelve founding members and has added new members nine times, most recently when Finland joined the alliance on 4 April 2023, exactly 74 years after NATO’s formation.^[10] Following the acceptance of its application for membership in June 2022, Sweden is anticipated to become the 32nd member, with its Accession Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty now in the process of being ratified by the existing members.^[10] In addition, NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members.^[3] Enlargement has led to tensions with non-member Russia, one of the twenty additional countries participating in NATO’s Partnership for Peace programme. Another nineteen countries are involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes with NATO.

History

The Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom on 4 March 1947, during the aftermath of World War II and the start of the Cold War, as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of possible attacks by Germany or the Soviet Union. In March 1948, this alliance was expanded in the Treaty of Brussels to include the Benelux countries, forming the Brussels Treaty Organization, commonly known as the Western Union.^[11] Talks for a wider military alliance, which could include North America, also began that month in the United States, where their foreign policy under the Truman Doctrine promoted international solidarity against actions they saw as communist aggression, such as the February 1948 coup d’état in Czechoslovakia. These talks resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland.^[12] Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson was a key author and drafter of the treaty.^[13][14][15]

The North Atlantic Treaty was largely dormant until the Korean War initiated the establishment of NATO to implement it with an integrated military structure. This included the formation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in 1951, which adopted many of the Western Union’s military structures and plans,^[16] including their agreements on standardizing equipment and agreements on stationing foreign military forces in European countries. In 1952, the post of Secretary General of NATO was established as the organization’s chief civilian. That year also saw the first major NATO maritime exercises, Exercise Mainbrace and the accession of Greece and Turkey to the organization.^[17][18] Following the London and Paris Conferences, West Germany was permitted to rearm militarily, as they joined NATO in May 1955, which was, in turn, a major factor in the creation of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact, delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War.^[19]

The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 marked a height in Cold War tensions, when 400,000 US troops were stationed in Europe.^[20] Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion – doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO’s military structure in 1966.^[21][22] In 1982, the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance.^[23]

The Revolutions of 1989 in Europe led to a strategic re-evaluation of NATO’s purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent. In October 1990, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance, and in November 1990, the alliance signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in Paris with the Soviet Union. It mandated specific military reductions across the continent, which continued after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in February 1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union that December, which removed the de facto main adversaries of NATO.^[24] This began a draw-down of military spending and equipment in Europe. The CFE treaty allowed signatories to remove 52,000 pieces of conventional armaments in the following sixteen years,^[25] and allowed military spending by NATO’s European members to decline by 28 percent from 1990 to 2015.^[26] In 1990 assurances were given by several Western leaders to Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO would not expand further east, as revealed by memoranda of private conversations.^{[27][28][29][30]} However, the final text of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, signed later that year, contained no mention of the issue of eastward expansion.

In the 1990s, the organization extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns.^[31] During the Breakup of Yugoslavia, the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999.^[32] These conflicts motivated a major post-Cold War military restructuring. NATO’s military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established.

Politically, the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European states, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War period, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized «Membership Action Plans». These plans governed the subsequent addition of new alliance members.^[33] The election of French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France’s military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent.^[22][34][35]

Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks,^[36] after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO-led ISAF. The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then, including sending trainers to Iraq, assisting in counter-piracy operations,^[37] and in 2011 enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1973.

Russia’s annexation of Crimea led to strong condemnation by all NATO members,^[38] and was one of the seven times that Article 4, which calls for consultation among NATO members, has been invoked. Prior times included during the Iraq War and Syrian Civil War.^[39] At the 2014 Wales summit, the leaders of NATO’s member states formally committed for the first time to spend the equivalent of at least two percent of their gross domestic products on defence by 2024, which had previously been only an informal guideline.^[40] At the 2016 Warsaw summit, NATO countries agreed on the creation of NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, which deployed four multinational battalion-sized battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.^[41] Before and during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, several NATO countries sent ground troops, warships and fighter aircraft to reinforce the alliance’s eastern flank, and multiple countries again invoked Article 4.^[42][43][44] In March 2022, NATO leaders met at Brussels for an extraordinary summit which also involved Group of Seven and European Union leaders.^[45] NATO member states agreed to establish four additional battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia,^[41] and elements of the NATO Response Force were activated for the first time in NATO’s history.^[46]

