Руководство по petrel

• TM

  www.senergyworld.comwww.senergyworld.com/ip

  TMipInteractive Petrophysics

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 1 06/05/2011 16:22:50

• TM

  Interactive Petrophysics (IP) was developed by a Petrophysicist,
  with a view to work as petrophysicists want to work, but never
  thought possible! The software is different by design — portable,
  quick and versatile. It is an easy to use log analysis tool, ideal
  for both geoscientists and petrophysicists. Geoscientists may wish
  to quality check of their log data and experienced Petrophysicists
  can carry out multi-zone, multi-well petrophysical field
  analyses.

  IP is truly unique in its approach to petrophysics. For the
  expert user IP offers some of the most sophisticated interpretation
  modules in the industry.

  Themineralsolverenablesthemostcomplicatedmodelsto bebuilt.

  TheMonteCarlosimulationallowstheusertotruly understand and
  quantify the errors associated with a
  completeinterpretationworkflow.

  Thesaturationheightmodellingmodulesfacilitatethe creation of Sw
  functions using core capillary pressure data and/or log data.

  Therockphysicsinterpretationworkflowhastwohighly
  sophisticatedfluidsubstitutionmodules.

  Thesuiteofmodulesinthestatisticalpredictionpackage includes
  fuzzy logic, multi-linear regression, neural network, cluster
  analysis and principal component analysis.

  What is IP?

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 2 06/05/2011 16:22:51

• TM

  Interactive PetrophysicsTM has been developed over 12 years and
  is now used by over 300 companies, in more than 70 countries
  globally.

  IPisPC-basedandthereforeportable.Itcanbetakenoffshore,intoclientsofficesandevenhome.IPenhancesefficiency,productivityandconfidenceinloganalysis.

  Itoffersauniqueandadvancedgraphicalinterpretationprogramdesignedanddevelopedbypetrophysicists.IPsspeedandinteractivitymeansthatdatacanbezonedandappliedusingdifferent
  methodologies graphically. Using only the mouse, you can pick
  parameters from cross plots, histograms and log plots. IP
  instantaneously recomputes and displays the results when parameters
  are changed.

  Thesoftwareisalsousedbyuniversitiesandisanexcellenttoolfortraininggeoscientistsandengineers.InteractivePetrophysicsgivesrapidresults.

  Theprogram

  IPissoldasabaselicence,plusthefollowingoptionalspecialistlicences.
  Mineralsolver Statisticalprediction MonteCarloanalysis Rockphysics
  Saturationheightmodelling Porepressureprediction
  EasternEuropeanresistivitymodelling RealTimeDataLoader
  FormationTesting Data/TimeWells ImageAnalysis

  Why is IP so different?

  User
  ProgramsTheUserProgramsmoduleallowstheusertocreatehis/heranalysisroutines.Theroutinescanbeverysimple,
  one line routines or more sophisticated, long routines which loop
  through the data multiple times.

  TheroutinesarewrittenbytheuserineitherFORTRAN,PASCAL,C++,VB.NETorC#.NET.Oncecompiledtheprogramcaneasilybedistributedforotheruserstouse.

  The user can simply and easily define: inputandoutputcurves
  inputparametersincludingtextandlogicflags inputparametertablelayout
  interactivelogplotdisplays interactivecrossplots

  Frank Whitehead

  InterectivePetrophysics

  Architect

  The User Program module is arranged on a set of easy to use
  input/output screens to allow for the setup of normal IP
  functionality with interactive plots and displays.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 3 06/05/2011 16:22:52

• TM

  The standard deterministic analysis is done using three modules:
  ClayVolume PorosityandWaterSaturation CutoffandSummation

  TheClayVolumemoduleallowsmultipleclayindicatorstobecombined.

  OncetheclayvolumeshavebeendeterminedthePorosityandWaterSaturationmoduleisrun.Thismoduleusesthesameintuitiveinteractivegraphics.

  Porosities can be calculated using several different methods:
  Neutron/Density Neutron/Sonic Density Sonic Neutron

  Water saturations are calculated using any standard method:
  Archie TotalArchie Simandoux ModifiedSimandoux Indonesian
  ModifiedIndonesian DualWater Juhasz Waxman-Smits

  Hydrocarboncorrectionsaremadeusingiterativetechniques.

  Asimple(optional)mineralanalysiscanbeperformedusingtheRhoMatrix/UMatrix/DTMatrixcrossplottechnique.

  ClaytypedistributionsusingtheThomas-Stiebertechniquecanbemade.Thisallowslaminatedshaleysandstobeanalysed.

