Руководство оксфордского университета

The Encaenia Procession

The Encaenia Procession

Credit: Dick Makin. This image comes from Oxford University Images

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Oxford’s distinctive governance structure stems from its long history.

Congregation

Congregation is the sovereign body of the University and acts as its ‘parliament’. It has just over 5,000 members, including academic staff; heads and other members of governing bodies of colleges; and senior research, computing, library and administrative staff.

Congregation has responsibility for:

  • Approving changes to the University’s statutes and regulations;
  • Considering major policy issues submitted by Council or members of Congregation;
  • Electing members to Council and other University bodies, and approving the appointment of the Vice-Chancellor.

Council

Council is the University’s principal executive and policy-making body. It has 26 members, including four from outside the University. It is responsible for the academic policy and strategic direction of the University, for its administration, and for the management of its finances and property. It has five major committees: Education Committee, General Purposes Committee, Personnel Committee, Planning and Resource Allocation Committee, and Research Committee.

Colleges

The 39 colleges, though independent and self-governing, form a core element of the University, to which they are related in a federal system. Each college is granted a charter approved by the Privy Council, under which it is governed by a Head of House and a Governing Body comprising of a number of Fellows, most of whom also hold University posts. There are also five Permanent Private Halls, which were founded by different Christian denominations, and still retain their religious character today.

The Conference of Colleges represents the common concerns of the colleges on Council, its committees, and the four Divisional Boards, and acts as a body for intercollegiate discussion and decision-making.

Divisions and departments

The University’s academic departments, faculties and research centres are grouped into four divisions: Humanities; Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences; Medical Sciences; and Social Sciences. Day-to-day decision-making in matters such as finance and planning is devolved to the divisions. The Department for Continuing Education is the responsibility of a separate board. 

Chancellor

The Chancellor, who is usually an eminent public figure elected for life, serves as the titular head of the University, presiding over all major ceremonies.

Vice-Chancellor

The Vice-Chancellor holds office for seven years and is the senior officer of the University.

Pro-Vice-Chancellors

There are six Pro-Vice-Chancellors who have specific portfolios in Development and External Affairs; Education; Innovation; People & Gardens, Libraries and Museums; Planning and Resources; and Research. In addition, the Advocate for Equality and Diversity is a Pro-Vice-Chancellor. There are also up to ten Pro-Vice-Chancellors without portfolio, who undertake a range of duties on behalf of the Vice-Chancellor, including presiding at degree ceremonies and chairing electoral boards.

Further information about University governance on the Planning and Council Secretariat website

Information on and links to the main bodies involved in the University’s governance, its legislation, its elections, and on the team supporting the governance structures.

University of Oxford

Coat of arms of the University of Oxford.svg

Coat of arms

Latin: Universitas Oxoniensis

Other name

The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford[1]
Motto Latin: Dominus illuminatio mea

Motto in English

The Lord is my light
Type Public research university
Established c. 1096; 927 years ago[2]

Academic affiliations

  • IARU
  • Russell Group
  • Europaeum
  • EUA
  • Golden Triangle
  • G5
  • LERU
  • SES
  • Universities UK
Endowment £7.678 billion (including colleges) (2022)[5]
Budget £2.775 billion (2021–22)[4]
Chancellor The Lord Patten of Barnes
Vice-Chancellor Irene Tracey[6]

Academic staff

6,945 (2022)[7]
Students 26,455 (2021)[8][9]
Undergraduates 12,580
Postgraduates 13,445

Other students

431
Location

Oxford

,

England

51°45′18″N 01°15′18″W / 51.75500°N 1.25500°WCoordinates: 51°45′18″N 01°15′18″W / 51.75500°N 1.25500°W

Campus University town
Colours   Oxford Blue[10]

Sporting affiliations

Blue (university sport)
Website www.ox.ac.uk Edit this at Wikidata
University of Oxford.svg

The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,[2] making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world’s second-oldest university in continuous operation.[2][11][12] It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.[2] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge.[13] The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.

The university is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, five permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.[14] All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college.[15] It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided predominantly centrally.

Oxford operates the world’s oldest university museum, the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide.[16] In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2022, the university had a total consolidated income of £2.78 billion, of which £711.4 million was from research grants and contracts.[4]

Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world.[17] As of October 2022, 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have studied, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals.[18] Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.

History[edit]

In 1605, Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map).

Founding[edit]

The University of Oxford’s foundation date is unknown.[19] It is known that teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when the university came into being.[2] The scholar Theobald of Étampes lectured at Oxford in the early 1100s.

It grew quickly from 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris.[2] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231.[2][20] The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.[21]

After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.[13][22]

The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two ‘nations’, representing the North (northerners or Boreales, who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (southerners or Australes, who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh).[23][24] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students’ affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.[25] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,[25] and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.[23] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;[26][27] Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[28] as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.[25]

In 1333–1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire, was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.[29] Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries.[30][31]

Renaissance period[edit]

The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies,[32] and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar.[33]

With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai.[34] The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. As a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxford’s reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected.[citation needed]

In 1636,[35] William Laud, the chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university’s statutes. These, to a large extent, remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university. From the beginnings of the Church of England as the established church until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from the university and «dissenters» were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871.[36]

The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642–1649), while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause.[37] From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the university took little part in political conflicts.[citation needed]

Emblem of the 17th century English Invisible College

Wadham College, founded in 1610, was the undergraduate college of Sir Christopher Wren.

Wren was part of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group, which has at times been linked with Boyle’s «Invisible College» held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college’s Warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the Royal Society.[38]

Modern period[edit]

Students[edit]

Before reforms in the early 19th century, the curriculum at Oxford was notoriously narrow and impractical. Sir Spencer Walpole, a historian of contemporary Britain and a senior government official, had not attended any university. He said, «Few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career.» He quoted the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: «The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except those intended for the ministry.»[39] Nevertheless, Walpole argued:

Among the many deficiencies attending a university education there was, however, one good thing about it, and that was the education which the undergraduates gave themselves. It was impossible to collect some thousand or twelve hundred of the best young men in England, to give them the opportunity of making acquaintance with one another, and full liberty to live their lives in their own way, without evolving in the best among them, some admirable qualities of loyalty, independence, and self-control. If the average undergraduate carried from University little or no learning, which was of any service to him, he carried from it a knowledge of men and respect for his fellows and himself, a reverence for the past, a code of honour for the present, which could not but be serviceable. He had enjoyed opportunities… of intercourse with men, some of whom were certain to rise to the highest places in the Senate, in the Church, or at the Bar. He might have mixed with them in his sports, in his studies, and perhaps in his debating society; and any associations which he had this formed had been useful to him at the time, and might be a source of satisfaction to him in after life.[40]

Out of the students who matriculated in 1840, 65% were sons of professionals (34% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (59% as Anglican clergy). Out of the students who matriculated in 1870, 59% were sons of professionals (25% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (42% as Anglican clergy).[41][42]

M. C. Curthoys and H. S. Jones argue that the rise of organised sport was one of the most remarkable and distinctive features of the history of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was carried over from the athleticism prevalent at the public schools such as Eton, Winchester, Shrewsbury, and Harrow.[43]

All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first-year examination that was heavily focused on classical languages. Science students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with Greek language study removed from their required courses. This concept of a Bachelor of Science had been adopted at other European universities (London University had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful. After considerable internal wrangling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the «natural science preliminary» was recognized as a qualifying part of the first year examination.[44]

At the start of 1914, the university housed about 3,000 undergraduates and about 100 postgraduate students. During the First World War, many undergraduates and fellows joined the armed forces. By 1918 virtually all fellows were in uniform, and the student population in residence was reduced to 12 per cent of the pre-war total.[45] The University Roll of Service records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.[46] Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War were on the Allied side; there is a remarkable memorial to members of New College who served in the German armed forces, bearing the inscription, ‘In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914–1918’. During the war years the university buildings became hospitals, cadet schools and military training camps.[45]

Reforms[edit]

Two parliamentary commissions in 1852 issued recommendations for Oxford and Cambridge. Archibald Campbell Tait, former headmaster of Rugby School, was a key member of the Oxford Commission; he wanted Oxford to follow the German and Scottish model in which the professorship was paramount. The commission’s report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research. The professional staff should be strengthened and better paid. For students, restrictions on entry should be dropped, and more opportunities given to poorer families. It called for an enlargement of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields. Undergraduate scholarships should be open to all Britons. Graduate fellowships should be opened up to all members of the university. It recommended that fellows be released from an obligation for ordination. Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in a college.[47][48]

The system of separate honour schools for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores.[49] Schools of «Natural Sciences» and «Law, and Modern History» were added in 1853.[49] By 1872, the last of these had split into «Jurisprudence» and «Modern History». Theology became the sixth honour school.[50] In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees, the postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.) was, and still is, offered.[51]

The mid-19th century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833–1845), led among others by the future Cardinal John Henry Newman. The influence of the reformed model of German universities reached Oxford via key scholars such as Edward Bouverie Pusey, Benjamin Jowett and Max Müller.[citation needed]

Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the establishment of four women’s colleges. Privy Council decisions in the 20th century (e.g. the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of colleges’ theological bequests to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Furthermore, although the university’s emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical studies. Knowledge of Ancient Greek was required for admission until 1920, and Latin until 1960.[citation needed]

The University of Oxford began to award doctorates for research in the first third of the 20th century. The first Oxford DPhil in mathematics was awarded in 1921.[52]

The mid-20th century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by Nazism and communism, relocating to Oxford.[citation needed]

The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. As of October 2022, 73 Nobel laureates and more than 50 world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.[17]

Women’s education[edit]

The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level;[53] for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the «steamboat ladies» to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin.[54] In June 1878, the Association for the Education of Women (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were George Granville Bradley, T. H. Green and Edward Stuart Talbot. Talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot’s group founded Lady Margaret Hall in 1878, while T. H. Green founded the non-denominational Somerville College in 1879.[55] Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville opened their doors to their first 21 students (12 from Somerville, 9 from Lady Margaret Hall) in 1879, who attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker’s shop.[53] There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into St Anne’s College.[56][57]

These first three societies for women were followed by St Hugh’s (1886)[58] and St Hilda’s (1893).[59] All of these colleges later became coeducational, starting with Lady Margaret Hall and St Anne’s in 1979,[60][61] and finishing with St Hilda’s, which began to accept male students in 2008.[62] In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of male privilege,[63] however the integration of women into Oxford moved forward during the First World War. In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men, and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women’s examinations.[45]

On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.[64] In 1927 the university’s dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.[53] However, during this period Oxford colleges were single sex, so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women’s colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women’s colleges were given full collegiate status.[65]

In 1974, Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, Hertford and St Catherine’s became the first previously all-male colleges to admit women.[66][67] The majority of men’s colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,[67] with Christ Church following in 1980,[68] and Oriel becoming the last men’s college to admit women in 1985.[69] Most of Oxford’s graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony’s, which was founded as a men’s college in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.[70] By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;[71] in 2016, 45% of the student population, and 47% of undergraduate students, were female.[72][73]

In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting the following academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.[74] That same summer, maths and computer science tests were extended by 15 minutes, in a bid to see if female student scores would improve.[75][76]

The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female Shrewsbury College, Oxford (based on Sayers’ own Somerville College[77]), and the issue of women’s education is central to its plot. Social historian and Somerville College alumna Jane Robinson’s book Bluestockings: A Remarkable History of the First Women to Fight for an Education gives a very detailed and immersive account of this history.[78]

Buildings and sites[edit]

Scrollable image. Aerial 2022 panorama of the university

Map[edit]