As of June 2022, NATO had deployed 40,000 troops along its 2,500-kilometre-long (1,550 mi) Eastern flank to deter Russian aggression. More than half of this number have been deployed in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, which five countries muster a considerable combined ex-NATO force of 259,000 troops. To supplement Bulgaria’s Air Force, Spain sent Eurofighter Typhoons, the Netherlands sent eight F-35 attack aircraft, and additional French and US attack aircraft would arrive soon as well.^[47]

Military operations

Early operations

No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force was deployed to the area.^[48]

Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention

The Bosnian War began in 1992, as a result of the Breakup of Yugoslavia. The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992, ordering a no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina, which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight. From June 1993 until October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 28 February 1994, NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone.^[49]

On 10 and 11 April 1994, the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets acting under NATO direction.^[50] In retaliation, Serbs took 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April.^[51][52] On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces.^[53]

In August 1995, a two-week NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force, began against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica genocide.^[54] Further NATO air strikes helped bring the Yugoslav Wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995.^[54] As part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR. Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO countries in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into the smaller SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004, when operations were then passed onto the European Union Force Althea.^[55] Following the lead of its member states, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal, for these operations.^[56]

Kosovo intervention

In an effort to stop Slobodan Milošević’s Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians in Kosovo, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire. Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999, and he handed the matter to NATO,^[57] which started a 78-day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999.^[58] Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo.^{[citation needed]}

The campaign was criticized over whether it had legitimacy and for the civilian casualties, including the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. Milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo War. On 11 June, Milošević further accepted UN resolution 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force. Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo, and part of KFOR’s mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions, in addition to deterring violence.^[59] In August–September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia.^[60] As of 1 December 2013, 4,882 KFOR soldiers, representing 31 countries, continue to operate in the area.^{[61][needs update]}

The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval.^[62] The US/UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management.^[63]

War in Afghanistan

The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization’s history.^[64] The Article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty.^[65] The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, and to enhance the security of shipping in general, which began on 4 October 2001.^[66]

The alliance showed unity: on 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which included troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two countries leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO’s history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area.^{[67][page needed]}

ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan,^[68] and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country.^[69]

On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led anti-terrorism coalition.^[70] Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the area, to Kandahar, in order to reinforce the alliance’s efforts.^[71] During its 2012 Chicago Summit, NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014.^[72] ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow-on training Resolute Support Mission.^[73]

On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by May 1.^[74] Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan Armed Forces.^[75] By 15 August 2021, Taliban militants controlled the vast majority of Afghanistan and had encircled the capital city of Kabul.^[76] Some politicians in NATO member states have described the chaotic withdrawal of Western troops from Afghanistan and the collapse of the Afghan government as the greatest debacle that NATO has suffered since its founding.^[77][78]

Iraq training mission

In August 2004, during the Iraq War, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission – Iraq, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US-led MNF-I.^[79] The NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546. The aim of NTM-I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the country. NTM-I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of the North Atlantic Council. Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring. The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US-led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training, who was also dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I. The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011.^[80]

Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War. Turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the Syrian Civil War, after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet, and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria,^[81] and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity.^[82]

Gulf of Aden anti-piracy

Beginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates, and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states. The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involved warships primarily from the United States though vessels from many other countries were also included. Operation Ocean Shield focused on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider which were distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia. Russia, China and South Korea sent warships to participate in the activities as well.^[83][84] The operation sought to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks, protect vessels, and to increase the general level of security in the region.^[85]

Libya intervention

During the Libyan Civil War, violence between protesters and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards, beginning with Opération Harmattan by the French Air Force on 19 March.