  TheCut-offandSummationmoduleallowsmultiplecut-offtobeusedtocalculatenetpayandreservoir.

  Acut-offsensitivitymoduleallowstheusertoasseshowachangeinacut-offaffectstheoverallzonalresults.

  The heart of IP is its graphical interpretation engine. This
  allows the user to perform a fast and sophisticated multi-zone
  interpretation using only the mouse, adjusting parameters on log
  plots, crossplots and histograms.

  Interactiveinterpretation

  The user clicks on a parameter line and drags it to the new
  position. IP instantly recalculates the results and updates the
  graphics.

  Interactive lines allow adjustment of most parameters including,
  Rw, Rmf, clay parameters, hydrocarbon density. Pickett plots can be
  used to set Rw amd m.

  Interactive lines can be used to set cut-offs on the log plots
  as well as crossplots.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 4 06/05/2011 16:22:53

• TM

  The NMR modules are part of the base IPTM module and allow for
  the complete integration of NMR data into the petrophysical
  evaluation.

  NMRinterpretation

  NMRNormalisationconvertsNMRdistributionstouser-definedstandards.NMRdistributiondatadifferwidelydependingonthe
  tool, acquisition and processing parameters.
  ThismoduleallowstheusertocorrectlyplotNMRdistributions,ieona
  logarithmicscale,foruseintheinteractivelogplotsandforwell to well
  comparisons, regardless of the source of the data

  The NMR Interpretation module allows the user to:
  applycut-offsforFreeFluidandClay-BoundFluid
  applyatapered(spectral)functionforBoundFluid
  calculatepermeabilityusingtheTimur/Coatesrelationship
  derivethepermeabilitycoefficientsfromexternal permeabilitydata
  calculateSwusingtheDualWaterequation(resistivity curverequired)
  derivePccurvesfromT2distributions,andhencegenerate
  aSwheightcurve

  WatersaturationiscalculatedintheNMRInterpretationmoduleusingtheDualWaterequation.TheNMRdataprovidestheclayboundwatersaturationandtotalporosity,whichthemodelrequiresasinputs,whilealsoprovidinga

  minimumSwtoconstraintheresults.Themodulealsohastheflexibilitytohandleolder,effectiveporosity,NMRlogsorgasaffectedNMRlogs,byintegratingwiththestandardinterpretation
  modules.

  CapillarypressurecurvescanbegeneratedfromT1orT2distributiondata,buttheseneedtobecalibratedtoanactualcapillarypressuremeasurementmadeoncore.TheNMRInterpretationmoduleprovidesaninteractivetoolfordoingthiscalibrationanditgeneratescrossplotsofthecapillarypressurecurvesforQCpurposes.ThesePccurvescanthenbeusedtogenerateaSwheightcurvefromtheenteredFWLandfluiddensities.

  NMR Normalisation allows all NMR distributions to be
  standardised

  Timur/Coates permeability coefficients can be derived from
  regression with external permeability data when it is available

  NMR Interpretation using the Dual Water volumetric solution
  utilising NMR and Resistivity data provides a more constrained
  result and reduces uncertainty

  T1 or T2 data can be calibrated to core Pc data using a one
  point or two point methodology on either a T2 vs. Pore Radius plot,
  or, as in the example shown, on Cumulative Porosity vs. Sw
  plot.

  The Pc curves derived form T1 or T2 distribution can be used to
  derive a Sw height curve.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 5 06/05/2011 16:22:54

• TM

  The IP database is simple to work with but also flexible. It can
  be a single well for a quick look interpretation or a multi-well
  and multi-field database. An IP database consists of a binary data
  file (.DAT) for each well, each consisting of log curve data,
  general well information and interpretation Parameter Sets.

  IPdatabaseandutilities

  TheDatabaseBrowserallowstheusertointerrogatean
  IPdatabaseinagraphicalTreeview.

  CurveSetsareusedtogroupcurvedatatogetherinaflexibleway that
  allows the user to manage the data as they wish,
  suchasdifferentloggingruns,differenttypesofdata(e.g.irregulardatasuchcoredataorpressuredata),differentinterpretersormultipleoutputmodels.Eachsetcanhaveadifferenttopdepth,bottomdepthanddatastep.

  High sample data from electrical and acoustic imaging tools
  arestoredinarraycurves.Thisdatacanthenbeusedforplotting and dip
  picking.

  TextCurvesarecurvescontainingtextstringssuchasRFTpressure
  points, production test results, perforation depths or
  coredescriptions,andcanbecreatedbycutandpastefromspreadsheets.

  PictureCurvesaregraphicsfiles,egcorephotographswithadefinedtopandbottomdepthallowingthepicturetobescaled
  to the log data. IP recognises most common image formats.