Map of the University of Oxford

University of Oxford is located in Oxford city centre

St Anne's College

St Anne’s College

Balliol College

Balliol College

Christ Church College

Christ Church College

The Queen's College

The Queen’s College

Worcester College

Worcester College

Oriel College

Oriel College

Corpus Christi College

Corpus Christi College

St Antony's College

St Antony’s College

St Hugh's College

St Hugh’s College

Somerville College

Somerville College

St John's College

St John’s College

New College

New College

St Catherine's College

St Catherine’s College

Magdalen College

Magdalen College

All Souls College

All Souls College

Brasenose College

Brasenose College

Exeter College

Exeter College

Green Templeton College

Green Templeton College

Harris Manchester College

Harris Manchester College

Hertford College

Hertford College

Jesus College

Jesus College

Keble College

Keble College

Kellogg College

Kellogg College

Lady Margaret Hall

Lady Margaret Hall

Linacre College

Linacre College

Lincoln College

Lincoln College

Mansfield College

Mansfield College

Merton College

Merton College

Nuffield College

Nuffield College

Pembroke College

Pembroke College

St Cross College

St Cross College

St Edmund Hall

St Edmund Hall

St Hilda's College

St Hilda’s College

St Peter's College

St Peter’s College

Trinity College

Trinity College

University College

University College

Wadham College

Wadham College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College is on Linton Road, 580m from this arrow

Blackfriars

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (PPH)

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Benet's Hall

St Benet’s Hall

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen's House

St Stephen’s House is on Marston Street, 350m from this arrow

Wycliffe Hall

Wycliffe Hall

Blackfriars

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (PPH)

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Benet’s Hall

St Benet’s Hall

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

Wycliffe Hall

Wycliffe Hall

Maths

Maths

Zoology

Zoology

Theology and Religion

Theology and Religion

Philosophy

Philosophy

Computer Science

Computer Science

Plant Sciences

Plant Sciences

Law

Law

Social Policy and Intervention

Social Policy and Intervention

Medieval and Modern Languages

Medieval and Modern Languages

ROQ

Physics

Physics

Blavatnik School of Government

Blavatnik School of Government

Chemistry

Chemistry

Rothermere American Institute

Rothermere American Institute

History

History

Internet

Internet

Martin School

Martin School

Oxford-Man Institute

Oxford-Man Institute

International Development

International Development

Pathology

Pathology

Geography and the Environment

Geography and the Environment

IT

IT

Classics

Classics

Archaeology

Archaeology

Biochemistry

Biochemistry

Bodleian Library

Bodleian Library

Administration

Administration

Radcliffe Science Library

Radcliffe Science Library

Radcliffe Camera

Radcliffe Camera

Exam Schools

Exam Schools

Materials & Engineering

Materials & Engineering

Medicine

Medicine

Saïd Business School

Saïd Business School

Ashmolean & Taylor Institution

Ashmolean & Taylor Institution

Sackler

Sackler

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press

Hebrew & Jewish studies

Hebrew & Jewish studies

Linguistics

Linguistics

Oriental Institute

Oriental Institute

Ruskin Art School

Ruskin Art School

class=notpageimage|

University of Oxford Faculties & Facilities (Central Oxford)

University of Oxford is located in Oxford

St Anne's College

St Anne’s College

Balliol College

Balliol College

Christ Church College

Christ Church College

The Queen's College

The Queen’s College

Worcester College

Worcester College

Oriel College

Oriel College

Corpus Christi College

Corpus Christi College

St Antony's College

St Antony’s College

St Hugh's College

St Hugh’s College

Somerville College

Somerville College

St John's College

St John’s College

New College

New College

St Catherine's College

St Catherine’s College

Magdalen College

Magdalen College

All Souls College

All Souls College

Brasenose College

Brasenose College

Exeter College

Exeter College

Green Templeton College

Green Templeton College

Harris Manchester College

Harris Manchester College

Hertford College

Hertford College

Jesus College

Jesus College

Keble College

Keble College

Kellogg College

Kellogg College

Lady Margaret Hall

Lady Margaret Hall

Linacre College

Linacre College

Lincoln College

Lincoln College

Mansfield College

Mansfield College

Merton College

Merton College

Nuffield College

Nuffield College

Pembroke College

Pembroke College

St Cross College

St Cross College

St Edmund Hall

St Edmund Hall

St Hilda's College

St Hilda’s College

St Peter's College

St Peter’s College

Trinity College

Trinity College

University College

University College

Wadham College

Wadham College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College

Blackfriars

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (PPH)

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Benet's Hall

St Benet’s Hall

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

Wycliffe Hall

Wycliffe Hall

Blackfriars

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (PPH)

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Benet’s Hall

St Benet’s Hall

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

Wycliffe Hall

Wycliffe Hall

Maths

Maths

Zoology

Zoology

Theology and Religion

Theology and Religion

Philosophy

Philosophy

Computer Science

Computer Science

Plant Sciences

Plant Sciences

Law

Law

Social Policy and Intervention

Social Policy and Intervention

Medieval and Modern Languages

Medieval and Modern Languages

ROQ

Physics

Physics

Blavatnik School of Government

Blavatnik School of Government

Chemistry

Chemistry

Rothermere American Institute

Rothermere American Institute

History

History

Internet

Internet

Martin School

Martin School

Oxford-Man Institute

Oxford-Man Institute

International Development

International Development

Pathology

Pathology

Geography and the Environment

Geography and the Environment

IT

IT

Classics

Classics

Archaeology

Archaeology

Biochemistry

Biochemistry

Bodleian Library

Bodleian Library

Administration

Administration

Radcliffe Science Library

Radcliffe Science Library

Radcliffe Camera

Radcliffe Camera

Exam Schools

Exam Schools

Materials & Engineering

Materials & Engineering

Medicine

Medicine

Saïd Business School

Saïd Business School

Ashmolean & Taylor Institution

Ashmolean & Taylor Institution

Sackler

Sackler

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press

Hebrew & Jewish studies

Hebrew & Jewish studies

Linguistics

Linguistics

Oriental Institute

Oriental Institute

Ruskin Art School

Ruskin Art School

class=notpageimage|

University of Oxford

Key
inline — University Department inline — University Facility inline — University Office
inline — College (illustrative) inline — Permanent Private Hall

Main sites[edit]

The university is a «city university» in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. The Science Area, in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus. The ten-acre (4-hectare) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city is currently under development. However, the larger colleges’ sites are of similar size to these areas.[citation needed]

Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera, the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies, and the Examination Schools, where examinations and some lectures take place. The University Church of St Mary the Virgin was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian. Christ Church Cathedral uniquely serves as both a college chapel and as a cathedral.[citation needed]

In 2012–2013, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400 m × 25 m) Castle Mill development of 4–5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow, blocking views of the spires in the city centre.[79] The development has been likened to building a «skyscraper beside Stonehenge».[80]

Parks[edit]

The University Parks are a 70-acre (28 ha) parkland area in the northeast of the city, near Keble College, Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall. It is open to the public during daylight hours. As well as providing gardens and exotic plants, the Parks contains numerous sports fields, used for official and unofficial fixtures, and also contains sites of special interest including the Genetic Garden, an experimental garden to elucidate and investigate evolutionary processes.[citation needed]

The Botanic Garden on the High Street is the oldest botanic garden in the UK. It contains over 8,000 different plant species on 1.8 ha (4+12 acres). It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90% of the higher plant families. The Harcourt Arboretum is a 130-acre (53 ha) site six miles (9.7 km) south of the city that includes native woodland and 67 acres (27 hectares) of meadow. The 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) Wytham Woods are owned by the university and used for research in zoology and climate change.[citation needed]

There are also various collegiate-owned open spaces open to the public, including Bagley Wood and most notably Christ Church Meadow.[81]

Organisation[edit]

As a collegiate university, Oxford is structured as a federation, comprising over forty self-governing colleges and halls, along with a central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor.[citation needed]

Academic departments are located centrally within the structure of the federation; they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver lectures and seminars.[citation needed]

Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates, and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges. Though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g., Nuffield College as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university (the Bodleian), by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members).[citation needed]

Central governance[edit]

Wellington Square has become synonymous with the university’s central administration.

The university’s formal head is the Chancellor, currently Lord Patten of Barnes, though as at most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular figure and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of Convocation, a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.[82]

The Vice-Chancellor, currently Irene Tracey,[6] is the de facto head of the university. Five pro-vice-chancellors have specific responsibilities for education; research; planning and resources; development and external affairs; and personnel and equal opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming body, which consists of the vice-chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by Congregation, in addition to observers from the students’ union. Congregation, the «parliament of the dons», comprises over 3,700 members of the university’s academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council.[citation needed]

Two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student discipline and complaints, as well as oversight of the university’s proceedings.[83] The university’s professors are collectively referred to as the Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford. They are particularly influential in the running of the university’s graduate programmes. Examples of statutory professors are the Chichele Professorships and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy. The various academic faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four divisions, each with its own head and elected board. They are the Humanities Division; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division.[citation needed]

The University of Oxford is a «public university» in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a «private university» in the sense that it is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.[84]

Colleges[edit]

To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall. There are thirty-nine colleges of the University of Oxford and five permanent private halls (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.[15] Not all colleges offer all courses, but they generally cover a broad range of subjects.

The colleges are:

  • All Souls College
  • Balliol College
  • Brasenose College
  • Christ Church
  • Corpus Christi College
  • Exeter College
  • Green Templeton College
  • Harris Manchester College
  • Hertford College
  • Jesus College
  • Keble College
  • Kellogg College
  • Lady Margaret Hall
  • Linacre College
  • Lincoln College
  • Magdalen College
  • Mansfield College
  • Merton College
  • New College
  • Nuffield College
  • Oriel College
  • Pembroke College
  • The Queen’s College
  • Reuben College
  • St Anne’s College
  • St Antony’s College
  • St Catherine’s College
  • St Cross College
  • St Edmund Hall
  • St Hilda’s College
  • St Hugh’s College
  • St John’s College
  • St Peter’s College
  • Somerville College
  • Trinity College
  • University College
  • Wadham College
  • Wolfson College
  • Worcester College

The permanent private halls were founded by different Christian denominations. One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the fellows of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the corresponding Christian denomination. The five current PPHs are:

  • Blackfriars Hall
  • Campion Hall
  • Regent’s Park College
  • St Stephen’s House
  • Wycliffe Hall

The PPHs and colleges join as the Conference of Colleges, which represents the common concerns of the several colleges of the university, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.[85][86] The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the Franks Commission in 1965.[87]

Teaching members of the colleges (i.e. fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as dons, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments. There is no common title for the heads of colleges: the titles used include Warden, Provost, Principal, President, Rector, Master and Dean.[citation needed]

Finances[edit]

Dining hall at Christ Church; the hall is an important feature of the typical Oxford college, providing a place to dine and socialise.

In 2017–18, the university had an income of £2,237m; key sources were research grants (£579.1m) and academic fees (£332.5m).[88] The colleges had a total income of £492.9m.[89]

While the university has a larger annual income and operating budget, the colleges have a larger aggregate endowment: over £6.4bn compared to the university’s £1.2bn.[4] The central University’s endowment, along with some of the colleges’, is managed by the university’s wholly-owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.[90] The university used to maintain substantial investments in fossil fuel companies.[91] However, in April 2020, the university committed to divest from direct investments in fossil fuel companies and to require indirect investments in fossil fuel companies be subjected to the Oxford Martin Principles.[92][93]

The total assets of the colleges of £6.3 billion also exceed total university assets of £4.1 billion.[89][88] The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.[94]

The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the Campaign for Oxford. The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled «Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford».[95] This is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure;[96] having passed its original target of £1.25 billion in March 2012, the target was raised to £3 billion.[97] The campaign had raised a total of £2.8 billion by July 2018.[88]

Funding criticisms[edit]

The university has faced criticism for some of its sources of donations and funding. In 2017, attention was drawn to historical donations including All Souls College receiving £10,000 from slave trader Christopher Codrington in 1710,[98] and Oriel College having receiving taken £100,000 from the will of the imperialist Cecil Rhodes in 1902.[99][100] In 1996 a donation of £20 million was received from Wafic Saïd who was involved in the Al-Yammah arms deal,[101][102] and taking £150 million from the US billionaire businessman Stephen A. Schwarzman in 2019.[103] The university has defended its decisions saying it «takes legal, ethical and reputational issues into consideration.»