On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1,^[86] and additional ships and submarines from NATO members.^[87] They would «monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries».^[86]

On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition’s forces.^[88][89] NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.^[90] By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member states were participating in combat operations,^[91] resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany with Gates calling on the latter to contribute more and the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict.^[92][93][94] In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO.^[95] The German foreign ministry pointed to «a considerable [German] contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations» and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama.^[96]

While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day (10 June) announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August.^[97] Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs.^[98][99] The following week, the head of the Royal Navy said the country’s operations in the conflict were not sustainable.^[100] By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi, NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets.^[101][102] A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign.^[103]

Following a coup d’état attempt in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues.^[104]

Syrian Civil War

Use of Article 5 has been threatened multiple times and four out of seven official Article 4 consultations have been called due to spillover in Turkey from the Syrian civil war. In April 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan considered invoking Article 5 of the NATO treaty to protect Turkish national security in a dispute over the Syrian Civil War.^[105][106] The alliance responded quickly, and a spokesperson said the alliance was «monitoring the situation very closely and will continue to do so» and «takes it very seriously protecting its members.»^[107]

After the shooting down of a Turkish military jet by Syria in June 2012 and Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities in October of 2012^[108] resulting in two Article 4 consultations, NATO approved Operation Active Fence. In the past decade the conflict has only escalated. In response to the 2015 Suruç bombing, which Turkey attributed to ISIS, and other security issues along its southern border,^{[109][110][111][112]} Turkey called for an emergency meeting. The latest consultation happened in February 2020, as part of increasing tensions due to the Northwestern Syria offensive, which involved^[113] Syrian and suspected Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops, and risked direct confrontration between Russia and a NATO member.^[114] Each escalation and attack has been met with an extension of the initial Operation Active Fence mission.

Membership

NATO members  Membership Action Plan  Enhanced Opportunities Partners  Individual Partnership Action Plan  Partnership for Peace  Mediterranean Dialogue  Istanbul Cooperation Initiative  Global Partners Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Bosnia-Herzegovina Australia Georgia Jordan Sweden Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Moldova Serbia Ukraine Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Ireland Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malta Moldova Russia Serbia Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Algeria Egypt Israel Jordan Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Bahrain Kuwait Qatar United Arab Emirates Australia Colombia Iraq Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea

NATO has thirty-one members, all in Europe and North America. Some of these countries also have territory on other continents, which is covered by the security agreements only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer, which together with the Atlantic Ocean defines NATO’s «area of responsibility» under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty.^[115][116] French Algeria was, however, covered until its independence on 3 July 1962.^[117] Twelve of these thirty-one are original members who joined in 1949, while the other nineteen joined in one of eight enlargement rounds.^{[citation needed]}

Few members spend more than two percent of their gross domestic product on defence,^[118] with the United States accounting for three quarters of NATO defence spending.^[119]

Special arrangements

The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland, and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allowed the U.S. Air Force to maintain an existing base, Thule Air Base, in Greenland.^[120]

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed «Gaullo-Mitterrandism».^[121] Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance.^[22][34]

Enlargement

NATO was established on 4 April 1949 via the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the Alliance were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.^[122] Subsequently, membership has grown to 31 through several enlargements, which requires unanimous approval by all current members.

Four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many former Warsaw Pact and post-Soviet states sought membership in NATO. In 1990, the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized «Membership Action Plans». These plans governed the addition of new alliance members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020.^[123] Finland is the most recent country to become a NATO member state; it did so on 4 April 2023, spurred on by Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine.^[124]

NATO currently has two candidate countries that are in the process of joining the alliance, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sweden, while Georgia and Ukraine have also formally expressed their desire to join.

Ukraine’s relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically controversial, and improvement of these relations was one of the goals of the «Euromaidan» protests that saw the ousting of pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014. Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan. IPAPs began in 2002, and are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO.^[125] On 21 February 2019, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended, the norms on the strategic course of Ukraine for membership in the European Union and NATO are enshrined in the preamble of the Basic Law, three articles and transitional provisions.^[126] At the June 2021 Brussels Summit, NATO leaders reiterated the decision taken at the 2008 Bucharest Summit that Ukraine would become a member of the Alliance with the Membership Action Plan (MAP) as an integral part of the process and Ukraine’s right to determine its own future and foreign policy course without outside interference.^[127] On 30 November 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that an expansion of NATO’s presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking Russian cities or missile defence systems similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a «red line» issue for Russia.^{[128][129][130]} Putin asked U.S. President Joe Biden for legal guarantees that NATO would not expand eastward or put «weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory.»^[131] NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg replied that «It’s only Ukraine and 30 NATO allies that decide when Ukraine is ready to join NATO. Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors.»^[132][133]