  WellHeadersallowtheusertoenterandsavewellattributesand other
  important position, default petrophysical
  parametersandlogacquisitiondata.ThereisalsoacomprehensiveHistoryModulethatallowsuserstotrackchangesmadetocurvesandwellswithinIP.

  The Database Browser allows the user to drill down into a well
  and view or edit individual curves, parameters, log plots,
  crossplots and histograms, well data, statistics and listings,
  etc.

  Curve sets give the user the flexibility as the only requirement
  is that all the curves in a curve set should have the same
  step.

  Picture curves can be displayed on log plots, for example, a
  sonic semblance plot can be loaded from a screen grab of a PDS file
  and a DT pick made with the interactive curve editor.

  Electrical Image with basic dip picking

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 6 06/05/2011 16:22:56

• TM

  IP has a full range of versatile Data Viewers including:
  logplotdisplaysincludinghorizontallogplots
  crossplotsincluding3Dcrossplots
  histogramsincludingstatisticalsummaries datalistings
  3Dparameterviewer wellmap multi-wellcorrelations montagebuilder

  IP data loaders support the following data formats: ASCII
  LAS/LBSbatchloaderformultiplefiles LAS3 LIS DLIS DBASE4

  TheIntervalLoaderallowstheusertoloaddatasuchasafaciesinterpretation,whereacertainfaciesisrepresentedbyanumericalvalueassignedoveraparticulardepthinterval.
  TheIntervalLoadercanalsobeusedtoloadperiodicordiscrete data, such
  as core plug analysis results or formation tester pressure data, or
  any discrete spreadsheet data.
  TheCapillaryPressureDataLoaderisdesignedtoassisttheenteringofPCdataintoIP
  and can load multiple plugs from different wells at the same
  time.

  TheRealTimeDataLinkmoduleusesOspreyConnectdatalinktechnologytoenableanIP
  user to connect to a remote
  dataserveranddownloadlogcurveanddrillingdatainreal-time.Thedatacanthenbeautomaticallyanalysedanddisplayed
  on all IP
  outputgraphics.Thisallowsareal-timePetrophysicalinterpretationtobeshown,whichupdates
  automaticallyasmoredataarrives.

  IPprovidesconnectivitytoanumberofExternalData
  Repositories.TheseareforParadigmsGEOLOG6,LandmarkGraphicsCorporationsOpenWorks,PETCOMsPowerlog
  andSenergysODM3databases.

  Once a connection to an external database has been established,
  the following tasks can be performed:
  createnewIPwellfromanexternaldatabasewell loadselectedcurvesintoIP
  loadwelltopsintoIP editandloadwellattributes

  TheRead/WriteviaOpenSpirit functionality allows the user
  toloadandsavedatabetweenIPandotherOpenSpirit-enableddatabasessuchasOpenWorks,GeoFramev
  and
  Recall.TheIP-OpenSpiritlinkrequirestheOpenSpiritsystemtohavebeeninstalledontheuserscomputersystems.MoreinformationaboutOpenSpiritcanbefoundontheirwebsite
  www.openspirit.com

  IP has several interactive Data Editors, several of which
  feature wizards to guide the user: InteractiveCurveEdit
  InteractiveBaselineShift InteractiveTrend/SquareCurves
  InteractiveDepthShiftwithAutoDepthMatchoption
  InteractiveCurveSplice InteractiveLithologyCurveeditor
  CurveFiltersandAverages CurveRescale FillDataGaps
  TemperatureGradientCalculator TVDCalculator

  IPdatabaseandutilities

  Depth shift setup wizard

  Interactive depth shifting

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 7 06/05/2011 16:22:57

• TM

  3DPetrophysics

  Thisnewmoduletakesthestandardinterpretationmodules(ClayVolume,Porosity/Sw,BasicAnalysis,TDT&User
  Programs)andtransformsthemintomulti-wellmodules.

  With this module you can:

  Setupallyourinputandoutputcurvesperwell.

  Createinterpretationzonesbyformationtopsand/or

  distributezonesandparametersfromonewelltothe

  others.

  Setoptionsforinterpretationforeachwell.

  Viewandmodifyparametersusingmulti-welltables

  displayedbyparameter,wellorzone.

  LaunchQClogplotsofinputcurves.

  Launchsinglewellinteractivelogplotsforzoningand

  adjusting of parameters on a single well.

  Launchmulti-wellinteractivelogplotsforzoningand

  adjusting of parameters on all wells.

  Launchmulti-wellinteractivecrossplotsandhistogramsfor
  selectionadjustingofparametersforallwellsandbyzones.