The university has also faced criticism, as noted above, over its decision to accept donations from fossil fuel companies having received £21.8 million from the fossil fuel industry between 2010 and 2015[104] and £18.8 million between 2015 and 2020.[105][106]

The university accepted £6 million from The Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust in 2021. Former racing driver Max Mosley claims to have set up the trust «to house the fortune he inherited» from his father,[107] Oswald Mosley, who was founder of two far right groups: Union Movement and the British Union of Fascists.[108]

Affiliations[edit]

Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the «golden triangle» of highly research intensive and elite English universities.[109]

Academic profile[edit]

Admission[edit]

Undergraduate admission statistics

2021[110] 2020[111] 2019[112] 2018[113] 2017[114]
Applications 24,338 23,414 23,020 21,515 19,938
Offer Rate (%) 14.6 16.8 16.9 17.8 18.9
Enrols 3,298 3,695 3,280 3,309 3,270
Yield (%) 92.8 94.0 84.3 86.2 86.7
Applicant/Enrolled Ratio 7.38 6.34 7.02 6.50 6.10
Average Entry Tariff[115] 201 200 205 215
HESA Student Body Composition (2022)

Domicile[116] and Ethnicity[117] Total
British White 50%
British Ethnic Minorities[a] 16%
International EU 9%
International Non-EU 25%
Undergraduate Widening Participation Indicators[118][119]
Female 54%
Private Schools 31%
Low Participation Areas[b] 6%

Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge[120][121]

In common with most British universities, prospective undergraduate students apply through the UCAS application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and University of Cambridge applicants, must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.[122] The Sutton Trust maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit undergraduates disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.[123]

To allow a more personalised judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for organ scholarships[124] and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.[125]
Oxford has the lowest offer rate of all Russell Group universities.[126]

Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges. For undergraduates, these colleges work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university regardless of their college preferences. For postgraduates, all applicants who receive an offer from the university are guaranteed a college place, even if they do not receive a place at their chosen college.[127]

Undergraduate shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results, school references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December. Most undergraduate applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college. Students from outside Europe can be interviewed remotely, for example, over the Internet.[citation needed]

Undergraduate offers are sent out in early January, with each offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make «open offers» to some candidates, who are not assigned to a particular college until A Level results day in August.[128][129]

The university has come under criticism for the number of students it accepts from private schools;[130] for instance, Laura Spence’s rejection from the university in 2000 led to widespread debate.[131] In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students to students from state schools, while about 93% of all UK pupils and 86% of post-16 UK pupils are educated in state schools.[132][133][134] However, 64% of UK applicants were from state schools and the university notes that state school students apply disproportionately to oversubscribed subjects.[135] The proportion of students coming from state schools has been increasing. From 2015 to 2019, the state proportion of total UK students admitted each year was: 55.6%, 58.0%, 58.2%, 60.5% and 62.3%.[136] Oxford University spends over £6 million per year on outreach programs to encourage applicants from underrepresented demographics.[132]

In 2018 the university’s annual admissions report revealed that eight of Oxford’s colleges had accepted fewer than three black applicants in the past three years.[137] Labour MP David Lammy said, «This is social apartheid and it is utterly unrepresentative of life in modern Britain.»[138] In 2020, Oxford had increased its proportion of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students to record levels.[139][140] The number of BAME undergraduates accepted to the university in 2020 rose to 684 students, or 23.6% of the UK intake, up from 558 or 22% in 2019; the number of Black students was 106 (3.7% of the intake), up from 80 students (3.2%).[140][141] UCAS data also showed that Oxford is more likely than comparable institutions to make offers to ethnic minority and socially disadvantaged pupils.[139]

Teaching and degrees[edit]

Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1–4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week’s work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight-week academic terms: Michaelmas, Hilary and Trinity.[142] (These are officially known as ‘Full Term’: ‘Term’ is a lengthier period with little practical significance.) Internally, the weeks in a term begin on Sundays, and are referred to numerically, with the initial week known as «first week», the last as «eighth week» and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term (for example «noughth week» precedes term).[143] Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week. These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities,[144] and their total duration amounts to less than half the year. However, undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacations).

Research degrees at the master’s and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university.[citation needed]

Scholarships and financial support[edit]

There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate, with a total possible grant of £10,235 over a 3-year degree. In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the university, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from Rhodes Scholarships to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships.[145] Oxford also offers the Clarendon Scholarship which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities.[146] The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by Oxford University Press in association with colleges and other partnership awards.[147][148] In 2016, Oxford University announced that it is to run its first free online economics course as part of a «massive open online course» (Mooc) scheme, in partnership with a US online university network.[149] The course available is called ‘From Poverty to Prosperity: Understanding Economic Development’.

Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and exhibitions, normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; «commoners» (originally those who had to pay for their «commons», or food and lodging) are restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term «scholar» in relation to Oxford therefore has a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were «noblemen commoners» and «gentlemen commoners», but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. «Closed» scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, were abolished in the 1970s and 1980s.[150]

Libraries[edit]

The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK,[16] and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the British Library. The Bodleian is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[151]

The buildings referred to as the university’s main research library, The Bodleian, consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1598 and opened in 1602,[152] the Radcliffe Camera, the Clarendon Building, and the Weston Library. A tunnel underneath Broad Street connects these buildings, with the Gladstone Link, which opened to readers in 2011, connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera.

The Bodleian Libraries group was formed in 2000, bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together.[153] It now comprises 28[154] libraries, a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together, including the Sackler Library, Law Library, Social Science Library and Radcliffe Science Library.[153] Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, OLIS (Oxford Libraries Information System),[155] and its public interface, SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information.[156]

A new book depository opened in South Marston, Swindon in October 2010,[157] and recent building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which was renamed the Weston Library when it reopened in 2015.[158][159] The renovation is designed to better showcase the library’s various treasures (which include a Shakespeare First Folio and a Gutenberg Bible) as well as temporary exhibitions.

The Bodleian engaged in a mass-digitisation project with Google in 2004.[160][161] Notable electronic resources hosted by the Bodleian Group include the Electronic Enlightenment Project, which was awarded the 2010 Digital Prize by the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies.[162]

Museums[edit]

Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries, open for free to the public. The Ashmolean Museum, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.[163] It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains «The Messiah», a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.[164]

The University Museum of Natural History holds the university’s zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university’s Science Area.[165][166] Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy.{[167]

Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university’s archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.[168]

The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world’s oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.[169] It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the Faculty of Music on St Aldate’s is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a large collection of old master paintings and drawings.[170]

Publishing[edit]

The Oxford University Press is the world’s second oldest and currently the largest university press by the number of publications.[171] More than 6,000 new books are published annually,[172] including many reference, professional, and academic works (such as the Oxford English Dictionary, the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, the Oxford World’s Classics, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and the Concise Dictionary of National Biography).

Rankings and reputation[edit]

Rankings

National rankings
Complete (2023)[173] 1
Guardian (2023)[174] 2
Times / Sunday Times (2023)[175] 2
Global rankings
ARWU (2022)[176] 7
QS (2023)[177] 4
THE (2023)[178] 1

Oxford is regularly ranked within the top five universities in the world and is currently ranked first in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[179][180] as well as the Forbes’s World University Rankings.[181] It held the number one position in the Times Good University Guide for eleven consecutive years,[182] and the medical school has also maintained first place in the «Clinical, Pre-Clinical & Health» table of the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings for the past seven consecutive years.[183] In 2021, it ranked sixth among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[184] The THE has also recognised Oxford as one of the world’s «six super brands» on its World Reputation Rankings, along with Berkeley, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.[185] The university is fifth worldwide on the US News ranking.[186] Its Saïd Business School came 13th in the world in Financial Times Global MBA Ranking.[187]

Oxford was ranked 13th in the world in 2022 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.[188][189] It is ranked fifth best university worldwide and first in Britain for forming CEOs according to the Professional Ranking World Universities,[190] and first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK’s major companies.[191]

In the 2018 Complete University Guide, all 38 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only two multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge) in the UK to have 100% of their subjects in the top 10.[192] Computer Science, Medicine, Philosophy, Politics and Psychology were ranked first in the UK by the guide.[193]

According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, the University of Oxford also ranks as number one in the world for four Humanities disciplines: English Language and Literature, Modern Languages, Geography, and History. It also ranks second globally for Anthropology, Archaeology, Law, Medicine, Politics & International Studies, and Psychology.[194]

Student life[edit]

Traditions[edit]

An undergraduate student at the University of Oxford in subfusc for matriculation

Academic dress is required for examinations, matriculation, disciplinary hearings, and when visiting university officers. A referendum held among the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76% against making it voluntary in examinations – 8,671 students voted, with the 40.2% turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum.[195] This was widely interpreted by students as being a vote not so much on making subfusc voluntary, but rather, in effect, on abolishing it by default, in that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc, the rest would soon follow.[196] In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to transgender people.[197]

‘Trashing’ is a tradition of spraying those who just finished their last examination of the year with alcohol, flour and confetti. The sprayed student stays in the academic dress worn to the exam. The custom began in the 1970s when friends of students taking their finals waited outside Oxford’s Examination Schools where exams for most degrees are taken.[198]

Other traditions and customs vary by college. For example, some colleges have formal hall six times a week, but in others this only happens occasionally, or even not at all. At most colleges these formal meals require gowns to be worn, and a Latin grace is said.[citation needed]

Balls are major events held by colleges; the largest, held triennially in ninth week of Trinity Term, are called commemoration balls; the dress code is usually white tie. Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties. These are usually held on an annual or irregular basis, and are usually black tie. Punting is a common summer leisure activity.[citation needed]

There are several more or less quirky traditions peculiar to individual colleges, for example the All Souls Mallard song.[citation needed]

Clubs and societies[edit]

Sport is played between college teams, in tournaments known as cuppers (the term is also used for some non-sporting competitions). In addition to these there are higher standard university wide groups. Significant focus is given to annual varsity matches played against Cambridge, the most famous of which is The Boat Race, watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers. This outside interest reflects the importance of rowing to many of those within the university. Much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas: Christ Church Regatta, Torpids, and Summer Eights. A blue is an award given to those who compete at the university team level in certain sports. As well as traditional sports, there are teams for activities such as Octopush and quidditch.[citation needed]

There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent Cherwell and OUSU’s The Oxford Student. Other publications include the Isis magazine, the satirical Oxymoron, the graduate Oxonian Review, the Oxford Political Review,[199] and the online only newspaper The Oxford Blue. The student radio station is Oxide Radio. Most colleges have chapel choirs. Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at the collegiate level and as university-wide groups, such as the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Oxford Revue. Unlike most other collegiate societies, musical ensembles actively encourage players from other colleges.[citation needed]

Most academic areas have student societies of some form which are open to students studying all courses, for example the Scientific Society. There are groups for almost all faiths, political parties, countries, and cultures.[citation needed]

The Oxford Union (not to be confused with the Oxford University Student Union) hosts weekly debates and high-profile speakers. There have historically been elite invitation-only societies such as the Bullingdon Club.[citation needed]

Student union and common rooms[edit]

The Oxford University Student Union, formerly better known by its acronym OUSU and now rebranded as Oxford SU,[200] exists to represent students in the university’s decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford’s more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students. The OUSU Executive Committee includes six full-time salaried sabbatical officers, who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations.[citation needed]

The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars). (JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members, as well as the student bodies.) Not all colleges use this JCR/MCR structure, for example Wadham College’s entire student population is represented by a combined Students’ Union and purely graduate colleges have different arrangements.[citation needed]

Notable alumni[edit]

Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. A total of 70 Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.[17]
More information on notable members of the university can be found in the individual college articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate and/or member of staff.