Georgia was also promised «future membership» during the 2008 summit in Bucharest,^[134] though in 2014, US President Barack Obama said the country was not «currently on a path» to membership.^[135]

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, public opinion in Finland and in Sweden swung sharply in favor of joining NATO, with more citizens supporting NATO membership than those who were opposed to it for the first time. Both countries formally submitted applications for NATO membership on 18 May.^[136] On 5 July, the 30 NATO ambassadors signed off on the accession protocols for Sweden and Finland.^[137] This must be ratified by the various governments; all countries except Hungary and Turkey had ratified it in 2022.^{[138][139][140]} Turkey voiced opposition to Finland and Sweden joining NATO, accusing the two countries of providing support to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and the People’s Defense Units (YPG), two Kurdish groups which Turkey has designated as terrorist organizations. While they approved Finland’s membership in April 2023, as of the same date, Sweden’s application is still awaiting ratification by Hungary and Turkey.^[141]

Russia continued to politically oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with informal understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and European and US negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification.^[142] NATO’s expansion efforts are often seen by Moscow leaders as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia,^[143] though they have also been criticized in the West.^[144] A June 2016 Levada Center poll found that 68 percent of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.^[145] In contrast, 65 percent of Poles surveyed in a 2017 Pew Research Center report identified Russia as a «major threat», with an average of 31 percent saying so across all NATO countries,^[146] and 67 percent of Poles surveyed in 2018 favour US forces being based in Poland.^[147] Of non-CIS Eastern European countries surveyed by Gallup in 2016, all but Serbia and Montenegro were more likely than not to view NATO as a protective alliance rather than a threat.^[148] A 2006 study in the journal Security Studies argued that NATO enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe.^[149] China also opposes further expansion.^[150]

NATO defense expenditure budget

The increase in the number of NATO members over the years has not been sustained by an increase in the defense expenditures.^[151]

In 2021, eight out of 30 member states achieved 2% GDP contribution to defense spending.^[152]

Partnerships with third countries

The Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country may choose the extent of its participation.^[154] Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States.^[155] The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants.^[156] The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership.^[154] Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework such as Afghanistan.^[157]

The European Union (EU) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002. With this agreement, the EU was given the possibility of using NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act – the so-called «right of first refusal».^[158] For example, Article 42(7) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that «If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power». The treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer. It provides a «double framework» for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP programme.^[159][160]

Additionally, NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialogue forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue. The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council.^[161] In June 2018, Qatar expressed its wish to join NATO.^[162] However, NATO declined membership, stating that only additional European countries could join according to Article 10 of NATO’s founding treaty.^[163] Qatar and NATO have previously signed a security agreement together in January 2018.^[164]

Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990, and since then, the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives.^[165] In 1998, NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations, but reflect the Allies’ desire to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term «Contact Countries» was agreed by the Allies in 2000. By 2012, the Alliance had broadened this group, which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange, under the names «global partners» or «partners across the globe».^[166][167] Australia and New Zealand, both contact countries, are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance, and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stated that NATO needs to «address the rise of China,» by closely cooperating with Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea.^[168] Colombia is NATO’s latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners; Colombia became the first and only Latin American country to cooperate with NATO.^[169][170]

Structure

All agencies and organizations of NATO are integrated into either the civilian administrative or military executive roles. For the most part they perform roles and functions that directly or indirectly support the security role of the alliance as a whole.