  Usetrendcurvesforparameterswithdepthandbyzone.

  Launchmulti-well3Dplotsforallparameters,trendcurves,
  inputcurvesandresultcurves.

  Runthemulti-wellCutoffandSummationmoduleusingthe interpretation
  results and formation tops.

  Visualizingparametersandresultsusingthe3Dplotsallowstheusertoreviewtrendsandvariationsbywellorbyzone,withdepthandacrossthefield.Multiple3Dplotscanbe

  displayed at once.

  Ifaparameterorparametersdonotfittheusersunderstandingofhowtheyshouldchangethentheycanbeadjustedandthe3Dparameterplotsandinterpretationresults
  updated.

  Thisprovidesaquickandeasymethodtodevelopaconsistentmulti-well
  interpretation for the user.

  The 3D Petrophysics interpretation module comes as part of the
  IPTM Base platform and provides a new interactive module which
  allows you to consider and visualize, within your multi-well
  interpretation workflow, regional and depth variations/trends to
  input logs, parameters and results in 3D space.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 8 06/05/2011 16:22:57

• TM

  To handle large multi-well projects within IPTM a number of
  modules have been developed to make thetask easier.

  Multi-wellParameterDistribution-copyParameterSetsfromonewelltootherwellsinthesameproject.
  Multi-wellChangeParameters-changeoneormoreinterpretationparameters
  andre-runtheanalysiswiththenewparameter(s).
  Multi-wellBatchOperation-runmultipleIPmodulesorscripts,
  ononeormorewells,inasinglebatchprocedure
  Multi-wellCorrelationViewer Multi-wellCutoffandSummation
  Multi-wellCurveStatistics ManageMulti-wellHeaderInfo
  ManageMulti-wellCurveSets
  ManageMulti-wellCurveHeaders-allowingsearch queries and data
  harmonization ManageMulti-wellZones/Tops CurveAliasing

  Date/TimeWell(LWD/MWD)

  Information is gathered throughout the drilling of a well. LWD
  and MWD surveys are made with reference to time. These measurements
  are normally recorded periodically, for example every 3 to 10
  seconds and as such the data amounts can be sizeable and difficult
  to manage. Therefore, this time based drilling data is rarely
  reviewed and as such a lot of useful information is ignored or not
  recognised.

  TheDate/TimemoduleallowsLWD/MWDdatatobeloadedintoIP,inrealtime,reviewed,analysed,andconvertedtodepthforcomparisonwithconventionallogs.

  ThismoduleallowsengineerstodisplayandanalysedrillingdatawithinIP,whereitcanbeusedforthediagnosisofdrillingproblems,refinementofdrillingparametersandprocessesinordertooptimizewelldelivery.

  Themoduleallowstheusertoconverttime/datereferenceddatatodepthreferenced,offeringthetoolstocontrolthisconversion.
  IfazonehasbeenpassedmorethanoncethisfunctionalityalsoallowstheTimeLapsereviewofLWD/MWDdatainordertoseehowthewellboreformationhaschangedovertime.WithLWDthisfunctionalityallowsforaTimeLapseanalysisofmudinvasion,potentiallygivingamuchbetterunderstandingoftheinvasionprocessandthereservoir.

  Multi-wellprocessing

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 9 06/05/2011 16:22:58

• TM

  The Mineral Solver module allows the user to analyse the
  simplest to most complicated formation using classical
  probabilistic analysis techniques. The user sets up a formation
  mineral model and a set of input logs — the program will then use
  this information to calculate the most likely solution. The
  solution is used to recalculate the input logs and these are
  compared to the original logs

  MineralSolver

  Duetothespeedofthetechniquesused,thesame
  interactivefeaturesthatareusedinthestandardanalysismodulesareavailable.

  Key features:

  Multiplemodelsallowtheanalysisofthemostcomplex reservoirs

  Inputflexibilityallowsforanyloggingtooloutputtobe used in the
  model

  Modelsboththeflushedandun-invadedzone

  Modelcombinationforfinalresultscompletelyflexible

  Interactivecrossplotsforselectionofparameterendpoints

  Allendpointparameterscanbeeitherfixedvaluesoran
  inputcurve,whichallowstrendingofparametervalues

  versusdepth

  Theweightingofinputequationssimpletounderstand

  and use

  ConstantandLimitequation

  Outputequationsforcalculationofparameterssuch
  asdryrockgraindensityorrockQvvalue

  Modelallowsallstandardnon-linearSwequations

  CalibrationmoduleallowscoreXRDdatatobeusedto
  calculatethebestendpointparametersneededtomatch the core
  results

  Model creation grid simple to use and understand. Default end
  point values available for most tool equations and minerals.