Politics[edit]

Thirty British prime ministers have attended Oxford, including William Gladstone, H. H. Asquith, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak. Of all the post-war prime ministers, only Gordon Brown was educated at a university other than Oxford (the University of Edinburgh), while Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and John Major never attended a university.[201]

Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the House of Commons in 2010.[201] This includes former Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, and numerous members of the cabinet and shadow cabinet. Additionally, over 140 Oxonians sit in the House of Lords.[17]

At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.[17] This number includes Harald V of Norway,[202] Abdullah II of Jordan,[17] William II of the Netherlands, five Prime Ministers of Australia (John Gorton, Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott, and Malcolm Turnbull),[203][204][205] Six Prime Ministers of Pakistan (Liaquat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto and Imran Khan),[17] two Prime Ministers of Canada (Lester B. Pearson and John Turner),[17][206] two Prime Ministers of India (Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi, though the latter did not finish her degree),[17][207] Prime Minister of Ceylon (S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike), Norman Washington Manley of Jamaica,[208] Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (Sultan of Oman)[209] Eric Williams (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (former President of Peru), Abhisit Vejjajiva (former Prime Minister of Thailand), and Bill Clinton (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar).[17][210] Arthur Mutambara (Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe), was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991. Seretse Khama, first president of Botswana, spent a year at Balliol College. Festus Mogae (former president of Botswana) was a student at University College. The Burmese democracy activist and Nobel laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi, was a student of St Hugh’s College.[211] Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the current reigning Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) of Bhutan, was a member of Magdalen College.[212] The world’s youngest Nobel Prize laureate, Malala Yousafzai, completed a BA in philosophy, Politics and Economics.[213]

Law[edit]

Oxford has produced a large number of distinguished jurists, judges and lawyers around the world. Lords Bingham and Denning, commonly recognised as two of the most influential English judges in the history of the common law,[214][215][216][217] both studied at Oxford. Within the United Kingdom, three of the current justices of the Supreme Court are Oxford-educated: Robert Reed (Deputy President of the Supreme Court), Nicholas Wilson, and Michael Briggs;[218] retired Justices include David Neuberger (President of the Supreme Court 2012–2017), Jonathan Mance (Deputy President of the Supreme Court 2017–2018), Alan Rodger, Jonathan Sumption, Mark Saville, John Dyson, and Simon Brown. The twelve Lord Chancellors and nine Lord Chief Justices that have been educated at Oxford include Thomas Bingham,[214] Stanley Buckmaster, Thomas More,[219] Thomas Wolsey,[220] Gavin Simonds.[221] The twenty-two Law Lords count amongst them Leonard Hoffmann, Kenneth Diplock, Richard Wilberforce, James Atkin, Simon Brown, Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, Robert Goff, Brian Hutton, Jonathan Mance, Alan Rodger, Mark Saville, Leslie Scarman, Johan Steyn;[222] Master of the Rolls include Alfred Denning and Wilfred Greene;[217] Lord Justices of Appeal include John Laws, Brian Leveson and John Mummery. The British Government’s Attorneys General have included Dominic Grieve, Nicholas Lyell, Patrick Mayhew, John Hobson, Reginald Manningham-Buller, Lionel Heald, Frank Soskice, David Maxwell Fyfe, Donald Somervell, William Jowitt; Directors of Public Prosecutions include Sir Thomas Hetherington QC, Dame Barbara Mills QC and Sir Keir Starmer QC.

In the United States, three of the nine incumbent Justices of the Supreme Court are Oxonians, namely Stephen Breyer,[223] Elena Kagan,[224] and Neil Gorsuch;[225] retired Justices include John Marshall Harlan II,[226] David Souter[227] and Byron White.[228] Internationally, Oxonians Sir Humphrey Waldock[229] served in the International Court of Justice; Akua Kuenyehia, sat in the International Criminal Court; Sir Nicolas Bratza[230] and Paul Mahoney sat in the European Court of Human Rights; Kenneth Hayne,[231] Dyson Heydon, as well as Patrick Keane sat in the High Court of Australia; both Kailas Nath Wanchoo, A. N. Ray served as Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of India; Cornelia Sorabji, Oxford’s first female law student, was India’s first female advocate; in Hong Kong, Aarif Barma, Thomas Au and Doreen Le Pichon[232] currently serve in the Court of Appeal (Hong Kong), while Charles Ching and Henry Litton both served as Permanent Judges of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong;[233] Laurie Ackermann[234] and Edwin Cameron[235] served on South Africa’s Constitutional Court; six Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada and a chief justice of the now defunct Federal Court of Canada were also educated at Oxford.

The list of noted legal scholars includes H. L. A. Hart,[236] Ronald Dworkin,[236] Andrew Burrows, Sir Guenter Treitel, Jeremy Waldron, A. V. Dicey, William Blackstone, John Gardner, Robert A. Gorman, Timothy Endicott, Peter Birks, John Finnis, Andrew Ashworth, Joseph Raz, Paul Craig, Leslie Green, Tony Honoré, Neil MacCormick and Hugh Collins. Other distinguished practitioners who have attended Oxford include Lord Pannick Qc,[237] Geoffrey Robertson QC, Amal Clooney,[238] Lord Faulks QC, and Dinah Rose QC.

Mathematics and sciences[edit]

Four Oxford mathematicians, Michael Atiyah, Daniel Quillen, Simon Donaldson and James Maynard, have won Fields Medals, often called the «Nobel Prize for mathematics». Andrew Wiles, who proved Fermat’s Last Theorem, was educated at Oxford and is currently the Regius Professor and Royal Society Research Professor in Mathematics at Oxford.[239] Marcus du Sautoy and Roger Penrose are both currently mathematics professors, and Jackie Stedall was a professor of the university. Stephen Wolfram, chief designer of Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha studied at the university, along with Tim Berners-Lee,[17] inventor of the World Wide Web,[240] Edgar F. Codd, inventor of the relational model of data,[241] and Tony Hoare, programming languages pioneer and inventor of Quicksort.

The university is associated with eleven winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, six in physics and sixteen in medicine.[242]

Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist Dorothy Hodgkin who received her Nobel Prize for «determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances»,[243] Howard Florey who shared the 1945 Nobel prize «for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases», and John B. Goodenough, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 «for the development of lithium-ion batteries».[244] Both Richard Dawkins[245] and Frederick Soddy[246] studied at the university and returned for research purposes. Robert Hooke,[17] Edwin Hubble,[17] and Stephen Hawking[17] all studied in Oxford.

Robert Boyle, a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.[247] Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include Albert Einstein[248] developer of general theory of relativity and the concept of photons; and Erwin Schrödinger who formulated the Schrödinger equation and the Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment. Structural engineer Roma Agrawal, responsible for London’s Shard, attributes her love of engineering to a summer placement during her undergraduate physics degree at Oxford.

Economists Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, E. F. Schumacher, and Amartya Sen all spent time at Oxford.

Literature, music, and drama[edit]

Writers associated with Oxford include Vera Brittain, A.S. Byatt, Lewis Carroll,[249] Penelope Fitzgerald, John Fowles, Theodor Geisel, Robert Graves, Graham Greene,[250] Joseph Heller,[251] Christopher Hitchens, Aldous Huxley,[252] Samuel Johnson, Nicole Krauss, C. S. Lewis,[253] Thomas Middleton, Iris Murdoch, V.S. Naipaul, Philip Pullman,[17] Dorothy L. Sayers, Vikram Seth,[17] J. R. R. Tolkien,[254] Evelyn Waugh,[255] Oscar Wilde,[256] the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley,[257] John Donne,[258] A. E. Housman,[259] Gerard Manley Hopkins, W. H. Auden,[260] T. S. Eliot and Philip Larkin,[261] and seven poets laureate: Thomas Warton,[262] Henry James Pye,[263] Robert Southey,[264] Robert Bridges,[265] Cecil Day-Lewis,[266] Sir John Betjeman,[267] and Andrew Motion.[268]

Composers Hubert Parry, George Butterworth, John Taverner, William Walton, James Whitbourn and Andrew Lloyd Webber have all been involved with the university.

Actors Hugh Grant,[269] Kate Beckinsale,[269] Rosamund Pike, Felicity Jones, Gemma Chan, Dudley Moore,[270] Michael Palin,[17] Terry Jones,[271] Anna Popplewell and Rowan Atkinson were students at the university, as were filmmakers Ken Loach[272] and Richard Curtis.[17]

Religion[edit]

Oxford has also produced at least 12 saints, 19 English cardinals, and 20 Archbishops of Canterbury, the most recent Archbishop being Rowan Williams, who studied at Wadham College and was later a Canon Professor at Christ Church.[17][273] Duns Scotus’ teaching is commemorated with a monument in the University Church of St. Mary. Religious reformer John Wycliffe was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of Balliol College. John Colet, Christian humanist, Dean of St Paul’s, and friend of Erasmus, studied at Magdalen College. Several of the Caroline Divines e.g. in particular William Laud as President of St. John’s and Chancellor of the university, and the Non-Jurors, e.g. Thomas Ken had close Oxford connections. The founder of Methodism, John Wesley, studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of Lincoln College.[274] Britain’s first woman to be an ordained minister, Constance Coltman, studied at Somerville College. The Oxford Movement (1833–1846) was closely associated with the Oriel fellows John Henry Newman, Edward Bouverie Pusey and John Keble. Other religious figures were Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Shoghi Effendi, one of the appointed leaders of the Baháʼí Faith, and Joseph Cordeiro, the first Pakistani Catholic cardinal.[275]

Philosophy[edit]

Oxford’s philosophical tradition started in the medieval era, with Robert Grosseteste[276] and William of Ockham,[276] commonly known for Occam’s razor, among those teaching at the university. Thomas Hobbes,[277][278] Jeremy Bentham and the empiricist John Locke received degrees from Oxford. Though the latter’s main works were written after leaving Oxford, Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university.[276]

Oxford philosophers of the 20th century include Richard Swinburne, a leading philosopher in the tradition of substance dualism; Peter Hacker, philosopher of mind, language, anthropology, and he is also known for his critique of cognitive neuroscience; J.L. Austin, a leading proponent of ordinary-language philosophy; Gilbert Ryle,[276] author of The Concept of Mind; and Derek Parfit, who specialised in personal identity. Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include A. J. Ayer,[276] Elizabeth Anscombe, Paul Grice, Mary Midgley, Iris Murdoch, Thomas Nagel, Bernard Williams, Robert Nozick, Onora O’Neill, John Rawls, Michael Sandel, and Peter Singer. John Searle, presenter of the Chinese room thought experiment, studied and began his academic career at the university.[279] Likewise, Philippa Foot, who mentioned the trolley problem, studied and taught at Somerville College.[280]

Sport[edit]

Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister, who had been at Exeter College and Merton College, ran the first sub-four-minute mile in Oxford.

Some 150 Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including Sir Matthew Pinsent, quadruple gold-medallist rower.[17][281]

Rowers from Oxford who have won gold at the Olympics or World Championships include Michael Blomquist, Ed Coode, Chris Davidge, Hugh Edwards, Jason Flickinger, Tim Foster, Luka Grubor, Christopher Liwski, Matthew Pinsent, Pete Reed, Jonny Searle, Andrew Triggs Hodge, Jake Wetzel, Michael Wherley, and Barney Williams. Many Oxford graduates have also risen to the highest echelon in cricket: Harry Altham, Bernard Bosanquet (inventor of the googly), Colin Cowdrey, Gerry Crutchley, Jamie Dalrymple, Martin Donnelly, R. E. Foster (the only man to captain England at both cricket and football), C. B. Fry, George Harris (also served in the House of Lords), Douglas Jardine, Malcolm Jardine, Imran Khan (later served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan), Sophie Le Marchand, Alan Melville, Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, M. J. K. Smith, and Pelham Warner.[citation needed]

Oxford students have also excelled in other sports. Such alumni include American football player Myron Rolle (NFL player); Olympic gold medalists in athletics David Hemery and Jack Lovelock; basketball players Bill Bradley (US Senator, NBA player, and Olympic gold medalist) and Charles Thomas McMillen (US Congressman, NBA player, and Olympic silver medalist); figure skater John Misha Petkevich (national champion); footballers John Bain, Charles Wreford-Brown, and Cuthbert Ottaway; fencer Allan Jay (world champion and five-time Olympian); modern pentathlete Steph Cook (Olympic gold medalist); rugby footballers Stuart Barnes, Simon Danielli, David Humphreys, David Edward Kirk, Anton Oliver, Ronald Poulton-Palmer, Joe Roff, and William Webb Ellis (allegedly the inventor of rugby football); World Cup freestyle skier Ryan Max Riley (national champion); polo player Claire Tomlinson (highest ranked woman world-wide); and tennis player Clarence Bruce.[citation needed]

Adventure and exploration[edit]

Three of the most well-known adventurers and explorers who attended Oxford are Walter Raleigh, one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era; T. E. Lawrence, whose life was the basis of the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia; and Thomas Coryat. The latter, the author of «Coryat’s Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c'» (1611) and court jester of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, is credited with introducing the table fork and umbrella to England and being the first Briton to do a Grand Tour of Europe.[282]

Other notable figures include Gertrude Bell, an explorer, archaeologist, mapper and spy who, along with T. E. Lawrence, helped establish the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan and Iraq and played a major role in establishing and administering the modern state of Iraq; Richard Francis Burton, who travelled in disguise to Mecca and journeyed with John Hanning Speke as the first European explorers to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile; anthropologist Katherine Routledge, who carried out the first survey of Easter Island; mountaineer Tom Bourdillon, member of the expedition to make the first ascent of Mount Everest; and Peter Fleming, adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond.[citation needed]

Oxford in literature and other media[edit]

The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction.

Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer, in Canterbury Tales, referred to a «Clerk [student] of Oxenford».

By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise.[283]

Famous literary works range from Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh, which in 1981 was adapted as a television serial, to the trilogy His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman, which features an alternate-reality version of the university and was adapted for film in 2007 and as a BBC television series in 2019.

Other notable examples include:

  • Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm, a satire about undergraduate life.
  • Sinister Street (1913–1914) by Compton MacKenzie, himself a graduate of Magdalen College, a Bildungsroman about two children born out of wedlock.
  • Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself a graduate of Somerville College, a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery novel.
  • The Inspector Morse detective novels (1975–1999) by Colin Dexter, adapted for television as Inspector Morse (1987–2000), the spin-off Lewis (2006–2015), and the prequel Endeavour (2012–).
  • True Blue (1996), a film about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race of 1987
  • The History Boys (2004) by Alan Bennett, alumnus of Exeter College, a play about a group of grammar school boys in Sheffield in 1983 applying to read history at Oxford and Cambridge. It premiered at the National Theatre and was adapted for film in 2006.
  • Posh (2010), a play by Laura Wade, and its film adaptation The Riot Club (2014), about a fictionalised equivalent of the Bullingdon Club.
  • Testament of Youth (2014), a drama film based on the memoir of the same name written by Somerville alumna Vera Brittain.

Notable non-fiction works on Oxford include Oxford by Jan Morris.[284]

The university is parodied in Terry Pratchett’s Discworld series with «Unseen University» and «Brazeneck College» (in reference to Brasenose College).

See also[edit]

  • Academic scarves of the University of Oxford
  • Gaudy celebrations
  • List of medieval universities
  • May Morning celebration
  • Oxford «-er»
  • Oxford bags
  • Oxford comma
  • Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)
  • Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)
  • Oxford University Police
  • Town and gown

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Includes those who indicate that they identify as Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab or any other ethnicity except White.
  2. ^ Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

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Sources[edit]

Histories[edit]

  • Brock, Michael G., and Mark C. Curthoys, eds. The History of the University of Oxford Volumes 6 and 7: Nineteenth-Century (Oxford UP, 2000). vol 6 excerpt; vol 7 excerpt Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Brockliss, L.W.B. (2016). The University of Oxford. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243563.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-924356-3.
  • Brooke, Christopher and Roger Highfield, Oxford and Cambridge, (Cambridge UP, 1988). heavily illustrated
  • Catto, Jeremy (ed.), The History of the University of Oxford, (Oxford UP, 1994).
  • Clark, Andrew (ed.), The colleges of Oxford: their history and traditions, Methuen & C. (London, 1891).
  • Deslandes, Paul R. Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity & the Undergraduate Experience, 1850–1920 (2005), 344pp
  • Goldman, Lawrence (2004). «Oxford and the Idea of a University in Nineteenth Century Britain». Oxford Review of Education. 30 (4): 575–592. JSTOR 4127167.
  • Harrison, Brian Howard, ed. The History of the University of Oxford: Vol 8 The twentieth century (Oxford UP 1994).
  • Hibbert, Christopher, The Encyclopaedia of Oxford, Macmillan (Basingstoke, 1988).
  • McConica, James. History of the University of Oxford. Vol. 3: The Collegiate University (1986), 775pp.
  • Mallet, Charles Edward. A history of the University of Oxford: The mediæval university and the colleges founded in the Middle Ages (2 vol 1924)
  • Midgley, Graham. University Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford (1996) 192pp
  • Simcock, Anthony V. The Ashmolean Museum and Oxford Science, 1683–1983 (Museum of the History of Science, 1984).
  • Sutherland, Lucy Stuart, Leslie G. Mitchell, and T. H. Aston, eds. The history of the University of Oxford (Clarendon, 1984).

Popular studies and collections[edit]

  • Annan, Noel, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses HarperCollins (London, 1999)
  • Batson, Judy G., Oxford in Fiction, Garland (New York, 1989).
  • Betjeman, John, An Oxford University Chest, Miles (London, 1938).
  • Casson, Hugh, Hugh Casson’s Oxford, Phaidon (London, 1988).
  • Dougill, John, Oxford in English Literature, (U of Michigan Press, 1998).
  • Feiler, Bruce, Looking for Class: Days and Nights at Oxford and Cambridge, (2004).
  • Fraser, Antonia (ed.), Oxford and Oxfordshire in Verse, Penguin (London, 1983).
  • R.W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: Oxford’s Golden Postwar Age, Threshold Press (2015).
  • Kenny, Anthony & Kenny, Robert, Can Oxford be Improved?, Imprint Academic (Exeter, 2007)
  • Knight, William (ed.), The Glamour of Oxford, (Blackwell, 1911).
  • Miles, Jebb, The Colleges of Oxford, Constable (London, 1992).
  • Morris, Jan, The Oxford Book of Oxford, (Oxford UP 2002).
  • Pursglove, G. and A. Ricketts (eds.), Oxford in Verse, Perpetua (Oxford, 1999).
  • Seccombe, Thomas and H. Scott (eds.), In Praise of Oxford (2 vols.), Constable (London, 1912). v.1
  • Snow, Peter, Oxford Observed, John Murray (London, 1991).

Guide books[edit]

  • Tames, Richard, A Traveller’s History of Oxford, Interlink (New York, 2002).
  • Tyack, Geoffrey, Oxford: An Architectural Guide, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 1998).

External links[edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • ‘The University of Oxford’, A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford (1954), pp. 1–38
  • Works by or about University of Oxford at Internet Archive

Одним из самых старых ВУЗов Европы и мира является Оксфордский университет, который стал первым в Англии. Хотя точная дата его происхождения неизвестна, считается, что здесь преподавали еще в XI веке.

О традициях Оксфорда, вышедших из университета многочисленных нобелевских лауреатах, высоких местах в различных рейтингах в самой Англии и во всем мире, неистребимом желании быть лучше своего главного соперника – Кембриджского университета – известно по всему миру.

Расположен Оксфордский университет в Англии, в городе Оксфорд графства Оксфордшир. Он входит в число «старинных университетов» Англии и Ирландии и в список «Рассел» самых престижных и элитных университетов Великобритании. Поступить в Оксфорд – мечта многих выпускников школ и колледжей со всего света.

Оксфордский университет

Оксфордский университет

Структура университета

Оксфордский университет состоит из 38 отдельных колледжей, которые являются независимыми и самоуправляемыми, в каждом есть собственное руководство, включающее главу дома и научных сотрудников.

Также в составе университета есть 6 так называемых общежитий, которые принадлежат к религиозным орденам, но они не имеют статуса колледжа. Каждый входящий в состав университета колледж имеет помещения, где живут, питаются, учатся студенты, а также бар, комнаты отдыха, различные клубы и общества, которые определяют дружескую атмосферу среди учащихся.

Самыми старыми колледжами в составе Оксфордского университета считаются Университетский колледж, колледжи Баллиоль и Мертон. Это вообще одни из самых старых построек Оксфорда.

В колледжах проходят в основном семинары и индивидуальные занятия, а большая часть лекций, лабораторных работ и экзаменов организовывается централизованно.

В Оксфордском университете учатся около 20 тысяч студентов, причем почти четверть из них являются иностранными гражданами. Летом, когда работают языковые школы при университете, количество учащихся намного увеличивается.

Количество преподавателей в Оксфорде составляет около 4 тысяч человек, что позволяет организовать в нем эффективную систему тьюторства. Суть тьюторства в том, что над каждым студентом осуществляется так называемая опека или кураторство специалистом по выбранной студентом специальности. В целом на каждого преподавателя в Оксфорде приходится 4-5 студентов.

Список предоставляемых курсов огромен, количество отделений или факультетов в университете – около 60. Студентам предлагается поступить на различные факультеты по следующим направлениям: математические, гуманитарные, социальные, физические науки, науки о жизни, окружающей среде, природе и т.д.

Университетский колледж, Оксфорд

Университетский колледж, Оксфорд

Особенности поступления и стоимость обучения

Чтобы поступить в Оксфорд, абитуриенты подают заявления в определенные колледжи осенью перед планируемым годом обучения. Приемная комиссия рассматривает оценки и рекомендательные письма, проводит интервью и собеседования.

Критерии поступления очень высоки (только высшие баллы по выпускным экзаменам и тестам на знание английского языка), дополнительно комиссия может дать задания: написать эссе, проверить письменные работы, провести дополнительный тест.

Для того чтобы поступить на одно из направлений университета, нужно подать заявление через портал, общий для всех ВУЗов Англии – http://www.ucas.com/. Там можно указать, в каком колледже хотелось бы учиться, или оставить это решение за приемной комиссией. Чтобы поступить в желаемый колледж, нужно уточнить его профиль, наличие мест в общежитии, а также престижность и расположение всех зданий.

Чтобы узнать стоимость обучения, можно зайти на официальный сайт Оксфордского университета http://www.ox.ac.uk/. Там можно рассчитать стоимость на специальном калькуляторе, указывая свое гражданство, выбранную специализацию и год обучения.

Вообще стоимость обучения для иностранцев здесь достаточно высока, и она окупится только тогда, когда выпускник действительно затем пойдет работать по выбранной специальности в крупную корпорацию.

Стоимость образования по программам бакалавриата составляет от 20 тысяч фунтов, по программам магистратуры и аспирантуры – от 15 тысяч фунтов в год.

Дополнительно рассчитывается стоимость проживания и расходы на техническое и материальное обеспечение. Стоит отметить, что такого понятия как «поступить бесплатно» в Оксфорде нет совсем, однако возможно получить гранды, полностью или частично покрывающие стоимость образования.

В конце календарного года обычно определяются списки кандидатов, которых приглашают на интервью. Для этого можно еще раз не посещать Англию, поскольку интервью могут провести и онлайн. С учетом того, что списки формируются раньше, чем абитуриент заканчивает обучение в школе либо колледже, он должен гарантировать определенный балл по некоторым предметам.

Колледж Мертон, Оксфорд

Колледж Мертон, Оксфорд

Интересные традиции

Когда абитуриент поступает в Оксфорд и становится его студентом, он принимает традиции университета и определенного колледжа в частности. Например, в отдельных колледжах с консервативными устоями в столовую не пускают без формы: мантии, костюма и четырехугольной знакомой многим по фильмам шапки.

После зачисления в один из колледжей каждый произносит клятву студента на латыни перед руководящими лицами Оксфорда. А после окончания ВУЗа успешно сдавшие все экзамены произносят клятву и меняют старую студенческую мантию на новую, соответствующую новому званию выпускника.

Эти процедуры происходят в знаменитом в Англии Шелдонианском театре, который был построен Кристофером Реном еще в XVII веке.

Шелдонианский тетр

Шелдонианский тетр

Достопримечательности Оксфорда

И на территории Оксфорда как города, и на территории Оксфордского университета располагается немало достопримечательностей, благодаря которым Оксфорд за год посещают около 9 миллионов туристов.

Кампус университета поделен на институты, колледжи, факультеты, исследовательские центры, общежития, библиотеки и другие здания. Они занимают огромную часть центрального Оксфорда. Даже в самих колледжах интерьеры напоминают средневековые замки или крепости, а потому тут есть, на что посмотреть. Любителям пеших путешествий понравятся многочисленные парки, одним из самых крупных является Университетский парк.

У Оксфордского университета самая крупная в Англии университетская библиотека, включающая 102 отдельные библиотеки. 30 из этих библиотек принадлежат Бодлианской – одной из самых старых в Европе и второй по объемам в Англии.

Музеи Оксфорда также многообразны: Музей естественной истории и природы, Ашмолейский музей, Этнографический музей, Коллекция музыкальных инструментов, Картинная галерея в колледже Крайст Черч и т.д. Посещение практически всех культурных объектов бесплатно.