The civilian structure includes:

• The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the body which has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO, consisting of member states’ permanent representatives or representatives at higher level (ministers of foreign affairs or defence, or heads of state or government). The NAC convenes at least once a week and takes major decisions regarding NATO’s policies. The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the secretary general and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon by consensus.^[171] There is no voting or decision by majority. Each state represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions.^{[citation needed]}
• NATO headquarters, located on Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan, B-1110 Brussels, which is in the City of Brussels municipality.^[172] The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries, as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states.^[173] Non-governmental groups have also grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council/Atlantic Treaty Association movement.^[174][175]

The military structure includes:

• The Military Committee (MC) is the body of NATO that is composed of member states’ Chiefs of Defence (CHOD) and advises the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on military policy and strategy. The national CHODs are regularly represented in the MC by their permanent Military Representatives (MilRep), who often are two- or three-star flag officers. Like the council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence, the most senior military officer in each country’s armed forces. The MC is led by its chairman, who directs NATO’s military operations.^{[citation needed]} Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France, due to that country’s 1966 decision to remove itself from the NATO Military Command Structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee, and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members.^[176] Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom.^[177] The operational work of the committee is supported by the International Military Staff
• Allied Command Operations (ACO) is the NATO command responsible for NATO operations worldwide.^[178]
  • The Rapid Deployable Corps include Eurocorps, I. German/Dutch Corps, Multinational Corps Northeast, and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others, as well as naval High Readiness Forces (HRFs), which all report to Allied Command Operations.^[179]
• Allied Command Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces.^[180]

The organizations and agencies of NATO include:

• Headquarters for the NATO Support Agency will be in Capellen Luxembourg (site of the current NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency – NAMSA).
• The NATO Communications and Information Agency Headquarters will be in Brussels, as will the very small staff which will design the new NATO Procurement Agency.
• A new NATO Science and Technology Organization will be created before July 2012, consisting of Chief Scientist, a Programme Office for Collaborative S&T, and the NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC).^{[citation needed]}
• The NATO Standardization Agency became the NATO Standardization Office (NSO) in July 2014.^[181]

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO PA) is a body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO, which meets at two session per year. NATO PA interacts directly with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members, or ambassadors to NATO. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members. It is however officially a structure different from NATO, and has as aim to join deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council.^{[citation needed]}

NATO is an alliance of 31 sovereign states and their individual sovereignty is unaffected by participation in the alliance. NATO has no parliaments, no laws, no enforcement, and no power to punish individual citizens. As a consequence of this lack of sovereignty the power and authority of a NATO commander are limited. NATO commanders cannot punish offences such as failure to obey a lawful order; dereliction of duty; or disrespect to a senior officer.^[182] NATO commanders expect obeisance but sometimes need to subordinate their desires or plans to the operators who are themselves subject to sovereign codes of conduct like the UCMJ. A case in point was the clash between General Sir Mike Jackson and General Wesley Clark over KFOR actions at Pristina Airport.^[183]

NATO commanders can issue orders to their subordinate commanders in the form of operational plans (OPLANs), operational orders (OPORDERs), tactical direction, or fragmental orders (FRAGOs) and others. The joint rules of engagement must be followed, and the Law of Armed Conflict must be obeyed at all times. Operational resources «remain under national command but have been transferred temporarily to NATO. Although these national units, through the formal process of transfer of authority, have been placed under the operational command and control of a NATO commander, they never lose their national character.» Senior national representatives, like CDS, «are designated as so-called red-cardholders». Caveats are restrictions listed «nation by nation… that NATO Commanders… must take into account.»^[182]

See also

• Atlanticism
• Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union
  • History of the Common Security and Defence Policy
• Ranks and insignia of NATO
• Major non-NATO ally
• List of military equipment of NATO

Similar organizations

• AUKUS (Australia, United Kingdom, United States)
• ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty)
• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
• Five Eyes (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States intelligence services)
• Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA)
• Free World Military Assistance Forces (FWMAF)
• Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
• Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC)
• Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)
• Northeast Asia Treaty Organization (NEATO)
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
• South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
• United Nations Command (UNC)
• Balkan Pact (SFR Yugoslavia with NATO members Greece and Turkey)