  Parameter mineral endpoint crossplot. Quick and easy to make
  with interactive mineral parameters which when moved recalculate
  the model automatically

  Interactive Pickett plot where Rw amd m can be picked

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 10 06/05/2011 16:23:00

• TM

  The Statistical Analysis module is a suite of modules that
  allows the building of models to predict log curves, core data,
  facies and rock types.

  StatisticalAnalysis

  The suite of statistical modules consists of:
  FuzzyLogicprediction Multi-linearregressionprediction
  Neuralnetworkprediction Clusteranalysis Principalcomponent

  Allmodulesuseasimilarmulti-wellinterfacewhereasetofwellsandintervalscanbeusedtocreateamodelandthenthismodelcanbeappliedtoanothergrouporwellsand
  intervals.Discriminatorscanbeusedtolimitthedatauseinthe models.

  TheFuzzylogicmoduledividesthedataupintouserselectedbinsandusesprobabilitytheorytopredictthelikelihoodofdatabeinginabin.Theresultsarenormallywellcontrolledandqualitycontrolprobabilitycurvesgivethelikelihoodthattheresultisinabin.Thisallowstheoutputofaprobabilitymap,
  so the user can easily quality control results in wells not
  usedinthemodelbuildstage.Themodulecanbeusedtopredictcorefaciesorcorepermeability.

  TheMulti-linearregressionisusefulforpredictingcorepermeabilityfromlog
  data. It uses standard matrix algebratosolveforthefit
  coefficients.Normalisedcoefficientsare also output to allow the
  user to seethecontributionofeachlogtotheresult.TheNeuralNetwork
  moduleusesaback-propagationlearning technique to train the
  network.Themodulecanbeused for log repair, prediction of core
  permeabilityorinaclassificationmode for prediction of core
  facies.

  In log repair mode the user selects a few small training
  inter-valsandthetrainednetworkcanthenreproducethewholelog
  extraordinarily well.

  TheClusterAnalysismoduleisusedtogrouplogdataintoelectrofacies.TheprogramusesK-Meanclusteringtogroupthedataintomanageabledataclusters(15-20).Theseclustersaretheneithermanuallyorautomatically(hierarchicalcluster-ing)regroupedintoGeologicalclusters.

  Plot shows a core facies prediction. The fuzziness of the
  prediction is shown in right track

  Multi-curve crossplots shows cluster grouping

  Electro facies shown in left hand tracks. Far left track is
  after re-grouping original 15 clusters to 5.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 11 06/05/2011 16:23:01

• TM

  The Monte Carlo Analysis module uses a Monte Carlo simulation to
  estimate errors in a Petrophysical analysis. The user sets up the
  analysis work flow and enters the distribution of possible errors
  in the individual interpretation parameters and input curves. The
  program randomises the input parameters based on user-selected
  ranges and then runs the work flow. Several thousand passes are
  made through the work flow with different starting parameters.

  Theresultsarecumulatedonadepthbydepthlevelandalsobyzoneusingthecutoffandsummationmodule.

  Crossplotsandhistogramscanbeusedforanalysisthedistributionoftheresults.

  TheSummaryResultlistinggivesthezonalresultssortedbypercentiles.Upto5user-definedpercentilescanbeoutputinthe
  report.

  Thereportallowstheusertoquantitativelyshowtheerrorsinvolvedintheinterpretation.RatherthanreportinganetpaythicknessandaverageporositytheusercangivetheP10,P50andP90netpayandaverageporosity.Thesevaluescanthenbeusedformoreaccuratelyestimatingtheerrorsinthereserves.

  In order to access which parameters control the results of the
  analysisaTornadotypeanalysisoftheinputparameterscanquicklybemade.Thisvarieseachparameterseparatelyandthenplotsthechangeinresultsforthechangeinanindividualresultparameter.Theresultsarethenorderedtoformthetornado
  plot.

  Thistypeofplotcanbeusedtofocustheinterpretersattentiononthosepartsoftheanalysiswhichhavethemostsignificantinfluenceonthefinalresultsandnotwastetheirtimeonrefiningthoseparameterswhichhavelittleinfluence.

  MonteCarloAnalysis

  Plot show the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay
  volume at a depth by depth bases.

  Plot show the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay
  volume at a depth by depth bases.

  Crossplot shows the Vcl cutoff has a

  strong effect on the result of the Av Phi

  Res parameter.