Бодлианская библиотека

Бодлианская библиотека

Разнообразная студенческая жизнь

В университетах Англии для студентов предусмотрена не только организация учебной деятельности, но и богатая развлекательная программа. Оксфордский университет в этом вопросе не является исключением.

Студенты Оксфорда могут вступить в различные студенческие общества или клубы, а таких тут почти три сотни. Одни могут заниматься фехтованием или пинг-понгом, другие – участвовать в дебатах или снимать видео, третьи – ходить в пешие походы или участвовать в раскопках.

Здесь каждый найдет себе развлечение по душе и друзей по интересам. Для русских студентов организовано «Русское студенческое общество», где можно пообщаться не только по поводу актуальных научных исследований, но и посмотреть фильмы на родном языке, потанцевать на дискотеках или даже балах, встретиться с ведущими политиками, светилами науки или людьми искусства.

Особое внимание в этом университете Англии уделяется спортивной составляющей. Причем многими видами спорта в Оксфорде можно заниматься не только на уровне любителя, но и на полупрофессиональном уровне. Проводятся соревнования как внутри университета между колледжами, так и на межуниверситетской арене.

Здесь предусмотрены бассейны для плавания, футбольные поля, теннисные корты, поля для сквоша, крикета и многого другого. Реки и каналы в Оксфорде и окрестностях позволяют заниматься греблей. Центральным событием в спортивной сфере считается именно чемпионат по гребле между заядлыми соперниками – Оксфордом и Кембриджем.

Чтобы передвигаться в городе, студенты используют велосипеды, поскольку дорожек для них, как и во всей Англии, достаточно.

Чемпионат по гребле - Оксфорд против Кембриджа

Чемпионат по гребле — Оксфорд против Кембриджа

Можно смело сказать, что обучение в Оксфордском университете позволит провести незабываемые студенческие годы, познакомиться с людьми со всех точек планеты, а также обеспечить себе быструю стремительную карьеру в интересующей области. Естественно, что для этого нужно сильно постараться, чтобы поступить в этот старейший престижный ВУЗ.

Оксфордский университет
(Оксфорд)
Oxford-University-Circlet.svg
Oxford City Birdseye.jpg
Оригинальное название

University of Oxford

Девиз

Dominus illuminatio mea
(«Господь — просвещение моё»)

Год основания

до 1096 года[1]

Ректор (Канцлер)

Крис Паттен (англ.)русск.[2]

Студенты

19 791[1]

Расположение

Оксфорд, графство Оксфордшир, Англия

Сайт

www.ox.ac.uk

Координаты: 51°45′40″ с. ш. 1°15′12″ з. д. / 51.7611° с. ш. 1.2534° з. д. (G) (O) (Я)

Оксфордский университе́т (англ. University of Oxford) — британский университет в городе Оксфорд, Англия. Один из старейших университетов в мире, первый англоязычный и на Британских островах. Хотя точная дата основания университета неизвестна, есть сведения, что обучение там происходило уже в 1096 году[3]. Входит в группу «старинных университетов» Великобритании и Ирландии, а также в элитную группу «Рассел» лучших 24 университетов Великобритании. Обучение платное. Оксфордский университет занимает лидирующие позиции в престижных рейтингах университетов мира, в рейтинге UniPage 2016 года университет занял второе место в Великобритании и 6 место в мире[1]

Содержание

  • 1 История
  • 2 Приём в университет
  • 3 Структура университета
  • 4 Интересные факты
  • 5 Известные выпускники
  • 6 Колледжи Оксфорда
  • 7 См. также
  • 8 Примечания
  • 9 Ссылки

История[править | править вики-текст]

Точная дата основания Оксфордского университета неизвестна, однако обучение в Оксфорде велось уже в 1096 году[3]. Высылка иностранцев из Парижского Университета в 1167 году (в результате реформы Генриха II Плантагенета, он запретил английским студентам учиться в Сорбонне) заставила многих английских учеников уехать из Франции и поселиться в Оксфорде. Историк Джерард Уэльский читал лекции студентам ещё в 1188 году, а первое упоминание об иностранных учениках было в 1190 году, первым иностранным студентом по документам был «Emo of Friesland». Главой университета являлся (и является по сей день) канцлер. Неанглийские студенты-британцы делились на северных (шотландцы) и южных (ирландцы и валлийцы). В последующих веках географическая принадлежность продолжала влиять на многих студентов, когда дружба между колледжами или общежитиями стала обычаем. Члены многих монашеских орденов — Доминиканцы, Францисканцы, Кармелиты, Августинцы, — обосновались в Оксфорде в середине XIII века; они оказывали влияние и поддерживали студенческие дома. Примерно в то же время для жизни в качестве самостоятельных ученических сообществ частными благотворителями были созданы колледжи. Среди первых были Уильям Дарем, который в 1249 году основал Университетский колледж (Оксфорд) (англ. University College), и Иоанн I де Баллиол, отец будущего Короля Шотландии, в честь которого назван Колледж Баллиол (англ. Balliol College). Английский лорд-канцлер и основатель Мертон-колледжа (англ. Merton College), Вальтер де Мертон разработал правила для колледжей. Мертон-колледж стал образцом для других колледжей Оксфорда и Кембриджа. После этого многие студенты оставили жизнь в общежитиях и религиозных домах и переехали в колледжи.

В 1333-34 гг несколько недовольных учёных из Оксфорда попытались основать новый университет в Стамфорде (Линкольншир)[4]. Из Оксфорда и Кембриджа стали поступать протесты в адрес короля Эдуарда III и он запретил его создание[5] — до 20-х гг XIX века в Англии было не разрешено создавать новые университеты, даже в Лондоне, — и Оксфорд и Кембридж сохраняли монополию.

Если со временем через Оксфорд почти в обязательном порядке проходили члены высшего общества, то в Средние века до этого было ещё далеко. Там обучались только священнослужители, они снимали комнаты у местных жителей и зачастую были бедны.

Приём в университет[править | править вики-текст]

В октябре-ноябре перед планируемым началом года обучения, абитуриенты подают заявления в колледжи. Специальная комиссия рассматривает оценки (только отличные, A-level), рекомендательные письма, проводит собеседования. В некоторых случаях будущего студента могут попросить показать свои письменные работы, провести собственные письменные тесты. (Школьные экзамены в Великобритании стандартизированны и проводятся не школами, а центральными экзаменационными комиссиями — examination boards, аккредитованными государством.) Поскольку места в университете предлагаются до того, как большинство абитуриентов закончит школьные экзамены, студенты, как правило, принимаются с условием того, что их оценки к началу учебного года будут не меньше оговоренного балла (conditional offer). Необходимо также знать английский язык не хуже англичанина (по сертификатам IELTS — 7.0, TOEFL-интернет — 110)[6]. Обучение платное: расходы на проживание в год — около 8 тысяч фунтов; плата за обучение зависит от выбранной специальности — гуманитарные науки — 6300 фунтов; точные науки — 8400 фунтов, медицина — 15400 фунтов. Для поступления в магистратуру и аспирантуру кандидаты подают заявления на соответствующий факультет.

Не допускается подача заявлений в один и тот же год одновременно в Оксфордский и Кембриджский университеты.

Структура университета[править | править вики-текст]

Университет состоит из 38 колледжей, а также 6 общежитий — закрытых учебных заведений, принадлежащих религиозным орденам без статуса колледжа[7]. Экзамены, большинство лекций и лабораторных занятий организованы централизованно, а колледжи проводят индивидуальные занятия со студентами и семинары.

Сейчас в Оксфорде учится более 20 тысяч студентов[8], около четверти из них — иностранные. Их количество резко увеличивается летом, когда открываются летние языковые школы. Ректор Оксфорда — сэр Крис Паттен. Женщин в Оксфорд начали принимать только в 1920-х гг., однако уже в 70-х было отменено раздельное обучение.

Штат преподавателей Оксфорда огромен — почти 4 тысячи человек, из них 70 — члены Королевского общества, более 100 — члены Британской академии. Оксфорд использует в обучении уникальную систему тьюторства — над каждым студентом учреждается персональная опека специалистом по выбранной специальности.

Основные направления подготовки студентов — гуманитарные, математические, физические, социальные науки, медицина, науки о жизни и окружающей среде.
Отделения:

  • классических языков и литературы;
  • древней истории;
  • филологии, лингвистики и фонетики;
  • живописи и изобразительного искусства;
  • английского языка и литературы;
  • средневековых и современных языков;
  • современной истории;
  • музыки;
  • Востока;
  • философии;
  • теологии;
  • Китая;
  • истории искусств;
  • истории медицины;
  • антропологии;
  • археологии (с 1961 года);
  • биохимии;
  • географии;
  • наук о растениях;
  • зоологии;
  • математики;
  • статистики;
  • химии;
  • наук о Земле;
  • инженерных наук;
  • материаловедения;
  • физики;
  • анестезии;
  • кардиоваскулярной медицины;
  • клинических лабораторных наук;
  • клинической медицины;
  • клинической неврологии;
  • клинической фармакологии;
  • генетики;
  • молекулярной медицины;
  • акушерства и гинекологии;
  • офтальмологии;
  • педиатрии;
  • психиатрии;
  • здоровья населения и первой помощи;
  • хирургии;
  • экспериментальной психологии;
  • анатомии и генетики человека;
  • патологии;
  • фармакологии;
  • физиологии;
  • Африки;
  • Бразилии;
  • современного Китая;
  • Японии;
  • Латинской Америки;
  • России и Восточной Европы;
  • Южной Азии;
  • экономики;
  • образования;
  • Института интернета;
  • права;
  • менеджмента;
  • политики и международных отношений;
  • общественной политики и социальной работы;
  • социологии;
  • дополнительного образования.

Оксфорд — не только университет, но ещё и крупнейший научно-исследовательский центр, у Оксфорда больше сотни библиотек (самая обширная университетская библиотека в Англии) и музеев, своё издательство.

Студенты имеют возможность большое количество своего времени посвящать досугу — к их услугам более 300 кружков по интересам. Традиционно пристальное внимание в Оксфорде уделяется спорту как полезному и престижному виду отдыха.

Из стен Оксфорда вышла целая плеяда блестящих деятелей науки, литературы, искусства — здесь преподавали Кристофер Рен, Джон Толкин, Льюис Кэрролл, учились Роджер Бэкон и Маргарет Тетчер. 25 британских премьер-министров окончили Оксфорд.

Интересные факты[править | править вики-текст]

Оксфордский электрический звонок

  • В Оксфордском университете, в Кларендонской лаборатории, имеется электрический колокольчик, который непрерывно звонит с 1840 года. В нём используются силы электростатического притяжения, поэтому для поддержания работы тратится очень небольшое количество энергии. Сухие элементы питания для колокольчика были установлены при его создании и герметично залиты расплавленной серой, поэтому никто точно не знает, как именно они устроены. Работающий более 175 лет инструмент представляет собой один из самых длительных непрерывных экспериментов в истории[9].
  • Оксфордский университет оказал влияние и на культуру. Всемирно известен костюм студента, один из атрибутов которого — Оксфордские «мешки».

Известные выпускники[править | править вики-текст]

  • Томас Гоббс — философ
  • Джонатан Свифт — писатель
  • Джон Локк — философ
  • Льюис Кэрролл — английский писатель
  • Оскар Уайльд — поэт, писатель, драматург, эссеист, эстет
  • Oxxxymiron — русскоязычный рэп- и грайм-исполнитель
Андрей Богданов — создатель таблетки от радиации

Колледжи Оксфорда[править | править вики-текст]

Самый первый колледж Оксфордского университета — Университетский (англ. University College) — был основан в 1249 году. Два других колледжа Оксфорда, претендующих на историческое первенство — «Баллиоль» (англ. Balliol, 1260 год) и «Мертон» (англ. Merton, 1264 год) — названы в честь своих создателей. Джон Баллиоль был отцом Иоанна I — будущего короля Шотландии, а основателем второго был лорд-канцлер Уолтер де Мертон.