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

https://ria.ru/20220323/nato-1779707873.html

Страны НАТО: цели альянса и отношения с Россией – мнение экспертов

Что такое НАТО: расшифровка, какие страны туда входят, и в чем суть

Страны НАТО: цели альянса и отношения с Россией – мнение экспертов

НАТО – что это такое простыми словами, расшифровка названия, история создания и цели организации, какие страны входят в альянс, мнение экспертов об отношениях… РИА Новости, 24.03.2022

2022-03-23T17:46

2022-03-23T17:46

2022-03-24T12:55

нато

оон

жозеп боррель

йенс столтенберг

барак обама

россия

https://cdnn21.img.ria.ru/images/149737/70/1497377021_0:262:2932:1911_1920x0_80_0_0_72afc067ada5eb6d76daf809792a7c43.jpg

МОСКВА, 23 мар — РИА Новости. НАТО – что это такое простыми словами, расшифровка названия, история создания и цели организации, какие страны входят в альянс, мнение экспертов об отношениях НАТО и России – в материале РИА Новости.НАТО»НАТО (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) – Организация Североатлантического договора, военно-политический альянс государств, цель которого – гарантия безопасности своих членов с помощью политических (дипломатическое взаимодействие государств с целью предотвращения конфликтов) и военных средств», – комментирует кандидат политических наук, преподаватель МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, политолог Артем Косоруков.С одной стороны, Устав НАТО провозглашает целью альянса «мирное урегулирование споров». С другой стороны, статья 5 предполагает ответ на вооруженное нападение на одну или несколько стран-членов. Это, добавил эксперт, будет рассматриваться как атака на организацию в целом.Однако, по мнению политолога, из-за размытости формулировок ряд стран НАТО, в частности, США и Великобритания, считают, что под вооруженным нападением может рассматриваться потенциальная угроза их военным базам в любой точке мира.История»Североатлантический альянс был основан после Второй мировой войны как военно-политический блок, направленный против СССР», – поясняет Олег Соловьев, экономист, политолог. В марте 1948 года в Брюсселе был заключен пакт между Францией, Великобританией, Нидерландами, Люксембургом и Бельгией, который лег в основу будущего альянса. Спустя год, 4 апреля 1949 года, уже 12 стран (Бельгия, Канада, Дания, Франция, Исландия, Италия, Люксембург, Нидерланды, Норвегия, Португалия, Великобритания и США) подписали Североатлантический договор, обеспечивавший систему коллективной безопасности. В соответствии с ним, главной целью НАТО является «укрепление стабильности и повышение благосостояния в Североатлантическом регионе».»Интересно, что СССР подавал заявку на вступление в блок НАТО в 1954 году, но ее отклонили», – говорит эксперт.Артем Косоруков отмечает, что СССР целых шесть лет после создания НАТО стремился не втягиваться в прямую конфронтацию с данным альянсом и лишь в 1955 году создал в противовес НАТО военно-политический союз европейских социалистических государств – Организацию Варшавского договора в составе СССР, ГДР, Чехословакии, Венгрии, Польши, Болгарии, Румынии (Албания вступила в него в 1968 году).Возникновение»Основополагающий документ НАТО – Вашингтонский договор или Североатлантический договор – опирается на 51 статью Устава ООН, которая устанавливает право независимых государств на индивидуальную или коллективную защиту», – поясняет Станислав Мясников, политолог, кандидат политических наук, эксперт по международным отношениям. Коллективная защита гарантируется 5 статьей Североатлантического договора, согласно которой государства альянса должны защищать друг друга в случае необходимости.»Принятая в 1787 году Конституция США не разрешала Штатам вступать в военные союзы, поэтому в 1948 году США приняли резолюцию Ванденберга, которая позволяла им становиться членом оборонительного союза в невоенное время для обеспечения безопасности национальных интересов», – говорит Станислав Мясников.Цели»На данный момент действует концепция 2010 года, основные задачи которой определены как коллективная защита, управление кризисом, кооперативная безопасность. В июне 2022 года ожидается принятие очередной Стратегической концепции НАТО, задачи которой будут сформулированы в соответствии с актуальной повесткой», – поясняет Станислав Мясников.