  Plot shows that the biggest influence on the average pay
  porosity in zone one is the Vcl cutoff. Parameters like DTLN and
  Res Clay have no influence on the results.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 12 06/05/2011 16:23:02

• TM

  There are four interrelated modules: CapillaryPressureSetup
  CapillaryPressureFunctions SaturationversusHeightCurves
  LogSwversusHeightFunctions

  The Capillary Pressure Set-up module is used to:
  set-upthestudywellsandinputPcandsaturationcurves to use
  convertPcdatafromdifferentmeasurementtechniques
  toacommon2phasesystem
  optionallystress-correctand/orapplyaClay-boundwater correction to
  the Pc data. visualiserawandcorrectedPcCurvedataand quality check
  the data. editbaddatapointsfromthePcdataset.

  The Capillary Pressure Functions module allows the user to find
  a function or set of functions to represent the quality checked and
  corrected Pc data using two basic methods:

  1.OneEquationforallPccurvesoption-Findasingle
  equationwhichfitsall(orasubset)ofthedatausingonesix
  basicfunctions,e.g.Leverett-JFunction.2.SeparateequationforeachPccurveoption-Fiteach
  individualPccurveandthencombinetheparametersintoa
  Combinedequationusingofthreebasicfunctiontypes,
  e.g.LambdaFunction.

  Discriminatorscanbeappliedtoallowforfunctionstobegeneratedforspecificdata,e.g.foraparticularporosityrangeor
  litho-type.

  TheSaturationVersusHeightCurvesmoduleisusedtoapplythederivedfunctionstomultiplewellsandzones

  Changesinfluiddensitycanbefullyaccountedfor,e.g.asimple gas cap
  or a more complicated oil compositional gradient, as long as the
  contacts and densities are known.

  TheLogSwversusHeightFunctions module is used to generate Water
  Saturation (Sw)versusHeightfunctions from interpreted log
  saturation and optional
  porosityandpermeabilitydata.Over30differentfunctionsareavailable.Discriminatorlogiccanbeusedtoselectthedata.Differentfunctionscanbedevelopedforeachunitin
  areservoir.

  The Saturation Height Modelling modules enable the IP user to
  create Saturation versus height functions from either capillary
  pressure (Pc) data or from calculated water saturation curves, or a
  combination of both approaches.

  SaturationHeightAnalysis

  The resulting models can be visualised with a variety of QC
  crossplots

  The module can also be used to calculate a best fit for the Free
  Water Level or IFT correction factor

  To help speed up the process the Regression Function Comparator
  runs through all the models giving each a rating.

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 13 06/05/2011 16:23:04

• TM

  The Rock Physics section in IP contains the following
  independent modules: ShearSonicQC/Create DensityEstimation
  FluidSubstitution LaminatedFluidSubstitution ElasticImpedance

  TheShearSonicQC/CreatemoduleusestheempiricalGreenberg-Castagna(1992)relationshipsfordifferentmineralsto
  calculate a synthetic shear sonic from a compressional sonic
  log.

  WhenthereisnodensitylogtheDensityEstimationmoduleis used to
  estimate it from the compressional sonic log using
  Gardner,BellottietalorLindseth.

  TheFluidSubstitutionmoduleremovestheeffectofthedrillingfluidfromthesonicanddensitylogsandrestoresthelogresponsestothoseresultingfromtheoriginalreservoirfluidsattheiroriginalsaturations.

  Fluiddensity,bulkmodulusandvelocitycaneitherbedirectlyenteredifknownorcalculatedfromBatzleandWang(1992)inSeismicPropertiesofPoreFluids.Similarly,themineralpropertiescanbeenteredorselectedfromamenuofminerals.

  ThedataareinvertedusingGassmannsequationonazonalbasistoQCthefluidandmatrixpropertieswithrespecttotheinputvelocitiesandparameters.

  Theelasticparametersfortwo-phasefluidmixturesarecalculatedusingasaturationcurveandthefluidmixingapproachofBrieetal(1995)ShearSonicinterpretationinGas-bearingSandsSPE30595(pp701-710).

  Oncetheuserissatisfiedthattheinputparametersaresuitablefluidsubstitutionisperformedonthedataatthewellstepincrement.Alongwiththefluid-substituteddensityandsoniccurves,bothfluid-substitutedAcousticImpedanceandPoissonsRatiocurvesarecalculatedandvelocityandsonicslownesscurvesareoutput.

  AswithmostmodulesinIP,uptosixdiscriminatorscanbeapplied to allow
  the user to constrain the model.