(рядом с названием колледжа в скобках — год основания)
  • Университетский колледж (1249)
  • Колледж Баллиол (1263)
  • Merton College (1264)
  • Exeter College (1314)
  • Oriel College (1326)
  • Куинз-колледж (1341)
  • New College (1379)
  • Lincoln College (1427)
  • Колледж Всех Душ (1438)
  • Magdalen College (1458)
  • Brasenose College (1509)
  • Corpus Christi College (1517)
  • Крайст-Чёрч (1546)
  • Тринити-колледж (1554)
  • Колледж Святого Иоанна (1555)
  • Jesus College (1571)
  • Wadham College (1610)
  • Pembroke College (1624)
  • Worcester College (1714)
  • Hertford College (1740)
  • Regent’s Park College (1810)
  • Keble College (1870)
  • St Stephen’s House (1876)
  • Lady Margaret Hall (1878)
  • Колледж Святой Анны (St Anne’s College, 1878)
  • Somerville College (1879)
  • Mansfield College (1886)
  • Колледж Святого Хью (St Hugh’s College, 1886)
  • Harris Manchester College (1889)
  • Колледж Святой Хильды (St Hilda’s College, 1893)
  • Campion Hall (1896)
  • St Benet’s Hall (1897)
  • Колледж Святого Петра (St Peter’s College, 1929)
  • Колледж Святого Антония (St Antony’s College, 1953)
  • St Edmund Hall (1957)
  • Nuffield College (1958)
  • Linacre College (1962)
  • Колледж Святой Екатерины (St Catherine’s College, 1963)
  • St Cross College (1965)
  • Wolfson College (1966)
  • Green College (1979) (слился с Templeton College и образовал в 2008 году ***Green Templeton College)
  • Kellogg College (1990)
  • Templeton College (1995) (слился с Green College и образовал в 2008 году *Green Templeton College)

См. также[править | править вики-текст]

commons: Оксфордский университет на Викискладе?
n: Оксфордский университет в Викиновостях?
  • Список старейших университетов
  • Оксфорд — Кембридж (традиционная лодочная регата)
  • Оксфордский электрический звонок
  • Кембриджский университет
  • Оксбридж

Примечания[править | править вики-текст]

  1. 1 2 3 UniPage — Оксфордский университет (University of Oxford)
  2. Ключевые сотрудники университета // Key University Officers
  3. 1 2 Thackrah, John Richard. The university and colleges of Oxford. — Dalton, 1981. — P. 1. — ISBN 9780861380022.
  4. Sir George Norman Clark. The Oxford History of England: McKisack, M. The fourteenth century, 1307-1399. — Clarendon Press, 1959. — P. 501.
  5. Johnson, W. (1991). «The beginning аnd suppression оf a university at Stamford». International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 33 (8): 675–678. DOI:10.1016/0020-7403(91)90036-3. ISSN 00207403.
  6. English language requirements | University of Oxford
  7. Colleges and Halls A-Z. University of Oxford. Проверено 4 октября 2008. Архивировано из первоисточника 25 августа 2011.
  8. Цифры и факты. University of Oxford. Проверено 30 апреля 2010. Архивировано из первоисточника 25 августа 2011.
  9. Oxford electric bell // Atlas Obscura (англ.)

Ссылки[править | править вики-текст]

  • Официальный сайт Оксфордского университета
⛭

Оксфордский университет

Колледжи

Баллиол · Брейзноз · Всех Душ · Вустер · Грин Темплтон · Иисуса · Кэбл · Келлогг · Корпус-Кристи · Крайст-Чёрч · Куинз · Магдалины · Мансфилд · Мертон · Леди-Маргарет-холл · Линакр · Линкольн · Нью-колледж · Наффилд · Орил · Пэмброк · Святой Анны · Святого Антония · Святого Гуго · Святой Екатерины · Святого Иоанна · Святого Петра · Святой Хильды · Сент-Кросс · Сент-Эдмунд холл · Сомервиль · Троицы · Университета · Уолфсон · Уэдхэм · Харрис-Манчестер · Хэртфорд · Эксетер

Музейно-исследовательская
деятельность

Музей Эшмола · Музей естествознания · Обсерватория Рэдклиффа (ЮАР) · Музей Питт-Риверса · Институт востоковедения · Ботанический сад

Издательская и
библиотечная деятельность

Бодлианская библиотека · Библиотека Саклера · Издательство · Словарь английского языка · Словарь классической древности · Словарь Византии

Рекреация и спорт

Университетская регата · Oxford University A.F.C. · Oxford United F.C. · Общество выпускников

Архитектура

Шелдонский театр · Башня Том · Мост вздохов · Камера Рэдклифа

⛭

Объединение европейских университетов Europaeum

Флаг Великобритании Оксфордский университет  • Флаг Германии Боннский университет  • Флаг Испании Университет Комплутенсе (Мадрид)  • Флаг Италии Болонский университет  •
Флаг Нидерландов Лейденский университет  • Флаг Польши Ягеллонский университет (Краков)  • Флаг Финляндии Хельсинкский университет  • Флаг Франции Университет Париж I  • Флаг Чехии Карлов университет (Прага)  • Флаг Швейцарии Женевский институт международных отношений

⛭

Международный альянс исследовательских университетов

Австралия Австралийский национальный университет • Соединённые Штаты Америки Калифорнийский университет в Беркли • Великобритания Кембриджский университет • Дания Копенгагенский университет • Соединённые Штаты Америки Йельский университет • Сингапур Национальный университет Сингапура • Великобритания Оксфордский университет Китайская Народная Республика Пекинский университет • Япония Токийский университет • Швейцария Швейцарская высшая техническая школа Цюриха

Университет Оксфорда – это синоним престижности и элитности, качества образования, науки и знаний. ВУЗ отличается от других учебных заведений высоким уровнем академичности, научных исследований, замечательным финансированием, возможностью получения грантов и контрактов на обучение, проведения экспериментов, реализацию различных проектов. По этим критериям Оксфордский университет входит в ТОП высших образовательных заведений мира и Великобритании, составляя конкуренцию Кембриджу и Кардиффу.

Обучение в Оксфорде открывает огромные перспективы перед выпускниками, многие из которых становятся лауреатами Нобелевской и Пулитцеровской премий, получают мировое признание в литературе, физике, химии, биологии, руководят транснациональными корпорациями и международными организациями.

Почему стоит выбирать Оксфорд?

  • Финансируется государством, а также имеет собственные источники дохода. Например, это поступления от известных выпускников, меценатов, частных фондов, нефтяных и газовых компаний, которыми владеет ВУЗ;
  • Входит в состав таких знаменитых ассоциаций высших учебных заведений, как лига плюща и Золотой треугольник;
  • Оксфорд владеет огромной парковой зоной, охватывающая площадь в 28 гектаров. Есть также множество лесов, собственный дендрарий;
  • Образование в университете – это бренд, качество которого подкреплено веками работы и обучения студентов;
  • Многовековые традиции, которые являются уникальными, неповторимыми, довольно консервативными, требующие уделять все основное время учебе;
  • Наличие так называемого Норрингтон балла, который был введен для того, чтобы проводить классификацию бакалаврских степеней и начислять стипендии всем желающим студентам.

История университета

Легенды Оксфорда говорят о том, что учебное заведение было основано Альфредом Великим в 872 г., который проводил длительные дебаты с монахами на различные ученые темы. Но историки не могут найти достоверных доказательств того, что именно с этой даты началось развитие Оксфорда как университета.

В 1074 году на территории замка был основан колледж светских законов церкви святого Георгия, с которого и началась история университета. Уже в 1096 году тут полным ходом шел учебный процесс, но сведения о лекциях, семинарах и практических занятиях сохранились достаточно фрагментарные. Известно только, что курсы читались выдающимися мыслителями 11-12 вв., как Р. Паллен, Р. де Чесни и З. Стэмпенсис.

В течение 12 в. вокруг ВУЗа сформировались крупные религиозные центры – монастыри, аббатства и церкви. 1167 год стал поворотным в развитии университета, что было вызвано возникшим конфликтом между верховным понтификом католического мира Папой Александром Третьим, архиепископом Беккетом и английским королем Генрихом. В разгар противостояния монарх приказал всем студентам из Англии оставить Францию, запретив им вообще возвращаться за границу. Для этого нужна была специальная королевская лицензия, но король ее не давал. Поэтому студенты были вынуждены пойти дальше учиться в Оксфорд, чтобы получить документ о высшем образовании.

В дальнейшем развитии университета можно выделить такие этапы:

  • 13-14 в. – университет получил огромное количество прав, заняв привилегированное положение в городе. Студентам и преподавателям была значительно снижена оплата за проживание в кампусе. Также администрация создала для них систему скидок для приобретения товаров, продуктов, учебников. Кроме того, и сотрудники, и учащиеся получили защиту от городской власти. В это же время в Оксфорде появился канцлер, т.е. руководитель учебного заведения;
  • В 13 в. появилась система колледжей (сначала их было всего десять), которые владели прилегающей к ним землей. На своей территории администрация учреждений строили здания, в которых студенты проживали, питались и обучались. Самыми старыми являются колледжи Мертон и Баллайол, которые появились в 1264 году. С начала 15 в. студенты больше не арендовали квартиры в городе, им это делать запретила администрация Оксфорда, полностью переведя учебный процесс и досуг обучающихся под контроль канцлера;
  • В 14 в. университет превратился в крупный учебный, научный и образовательный центр Англии, где постоянно проводились споры на политические, идеологические и теологические темы;
  • До 1878 г. поступать в университет женщины не имели право, а потом им это разрешили, которые получили полноправное членство только в 1920 г.;
  • 1974 г. уставы колледжей были изменены – в них внесли пункт о том, что женщины и мужчины могут учиться вместе;
  • В 20 в. к гуманитарным дисциплинам были добавлены курсы, касающиеся прикладных, естественных и медицинских наук.

Особенности академического обучения

В средние века обучение проводилось по методике комментирования произведений античных авторов, что было скучно и не нужно для студентов. Они требовали, чтобы обучение имело прикладной, практический характер. Условия для этого сложились в 15 в., когда в Англии стали распространяться идеи Ренессанса.

Курс преподавания в то время включал такие направления:

  • Гуманитарные науки, в частности, музыку, арифметику, логику, риторику, геометрию, астрономию и т.д. Все, кто хотел изучать эти дисциплины, могли поступать на гуманитарное отделение;
  • Медицина;
  • Гражданское и церковное право;
  • Богословие.

Программа подготовки бакалавра предусматривала прохождение четырехлетнего срока обучения. В течение это времени студенты должны были регулярно посещать лекции и принимать участие в научных диспутах. Спустя четыре года, учащиеся могли подать прошение получить диплом бакалавра гуманитарных наук. Это позволяло молодому человеку в дальнейшем читать лекции по музыке, праву, астрономии, риторике или другим дисциплинам.

Проработав три года, бакалавр мог поступать в магистратуру. Но для этого необходимо, чтобы выпускник бакалавриата ходил на лекции других преподавателей или своих коллег». Когда человек поступал в магистратуру, тогда его вводили в правление факультета. Здесь он читал лекции, что продолжалось несколько лет (все зависело от факультета: два для гуманитарного факультета, шесть – для медицинском, девять – для богословского). Завершение магистерского образование сопровождалось получением магистерской лицензии, после чего студент мог выйти из правлений и уйти из Оксфорда. Преподавать можно было только за отдельную плату.

Структура университета

Оксфорд – это система колледжей, которых в составе ВУЗа насчитывается 38. Среди них стоит отметить следующие, основанные в течение 13-196:

  • Университетский;
  • Баллайол или Баллиол;
  • Мертон;
  • Эксетер;
  • Ориель;
  • Куинз;
  • Нью-колледж;
  • Магдаллены;
  • Святого Иоанна;
  • Святой Анны;
  • Святой Хильды;
  • Бенетс;
  • Харрис Манчестер и т.д.

В 20 в. появились колледжи святого Петра, святого Антония, святого Эдмонда (Эдмонд-Холл), Ньюфилд, Линейкр, святой Катерины, святого Креста, Волфсон, Грин Темплетон (до 2008 г. это было два отдельных колледжа Грин и Темплетон), Келлогг.

Отдельно функционирует университет. Каждый колледж имеет собственное самоуправление.