По словам Артема Косорукова, к 2030 году НАТО планирует перестроиться из военно-политического альянса в более универсальную структуру, которая могла бы координировать весь спектр стратегических и политических вопросов, вопросов безопасности, энергетики в государствах-членах. Совет НАТО может стать своеобразной надстройкой над государствами-участниками.По его словам, одна из целей НАТО – контроль над Арктикой и Антарктикой, защита судоходства в данных регионах в интересах государств-членов НАТО, противодействие иным государствам в их стремлении использовать данные регионы в своих экономических интересах. Возможное расширение НАТО за счет Боснии и Герцеговины, а также ряда других государств, в том числе бывших республик СССР, рассматривается как долгосрочная цель по установлению контроля над большим евразийским пространством.Какие страны входят в состав НАТОДействующими членами НАТО на сегодняшний день являются 30 государств (Албания, Бельгия, Болгария, Великобритания, Венгрия, Германия, Греция, Дания, Исландия, Испания, Италия, Канада, Латвия, Литва, Люксембург, Северная Македония, Нидерланды, Норвегия, Польша, Португалия, Румыния, Словакия, Словения, США, Турция, Франция, Хорватия, Черногория, Чехия, Эстония).СтруктураВо главе НАТО стоит Североатлантический совет, штаб-квартира находится в Брюсселе. Артем Косоруков поясняет, что решения на уровне совета принимаются только консенсусом, при этом каждое государство имеет в нем постоянную делегацию во главе с послом, представляющим свое правительство.Североатлантический совет может создавать любые вспомогательные органы для выполнения Договора НАТО, например, Группу ядерного планирования, военный комитет, комитет оборонной политики и планирования. Законодатели государств-членов НАТО могут обсуждать вопросы безопасности в Парламентской ассамблее НАТО, созданной под эгидой совета. Высший международный гражданский служащий НАТО – генеральный секретарь, он руководит процессом принятия решений и обеспечивает их выполнение.Финансирование и расходыМаксим Старчак, научный сотрудник Центра международной и оборонной политики Университета Куинс (Канада), выделяет два вида финансирования НАТО:- Косвенные (национальные) взносы, когда государство-член выделяет войска и/или технику для участия в военной операции НАТО и несет все расходы. Так как организация не имеет своих вооруженных сил, военная мощь зависит от уровня вооружения каждого государства-члена.Для этого в 2006 году члены НАТО согласовали добровольные целевые показатели расходов:В 1990 году 14 европейских стран НАТО потратили на оборону 314 миллиардов долларов, а к 2010 году расходы на эти цели сократились до 275 миллиардов долларов, хотя к альянсу присоединилось к тому времени еще 12 участников.В 2014 году европейские члены НАТО потратили 250 миллиардов долларов. В этот период только три страны НАТО (США, Греция и Великобритания) выделяли на неё 2% ВВП или более. На саммите 2014 года в Уэльсе главы государств-членов НАТО подписали соглашение об инвестициях в оборону и достижении указанных выше показателей к 2024 году. К этому сроку европейские члены НАТО и Канада обязались довести совокупные расходы на оборону до 400 миллиардов долларов. Совокупные косвенные расходы государств-членов НАТО на оборону достигли 1 трлн долларов.В 2020 году число государств-членов НАТО, расходующих на эти цели 2% и выше, выросло до 11 из 30. К ним присоединились: Польша, Латвия, Литва, Эстония, Румыния, Словакия, Франция, Норвегия.- Прямые (взносы государств-членов), которые необходимы для финансирования программ НАТО, они составляют общий бюджет. Ежегодный бюджет организации — около 2,5 млрд евро. Это 0,3 % от совокупных расходов на оборону.Бюджет включает в себя три основных статьи:Государства-члены вносят вклад в НАТО по согласованной формуле распределения расходов, основанной на ВВП. Оборонные бюджеты европейских стран растут и взносы в бюджет НАТО перераспределяются. Так, Максим Старчак отмечает, что в 2019 взносы США составляли 22%, а Германии почти 15%. В 2021 их взносы сравнялись и составляли по 16,3% каждый. Великобритания вкладывает 11%, Франция — 10%, Италия — больше 8%, Канада чуть менее 7%, Испания около 6%, Турция более 4%, Нидерланды 3,5%, Польша 3%, Бельгия 2%, Чехия, Дания, Греция, Норвегия, Португалия, Румыния по 1%, остальные — менее 1% от бюджета НАТО.