  IntheLaminatedFluidSubstitutionmoduletheuserselectsoneoftwomodelsdependingontheshaledistribution.Iftheshaleisevenlydistributed(theshaleysandmodel)thebulkmodulusofthesolidfractionismodeledasaweightedaverageofthemoduliofallthecomponentsoftherock.Inlaminatedreservoirs,fluideffectsonlyoccurwithinthesandylaminations,
  and the appropriate moduli and porosity are those of the sandy
  laminations.

  TheElasticImpedance(EI)moduleusesthehighangleinversionequationbyP.ConnollyinTheLeadingEdge(1999)andoutputsEIatuptothreeuserselectedangles.

  The Fluid Substitution crossplot enables the user to visualise
  the relationship between the velocities, density, AI and Poissons
  Ratio results. The user can edit the Sw values in the first row of
  the grid in which case the other parameters will be
  recalculated.

  RockPyshics

  Greenberg-Castagna is also used to generate a Shear Velocity QC
  Crossplot to verify that a recorded shear sonic is a valid shear
  and not a mud wave or Stoneley wave produced by poor processing of
  the sonic waveform data

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 14 06/05/2011 16:23:05

• TM

  The three modules are:
  DensityEstimation-density-from-sonicalgorithms
  includedareGardner,BellottietalandLindseth
  OverburdenGradientCalculation-determinedfrom
  densitydata,averagedensityvalues,look-uptables
  orempiricalAmocorelationship.
  PoreandFracturePressuregradientcalculations-
  FiveFractureGradientmodelsareimplemented
  inIP,Eaton,Matthews&Kelly,ModifiedEaton,
  BarkerandWood,andDaines

  Aninteractivelogplotisusedtocalibratethemodel.

  PorePressureCalculation

  The model can be viewed with a Depth versus

  Pressure Fan Diagram or a Depth versus Pressure

  Gradient Gradient Plot (as shown). These plots can

  be annotated with casing shoes, RFT pressures,

  Leak Off Pressures and operational comments

  to identify hole stability problems, while additional

  curve data, such as ECD, can be added to

  the display.

  Pore Pressure Calculation comprises of three modules to model
  Overburden, Pore and Fracture Pressures based on conventional log
  curves, drilling information and seismic data. The modules can be
  used as pre-drill (predictive), while-drilling (real-time) and
  post-drilling tools to analyse and refine the models.

  The Eastern European Resistivity Corrections Module is a
  specialist tool developed by the A.G.H University of Science and
  Technology, Krakw, and integrated into IP.

  Whenacombinationoflateralandnormallogsareavailable,thelargelyautomatedfunctionalitycorrectsforthetoolconfiguration,boreholetemperatureandmudresistivitycharacteristics,producingcorrectedoutputcurvesforRt,Ri,RxoandDi.

  Whenonlylateralresistivitycurvesareavailablethemoduleprovidesmoresophisticatedmodellingbasedonauser-createdcurvecontrollingthebedboundaries.Theuserworksinteractivelyontheplotanddecidesthedepthofthetopofthebedbasedonthetheoryoflateral
  logs and geological knowledge of the formation.

  EasternEuropeanResistivityCorrections

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 15 06/05/2011 16:23:06

• TM

  Predefinedformatsforallknowntoolsareprovided,electrical,acousticandLWD,tohandlethevarioustoolgeometriesandcurvemnemonics,whilenewtoolscanbeeasilyadded.

  Pre-processingcanbeperformedforspeedcorrection,EMEXcorrections,padandbuttonnormalisation,andbadbuttonremoval.

  StaticandDynamicnormalisationareavailable,alongwithseveralenhancementfilterssuchasHorizontalandVerticalSobelfilters.

  A variety of Interpretation plots are available:
  Wellborecrosssection DipPolarplots
  Walkoutplotswithorwithoutlookangle/azimuth
  CumulativeandDifferencePlots DipScatterplots Stereonet
  SpreadsheetviewofthePickSet

  Theusercansetthescales,fonts,colours,labels,hardcopyformat etc,
  and all of the plots are multi-well with the usual
  IPfunctionalityofdiscriminationbydepthinterval,zonesandcurves.Anyoftheseplotscanbemini-plotsinatrackonthelog
  plot.

  Amultitudeofinteractivepicktypesareavailable,manyofwhicharefullyinteractivewiththewellborecross-section:

  Planar surfaces can be picked in 3 ways:
  Simple-conventionalsinusoidalpick
  Point-bestfitsurfaceto3ormorepoints
  Trace-bestfitsurfacetoanirregularlinesegment,for partial fractures
  and joints etc.