Среди функций колледжей стоит отметить:

  • Отбор и прием учащихся;
  • Организация и налаживание учебного процесса;
  • Организация питания и проживания студентов;
  • Спортивные занятия;
  • Организация свободного времени.

Университет же обеспечивает учащимся аудитории для проведения занятий, лабораторных, экспериментов. Кроме того, на территории центрального кампуса расположены библиотеки и лаборатории, клубы, общества. Администрация университета принимает экзамены, устанавливает график лекций и практических занятий, занимается присуждением магистерских и докторских степеней.

В инфраструктуру Оксфорда входят и другие объекты:

  • Множество библиотек, количество которых насчитывает несколько сотен, в том числе и Бодлеянская. Ее фонды хранят все книги, которые когда-то выходили в Великобритании;
  • Музеи;
  • Издательство;
  • Ботанический сад;
  • Клубы;
  • Студенческие общества;
  • Спортивные и тренажерные залы;
  • Зоны для отдыха;
  • Столовые;
  • Общежития;
  • Частные колледжи-общежития (холлы), которые были основаны христианскими религиозными орденами;
  • Парки;
  • Компьютерные классы и аудитории;
  • Театр;
  • Музыкальные комнаты;
  • Хор;
  • Часовня.

В колледжах можно арендовать комнату на первые два курса прохождения обучения, хотя во многих учреждениях поселение предусмотрено на весь период бакалавриата, магистратуры или докторантуры. Жилье для студентов – это комната, в которой может жить только один человек. Проживание организовывается в общежитии или за пределами колледжа. Ежегодный взнос за жилье составляет около 8 тыс. фунтов.

Управляется Оксфорд вице-канцлером, возглавляющий центральную администрацию. Есть и канцлер, но его должность и функции – номинальные.

Колледжи известны тем, что за каждым новичком закрепляют отдельного тьютора, т.е. наставника.

Факультеты и специальности

Программы бакалавриата, магистратуры и докторантуры представлены на различных отделениях, которые созданы при колледжах и университете. Среди таких отделений-факультетов стоит отметить:

  • Дополнительного образования;
  • Международных отношений;
  • Стран и регионов мира (отдельно по Африке, Латинской Америке, России, Японии и т.д.);
  • Различных направлений медицины – клинической, молекулярной;
  • Психиатрии, педиатрии, хирургии;
  • Химии, биологии, физики, физиологии;
  • Материаловедения;
  • Истории разных периодов;
  • Языков;
  • Литературы;
  • Филологии;
  • Компьютерных наук;
  • ИТ и программирования.

Самыми популярными специальностями в Оксфорде являются право, дизайн, биология, биомедицина, экономика, история, ИТ, гуманитаристика, химия.

Колледжи проводят только занятия по отдельным курсам. В частности, историю изучают в 32 учреждениях, компьютерные науки есть в 13 колледжах, аспирантура и магистратура – в семи заведениях.

Обучением студентов занимается огромный штат квалифицированных сотрудников, 70 из которых входят в состав Британского королевского общества, еще сто человек стали членами Британской Академии.

Академический год в Оксфорде длится с октября по конец июня. Учебный процесс разделен на три семестра или триместра:

  • Тринити, который охватывает весенний семестр;
  • Миклмасс (осенний);
  • Хилари (зимний).

Система образования строиться на таких формах обучения, как семинары, лекции, практические, лабораторные занятия, эксперименты, а также индивидуальные занятия с тьютором.

Обычаи ВУЗа

В течение длительного существования университета всех студентов делили на две большие группы – северные, к которым относились выходцы из Шотландии, и южные, к которым относятся жители Ирландии и валлийцы. Географический фактор влияет на распределение по учебным заведениям, клубам, обществам, ассоциациям.

К другим традициям Оксфордского университета стоит отнести:

  • Обычай ходить в мантиях;
  • Тот или иной колледж имеет уникальный цвет;
  • Студенты носят уникальные темно-синие шарфы;
  • Огромное место в студенческой жизни занимают занятия спортом, в том числе гребля («восьмерка») и теннис.

Как поступить в Оксфорд и особенности обучения

Прием документов в ВУЗ комиссией ведется каждый год в течение октября и ноября, когда абитуриенты могут принести бумаги и написать заявления на поступление в Оксфорд. Сам же процесс обучения начинается только через год. Для поступления в университет или один из колледжей ВУЗа каждый абитуриент обязан отправить пакет бумаг в специальную Британскую службу приема документов. Эта государственная структура создана для того, чтобы рассматривать заявления от поступающих.

Необходимыми условиями для поступления в университет являются:

  • Наличие диплома о среднем образовании, в котором должны быть только оценки уровня А (отличные;
  • Рекомендательные письма;
  • Письменные работы;
  • Оценки на момент поступления не должны быть ниже школьных;
  • Сертификаты о знании английского языка. Принимаются сертификаты Toefl (допускаются только абитуриенты, набравшие 230 баллов) или IELTS (средний балл должен быть не ниже 6,5). Если количество будет меньше указанных, тогда документы от поступающих приниматься не будут. Хотя уровень знания английского может отличаться, в зависимости от выбранного факультета (отделения) и специальности;
  • Установлен возрастной ценз для поступающих, который равен 18 годам;
  • Средний балл всех оценок в аттестате (grade point average) должен составлять 3,33 балла.

В ВУЗе во время поступления проводятся тесты в письменной форме и собеседования по выбранной специальности.

Абитуриенты, подавая документы, обязан указать колледж, в который хотят пойти учиться. Но при этом администрация университета имеет право предложить человеку другой колледж, исходя из результатов тестов, письменных работ, знания английского. В том случае, если поступающие немного «не дотягивают» по уровню языка, им предлагают походить на курсы в летнюю школу. Для тех, кто не может платить, предусмотрена широкая стипендиальная и грантовая поддержка. Финансовую помощь можно получить на многочисленные исследования, поездки на конференции, проверки теорий и теорем.

Общее количество студентов, которые учатся в Оксфорде, составляет, в среднем, от 20 до 26 тыс. человек. Из них – больше 8 тысяч приехали из 140 стран мира. В основном, это студенты из Франции, Сингапура, Австралии, Индии, Канады, США, Китая, Германии, Италии. Студенты из других стран имеют возможность пройти двухлетний курс обучения, которые равняются двум курсам довузовского обучения. За это время можно получить образование, подтянув его к уровню А. Обычно каждый иностранец пользуется услугами тьюторского колледжа, сотрудники которого помогают правильно и эффективно подготовиться к сдаче необходимых экзаменов. Обучение в этом учебном заведении проводится в групповой форме (количество учащихся в академических группах небольшое) или в индивидуальном порядке. Виды обучения можно совмещать, выбирая наиболее оптимальный и подходящий вариант.

Поступить в Оксфорд сложно, учитывая уровень требований. Кроме того, обучение не является дешевым. Но материальные, финансовые и умственные вложения окупаются очень быстро. Выпускники находят работу в 100% случаев. Обычно это происходит в течение полугода после выпуска из стен колледжа или университета.

Внимание при поступлении нужно обратить на академический профиль, который имеется у колледжа, отзывы о нем, географическая удаленность от центрального кампуса, возможность поселиться в общежитии, профессорско-преподавательский состав, дисциплины.

Процесс поступления проходит по такой схеме:

  1. Нужно собрать все необходимые документы, убедившись, что все знания и квалификация соответствуют выбранному профилю университета или колледжа;
  2. Отправить бумаги;
  3. После прохождения первоначального отбора, абитуриентов приглашают на прохождение собеседование. На время проживания в Оксфорде иностранцам и британским студентам предоставляется бесплатное питание и проживание;
  4. Сдача тестов и письменных работ.

Магистратура и докторантура

Если студент закончил бакалавриат, тогда он может попробовать свои силы в магистратуре. Для этого нужно успешно защитить диплом, снова подтвердить знание английского языка, получив сертификат – либо IELTS, Cambridge Certificate, TOEFL. В заявлении необходимо четко и лаконично обосновать выбор магистерской программы, специальности. Приложить к заявке надо три рекомендательных письма от преподавателей ВУЗа.

Для докторантуры нужно указать направления исследований, предполагаемые действия и возможные результаты.

При Оксфорде работает бизнес-школа, которая называется Саид. Чтобы сюда попасть, необходимо предоставить такие документы:

  • Бакалаврский диплом;
  • Языковой сертификат об отличном владении английским;
  • Эссе;
  • Несколько рекомендательных писем;
  • Результаты экзамена GMAT;
  • Выписка с места работы о наличии трудового стажа (будет существенным преимуществом перед другими кандидатами.

Стоимость обучения

В университете действует два тарифа на образование – для «своих», к которым причисляют жителей Великобритании или стран ЕС, и для «чужих», т.е., иностранцев. Если будущие абитуриенты уже учились в одном из британских средних учебных заведений или колледже, тогда при поступлении в ВУЗ для них будет установлена плата за образование в 9 тыс. фунтов стерлингов/год. Цены на программы меняются каждый год, поэтому стоимость обучения растет постоянно.

Иностранные же студенты обязаны платить от 15 до 22,5 тыс. фунтов стерлингов (цена на 2016-2017 академический год). Цена за бакалавриат или магистратуру зависит от престижности профессии, колледжа, факультета.

Гуманитарные специальности обойдутся студентам от 10 до 12 тыс. фунтов, в то время, как за естественные науки нужно отдать около 15 тыс. в год. Несколько дороже стоит обучение на таких специальностях, как живопись, музыка или дизайн. За эти профессии придется выложить 15-17 тыс. фунтов стерлингов /год.

Наиболее дорогим факультетом считается медицинский. В частности, учащиеся, которые мечтают стать кардиологами, нейрохирургами или реаниматологами, должны в год отдавать больше 21 тыс. фунтов.

Будущие маркетологи, экономисты или менеджеры заплатят от 25 тыс. фунтов, а будущие юристы, правоведы или нотариусы – почти 31 тыс.

Стоит учитывать и следующий фактор. Для получения диплома бакалавра на большинстве специальностей в Оксфорде платить нужно три года, а медикам – пять, поэтому и стоимость обучения для студентов на медфакультете выше, как и уровень требований. После окончания основного курса обучения учащиеся-медики будут еще два года платить за магистратуру. В то время, как мастер-программы на других факультетах являются одногодичными.

Знаменитые выпускники

  • Учились и преподавали в университете такие известные личности, как Дж. Свифт, О. Уайльд, Дж. Р.Р. Толкиен, Т. Блэр, Эдуард Седьмой, Г. Вильсон, Д. Кэмерон, М. Тэтчер, У.Ю. Гладстон;
  • Среди выпускников значится 6 королей и 12 святых;
  • Призеры Олимпийских игр, например, Э. Триггс Ходж, Д. Тарвотер, П. Рид;
  • Экономист А.Смит;
  • Физик С. Хокинг;
  • Философ Т. Мор;
  • Поэт Перси Б. Шелли;
  • Президент США Билл Клинтон.

Интересные факты

  • В Оксфорде каждый год проходит майский праздник, который отмечается уже несколько веков;
  • В Крайст Черч-колледже снимали фильм Гарри Поттер, а также тут Л.Кэррол написал «Алису в стране чудес»;
  • В одной из лабораторий Оксфорда, которая называется Кларендонская, есть колокольчик, который звенит с 1840 года. Благодаря механизму, работающему на электростатическом притяжении, колокольчик все время издает звуки;
  • В университете работает старейшее кофейное заведение страны, открытое в 17 в.;
  • Предположительно в 13 в. в Оксфорде был открыт паб Turf Tavern, который любят посещать туристы и студенты;
  • Поступая в университет, стоит помнить, что для абитуриента, отправившего документы одновременно и в Кембридж, дело может закончиться судебным разбирательством. В один год можно выбрать только один из престижных ВУЗов.

Месторасположение

Находится ВУЗ в живописном городе Оксфорд, который является центром графства Оксфордшир. Всего в 90 километрах от населенного пункта расположена столица Великобритании, немного дальше – в 110 км – Бирмингем.

Доехать в Оксфорд можно по автомагистралям, которые ведут из Лондона, Вустера, Борнмута, Ковентри и других населенных пунктов юго-восточной Англии. Университет связан со столицей и Бирмингемом железной дорогой.

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