Военный персоналОсновные элементы военной структуры НАТО — Военный комитет, в состав которого входят начальники генеральных штабов стран членов НАТО, его исполнительный орган – международный военный штаб, и структура органов военного управления НАТО, состоящая из стратегического командования по операциям и командования по трансформации ОВС НАТО.В настоящее время, согласно заявлению генерального секретаря НАТО Йенса Столтенберга, на территории Европы альянс разместил 140 тысяч солдат, которым оказывают поддержку крупные авиационные и морские силы, системы ПВО.Военные операции НАТООлег Соловьев отмечает, что за последние два десятилетия силы НАТО осуществили следующие крупные военные операции:Современная деятельность НАТОСовременная деятельность НАТО, несмотря на изначальные цели, выходит далеко за пределы трансатлантического региона. В 2004 году на встрече руководителей альянса в Брюсселе были приняты обязательства «повысить роль НАТО в качестве площадки для консультаций в области стратегии и политики между союзниками и координации их действий».Состоявшийся в 2006 году Рижский саммит НАТО утвердил так называемую «Всеобъемлющую политическую директиву», заложившую основу существенному расширению круга задач альянса. С приходом к власти в США президента Барака Обамы был ознаменован новый этап эволюции НАТО. Так, принятая в ноябре 2010 года в Лиссабоне новая стратегическая концепция НАТО под названием «Активное вовлечение, современная защита» определила принципы развития альянса на ближайшее десятилетие, а именно – усиление роли НАТО в формировании мирового порядка, а также наращивание военной мощи альянса.Однако еще в начале 1990-х чиновники военного блока уверяли Россию в том, что НАТО не будет расширяться на восток, придерживаясь принципа «не обеспечивать безопасность одних стран в ущерб другим». В 2021 году Москва предложила зафиксировать это правило юридически, дабы альянс не подошел вплотную к российским границам. Переговоры окончились безрезультатно.В то же время представители североатлантического блока неоднозначно высказывались по поводу вступления в организацию Грузии и Украины. С одной стороны, в 2008 году их пообещали принять. С другой – не было какой-либо конкретики по срокам. В итоге уже весной 2022 года как лидеры альянса, так и украинское руководство публично признали, что это невозможно.А 11 марта 2022 глава европейской дипломатии Жозеп Боррель заявил: «Мы сделали ряд ошибок и потеряли возможность сближения России с Западом. Есть моменты, которые мы могли сделать лучше. Есть вещи, которые мы предлагали и потом не могли реализовать — как, например, обещание, что Украина и Грузия станут частью НАТО. Это ошибка — давать обещания, которые не можешь выполнить».

https://ria.ru/20191203/1561851637.html

https://ria.ru/20220112/sovet-1767311356.html

https://ria.ru/20220320/nato-1779146585.html

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Столтенберг уходит. Кто следующий? В главы НАТО прочат известную женщину

Йенс Столтенберг уходит с поста главы НАТО. Кто следующим возглавит альянс? В руководители прочат женщину, имя которой хорошо известно.

Йенс Столтенберг уходит с поста главы НАТО через несколько месяцев. Срок его полномочий истекает в сентябре. Кто будет следующим руководителем альянса, предположил британский таблоид The Sun.

В публикации приводятся сведения, полученные от источников. Те утверждают, что на место Столтенберга прочат главу Еврокомиссии Урсулу фон дер Ляйен. Члены НАТО хотят, чтобы она приступила к новым обязанностям уже в октябре, хотя до следующего года она должна руководить ЕК.

Авторы публикации считают, что евроскептики (и Британия в первую очередь) будут против назначения фон дер Ляйен. Ей наверняка припомнят деятельность на должности министра обороны Германии в 2013-2019 годах, которая была крайне неэффективной.

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