  Perpendicular Axis (seen on both sides of the wellbore)
  BoreholeBreakouttwoboxeswithapparentdip

  Perpendicular Vector (seen on one side of the wellbore)
  BoreholeBreakoutoneboxperpendiculartotheborehole
  Holeellipsoid,forvugsandcoreholesetc
  Traceirregularpolygon,forvugs,clastsandfossilsetc Keyseats

  Parallel Surfaces Fracturespairofindependentstraightlines

  Thereisanauto-diproutinewhichalsohasasemi-automaticmodewheretheuserpicksasinglepointonapossiblesurfaceanditwillcalculatethebestfitsinusoid.

  Zones/Beds can be defined by top and bottom bed boundaries, or
  just by top and bottom depths for example in fractured intervals.
  There are tools to define abutting, truncating and containing
  relationships between picks and zones/beds and these relationships
  are not just for display but are stored in the pick set allowing
  for highly detailed sedimentology and structural analysis
  workflows.

  Stereonet Functionality UpperandlowerHemisphereprojection
  EqualAngle(Wulff),EqualArea(Schmidt)andEqualInterval (Kavraiskii)
  Plotpolesorgreatcircles Plotwellboretrajectory Fishermean
  Paleo-currentanalysis,dipde-rotation

  Future Development: Thinbedpay Texturalfacies
  PorosityImageandporesizemapping FractureAnalysis
  MoreadvancedStereonetfunctionality

  The IP Image Analysis Module is fully featured and covers the
  complete workflow from raw data processing, speed correction, image
  enhancements, through manual and automatic picking, to statistical
  analysis of the results including stereonet analysis.

  ImageAnalysis

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 16 06/05/2011 16:23:11

• TM

  DatacanbeloadedfromLAS,LISorDLISviaadedicatedloaderthatenablemultiplefilestobeloadedquicklyandefficientlyasarraycurvesintotheIPdatabase.Pressure-timedatasetscanbeloadedalongsidedepth-pressuredatasetsallowingoldwellswithouttimedatatobecombinedwithnewwells,whichincluderawfielddata.

  Thepressurevstimeplotallowsmultiplepre-testdrawdownstobeanalysedwithathoroughQCalltests,e.g.tight
  tests, supercharged formations, leaking and lost seals
  etc.Drawdownandmultipledrawdownanalysiscanbeperformedtodeterminemobilityandhencepermeability.Derivativeplotsareavailabletohelpidentifytheflowregimeandbothsphericalandradialbuildupanalysiscanbeperformedtoallowmobility,permeabilityandfinalpressurestobedetermined.PressurevsdepthcrossplotsofthefinalformationpressureagainstTVDSScanbelauncheddirectlyfromtheprojectmodule.Eachfinalpressurecanthenbeincludeorexcludefromthepressurevsdepthcrossplotallowing
  a more accurate understanding of contacts and
  pressureconnectivity.

  The Formation Testing module enables the user to create a
  multi-well project in order to view, QC, and interpret formation
  pressure/time test data for all tools including LWD.

  FormationTesting

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 17 06/05/2011 16:23:13

• United Kingdom Norway Middle East Malaysia Australia New Zealand
  Americas

  Oil & Gas Survey & GeoEngineering Alternative Energy
  Software Training

  Software supportSenergys web portal provides first class support
  by a team dedicated to IPTM.

  http;//ipsupport.senergyworld.comE:
  [email protected]

  SalesSenergy Software has regional hubs in Europe, Americas,
  Middle East, Far East and Australia.

  To contact one of our sales teams for any of these regions
  please E: [email protected]

  TrainingSenergy Software delivers in-house, bespoke training
  courses for our software products. Our courses can be delivered as
  they are or on the basis of a customised delivery.

  E: [email protected] www.senergyworld.com/training

  www.senergyworld.com

  IP_Brochure_Final.indd 18 06/05/2011 16:23:13

Technoguide, 2011, 822 pages

PETREL is a Windows based software for 3D visualization, 3D
mapping and 3D reservoir modeling. The user interface is based on
Microsoft Windows standards on buttons, dialogs and help systems. This
makes PETREL familiar to the majority of geoscientists today and
ensures efficient usage of the application.

System Requirements
Starting with PETREL
Import Data
Visualization
Templates and Color tables
Pre-processing of Input Data
Make/Edit Polygons
Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Modeling
Make/Edit Well Tops
Well Correlation
Fault Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons
Depth Conversion
Make Zones and Sub-Zones
Edit 3D Grid
Make Contacts
Geometrical Modeling
Scale up of Well Logs
Facies Modeling
Petrophysical Modeling
Data Analysis
Filter
Calculator
Upscaling
Make Surface
Bitmaps and Surface Imaging
Well Design
Volume Calculations
Plotting
Data Export
Post-processing of Data
Reporting and Graphical output